MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Sarathy Nagar, Pudupedu, Chennai– 600 069. DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

MT6411 – MICROPROCESSOR LABORATORY LABORATORY MANUAL

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MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

LIST OF EXEPRIMENTS Sl.No.

Name of the Experiments

Page No.

Introduction to 8085 Microprocessor

3

1

Addition of 2 - 8 bit numbers

11

2

Subtraction of 2 – 8 bit numbers

14

3

Addition of 2 - 16 numbers

17

5

8 – bit Multiplication

21

6

8 – bit Division

24

7

To a arrange a series of numbers in Ascending order

27

8

To a arrange a series of numbers in Descending order

30

9

Analog to Digital Conversion

33

10

Decimal Addition of 8-bit numbers

36

11

Hexadecimal to Decimal & Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

37

12

Stepper motor Controller

44

2

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR 8085 Aim To study the microprocessor 8085 Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor a) General purpose register It is an 8 bit register i.e. B,C,D,E,H,L. The combination of 8 bit register is known as register pair, which can hold 16 bit data. The HL pair is used to act as memory pointer is accessible to program. b) Accumulator It is an 8 bit register which hold one of the data to be processed by ALU and stored the result of the operation. c) Program counter (PC) It is a 16 bit pointer which maintain the address of a byte entered to line stack. d) Stack pointer (Sp) It is a 16 bit special purpose register which is used to hold line memory address for line next instruction to be executed. e) Arithmetic and logical unit It carries out arithmetic and logical operation by 8 bit address it uses the accumulator content as input the ALU result is stored back into accumulator. f) Temporary register It is an 8 bit register associated with ALU hold data, entering an operation, used by the microprocessor and not accessible to programs. g) Flags Flag register is a group of fire, individual flip flops line content of line flag register will change after execution of arithmetic and logic operation. The line states flags are i) Carry flag (C) ii) Parity flag (P) iii) Zero flag (Z) iv) Auxiliary carry flag (AC) v) Sign flag (S) h) Timing and control unit Synchronous all microprocessor, operation with the clock and generator and control signal from it necessary to communicate between controller and peripherals. i) Instruction register and decoder Instruction is fetched from line memory and stored in line instruction register decoder the stored information. j) Register Array These are used to store 8 bit data during execution of some instruction.

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MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory PIN Description Address Bus 1. The pins Ao – A15 denote the address bus. 2. They are used for most significant bit Address / Data Bus 1. AD0 – AD7 constitutes the address / Data bus 2. These pins are used for least significant bit ALE : (Address Latch Enable) 1. The signal goes high during the first clock cycle and enables the lower order address bits. IO / M 1. This distinguishes whether the address is for memory or input. 2. When this pins go high, the address is for an I/O device. S0 – S0 and S1 are status signal which provides different status and functions. S1 RD 1. 2.

This is an active low signal This signal is used to control READ operation of the microprocessor.

WR 1. 2.

WR is also an active low signal Controls the write operation of the microprocessor.

HOLD 1.

This indicates if any other device is requesting the use of address and data bus.

HLDA 1. 2.

HLDA is the acknowledgement signal for HOLD It indicates whether the hold signal is received or not.

INTR 1. 2.

INTE is an interrupt request signal IT can be enabled or disabled by using software

INTA 1. 2.

Whenever the microprocessor receives interrupt signal It has to be acknowledged.

RST 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 1. These are nothing but the restart interrupts 2. They insert an internal restart junction automatically.

4

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory TRAP 1. 2.

Trap is the only non-maskable interrupt It cannot be enabled (or) disabled using program.

RESET IN 1. This pin resets the program counter to 0 to 1 and results interrupt enable and HLDA flip flops. X1, These are the terminals which are connected to external oscillator to produce the X2 necessary and suitable clock operation. SID This pin provides serial input data SOD This pin provides serial output data VCC and VSS 1. VCC is +5V supply pin 2. VSS is ground pin Specifications 1. Processors Intel 8085 at E144 MHz clock 2. Memory Monitor RAM: 0000 – IFFF EPROM Expansion: 2000 – 3FFF’s 0000 – FFF System RAM: 4000 – 5FFF Monitor data area 4100 – 5FFF RAM Expansion 6000 – BFFF 3. Input / Output Parallel: A8 TTL input timer with 2 number of 32-55 only input timer available in -85 EBI. Serial: Only one number RS 232-C, Compatible, crucial interface using 8281A Timer: 3 channel -16 bit programmable units, using 8253 channel ‘0’ used for no band late. Clock generator. Channel ‘1’ is used for single stopping used program. Display: 6 digit – 7 segment LED display with filter 4 digit for adder display and 2 digit for data display. Key board: 21 keys, soft keyboard including common keys and hexa decimal keys. RES: Reset keys allow to terminate any present activity and retain to  - 85 its on initialize state.

5

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory INT: Maskable interrupt connect to CPU’s RST 7.5 interrupt DEC: Decrement the adder by 1 EXEC: Execute line particular value after selecting address through go command. NEXT: Increment the address by 1 and then display its content. Key Functions: E 0 SUB

RD 1

i. Hex entry key ‘0’ ii. Substituting memory content where “next” key is paused immediately after 1, take used to st cutting address. iii. Register key ‘E’

i) ii)

Hex code entry (1) Register key ‘D’

i) ii) iii)

Hex code entry ‘2’ Retricre data from data ‘memory’ to data top Register key ‘C’

i) ii) iii)

Hex code entry ‘3’ Retricre data from memory to top Register key ‘B’

i) ii) iii)

Hex key entry ‘C’ Block search from byte Register key ‘F’

i) ii) iii)

Hex key entry ‘5’ Fill block of RAM memory with desired data Register key ‘A’

i) ii) iii)

Hex key entry ‘6’ TN/Tl used for sending (or) receiving Register key ‘H’

i) ii)

Hex key entry ‘7’ Register key ‘H’

REG C 2 TN

B 3 TR

F 4 BLOC

A 5 FILL

L 6 SER

H 7 F2

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MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

i) ii)

Register key ‘S’ Register key ‘I’

SNG

i) ii) iii)

Hex key entry ‘A’ Function key F3 Register key “ph”

PH

i) ii)

Hex key entry “y” Signal step program (instruction by instruction)

i) ii) iii)

Hex key entry “c” Much a block of memory from a linear block Register key “SH”

i) ii)

Hex key D Compare 2 memory block

i) ii) iii)

Hex key entry ‘B’ Check a block from flame Register key “SPL”

i) ii)

Hex key ‘E’ Insert by test into memory (RAM)

i) ii)

Hex key ‘F’ Delete byte from memory RAM

I 8 G0 PL 9

A F3

C SH MOV

D CMP

B SL BC E INS

F DEL

System Power Consumption Micro BSEB2 +5V @ 1Amp +12V @ 200 mA - 12V @ 100 mA

MICRO SSEB +5V@ 800 mA

7

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory Power Supply Specification MICRO SSEM 230V, AC @ 80 Hz +5V @ 600 mA Key Function

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MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

IC’s Used 8085 8253 8255 8279 8251 2764 6264 7414 7432 7409 7400 7404 74373 74139 74138

-

8 bit p programmable internal timer programmable peripheral interface programmable key boards / display interface programmable communication interface 8 KV VV EPROM 8K STATIC PROM Hex inverter Quad 21/p OR GATE Quad 21/p AND GATE NAND Gate Dual D-FF Octal ‘D’ Latch Dual 2 to 4 line decoder 3 to 8 line decoder

9

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory In Enter Program into Trainer Kit 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Press ‘RESET’ key Sub (key processor represent address field) Enter the address (16 bit) and digit in hex Press ‘NEXT’ key Enter the data Again press “NEXT” Again after taking the program, are use HLT instruction its Hex code Press “NEXT”

How to executive program 1. Press “RESET” 2. Press “GO” 3. Enter the address location in which line program was executed 4. Press “Execute” key

Result: Thus 8085 microprocessor was studied successfully.

10

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory ADDITION OF TWO 8-BIT NUMBERS Aim: To write an assembly language for adding two 8 bit numbers by using micro processor kit. Apparatus required: 8085 micro processor kit (0-5V) DC battery Algorithm: Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 Step 11 Step 12

: : : : : : : : : : : :

Start the microprocessor Intialize the carry as ‘Zero’ Load the first 8 bit data into the accumulator Copy the contents of accumulator into the register ‘B’ Load the second 8 bit data into the accumulator. Add the 2 - 8 bit datas and check for carry. Jump on if no carry Increment carry if there is Store the added request in accumulator More the carry value to accumulator Store the carry value in accumulator Stop the program execution.

11

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory STAR T

Intialise the carry as zero Load the 1st 8 bit number Transfer the 1st number to register ‘B’ Load the 2nd 8 bit number Transfer and Add the contents of A and B No Check for carry?

Yes

Increment carry by one Store the added value in accumulator Move the contents of carry into accumulator Store the value of carry in accumulator

END

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MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

Address 4100 4102 4105

Mnemonics MVI C,00 LDA 4300 MOV, B,A

Hex Code OE, 00 3A, (00, 43) 47

4106

LDA 4301

3A, (01, 43)

4109 410A 410D

ADD B JNC INR C

80 D2, 0E, 41 OC

STA 4302

32 (02, 43)

4111

MOV A,C

79

4112

STA 4303

32 (03, 43)

4115

HLT

76

410E

Label

Loop

Comments Initialize the carry as zero Load the first 8 bit data Copy the value of 8 bit data into register B Load the second 8 bit data into the accumulator Add the hoo values Jump on if no carry If carry is there increment it by one Stone the added value in the accumulator More the value of carry to the accumulator from register C Store the value of carry in the accumulator Stop the program execution

Input Without carry Input Address 4300 4301

Value 04 02

Output Address 4302 4303

Value 06 00 (carry)

Input Address 4300 4301

Value FF FF

Output Address 4302 4303

Value FE 01 (carry)

Output

With carry

Calculation

(1)

1111 1111 1111 1111 --------------1111 1110 ========= F E

Result: The assembly language program for 8 bit addition of two numbers was executed successfully by using 8085 micro processing kit. 13

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS Aim: To write a assembly language program for subtracting 2 bit (8) numbers by using8085 micro processor kit. Apparatus required: 8085 micro processor kit (0-5V) DC battery Algorithm: Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 Step 11 Step 12 Step 13

: : : : : : : : : : : : :

Start the microprocessor Intialize the carry as ‘Zero’ Load the first 8 bit data into the accumulator Copy the contents of contents into the register ‘B’ Load the second 8 bit data into the accumulator. Subtract the 2 8 bit datas and check for borrow. Jump on if no borrow Increment borrow if there is 2’s compliment of accumulator is found out Store the result in the accumulator More the borrow value from ‘c’ to accumulator Store the borrow value in the accumulator Stop program execution

14

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

START

Intialise the borrow as zero Load the 1st 8 bit number Move the 1st 8 bit data to register ‘B’ Load the 2nd 8 bit number Subtract the two values No Check for carry?

Yes

Increment carry by one 1’s compliment of 2nd value Add 1 to 1’s compliment for 2’s compliment Store the value of result in accumulator Move the carry into the accumulator Store the value of carry in accumulator END

15

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

Address 4100 4102

Mnemonics MVI C,00 LDA 4300

Hex Code OE, 00 3A, (00, 43)

4105 4106

MOV, B,A LDA 4301

47 3A, (01, 43)

4109 410A 410D

SUB B INC INR C

90 D2, 0E, 41 OC

CMA ADI, 01

2F 6, 01

4111 4114

STA 4302 MOV A,C

32,02,43 79

4115 4118

STA 4303 HLT

32,03,43 76

410E 410F

Label

Loop

Loop

Comments Initialize the carry as zero Load the first 8 bit data into the accumulator Copy the value into register ‘B’ Load the 2nd 8 bit data into the Subtract both the values Jump on if no borrow If borrow is there, increment it by one Compliment of 2nd data Add one to 1’s compliment of 2nd data Store the result in accumulator Moul the value of borrow into the accumulator Store the result in accumulator Stop Program execution

Input Without borrow Input Address 4300 4301

Value 05 07

Output Address 4302 4303

Value 02 00 (borrow)

Input Address 4300 4301

Value 07 05

Output Address 4302 4303

Value 02 01 (borrow)

Output

With carry borrow

Calculation CMA ADJ 0.1

05 -

05 – 07 07 – 0111 1000 0001 -----1001 0101 -----1110 (-2)

Result: The assembly language program subtraction of two 8 bit numbers was executed successfully by using 8085 micro processing kit. 16

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory ADDITION OF TWO 16 – BIT NUMBERS Aim: To write an assembly language program for adding two 16 bit numbers using 8085 micro processor kit. Apparatus required: 8085 micro processor kit (0-5V) DC battery Algorithm: Step 1 Step 2

: :

Step 3 Step 4

: :

Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9

: : : : :

Step 10 Step 11 Step 12

: : :

Start the microprocessor Get the 1st 8 bit in ‘C’ register (LSB) and 2nd 8 bit in ‘H’ register (MSB) of 16 bit number. Save the 1st 16 bit in ‘DE’ register pair Similarly get the 2nd 16 bit number and store it in ‘HL’ register pair. Get the lower byte of 1st number into ‘L’ register Add it with lower byte of 2nd number tore the result in ‘L’ register Get the higher byte of 1st number into accumulator Add it with higher byte of 2nd number and carry of the lower bit addition. Store the result in ‘H’ register Store 16 bit addition value in ‘HL’ register pair Stop program execution

17

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

START

C = 00H Load ‘HL’ with 1st Data Transfer HL - DE Load ‘HL’ with 2nd Data DE + HL = HL

If Cy =0 C = C + 01 Store ‘HL’ in memory (SUM) Transfer C - A

Store ‘A’ in memory (Cy) STOP

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MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

Address 4500 4501 4502 4503 4504 4505 4506 4507 4508 4509

Label

Mnemonics MVI C,00 LHLD

4800

XCHG LHLD

4802

DAD

D

JNC

Ahead 450E

450A 450B 450C 450D 450E 450F 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4515

AHEAD

INR SHLD

C 4804

MOV STA

C,A 4806

HLT

Input Without Input Address 4800 4801 4802 4803

Value 01 (addend) 04 02 (augend) 03 (augend)

Output Address 4804 4805 4806

Value 03 (sum) 07 (sum) 00 (carry)

Output

Calculation

0000 0100 0000 0001 0000 0011 0000 0010 --------------------------------0000 0111 0000 0011 0 7 0 3

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Hex Code 0E 00 2A 00 48 EB 2A 02 48 19 D2 0E 45 0C 22 04 48 79 32 06 48 76

Comments C = 00H HL – 1st No.

HL – DE HL – 2nd No.

Double addition DE + HL If Cy = 0, G0 to 450E

C = C + 01 HL – 4804 (sum)

Cy – A Cy – 4806

Stop excution

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory With carry

Calculation

Input Address 4800 4801 4802 4803

Value FF (addend) DE (addend) 96 (augend) DF (augend)

Output Address 4804 4805 4806

Value 95 (sum) BE (sum) 01 (carry)

1101 1110 1111 1111 1101 1111 1001 0101 --------------------------------1011 1110 1001 0101 B E 9 5

Result: The assembly language program for addition of two 16 bit numbers was executed using 8085 micro processing kit.

20

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 8 – BIT NUMBERS Aim: To write an assembly language for multiplying two 8 bit numbers by using 8085 micro processor kit. Apparatus required: 8085 microprocessor kit (0-5V) DC battery Algorithm: Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 Step 11

: : : : : : : : : : :

Step 12 Step 13 Step 14

: : :

Start the microprocessor Get the 1st 8 bit numbers Move the 1st 8it number to register ‘B’ Get the 2nd 8 bit number Move the 2nd 8 bit number to register ‘C’ Intialise the accumulator as zero Intialise the carry as zero Add both register ‘B’ value as accumulator Jump on if no carry Increment carry by 1 if there is Decrement the 2nd value and repeat from step 8, till the 2nd value becomes zero. Store the multiplied value in accumulator Move the carry value to accumulator Store the carry value in accumulator

21

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

START Get the 1st 8 bit number Move it to register ‘B’ Get the 2nd 8 bit number Intialize the accumulator as zero & carry as zero Add the accumulator with 1st number No Check for carry?

Yes Increment carry Decrement 2nd number

No

2nd Number Yes

Store the value f carry in accumulator END

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MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

Address 4100 4103

Label

Mnemonics LDA 4500 MOV B,A

Hex Code 3A, 00, 45 47

4104 4107

LDA 4501 MOV C,A

3A, 01, 45 4F

4108

MVI A, 00

3E, 00

410A 410C

MVI D, 00 ADD B

16, 00 80

410D 4110 4111 4112 4115

INC INR D DCR C JNZ STA 4502

D2 11, 41 14 OD C2 0C, 41 32 02, 45

4118

MOV A,D

7A

4119

STA 4503

32,03,45

411C

HLT

76

Comments Load the first 8 bit number Move the 1st 8 bit data to Load the 2nd 16 it number Move the 2nd 8 bit data to Intialise the accumulator as zero Intialise the carry as zero Add the contents of ‘B’ and accumulator Jump if no carry Increment carry if there is Decrement the value ‘C’ Jump if number zero Store the result in accumulator Move the carry into accumulator Store the result in accumulator Stop the program execution

Input Input Address 4500 4501

Value 04 02

Output Address 4502 4503

Value 08 00

Output

Result: The assembly language program for multiplication of two 8 bit numbers was executed using 8085 micro processing kit.

23

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory DIVISION OF TWO 8 – BIT NUMBERS Aim: To write an assembly language program for dividing two 8 bit numbers using microprocessor kit. Apparatus required: 8085 microprocessor kit (0-5V) DC battery Algorithm: Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 Step 11 Step 12 Step 13 Step 14

: : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Start the microprocessor Intialise the Quotient as zero Load the 1st 8 bit data Copy the contents of accumulator into register ‘B’ Load the 2nd 8 bit data Compare both the values Jump if divisor is greater than dividend Subtract the dividend value by divisor value Increment Quotient Jump to step 7, till the dividend becomes zero Store the result (Quotient) value in accumulator Move the remainder value to accumulator Store the result in accumulator Stop the program execution

24

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

START Get the divided Intialise the Quotient as zero Get the divisor Compare the dividend & divisor Add the accumulator with 1st number No Check for carry? Increment carry Decrement 2nd number

Dividen d Yes Store the Quotient in accumulator Move the remainder to accumulator Store the remainder in accumulator END

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MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

Address 4100 4102 4105

Label

Mnemonics MVI C, 00 LDA, 4500 MOV B,A

Hex Code 0E, 00 3A 00, 45 47

LDA, 4501 CMP B JC (LDP)

3A 01, 45 B8 DA 12,41

SUB B

90

INR C JMP (LDP, 41)

0C C3, 0D, 41

STA 4502

32 02,45

4115

MOV A,C

79

4116

STA 4503

32 03,45

4119

HLT

76

4106 4109 410A 410D

Loop 2

410E 410F 4112

Loop 1

Comments Intialise Quotient as zero Get the 1st data Copy the 1st data into Get the 2nd data Compare the 2 values Jump if dividend lesser than divisor Subtract the 1st value by 2nd Increment Quotient (410D) Jump to Loop 1 till the value of dividend becomes zero Store the value in accumulator Move the value of remainder to accumulator Store the remainder value in accumulator Stop the program execution

Input Input Address 4500 4501

Value 09 02

Output Address 4502 4503

Value 04 (quotient) 01 (reminder)

Output

1001 0010 – I -----0111 0010 – II -----0101 0010 – III -----0011 0010 – IV -----0001 – carry - 04 - 01

Quotient Carry Result: The assembly language program for division of two 8 bit numbers was executed using 8085 micro processing kit. 26

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory ASCENDING ORDER Aim: To write a program to sort given ‘n’ numbers in ascending order Apparatus required: 8085 microprocessor kit (0-5V) DC battery Algorithm: Step 1 Step 2

: :

Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8

: : : : : :

Step 9 Step 10 Step 11 Step 12

: : : :

Start the microprocessor Accumulator is loaded with number of values to sorted and it is saved Decrement 8 register (N-1) Repetitions) Set ‘HL’ register pair as data array Set ‘C’ register as counter for (N-1) repetitions Load a data of the array in accumulator Compare the data pointed in ‘HL’ pair If the value of accumulator is smaller than memory, then jump to step 10. Otherwise exchange the contents of ‘HL’ pair and accumulator Decrement ‘C’ register, if the of ‘C’ is not zero go to step 6 Decrement ‘B’ register, if value of ‘B’ is not zero, go step 3 Stop the program execution

27

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

START Load the count value in accumulator and save it in register ‘B’ Decrement ‘B’ register (N1) Load the starting address of array in ‘HL’ Decrement ‘C’ register of array in ‘HL’ Increment the data pointer Compare the data pointed by ‘HL’ with ‘A’ No Compa re the datas A A And F0 with A Rotate content ‘A’

Store MSB in 5150 03 -> A 08 -> C Load ‘HL’ pair with 5150 Call device subroutine Jump to 500E

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory DECIMAL ADDITION OF TWO 8-BIT NUMBERS Aim: To write an assembly language program for decimal addition of two8-bit numbers and sum is 8 bit. Apparatus Required: • •

8085 Microprocessor Kit Power Chord

Algorithm: Step 1: Initialise the memory location of first number in HL register pair. Step 2: Load the first number in accumulator Step 3: Increment the content of HL register pair to initialise the memory location of second data Step 4: Addition of the content of second memory location with first data Step 5: Decimal adjustment of result Step 6: Store the result in memory location 8002H

PROGRAM Memory address 8100

Machine Codes

Labels

Mnemonics Operands Comments

21, 50, 80

LXI

H,8050

8103

7E

MOV

A,M

8104

23

INX

H

8105

86

ADD

M

8106

27

DAA

8107 810A

32, 02, 80 76

STA HLT

8002

Load the address of first number in H-L register pair Store the first number in accumulator Increment H-L register pair to locate second number Addition of 1st and 2nd number Decimal Adjust Store result in 8002H location Halt

RESULT : The decimal addition of two 8-bit numbers is performed using 8085 microprocessor where sum is 8-bit. 36

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION:

AIM: To write an assembly language program to convert hexadecimal to decimal data using 8085-microprocessor kit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: •

8085 Microprocessor Kit

•

Power Chord

ALGORITHM: Step1: Start the program. Step2: Load data from memory to accumulator and move the data 00 to D and E registers. Step3: Compare the accumulator data with the data 64. Step4: If carry=0 jump to Step 6 else jump to Step 5. Step5: Jump to Step 10. Step6: Subtract accumulator data by 64. Step7: Increment the content of D register once. Step8: If carry=0 jump to Step 6 else jump to Step 9. Step9: Decrement the content of D register once and add data 64 with accumulator. Step10: Subtract accumulator data by 0A and Increment E register content once. Step11: If carry=0 jump to Step 10 and Decrement E register content once. Step12: Add data 64 with accumulator and move it to C register. Step13: Move E register content to accumulator. Step14: Rotate the accumulator content 4 tines by left. Step15: Add C register content with accumulator content. Step16: Store data in accumulator pair to specified memory Step17: Move D register content to accumulator Step18: Store data in accumulator pair to specified memory. Step19: End.

37

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory Mnemonics Memory Label

COD E

Instruc tion 4100

MVI

Description

HEX

Operand E, 00H

1E

4101

Move data 00 to E register

00

4102

MVI

D, 00H

16

4103

Move data 00 to D register

00

4014

LDA

3A

Load data from memory to

4105

00

accumulator

4106

42

4107

CPI

4200

64

4108 4109

JNC

410F

FE

Compare the accumulator data with

64

the data 64

D2

If carry=0 jump to specified memory

410A

0F

410B

41

410C

JMP

4118

C3

410D

18

410E

41

410F

Loop1

SUI

64

D6

4110

Jump to specified memory

Subtract accumulator data by 64

64

4111

INR

D

14

Increment D register content once

4112

JNC

410F

D2

If carry=0 jump to specified memory

4113

0F

4114

41

4115

DCR

D

15

Decrement D register content once

4116

ADI

64

C6

Add data 64 with accumulator

4117 4118

64 Loop2

SUI

0A

D6

4119

Subtract accumulator data by 0A

0A

411A

INR

E

1C

Increment E register content once

411B

JNC

4118

D2

If carry=0 jump to specified memory

411C

18

38

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory 411D

41

411E

DCR

E

1D

Decrement E register content once

`411F

ADI

0A

C6

Add data 64 with accumulator

4120

0A

4121

MOV

C, A

4F

4122

MOV

A, E

7B

4123

RLC

Move accumulator content to C register Move E register content to accumulator

07

4124

RLC

07

Rotate the accumulator content 4 tines

4125

RLC

07

by left

4126

RLC

07 Add C register content with accumulator

4127

ADD

C

81 content

4128

STA

4500

32

Store data in accumulator pair to

4129

00

specified memory

412A

45

412B

MOV

A, D

7A

Move D register content to accumulator

412C

STA

4501

32

Store data in accumulator pair to

412D

01

specified memory

412E

45

412F

HLT

76

Halt

OUTPUT:

INPUT DATA:

OUTPUT DATA:

4200: CE

4500:

06

4501:

02

39

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory FLOW CHART : START

HL

8100H

A

00

B

00H

C

00H

B

B+1

A

A +1

Decimal adjust accumulator

Is there carry?

C D B

C+1 A, A

Is A=M?

8101 8102

A, A A

Stop

40

C

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL AIM: To convert a given decimal number to hexadecimal. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Initialize the memory location to the data pointer. Step 2 : Increment B register. Step 3 : Increment accumulator by 1 and adjust it to decimal every time. Step 4 : Compare the given decimal number with accumulator value. Step 5 : When both matches, the equivalent hexadecimal value is in B register. Step 6 : Store the resultant in memory location.

41

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory FLOW CHART :

START

HL

4500H

A

00

B

00H

B

B+1

A

A +1

Decimal adjust accumulator

Is A=M?

A

B

8101

A

Stop

42

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory ADDRESS

OPC O DE

8000 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 800A 800B 800C 800D 800E 800F 8010 8011 8012 8013

LABEL

LOOP

MNEM ONICS

OPER AND

LXI

H,8100

Initialize HL reg. to 8100H

MVI

A,00

Initialize A register.

MVI

B,00

Initialize B register..

INR ADI

B 01

DAA CMP JNZ

M LOOP

MOV STA

A,B 8101

HLT

INPUT ADDRESS

COMMENTS

Increment B reg. Increment A reg Decimal Adjust Accumulator Compare M & A If acc and given number are not equal, then go to LOOP Transfer B reg to acc. Store the result in a memory location. Stop the program

OUTPUT DATA

8100

ADDRESS

DATA

8101

RESULT:

Thus an assembly language program to convert hexadecimal to decimal and decimal to hexadecimal data’s was written and executed using 8085-microprocessor kit.

43

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER AIM:

To write a program fro inter facing stepper motor and to run the motor in different directions and in different speeds.

ALGORITHM:

Step1: Start the program. Step2: Load HL register pair with memory address at look up. Step3: Move the contents of HL pair to accumulator. Step4: Out the contents of accumulator to run the motor. Step5: Decrease b register. If register content is not zero then rotate the motor continuously. Step6: If zero then move to the Seginning of the program. Step7: Stop the process.

THEORY:

STEPPER MOTOR: A motor in which the rotor is able to assume only discrete stationary angular position is a Stepper Motor. The rotary motion in a stepper motor is a stepwise manner from one equilibrium position to another.

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES: A stepper motor could be either of the reluctance type or of the permanent magnet type (PM). A PM stepper consists of multiphase stator and two part permanent magnet rotor. The VR stepper motor has unmagnetised rotor. PM stepper motor is the most commonly used type. The basic two phase stepper motor consists of two pairs of stator poles. Each of the four poles has its own winding. The excitation of any winding generates a north pole (N), a south pole (S) gets induced at the diametrically opposite side. 44

MT6411 - Microprocessor Laboratory

As shown in the figure the four pole structure is continuous with the stator frame and the magnetic field passes through the cylindrical stator annular ring. The rotor magnetic system has two end faces. The left face is permanently magnetized as South Pole and their right face as North Pole. The South Pole structure and the North Pole structure posses similar pole faces. The north pole structure is twisted with respect to the south pole structure by one pole pitch. Stepper Motor Cross-sectional View

45

In an arrangement where four stator poles and three poles of rotor poles, there exists 12 possible positions in which a south pole of the rotor can lock with a north pole of the stator. From this it can be rotated that the step size is 360o = Ns*Nr where,

Ns is the number of stator pole pairs Nr is the number of pairs rotor pole

Generally step size of the stepper motor depends upon NR. These stable positions can be attained by simply energizing the winding on any one of the stator poles with a DC. There are three different schemes available for ‘stepping’ a stepper motor. They are, a) Wave Scheme b) 2-Phase scheme c) Half stepping or mixed scheme

2-PHASE SCHEME: In this scheme any two adjacent stator windings are energized. There are two magnetic fields active in quadrature and none of the rotor pole faces can in direct alignment with the stator poles. A partial but symmetric alignment of the rotor poles is of course possible. Typical equilibrium conditions of the rotor when the windings on two successive stator poles are excited are illustrated. In Step (a) A1 and B1 are energized. The pole-face S1 tries to align itself with the axis of A1 (N) and the pole-face S2 with B1 (N). The North Pole N3 of the rotor finds itself in neutral zone between A1 (N) and B1 (N). S1 and S2 of the rotor position themselves symmetrically with respect to the two stator north pole.

46

Next when B1 and A2 are energized S2 tends to align with B1 (N) and S3 with A2 (N) of course. Again under equilibrium conditions only partial alignment is possible and N1 finds itself in the neutral region midway between B1 (N) and A2 (N) [Step (b)]. In Step (c), A2(N) and B2(N), respectively, with N2 in the neutral zone. Step (d) illustrates the case when A1 and B2 are ON. The step angle is 30ْ as in the two phase’s scheme. However the rotor is offset by 15ْ in the two phase’s scheme with respect to the wave scheme. A total of 12 steps are required to move the rotor by 360ْ (mechanical) Two Phases drives produce more torque than the wave drives. LOOK UP TABLE

Anticlockwise

Clockwise

Step A1 A2 B1 B2 A1

A2 B1

B2

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

2

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

3

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

4

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Mnemonics

HEX COD E

Description

21

Load HL pair with memory address

4101

1A

at Look Up

4102

41

Memory Label Instruc tion 4100

START: LXI

4103

MVI

Operand H, LOOK UP

B,04

4014 4105 4106

REPT:

Move immediate the given data

04

to B register

MOV

A,M

7E

Move content of memory to Acc.

MOV

[2000], AX

03

Out the content of Accumulator

C0

to C0 port address

11

Load the data 0303H to D register

4107 4108

06

LXI

D, 0303H

4109

03

410A

03

410B

DELAY: NOP

00 47

Perform No operation

410C

DCX

D

1B

Decrement address of DE pair once

410D

MOV

A,E

7B

Move E register content to Acc.

410E

ORA

D

B2

Perform OR operation With Acc.

410F

JNZ

410B

C2

Jump on no zero to the

4110

0B

instruction at specified memory

4111

41

Address

4112

INX

H

23

Increment HL pair address once

4113

DCR

B

05

Decrement B register content once

4114

JNZ

C2

Jump on no zero to the

4115

05

instruction at specified memory

4116

41

Address

C3

Jump to the instruction at

4118

00

specified memory

4119

41

4117

JMP

411A

LOOK

START

UP

09

Data will be stored in the location

05 06 04

RESULT: Thus the stepper motor is rotated by varying the speed using COUNT operation and its direction is also changed using program written and executed using 8085 micro processor kit. 48