Civil Engineering Resources Manual This manual is a compilation of some of the methods and materials found in East African construction. We compiled this manual to give you an idea of some of the products available for your design and some of the differences between civil engineering in East Africa compared to the developed world. Clicking on any of the text below will direct you there. Click to View Navigation Links Typical eMi East Africa Designs
AquaPrivy Septic Tank Dosing Tank Slow Sand Filter (Wastewater) Absorption Field Soak Pit Water Supply System Different Water Supply System Rainwater Based Water System
Rainwater Collection Cistern Spring Collection System Road Drainage and Pipe Crossings Site Drainage and Grading Plan Topographical Survey Master Utility Plan Alternate Master Utility Plan (Including Electrical)
Gentex – Product Info Brochure Grundfos – Water Pump Price Quotes PolyTanks – Septic Tanks Total Energie – Solar Pump Approximate Pricing ElektreX – Electrical Wiring Price Quote SurgeTek – Electrical Wiring Price Quote Multiple Industries Limited – Misc Piping Multiple Industries Limited – Fittings
Products and Pricing CresTank – Plastic Water Storage Tanks David Engineering – Steel Water Storage Tanks David Engineering – Steel Water Tank Price Quote PolyTanks – Plastic Water Storage Tanks Gentex – HDPE Piping, Fittings, Hand Pumps, Etc.
Technical Information Total Energie – Solar Pumping Capabilities and Pump Curve eMi EA – Surveying Information
Miscellaneous information about Uganda VAT - Uganda has a sale tax of 17% on very specific (usually upper-end) products. Many construction products include this tax; often a quote by a distributor will include VAT in the pricing. Power – Electricity in Uganda can vary considerably. Load shedding often occurs, when the system does not have enough power for the entire grid it will shut portions off (Not too different from the situation in California a couple years ago, but much more frequent – at our office in Kampala it occurs during peak hours about once every three days). Voltage fluctuates highly as well. We’ve heard between 150 and 250 V. Property Rights – Property rights in Uganda are, quite simply, a nightmare. Some of the highlights near as we can understand: • You must buy the title and the land separately from each other. • Anyone living on undeveloped land which a party owns and wants to develop must be given equivalent and adequate housing elsewhere (these are not necessarily tenants). This is known as squatter’s rights. • Boundaries are generally marked with a specific type of tree (grows rather straight, green shiny leaves) and a small (2” square) concrete block with a 1⁄4” thick piece of rebar mounted in it (good luck finding these). We’ve also come across a site with (reportedly) a different type of tree with red flowers marking boundary lines and a large mound of dirt marking corners (this seems a little sketchy). We’ve also seen suspicious fresh holes dug at locations of missing stones and trees during land disputes. (Dt. 27:17 ☺) • When purchased, land undergoes a survey known as “opening the boundaries.” In our experience these can be highly inaccurate (we’ve found upwards of 70% error in measurements) but are technically the legal basis for the property.
Some additional information about designing water and wastewater projects in third world environments can be found in the LifeWater technical notes. These can also be found online at http://www.lifewater.org/wfw/wfwindex.htm.
Typical eMi EA Designs
The following drawings give an idea of what eMi EA typically designs for various civil drawings. You can use these drawings for reference, or in certain cases, make simple modifications to these drawings to apply a design to a new project. These drawings were mostly taken from eMi EA projects.
Products and Pricing
This section contains several price quotes for various water and wastewater related items. Most came from distributors in the vicinity of Kampala. It is intended that this section give an idea of the availability and selection of items in Uganda. It could also be used for preliminary cost estimation, but quotes were gathered from various times, so should serve only as a estimation guide and need to be verified before given as a quote.
CYLINDER
A N D
VERTICAL
PRODUCT
CAPACITY
DlAM
HEIGHT
CODE
LITRES
CMS
CMS
CV-14C
140
67.5
51.5
CV-25C
250
79
70
CV-5OC
500
86.5
101.5
CV-1OOC
1,000
108
123
CV-15OC
1,500
136.5
128
CV-200C
2,000
140.5
143
CV-250C
2,500
146
164
CV-3OOC
3,000
CV-5OOC
5,000
CV-6OOC
6,000
CV-6OOC(SP)
6000
CV-800~
8000
CV-1OOOC
10,000
NESTABLE AND CYLINDERCAL WATER TANK PRODUCT
CAPACITY
CODE
LITRES
AMOUNT
VAT
VALUE INCL. VAT
WATER
AMOUNT
TANKS
VAT
VALUE INCL. VAT
MOBILET-530,000 MOBILET-SLAB 160,000
EXEMPT-530,000 EXEMPT-160,000
CARRY BARREL
NESTABLE A N D STACKABLE CRATES NS-3
20,085
3,415
23,500
NS-4
23,932
4,068
28,000
NS-8
NS-12
PRODUCT CODE
CAPACITY LITRES
AMOUNT
VAT
VALUE INCL. VAT
CB-23
230
74,359
12,641
87,000
DRUMS 100,855
17,145
118,000
96,581
16,419
113,000
12,060
83,000
38,462
6,538
45,000
38,462
6,538
45,000
DR 22
220
MC 50
50
STACKABLE CRATES
ST-9
'..
200
DR 20
M I L K CANS
33,333
5,667
39,000
42,735
7,265
50,000
84,615
14,385
99,000
70,940
CATTLE THROUGHS
-.-
ROAD CON
TOTE BOXES TB 15
150
76,068
12,932
89,000
TB 26
260
112,821
19,179
132,000
BUCKETS
TB 36
360
141,026
23,974
165,000
13,333
2,267
15,600
15,299
2,601
17,900
PALLET BOXES PB-100
1000
283,761
48,239
16600 332,000 CC20
DUST B I N S 26,296
4,504
31,000
27,350
4,650
32,000
DM-6
29,915
5,085
35,000
DM-7
38,462
6,538
45,000
100
57,265
9,735
67,000
100
66,667
11,333
78,000
(FLAP)
35000
20400
120,000
FB4
23932
4068
28000
FB6
34,188
5,812
40,000
P I T LATRINE SLABS
(FLAT) WB-10
5950
99600
FLOWER BOXES
WASTE B I N S WB-10
29050
LSIPE, SEAT
66,667
11,333
78,000
CRESTANKS LIMITED Plot No. 106/108, 7th St., Industrial Area, P.O. Box 11381, Kampala, Uganda.
60 Hz, thus this data is for american generators (60 Hz), but should apply to 50 Hz systems as well). Electronics must be added to 1800 rpm generators to double the frequency, but this translates into a longer lifespan. Petrol engines have a shorter lifespan because their fuel burns hotter. Source: Internet - some page called american generators or something, they sell diesel generators as you might imagine
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Generator Load Power Inflation Factors.txt When sizing a generator, you must consider the types of loading. UPS and mechanical loads need more current than they appear to from their ratings. General inflation factors: UPS - 160% The batteries inside UPS systems use more current than they are rated to supply. The ratings on a UPS system are generally for their output load, rather than the load they consume. Also something about internal magnetic fields consume some power (I don't completely understand this, but apparently it's significant) Mechanical - 150% (HVAC systems, pumps, etc) Loads like motors generally consume a much greater starting current when they first start. The effects of this can be reduced by seqentially stepping loads when the generator is started. Also motor starters help with this (Don't completely understand this either, apparently there are several different methods motor starters use, but I haven't seen any including capacitors as I would expect would do the job). For a smaller scale, in our office we had a 300 watt UPS overload a 500 watt voltage regulator. But again, this is Uganda. Sources: some website about broadcast backup systems - broadcastengineering.com, Bryan Gauger, "Emergency Power Systems", 1 Oct 2003 www.electricmotors.machinedesign.com http://www.electricmotors.machinedesign.com/guiEdits/Content/bdeee2/bdeee2_4.aspx http://www.seamanship.co.uk/engineering/EKsamplepages/Motor%20starters.htm
Page 1
Water For The World A series of US AID technical notes covering all aspects of rural water supply and sanitation, made available online by Lifewater International. The Water For The World Technical Notes were published in 1982 by the former Development Information Center of the US Agency for International Development (AID). Although the original Notes are out of print, they still are very useful to anyone working in the field of rural water supply and sanitation. For this reason, Lifewater International has made all 160 of these Technical Notes available online in Adobe Acrobat "Portable Document Format." To view, search and print these documents, download the latest version of the FREE Acrobat ReaderTM . In any citation of these documents, refer to US AID (1982) as the author with this Lifewater International web site as the location where they may be obtained. Kindly direct any inquiries about this this web site to the Lifewater International webmaster, not US AID. The following credits originally appeared on the back page of each Technical Note: Technical Notes are part of a set of "Water for the World" materials produced under contract to the U.S. Agency for International Development by National Demonstration Water Project, Institute for Rural Water, and National Environmental Health Association. Artwork was done by Redwing Art Service. Technical Notes are intended to provide assistance to a broad range of people with field responsibility for village water supply and sanitation projects in the developing nations. For more detail on the purpose, organization and suggestions for use of Technical Notes, see the introductory Note in the series, titled "Using 'Water for the World' Technical Notes." Other parts of the "Water for the World" series include a comprehensive Program Manual and several Policy Perspectives. Further information on these materials may be obtained from the Development Information Center, Agency for International Development, Washington, D. C., 20523, USA.
Top Level Index HUMAN RESOURCES (HR) z Community Participation z Operation and Maintenance Training RURAL WATER SUPPLY (RWS) z Surface Water z Ground Water z Water Treatment z Water Distribution z Water Storage
[ Top | Bottom ]
SANITATION (SAN) z Simple Excreta and Washwater Disposal z Combined Excreta and Washwater Disposal z Solid Waste Disposal DISEASE (DIS) z Water Supply, Sanitation and Disease z Specific Diseases How to Use Technical Notes (HR.G)
HUMAN RESOURCES
[ Index | Bottom ]
Overview of Water and Sanitation System Development (HR.1) /HTML Community Participation (HR.2) z z z
Methods of Initiating Community Participation in Water Supply and Sanitation (HR.2.M) Community Participation in Planning Water Supply and Sanitation Programs (HR.2.P) Community Participation in Implementing Water Supply and Sanitation Programs (HR.2.I)
Operation and Maintenance Training (HR.3) z z z z
Methods of Operation and Maintenance Training (HR.3.M) Planning Operation and Maintenance Training (HR.3.P) Implementing Operation and Maintenance Training (HR.3.1) Evaluating Operation and Maintenance Training (HR.3.I.2)
RURAL WATER SUPPLY
[ Index | Bottom ]
Overview of Rural Water Supply (RWS.G) /HTML Surface Water (RWS.1) z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
Methods of Developing Sources of Surface Water (RWS.1.M) /HTML Planning How to Use Sources of Surface Water (RWS.1.P.1) Conducting Sanitary Surveys to Determine Acceptable Surface Water (RWS.1.P.2) Selecting a Source of Surface Water (RWS.1.P.3) Choosing Where to Place Intakes (RWS.1.P.4) Evaluating Rainfall Catchments (RWS.1.P.5) Designing Structures for Springs (RWS.1.D.1) Designing Intakes for Ponds, Lakes and Reservoirs (RWS.1.D.2) Designing Intakes for Streams and Rivers (RWS.1.D.3) Designing Roof Catchments (RWS.1.D.4) Designing Small Dams (RWS.1.D.5) Constructing Structures for Springs (RWS.1.C.1) Constructing Intakes for Ponds, Lakes and Reservoirs (RWS.1.C.2) Constructing Intakes for Streams and Rivers (RWS.1.C.3) Constructing, Operating and Maintaining Roof Catchments (RWS.1.C.4) Constructing Small Dams (RWS.1.C.5) Maintaining Structures for Springs (RWS.1.O.1) Maintaining Intakes (RWS.1.O.2) Maintaining Small Dams (RWS.1.O.5)
Ground Water (RWS.2) z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
Methods of Developing Sources of Ground Water (RWS.2.M) Planning How to Use Sources of Ground Water (RWS.2.P.1) Selecting a Method of Well Construction (RWS.2.P.2) Selecting a Well Site (RWS.2.P.3) Designing Dug Wells (RWS.2.D.1) Designing Driven Wells (RWS.2.D.2) Designing Jetted Wells (RWS.2.D.3) Designing Bored or Augered Wells (RWS.2.D.4) Designing Cable Tool Wells (RWS.2.D.5) Constructing Dug Wells (RWS.2.C.1) Constructing Driven Wells (RWS.2.C.2) Constructing Jetted Wells (RWS.2.C.3) Constructing Bored or Augered Wells (RWS.2.C.4) Constructing Cable Tool Wells (RWS.2.C.5) Maintaining Well Logs (RWS.2.C.6) Testing the Yield of Wells (RWS.2.C.7) Finishing Wells (RWS.2.C.8)
[ Index | Bottom ]
z
Disinfecting Wells (RWS.2.C.9)
Water Treatment (RWS.3) z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
Methods of Water Treatment (RWS.3.M) Determining the Need for Water Treatment (RWS.3.P.1) Taking a Water Sample (RWS.3.P.2) Analyzing a Water Sample (RWS.3.P.3) Planning a Water Treatment System (RWS.3.P.4) Designing Basic Household Water Treatment Systems (RWS.3.D.1) Designing a Small Community Sedimentation Basin (RWS.3.D.2) Designing a Slow Sand Filter (RWS.3.D.3) Designing a Small Community Disinfection Unit (RWS.3.D.4) Water Treatment in Emergencies (RWS.3.D.5) Constructing a Household Sand Filter (RWS.3.C.1) Constructing a Sedimentation Basin (RWS.3.C.2) Constructing a Slow Sand Filter (RWS.3.C.3) Constructing a Disinfection Unit (RWS.3.C.4) Operating and Maintaining Household Treatment Systems (RWS.3.O.1) Operating and Maintaining a Sedimentation Basin (RWS.3.O.2) Operating and Maintaining a Slow Sand Filter (RWS.3.O.3) Operating and Maintaining a Chemical Disinfection Unit (RWS.3.O.4)
Water Distribution (RWS.4) z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
z z z z
[ Index | Bottom ]
Methods of Delivering Water (RWS.4.M) Choosing Between Gravity Flow and Pumps (RWS.4.P.1) Choosing Between Community Distribution Systems and Household Water (RWS.4.P.2) Selecting Pipe Materials (RWS.4.P.3) Selecting a Power Source for Pumps (RWS.4.P.4) Selecting Pumps (RWS.4.P.5) Manufacturing Hand Pumps Locally (RWS.4.P.6) Designing a System of Gravity Flow (RWS.4.D.1) Determining Pumping Requirements (RWS.4.D.2) Designing a Transmission Main (RWS.4.D.3) Designing Community Distribution Systems (RWS.4.D.4) Designing a Hydraulic Ram Pump (RWS.4.D.5) /HTML Installing Pipes (RWS.4.C.1) Installing Mechanical Pumps (RWS.4.C.2) Installing Hand Pumps (RWS.4.C.3) Constructing Community Distribution Systems (RWS.4.C.4) Constructing a Distribution System with Household Connections (RWS.4.C.5) Detecting and Correcting Leaking Pipes (RWS.4.O.1) Operating and Maintaining Mechanical Pumps (RWS.4.O.2) Operating and Maintaining Hand Pumps (RWS.4.O.3) Operating and Maintaining Household Water Connections (RWS.4.O.5)
Water Storage (RWS.5) z
[ Index | Bottom ]
Methods of Storing Water (RWS.5.M) Determining the Need for Water Storage (RWS.5.P.1) Designing a Household Cistern (RWS.5.D.1) Designing a Ground Level Storage Tank (RWS.5.D.2) Designing an Elevated Storage Tank (RWS.5.D.3)
[ Index | Bottom ]
z z z z
Constructing a Household Cistern (RWS.5.C.1) Constructing a Ground Level Storage Tank (RWS.5.C.2) Constructing an Elevated Storage Tank (RWS.5.C.3) Maintaining Water Storage Tanks (RWS.5.O.1)
SANITATION
[ Index | Bottom ]
Overview of Sanitation (SAN.G) Simple Excreta and Washwater Disposal (SAN.1) z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
Simple Methods of Excreta Disposal (SAN.1.M.1) Simple Methods of Washwater Disposal (SAN.1.M.2) Planning Simple Excreta and Washwater Disposal Systems (SAN.1.P) Designing Slabs for Privies (SAN.1.D.1) Designing Pits for Privies (SAN.1.D.2) Designing Privy Shelters (SAN.1.D.3) Designing Aqua Privies (SAN.1.D.4) Designing Bucket Latrines (SAN.1.D.5) Designing Compost Toilets (SAN.1.D.6) Designing Sumps, Soakage Pits and Trenches (SAN.1.D.7) Constructing Slabs for Privies (SAN.1.C.1) Constructing Pits for Privies (SAN.1.C.2) Constructing Privy Shelters (SAN.1.C.3) Constructing Aqua Privies (SAN.1.C.4) Constructing Bucket Latrines (SAN.1.C.5) Constructing Compost Toilets (SAN.1.C.6) Constructing, Operating & Maintaining Sumps, Soakage Pits & Trenches (SAN.1.C.7) Operating and Maintaining Privies (SAN.1.O.1) Operating and Maintaining Aqua Privies (SAN.1.O.4) Operating and Maintaining Bucket Latrines (SAN.1.O.5) Operating and Maintaining Compost Toilets (SAN.1.O.6)
Combined Excreta and Washwater Disposal (SAN.2) z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
[ Index | Bottom ]
Methods of Combined Washwater and Excreta Disposal (SAN.2.M) Planning Combined Washwater and Excreta Disposal Systems (SAN.2.P.1) Estimating Sewage or Washwater Flows (SAN.2.P.2) Determining Soil Suitability (SAN.2.P.3) Designing Subsurface Absorption Systems (SAN.2.D.1) Designing Cesspools (SAN.2.D.2) Designing Septic Tanks (SAN.2.D.3) Designing Sewer Systems (SAN.2.D.4) Designing Stabilization Ponds (SAN.2.D.5) Designing a System of Stabilization Ponds (SAN.2.D.6) Designing Mechanically Aerated Lagoons (SAN.2.D.7) Designing Non-Conventional Absorption Disposal Systems (SAN.2.D.8) Constructing, Operating & Maintaining Subsurface Absorption Systems (SAN.2.C.1) Constructing Cesspools (SAN.2.C.2) Constructing Septic Tanks (SAN.2.C.3) Constructing Sewer Systems (SAN.2.C.4) Constructing Stabilization Ponds (SAN.2.C.5)
z z z z z z
Constructing Mechanically Aerated Lagoons (SAN.2.C.7) Constructing, Operating & Maintaining Non-Conventional Absorption Systems (SAN.2.C.8) Operating and Maintaining Septic Tanks (SAN.2.O.3) Operating and Maintaining Sewer Systems (SAN.2.O.4) Operating and Maintaining Stabilization Ponds (SAN.2.O.5) Operating and Maintaining Mechanically Aerated Lagoons (SAN.2.O.7)
Solid Waste Disposal (SAN.3) z z z z z z z z z z z
[ Index | Bottom ]
Methods of Solid Waste Management (SAN. 3. M) Planning Solid Waste Management Systems (SAN.3.P) Designing a Landfill (SAN.3.D.1) Designing a Composting System (SAN.3.D.2) Designing a Solid Waste Collection System (SAN.3.D.3) Designing a Biogas System (SAN.3.D.4) Constructing a Biogas System (SAN.3.C.4) Operating and Maintaining a Landfill (SAN.3.O.1) Operating and Maintaining a Composting System (SAN.3.O.2) Operating a Solid Waste Collection System (SAN.3.O.3) Operating and Maintaining a Biogas System (SAN.3.O.4)
DISEASE
[ Index | Bottom ]
Overview of Diseases (DIS.G) /HTML Water Supply, Sanitation and Disease (DIS.1) z z z
Means of Disease Transmission (DIS.1.M.1) Methods of Improving Environmental Health Conditions (DIS.1.M.2) Planning Disease Control Programs (DIS.1.P)
Specific Diseases (DIS.2) z z z z z
Methods of Controlling Schistosomiasis (DIS.2.M.1) Methods of Controlling African Trypanosomiasis (DIS.2.M.2) Methods of Controlling South American Trypanosomiasis (DIS.2.M.3) Methods of Controlling Enteric Diseases (DIS.2.M.4) Methods of Controlling Onchocerciasis (DIS.2.M.5) [ Index | Lifewater Home]
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