Chapter Review Problems Unit 19.1 Depreciation for financial accounting 1. Depreciation for financial accounting is identical to depreciation for federal income tax purposes. (T or F) False For Problems 2–7, assume that your business buys a computer for $1,300 on January 12. You project that the computer will be worth $150 at the end of its 5-year useful life. 2. What is the asset’s basis? $1,300 3. What is the useful life? 5 years 4. What is the salvage value? $150 5. What is the depreciable basis? $1,150 ($1,300 - $150). This is the amount that can be depreciated. 6. If you take depreciation expense of $230 per year, what is the accumulated depreciation at the end of year 3? $230  3 years = $690 7. What is the book value at the end of year 3? $1,300 - $690 = $610 8. A business can take depreciation on a delivery truck that it leases from someone. (T or F) False. To take depreciation, a business must own the asset. 9. Suppose an office supply business buys a building for $800,000. If the building is used as a retail location, the business can depreciate the $800,000. (T or F) False. Part of the purchase price is for land, and because land does not wear out, only the building portion can be depreciated. For Problems 10–13, assume that your business buys a copy machine for $2,400 on January 1. You project that you can sell the copy machine at the end of its 5-year useful life for $400. 10. Calculate the annual depreciation using straight-line depreciation. basis = $2,000 = $400 Annual depreciation = Depreciable Useful life 5

11. Prepare a depreciation schedule for the 5-year useful life.

Year

Depreciation expense

Accumulated depreciation

Book value

Begin





$2,400

1

$400

$ 400

$2,000

2

$400

$ 800

$1,600

3

$400

$1,200

$1,200

4

$400

$1,600

$800

5

$400

$2,000

$400

Chapter Review Problems

417

12. Calculate depreciation for each year (to the nearest dollar) using the units-of-production method. Assume that the copy machine will produce 160,000 copies during its useful life; its salvage value after producing the 160,000 copies is projected to be $400. The machine produced copies as follows: Year 1: 34,200

Year 2: 35,800

Year 3: 30,100

Depreciable basis Depreciation per unit = Total estimated units of production

Year 4: 38,400

Year 5: 35,200

$2,000 = $0.0125 (1.25¢ per copy) = 160,000

Year

Annual depreciation

Book value

Begin



$2,400

1

34,200 copies  $0.0125 ≈ $428

$1,972

2

35,800 copies  $0.0125 ≈ $448

$1,524

3

30,100 copies  $0.0125 ≈ $376

$1,148

4

38,400 copies  $0.0125 = $480

$668

5

35,200 copies  $0.0125 = $440; limited to $268*

$400

Total

$2,000

NA

*Note: Because book value cannot go below the $400 salvage value, year 5 depreciation is limited to $268.

13. Calculate depreciation for each year (to the nearest dollar) using the 200% declining-balance method. Rate = 200% = 40% (For each year, multiply the previous year-end book value by 40%.) 5 Year

Annual depreciation

Book value

Begin



$2,400

1

$2,400  40% = $960

$1,440

2

$1,440  40% = $576

$864

3

$864  40% ≈ $346

$518

4

$518  40% ≈ $207; limited to $118*

$400

5

$0

$400

Total

$2,000

NA

*Note: Because book value cannot go below the $400 salvage value, depreciation for year 4 is limited to $118, and no deprecation is taken in year 5.

For Problems 14 and 15, assume you buy a business desk. 14. You purchased the desk on May 27 and paid for the desk on June 10. The desk was delivered on June 4; but because you were remodeling your office, you did not begin using the desk until June 17. For how many months can you take depreciation in the first calendar-year? The determining factor is when the asset is placed in service (June 17). Because the desk was not placed in service during the first 15 days of June, you get no depreciation for June. You get depreciation for 6 months (July through December). 15. The desk cost $1,800. Using 7-year straight-line depreciation, with a $400 salvage value, figure depreciation for each of the first 2 calendar-years. 6 Year 1: $1,400 7  12 = $100

Year 2: $1,400 7 = $200

Unit 19.2 Depreciation for federal income taxes (MACRS) 16. For MACRS, salvage value is ignored. (T or F) True 17. For MACRS purposes, assets with a 27.5-year recovery period are presumed to have been purchased in the middle of the year, regardless of the actual purchase date. (T or F) False. 27.5-year property is presumed to have been purchased in the middle of the month it was purchased.

418

Chapter 19 Depreciation

For Problems 18–21, determine the recovery period. 18. Computer. 5 years (See Illustration 19-3) 19. Car. 5 years 20. Warehouse building. 39 years 21. Desk. 7 years For Problems 22–26, find MACRS depreciation (to the nearest dollar). 22. Year 1 for a 5-year $2,500 property.

Use the rates of Illustration 19-4: $2,500  20% = $500

23. Year 4 for a 3-year $8,000 property.

$8,000  7.41% ≈ $593

24. Year 2 for a 5-year $800 property.

$800  32% = $256

25. Year 1 for 27.5-year property purchased August 2 (building value = $220,000). Illustation 19-5: $220,000  1.364% ≈ $3,001 26. Year 12 for 39-year property purchased May 27 (building value = $970,000). Illustration 19-6: $970,000  2.564% ≈ $24,871 27. Your business buys a copy machine for $1,500 on January 12. You project a 3-year useful life, with a salvage value of $500. Determine MACRS depreciation, rounded to the nearest dollar, for each year. For MACRS, we don’t decide on a useful life; the IRS dictates the life. In Illustration 19-3, we find the recovery period for a copy machine is 5 years not 3 years. Also, for MACRS we ignore salvage value. Use Illustration 19-4. Year 1: Year 2: Year 3: Year 4: Year 5: Year 6: Total

$1,500  20% $1,500  32% $1,500  19.20% $1,500  11.52% $1,500  11.52% $1,500  5.76%

$300 480 288 173 173 + 86 $1,500

28. Refer to Problem 27. Why, if the copy machine has a 5-year recovery period, is depreciation taken for 6 years? You get only half a year’s depreciation in year 1; this carries some depreciation into year 6. 29. You purchased a duplex on September 29 for $250,000. The county assessor’s valuation of the property indicates that 20% of the total value is for land and 80% for buildings. Calculate MACRS depreciation for each of the first 3 years. Building value = $250,000  80% = $200,000. Use Illustration 19-5, September column. Year 1: $200,000  1.061% Year 2: $200,000  3.636% Year 3: $200,000  3.636%

$2,122 $7,272 $7,272

30. Refer to Illustration 19-5. Explain why the January rate for year 1 is less than the rate for year 2. Taxpayers are allowed only 11.5 months depreciation for year 1. 31. In May 2006, Prince & Rulon, Attorneys at Law, purchased a copy machine at a cost of $36,200. The machine qualifies for a Section 179 expense deduction. Determine (a) the maximum Section 179 expense deduction and (b) MACRS depreciation for the year. a. Section 179 expense deduction (maximum for 2006) b. MACRS depreciation Depreciable basis: $36,200 - $25,000 = $11,200 Depreciation: $11,200  20%

$25,000

$2,240

Chapter Review Problems

419

Challenge problems For Problems 32–35, assume your business buys a delivery truck for $35,000 on May 22. 32. You project the truck will have a salvage value of $8,000 at the end of it’s 5-year useful life. Calculate straight-line depreciation for each of the first 3 calendar-years. 7 = $3,150 Calendar-year 1: $27,000  12 5 Calendar-year 2: $27,000 = $5,400 5

Calendar-year 3: $27,000 = $5,400 5 33. Calculate depreciation for the first 3 calendar-years using the 200% declining-balance method. Rate = 200% 5 = 40% (For each 12 months, multiply the previous year-end book value by 40%.) Months

Depreciation

Book value

Begin



$35,000

1–12

$35,000  40% = $14,000

$21,000

13–24

$21,000  40% = $8,400

$12,600

25–36

$12,600  40% = $5,040; limited to $4,600

$8,000

7 ≈ $8,167 Calendar-year 1: $14,000  12 5 ) + ($8,400  7 ) ≈ $10,733 Calendar-year 2: ($14,000  12 12 5 ) + ($4,600  7 ) ≈ $6,183 Calendar-year 3: ($8,400  12 12

34. Calculate MACRS depreciation for the first 3 calendar-years. Calendar-year 1: $35,000  20% = $7,000 Calendar-year 2: $35,000  32% = $11,200 Calendar-year 3: $35,000 19.20% = $6,720 35. Which of the three methods provides the greatest depreciation expense for the first 3 calendar-years? Straight-line: $3,150 + $5,400 + $5,400 = $13,950 200% declining-balance: $8,167 + $10,733 + $6,183 = $25,083 MACRS: $7,000 + $11,200 + $6,720 = $24,920

(200% declining balance has the greatest)

Practice Test For all problems, round annual depreciation amounts to the nearest dollar. 1.

Your business buys a delivery van for $30,000. You figure the van will be useful for 5 years and have a value of $5,000 at the end of the 5-year period. What are the (a) basis, (b) useful life, (c) salvage value, (d) depreciable basis, (e) accumulated depreciation at the end of year 2 if you take $5,000 depreciation each year, and (f) the book value at the end of year 2? a. $30,000

2.

b. 5 years

c. $5,000

e. $10,000

f. $20,000

Your business buys a copy machine for $6,000 on January 1. You estimate that the copy machine will produce 250,000 copies during its useful life; its salvage value after producing the 250,000 copies is projected to be $1,000. The copy machine produced 78,200 copies in year 1 and 65,300 copies in year 2. Calculate depreciation for each of the first two years using the units-of-production method. $5,000 250,000 = $0.02 (2¢ per copy)

420

d. $25,000

Chapter 19 Depreciation

Year 1: 78,200 copies  $0.02 = $1,564

Year 2: 65,300  $0.02 = $1,306

3.

Your business buys a desk on January 10 for $2,000 with an 8-year useful life and a $500 salvage value. Calculate depreciation for each of the first 2 years using the 125% declining-balance method. 125% = 15.625% 8

4.

(For each year, multiply the previous year-end book value by 15.625%.)

Year

Annual depreciation

Book value

Begin



$2,000

1

$2,000  15.625% ≈ $313

$1,687

2

$1,687  15.625% ≈ $264

$1,423

See Problem 3. Assume, instead, the desk is purchased September 18. Calculate depreciation for each of the first 2 calendar-years using the 125% declining-balance method. Get no depreciation for the first 9 months. 3 ≈ $78 Year 1: $313  12

9 ) + ($264  3 ) Year 2: ($313  12 12

= $234.75 5.

+

$66

≈ $301

See Problem 3. Calculate MACRS depreciation for each of the first 2 calendar-years. Desks have 7-yr recovery period; salvage value is ignored. Year 1: $2,000  14.29% ≈ $286

6.

Year 2: $2,000  24.49% ≈ $490

Suppose you buy an apartment building for $850,000 on July 28. Land value represents 20% of the purchase price. Calculate MACRS depreciation for each of the first 2 calendar-years. Building value = $850,000  80% = $680,000 Use Illustration 19-5, July column: Year 1: $680,000  1.667% ≈ $11,336 Year 2: $680,000  3.636% ≈ $24,725

7.

Your business buys office furniture on February 26, 2006, for $33,000. The furniture qualifies for a Section 179 expense deduction. Determine (a) the maximum Section 179 expense deduction and (b) MACRS depreciation for the year. a. Section 179 expense deduction (maximum for 2006) b. MACRS depreciation Depreciable basis: $33,000 - $25,000 = $8,000 Depreciation: $8,000  14.29%

$25,000

$1,143

Practice Test

421