Chapter IV SCHEDULED CASTES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

4.0 Introduction The present Chapter analyzes the profile of Scheduled Castes in Andhra Pradesh. In Andhra Pradesh, the Scheduled Castes (SCs) form a sizeable part of the State’s population. Andhra Pradesh occupies fourth position in India in terms of Scheduled Caste population among 32 States/UTs having Scheduled Castes population. The SC population of the State constitutes 7.4 per cent of the country’s SC population. The Scheduled Caste constitutes 16.19 per cent of the total population of Andhra Pradesh in 2001 with more than 82.82 per cent of the Scheduled Castes living in rural areas. 4.1 Caste in Andhra Pradesh The castes in Andhra Pradesh can be divided into two distinct categories. Brahmin, Komati, Raju, Reddy, Kamma, Velama, Kapu, Nayudu, Relli, Mala, Madiga, Yeraka, Yanadi etc., castes are based on their tribal, cultural and religious differences, while the castes like Chakali (washerman), Kummari (potter), Kammari (smith), Kamsali (goldsmith), Mangali (barber) etc. are based on their duties. After British rule, the Indian Constitution defined the tribes/castes. At present, all the castes in Andhra Pradesh are categorized into four groups, viz., Other Communities (OC), Backward Communities (BC), Scheduled Castes (SC), and Scheduled Tribes (ST). The Brahmans, who are forward communities, constitute about 2–3 per cent of the State’s population. The Komatis, who are also forward communities, and claim Vysya status, and engaged in trade, constitute 2–3 per cent of the population. Rajus, who are also forward communities and who claim Kshatriya status, constitute less than 1 per cent of the State’s population. The non-Brahman caste groups, such as the Reddis, Kammas, Kapus and Velamas, whose main occupation has been cultivation, are the most important social groups in the State in terms of numerical strength, land control and access to political power. Kammas, Reddis and Velamas belong to indigenous and immigrant agricultural communities

125

and ruling class who are now classified as forward classes (FC). The Reddis represent about 8–10 per cent of the State’s population, followed by Kammas, about 4–5 per cent, Velamas, 1–2 per cent and Kapu, 10–12 per cent. There are various caste groups by the names of traditional hereditary occupations, who constitute a large proportion of the population in Andhra Pradesh and are known as ‘backward castes’ (BCs) and represent about 44 per cent of the State population.

Andhra

Pradesh incorporates about 33 scheduled tribes, which form about 7 per cent of the State’s population. Koya, Banjara/Lambada, Konda reddi, Gond, Chenchu, Yerukala, Yanadi, Savara, and Jatavu are the major ones. 4.2 Scheduled Castes Scheduled Castes are known by different names in different parts of the State and comprise many sub-castes and communities. At present, there are 59 Scheduled Castes in Andhra Pradesh. List of Scheduled Castes in Andhra Pradesh is given in Table – 4.1. Out of 59 sub-castes, Madigas and Malas are the two prominent ones. Mala, Madiga, Adi Dravida and Adi Andhra together constitute 93.6 per cent of the SC population of the State. Madiga are numerically the largest SCs with a population of 60,74,250, constituting 49.2 per cent of the State SC population. They are followed by Mala having a population of 51,39,305 (41.6 per cent), Adi Dravida with a population of 1,94,806 (1.6 per cent) and Adi Andhra (1.2 per cent). Nineteen SCs have returned a population below one thousand each in 2001 census. Among the numerically major SCs, Adi Dravida has the highest (88.7 per cent) rural population, followed by Madiga (85.1 per cent), Mala (81.9 per cent) and Adi Andhra (76.8 per cent). During 1991-2001, Mala have recorded the highest growth rate of 29.7 per cent followed by Madiga (25.5 per cent). On the other hand, Adi Andhra caste, the fourth largest in the State has recorded a negative growth (-80.5 per cent). Adi Dravida has also recorded a low growth rate of 4 per cent.

126

Scheduled Castes and their areas of enumeration in Andhra Pradesh are presented in Table – 4.2. It is observed from the table that 4 Scheduled Castes out of 59 Scheduled Castes, namely, (1). Chalavadi, (2). Chamar, Mochi or Muchi, (3). Madiga and (4). Mala were enumerated throughout the State, while 27 Scheduled Castes, namely, Adi Andhra, Adi Dravida, Arundhatiya, Bariki, Bavuri, Byagara, Chandala, Dandasi, Ghasi, Haddi or Relli Chachandi, Godagali, Godari, Gosangi, Jaggali, Jambuvulu, Madasi Kuruva or Madari Karuva, Madiga Dasu and Mashteen, Mala Dasu, Matangi, Mundala, Paky or Moti, Thoti, Pambada or Pambanda, Pamidi, Panchama or Pariah, Relli, Samban, Sapru and Dom, Dombara, Paidi or Pano

were enumerated throughout the State except Hyderabad,

Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts. It is also noticed from the table that of the 59 SCs, 28 SCs, namely, Ellamalwar (Yellammalawandlu), Anamuk, Aray (Mala), Arwa Mala, Beda (Budga) Jangam, and Sindhollu (Chindoilu) were enumerated in the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar Bindla, Byagara, Chambhar, Dakkal (Dokkalwar), Dhor, Holeya, Holeya Dasari, Kolupulvandlu, Mahar, Mala Dasari, Mala Hannai , Malajangam, Mala Masti, Mala Sale (Netkani), Mala Sanyasi, Mang, Mang Garodi, Manne, Mashti, Mehtar, Mitha Ayyalvar, Samagara, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda only.

127

Table – 4.1 LIST OF SCHEDULED CASTES IN ANDHRA PRADESH Name of the Scheduled Caste

Name of the Scheduled Caste

1. Adi Andhra

31. Madasi Kuruva, Madari Kuruva

2. Adi Dravida

32. Madiga

3. Anamuk

33. Madiga Dasu, Mashteen

4. Aray Mala

34. Mahar

5. Arundhatiya

35. Mala

6. Arwa Mala

36. Mala Dasari

7. Bariki

37. Mala Dasu

8. Bavuri

38. Mala Hannai

9. Beda Jangam, Budga jangam

39. Malajangam

10. Bindla

40. Mala Masti

11. Byagara

41. Mala Sale, Nethani

12. Chachati

42. Mala Sanyasi

13. Chalavadi

43. Mang

14. Chamar, Mochi, Muchi

44. Mang Garodi

15. Chambhar

45. Manne

16. Chandala

46. Mashti

17. Dakkal, Dokkalwar

47. Matangi

18. Dandasi

48. Mehtar

19. Dhor

49. Mitha Ayyalvar

20. Dom, Dombara, Paidi, Pano

50. Mundala

21. Ellamalawar, Yellammalawandlu

51. Paky, Moti, Thoti

22. Ghasi, Haddi, Relli, Chanchandi

52. Pambada, Pambanda

23. Godagali

53. Pamidi

24. Godari

54. Panchama, Pariah

25. Gosangi

55. Relli

26. Holeya

56. Samagara

27. Holeya Dasari

57. Samban

28. Jaggali

58. Sapru

29. Jambuvulu

59. Sindhollu, Chindollu

30. Kolupulvandlu Source: (1). Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 (Part III - Rules and Orders under the Constitution) (2). Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1956

128

Table – 4.2 SCHEDULED CASTES AND THEIR AREAS OF ENUMERATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH Sl. No.

Name of the Scheduled Castes

Areas of enumeration

1.

Adi Andhra

Throughout the state except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

2.

Adi Dravida

"

3.

Anamuk

4.

Aray (Mala)

"

5.

Arundhatiya

Throughout the state except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

6.

Arwa Mala

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda.

7.

Bariki

Throughout the state except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

8.

Bavuri

"

9.

Beda (Budga) Jangam

10. 11.

Bindla Byagara

" "

12.

Byagara

Throughout the state except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

13.

Chalavadi

Throughout the State

14.

Chamar, Mochi or Muchi

Throughout the State

15.

Chambhar

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda.

16.

Chandala

Throughout the state except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda.

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda.

129

Sl. No.

Name of the Scheduled Castes

Areas of enumeration

17.

Dakkal (Dokkalwar)

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda.

18.

Dandasi

Throughout the state except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

19.

Dhor

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda

20.

Dom, Dombara, Paidi or Pano

Throughout the State except Hyderabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

21.

Ellamalwar (Yellammalawandlu)

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimanagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda

22.

Ghasi, Haddi or Relli Chachandi

Throughout the State except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

23. 24. 25.

Godagali Godari Gosangi

26.

Holeya

27.

Holeya Dasari

28.

Jaggali

29.

Jambuvulu

30.

Kolupulvandlu

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda

31.

Madasi Kuruva or Madari Karuva

Throughout the State except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

32.

Madiga

Throughout the State

33.

Madiga Dasu and Mashteen

Throughout the State except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

" " " In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda " Throughout the State except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts "

130

Sl. No.

Name of the Scheduled Castes

Areas of enumeration

34.

Mahar

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda

35.

Mala

Throughout the State

36.

Mala Dasari

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda

37.

Mala Dasu

Throughout the State except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda

38.

Mala Hannai

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda

39.

Malajangam

"

40.

Mala Masti

"

41.

Mala Sale (Netkani)

"

42.

Mala Sanyasi

"

43.

Mang

"

44.

Mang Garodi

"

45.

Manne

"

46.

Mashti

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda

47.

Matangi

Throughout the State except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

48.

Mehtar

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda

49.

Mitha Ayyalvar

50.

Mundala

51.

Paky or Moti, Thoti

"

52.

Pambada or Pambanda

"

" Throughout the State except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

131

Sl. No.

Name of the Scheduled Castes

Areas of enumeration

53.

Pamidi

"

54.

Panchama or Pariah

"

55.

Relli

"

56.

Samagara

In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda

57.

Samban

Throughout the State except Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda districts

58.

Sapru

59.

Sindhollu (Chindoilu)

Source:

" In the districts of Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda

Kamble, N.D., (1978), “Socio-economic and Political Profiles of Scheduled Castes”, Ph.D. Thesis, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka.

132

4.3 Demographic features The total population of Andhra Pradesh, as per the 2001 Census is 7,62,10,007. Of this, 1,23,39,496 (16.2 per cent) are Scheduled Castes (SCs), of which 62,28,011 (50.47 per cent) are males and the rest 61,11,485 (49.53 per cent) are females. Out of the total SC population, 82.82 per cent are residing in rural areas and the rest 17.18 per cent are residing in urban areas. The share of the rural population has been declining from Census to Census, except during 1991-2001, where a slight increase is recorded. The data on Scheduled Castes population and general population from 1961 to 2001 is presented in Table – 4.3. The population of Scheduled Castes in Andhra Pradesh has increased from 49.73 lakhs in 1961 to 123.39 lakhs in 2001, registering an increase of 148.09 per cent as compared to an increase of 158.5 per cent in the SC population at the national level. The share of the Scheduled Castes population in the total population, which was 13.82 per cent in 1961, declined to 13.27 per cent in 1971, then increased to 14.85 per cent in 1981 and to 15.93 per cent in 1991, and thereafter increased to 16.19 per cent in 2001. The share of the Scheduled caste population to the total population of India in 2001 is 16.23, which is almost nearest to that of Andhra Pradesh (16.19 per cent). In terms of decadal growth, there was a growth of 16.10 per cent in the SC population during 1961-1971, followed by 37.88 per cent increase in the next decade (1971-1981). It fell to 33.04 per cent in the following decade, 1981-1991. It further fell to 16.50 per cent during 1991-2001. The highest growth rate was recorded during 1971-1981.

133

Table – 4.3 SCHEDULED CASTES AND GENERAL POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 1961 TO 2001 CENSUS

Census Year

1961

Male Population

% Growth rate

2512325

Scheduled Castes Female % PopuGrowth lation rate 2461291

(13.83)

1971

1981

1991

(15.95)

2001

(16.17)

-

17821776

-

35983447

-

16.10

22008663

21.18

21494045

20.61

43502708

20.90

37.88

27108922

23.17

26440751

23.01

53549673

23.10

33.04

33724581

24.40

32783427

23.99

66508008

24.20

16.50

38527413

14.24

37682594

14.94

76210007

14.59

12339496 17.25

(16.22)

18161671

(15.93)

6111485 15.77

% Growth rate

10592066 32.89

(15.90)

6228011

Population

(14.87)

5212412 33.18

-

Total

7961730 37.77

(14.84)

5379654

Population

% Growth rate

(13.27)

3922488

(14.90)

% Growth rate

5774548 15.68

37.98

Total population Female % PopuGrowth lation rate

(13.82)

(13.25)

4039242

Male

4973616

2847132 16.52

(13.30)

Population

(13.81)

2927416

Total

(16.19)

Note: Figures in the parenthesis represent percentage to the total population. Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Government of India.

134

Table – 4.4 COMPOSITION OF SCHEDULED CASTES IN ANDHRA PRADESH BY RESIDENCE FROM 1961 TO 2001 RURAL

URBAN

Total

Percentage of Urban Population To Total Population

Decadal Growth Rate

Male

Female

Total

Percentage of Rural Population to Total population

1961

2233224

2188304

4421528

88.9

-

279101

272987

552088

11.1

-

1971

2580275

2511855

5092130

88.18

15.17

347141

335277

682418

11.8

23.61

1981

3419221

3333147

6752368

84.81

32.6

620021

589341

1209362

15.2

77.22

1991

4451782

4306859

8758641

82.69

29.71

927872

905553

1833425

17.3

51.6

2001

5164491

5054918

10219409

82.82

16.68

1063520

1056567

2120087

17.2

15.64

Census Year

Decadal Growth Rate

Male

Female

Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Government of India.

135

Table – 4.4 presents the population of the Scheduled Castes in Andhra Pradesh as per 2001 Census. As per 2001 Census, among the numerically major SCs, Adi Dravida has the highest (88.7 per cent) rural population, followed by Madiga (85.1 per cent), Mala (81.9 per cent) and Adi Andhra (76.8 per cent). Among the districts, East Godavari district has the highest Scheduled Caste population in the State (8,81,650) followed by Guntur district (8,18,005) and Krishna district (7,46,832). Districts with the lowest SC population are Srikakulam (2,29,609), Vizianagaram (2,38,023) and Visakhapatnam (2,91,219). In terms of the percentage of the Scheduled Caste population to the total population of a district, Nellore (22 per cent) takes first place, followed by Prakasam (21.29 per cent) and West Godavari (19.17 per cent). The lowest percentage is in Visakhapatnam district (7.60 per cent), followed by Hyderabad (8.02 per cent) and Srikakulam (9.05 per cent).

136

Table – 4.5 SCHEDULED CASTE POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH - 2001

Sl. No.

District

Males

Females

Total

Percentage to Total Population

1

Adilabad

231793

229421

461214

18.54

2

Nizamabad

170201

177957

348158

14.84

3

Karimnagar

325829

324417

650246

18.62

4

Medak

235715

233777

469492

17.58

5

Hyderabad

154759

152489

307248

8.02

6

Ranga Reddy

263576

256469

520045

14.55

7

Mahbubnagar

304628

296299

600927

17.10

8

Nalgonda

291960

283828

575788

17.73

9

Warangal

279917

271468

551385

16.99

10

Khammam

216747

209945

426692

16.55

11

Srikakulam

113730

115879

229609

9.05

12

Vizianagaram

119116

118907

238023

10.58

13

Visakhapatnam

146813

144406

291219

7.60

14

East Godavari

442325

439325

881650

17.99

15

West Godavari

367155

361808

728963

19.17

16

Krishna

378329

368503

746832

17.83

17

Guntur

414712

403293

818005

18.32

18

Prakasam

330531

320967

651498

21.29

19

Nellore

295649

291508

587157

22.00

20

Kadapa

207302

202190

409492

15.74

21

Kurnool

320496

308141

628637

17.81

22

Anantapur

263291

251605

514896

14.14

23

Chittoor

353437

348883

702320

18.75

6228011

6111485

12339496

16.19

Andhra Pradesh

Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Government of India.

137

4.3.1 District-wise Scheduled Castes Population District-wise (largest three) Scheduled Castes population is presented in Table – 4.6. It is observed from the table that there are three largest Scheduled Castes in each of the districts. Madiga and Mala communities’ population occupy lion share in the total Scheduled Castes population of the each district. As per the 2001 Census, out of the total Scheduled Castes population of the State, Madiga community constitutes 49.23 per cent, followed by Mala community 41.65 per cent. Scheduled Castes like Mala sale, Gosangi, Beda Jangam, Relli, Adi Andhra, Mala Dasu, Arundhaitya, Mala Dasari and other generic castes also prevailed in the State in some of the districts as larger castes after Madiga and Mala communities. In Adilabad, Karimnagar and Khamma districts, Madiga, Mala and Mala sale are the largest three Scheduled Castes. Madiga, Mala and Gosangi are the major Scheduled Castes in Nizamabad district. Madiga, Mala and Bea Jangam are the largest three Scheduled Castes in Medak and Nalgonda districxts.

In Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy, Mahbubnagar,

Warangal and Anantapur districts, Madiga, Mala and Generic Castes are the largest three Scheduled Castes.

Madiga, Mala and Relli are the largest three Scheduled Castes in

Srikakulam, Vizinagaram, Visakhapatnam and Krishna districts. Madiga, Mala and Adi Andhra are the major Scheduled Castes in East Godavari, West Godavari, Prakasam, Kadapa and Chittoor districts. Madiga, Mala and Mala Dasu are the largest three Scheduled Castes in Guntur district. In Nellore district, Madiga, Mala and Arundhatiya are the three largest Scheduled Castes. Madiga, Mala and Mala dasari are the three major Scheduled Castes in Kurnool district. It is also noted from the table that Madiga population is highest in Anantapur (84.63 per cent), Mahbubnagar (77.14 per cent), Warangal (73.78 per cent), Nalgonda (73.02 per 138

cent), Kurnool (64.42 per cent), Ranga Reddy (64.05 per cent), Karimnagar (60.99 per cent), Medak (57.77 per cent), Khammam (57.16 per cent), Prakasam (52.68 per cent), Krishna (51.90 per cent), Guntur (49.38 per cent), Hyderabad (48.94 per cent), Nizamabad (48.32 per cent) and Kadapa (45.44 per cent) districts. As against this, Mala population is highest in Srikakulam (68.25 per cent), East Godavari (68.10 per cent), Nellore (63.57 per cent), Visakhapatnam (58.26 per cent), West Godavari (57.12 per cent), Vizianagaram (53.16 per cent), Kadapa (51.93 per cent), Guntur (48.79 per cent), Chittoor (46.94 per cent), Prakasam (45.86 per cent), Krishna (45.63 per cent) and Nizamabad (45.15 per cent) districts. 4.4 Sex ratio The overall sex ratio of the SC population of Andhra Pradesh is 981 females per 1000 males, which is higher than 978 for SC population of the state in 2001. The sex ratio of SC population has registered an increase over 969 reported at 1991 Census. Among the districts, the highest sex ratio (1046) is recorded in Nizamabad and the lowest in Anantapur (956). Sex ratio of the SC population in urban areas (993) is better than that of the rural areas (979). The overall as well as the child sex ratio (0-6) among SC population of Andhra Pradesh are significantly higher than the corresponding sex ratios aggregated for SC population at national level. Similar pattern is existed in respect of all the major SCs.

139

Table – 4.6 DISTRICT-WISE (LARGEST THREE) SCHEDULED CASTES POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH (2001 CENSUS) Mala Gosa- Beda Sale ngi Jangam Adilabad 154470 147883 73083 (33.49) (32.06) (15.85) Nizama168229 157187 9760 Bad (48.32) (45.15) (2.80) Karim396594 193030 25595 Nagar (60.99) (29.69) (3.94) Medak 271203 172595 7704 (57.77) (36.76) (1.64) Hydera150377 108135 Bad (48.94) (35.19) Ranga 333075 152645 Reddy (64.05) (29.35) Mahbub463547 106122 Nagar (77.14) (17.66) Nalgonda 420451 135577 8268 (73.02) (23.55) (1.44) Warangal 406829 100126 (73.78) (18.16) Khammam 243899 166895 5417 (57.16) (39.11) (1.27) Srikakulam 28114 156710 (12.24) (68.25) Vizia51983 126530 nagaram (21.84) (53.16) Visakha65244 169650 patnam (22.40) (58.26) East 187000 600422 Godavari (21.21) (68.10) West 259811 416361 Godavari (35.64) (57.12) Krishna 387577 340811 (51.90) (45.63) Guntur 403908 399100 (49.38) (48.79) Prakasam 343177 298782 (52.68) (45.86) Nellore 167434 373253 (28.52) (63.57) Kadapa 186070 212639 (45.44) (51.93) Kurnool 404992 210457 (64.42) (33.48) Anantapur 435746 64747 (84.63) (12.57) Chittoor 144520 329648 (20.58) (46.94) Andhra 6074250 5139305 104095 9760 15972 Pradesh (49.23) (41.65) (0.84) (0.08) (0.13) District

Madiga

Mala

Generic Adi Mala Arun- Mala Relli Others Total Castes Andhra Dasu dhatiya Dasari 85778 461214 (18.60) (100.00) 12982 348158 (3.73) (100.00) 35027 650246 (5.39) (100.00) 17990 469492 (3.83) (100.00) 31460 17276 307248 (10.24) (5.62) (100.00) 10322 24003 520045 (1.98) (4.62) (100.00) 15072 16186 600927 (2.51) (2.69) (100.00) 11492 575788 (2.00) (100.00) 13069 31361 551385 (2.37) (5.69) (100.00) 10481 426692 (2.46) (100.00) 21520 23265 229609 (9.37) (10.13) (100.00) 25403 34107 238023 (10.67) (14.33) (100.00) 41791 14534 291219 (14.35) (4.99) (100.00) 49596 44632 881650 (5.63) (5.06) (100.00) 35768 17023 728963 (4.91) (2.34) (100.00) 7386 11058 746832 (0.99) (1.48) (100.00) 5004 9993 818005 (0.61) (1.22) (100.00) 4632 4907 651498 (0.71) (0.75) (100.00) 31042 15428 587157 (5.29) (2.63) (100.00) 7475 3308 409492 (1.83) (0.81) (100.00) 4114 9074 628637 (0.65) (1.44) (100.00) 8038 6365 514896 (1.56) (1.24) (100.00) 192121 36031 702320 (27.36) (5.13) (100.00) 77961 96100 289592 5004 31042 4114 492301 12339496 (0.63) (0.78) (2.35) (0.04) (0.25) (0.03) (3.99) (100.00)

Note: Figures in the parentheses represent percentage to the total SC population of the district/State as the case may be.

Source: Census 2001, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi, 140

4.5 Literacy and educational level Literacy and level of education are two basic indicators of the level of development achieved by a group/society. The literacy results in awareness, besides contributing to the overall improvement of health, hygiene and other social conditions. A person is considered literate if she/he is able to read and write with understanding in any language. One who can merely read but cannot write is not considered literate. However, to qualify as a literate it is not necessary that a person should have received any formal education. According to 2001 Census, percentage of SC literates, (who can read and write with understanding) aged 7 years and above is 53.5 per cent, which is lower than 60.5 per cent reported for the state population as a whole, which is also lower than 54.7 per cent recorded at the national level. The literacy data show that the SC population of the state has made a significant improvement during the decade 1991- 2001. The literacy rate, which was 31.6 per cent in 1991, has increased by 21.9 percentage points in 2001. Among the major SCs, Adi Andhra have been reported the highest literacy rate of 69.6 per cent, followed by Adi Dravida (65.4 per cent) and Mala (60 per cent). More than half of Madigas are illiterate with literacy rate of 47.5 per cent. The female literacy rate of 43.3 per cent among SC population is lower compared to the total females of the state (50.4 per cent) as well their male counterparts (63.5 per cent). The highest and lowest female literacy rate of 63 per cent and 36.9 per cent have been recorded among Adi Andhra and Madiga. Educational levels attained by the Scheduled Castes is given in Table – 4.7. Out of total literates, 34.9 per cent are literates having attained educational level below the Primary level. The literates, who have attained education up to Primary and Middle levels, constitute 32 per cent and 10.6 per cent respectively. 17.8 per cent are having 141

Table – 4.7 EDUCATIONAL LEVELS ATTAINED BY THE SCHEDULED CASTES IN ANDHRA PRADESH (2001 CENSUS)

Name of SC

Metric/ Literate Secondary/ Technical without Below Higher & Non- Graduate Primary Middle educational Primary Secondary technical & above level Intermediate diploma etc.

All SCs

4.6

30.3

32.0

10.6

17.8

1.0

3.7

Madiga

5.1

34.3

31.7

9.8

15.7

0.7

2.7

Mala

4.2

26.9

32.2

11.3

19.6

1.2

4.6

Adi Dravida

4.7

24.6

37.3

12.7

17.5

0.8

2.4

Adi Andhra

3.2

25.0

32.2

11.9

19.9

1.5

6.3

Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Government of India.

142

educational level up to Matric/Higher Secondary etc. levels, implying that every 6 th SC literate is a Matriculate. Literates with educational level of Graduation and above are 3.7 per cent. Individually, Adi Andhra (6.3 per cent) have highest percentage of Graduation and above educational levels. The table also shows that the drop out is conspicuous after the Primarily level and again after Metric/Secondary levels. This pattern is consistent among all the major SCs. Population in the age group 5-14 years are the potential students. 72.8 per cent of the SC children of Andhra Pradesh in this age group have been attending various educational institutions. At the individual caste level, Adi Dravida, Adi Andhra and Mala have more percentage of school going children than the overall state SC population. 4.5.1 Decadal growth in Literacy Rate – Scheduled Castes Vs. General The data on decadal growth rate in literacy rate of the Scheduled Castes and general population from 1961 to 2001 is presented in Table – 4.8. It is evident from the data that the Scheduled Castes literacy is 8.47 per cent in 1961 against the general literacy rate of 21.19 per cent. The SC literacy rate was increased to 10.65 in 1971, while the general literacy rate was 24.57. It is increased to 17.65 in 1981, whereas general literacy rate is 29.94. Thus, there is a little percentage increase in SC population literacy

143

Table – 4.8 LITERACY RATE OF SCHEDULED CASTES AND GENERAL POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 1961 TO 2001 CENSUS Census

Scheduled Castes

General Population

13.43

30.19

Female

3.4

12.03

Total

8.47

21.19

Male

15.9

33.18

Female

5.3

15.75

Total

10.65

24.57

Male

24.8

24.59

Female

10.25

20.39

Total

17.65

29.94

Male

41.88

55.13

Female

20.92

32.72

Total

31.59

44.09

Male

63.51

70.32

Female

43.35

50.43

Total

53.52

60.47

Year 1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

Male

Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Government of India.

144

rate in 1981. In 1991, SC literacy rate is 31.59, whereas general literacy rate is 44.09. Thus, there is a considerable increase in SC literacy rate from 17.65 per cent in 1981 to 31.59 per cent in 1991. There is further significant increase in the SC literacy rate during 1991-2001 decade. By 2001, SC literate rate stands at 53.52, while general literacy rate stands at 60.47. Therefore, it is inferred from the data that during the past four decades, the literacy rate of Scheduled Castes is steadily increased. Comparatively, it seems that there is a faster growth in literacy rate among SCs than general population. 4.6 Workforce Workforce is one of the significant parts of development. Government has made attempts to create productive employment opportunities to increase the income levels of living of the masses. Work may be defined as participation in any economically productive activity. Such participation may be physical or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but also effective supervision and direction of work.

A vast majority of the Scheduled Castes families eke out their livelihoods from Agriculture - mostly as agricultural labourers and some from farming operations. Allied occupations eg. Dairy, Piggery, Sheep & Goat Rearing, Poultry etc., also provide livelihood to a substantial number of SCs. Many landless SCs have migrated to urban and semi-urban areas finding jobs as construction labourers and in the tertiary sector. Distribution of Scheduled Castes by workforce is given in Table – 4.9. It is observed from the table that 49.48 per cent of the Scheduled Castes population are non-workers and the rest are workers. It is seen from the table that among urban population, 66.71 per cent are non-workers. As against this, among rural population only 45.91 per cent are non-workers.

145

Out of the total workers, main workers constitute 79.21 and the remaining 20.79 per cent are marginal workers. It is further observed from the table that among main workers, agricultural labourers constitute huge percentage (64.21 per cent), followed by cultivators (11.59 per cent), household industry workers (1.84 per cent) and other workers (22.36 per cent). In case of urban areas, other workers constitute lion share, while in case of rural areas, agricultural labourers constitute lion share among main workers. It is also observed from the data that among marginal workers, agricultural labourers constitute 83.93 per cent, followed by other workers (11.38 per cent), cultivators (2.67 per cent) and household industry workers (2.02 per cent). Majority of the marginal workers in rural areas are agricultural labourers, while it is other workers in case of urban areas. At the individual caste level, Adi Dravida has recorded the highest 72.7 per cent agricultural labourers, followed by Adi Andhra (71.4 per cent), Madiga (70.4 per cent) and Mala (68 per cent).

146

Table – 4.9 WORKFORCE OF SCHEDULED CASTES IN ANDHRA PRADESH (2001 CENSUS) Main Workers Type of Workers Cultivators Agricultural Labourers Household industry workers Other workers

Male 390063 (15.58) 1614839 (64.51) 23061 (0.92) 475469 (18.99) 2503432 (100.00) 85.15

Rural Female 177304 (9.65) 1479011 (80.46) 49827 (2.71) 132147 (7.19) 1838289 (100.00) 71.04

Total 567367 (13.07) 3093850 (71.26) 72888 (1.68) 607616 (13.99) 4341721 (100.00) 78.55

Male 3200 (0.71) 43544 (9.70) 9173 (2.04) 392865 (87.54) 448782 (100.00) 88.01

Urban Female 1622 (1.10) 32989 (22.47) 8942 (6.09) 103258 (70.33) 146811 (100.00) 74.92

Total 4822 (0.81) 76533 (12.85) 18115 (3.04) 496123 (83.30) 595593 (100.00) 84.38

Male 393263 (13.32) 1658383 (56.17) 32234 (1.09) 868334 (29.41) 2952214 (100.00) 85.57

Total Female 178926 (9.01) 1512000 (76.17) 58769 (2.96) 235405 (11.86) 1985100 (100.00) 71.31

Total 572189 (11.59) 3170383 (64.21) 91003 (1.84) 1103739 (22.36) 4937314 (100.00) 79.21

Male 15141 (3.04) 381972 (76.76) 7848 (1.58) 92684 (18.62) 497645 (100.00) 14.43

Total Female 19431 (2.43) 705904 (88.40) 18377 (2.30) 54847 (6.87) 798559 (100.00) 28.69

Total 34572 (2.67) 1087876 (83.93) 26225 (2.02) 147531 (11.38) 1296204 (100.00) 20.79

Total Main Workers % within Total workers Note: Figures in the parenthesis represent percentage to total main workers except last row. Last row indicates percentage of the total main workers to the total workers. Marginal Workers Rural Urban Type of Workers Male Female Total Male Female Total Cultivators 14874 19144 34018 267 287 554 (3.41) (2.55) (2.87) (0.44) (0.58) (0.50) Agricultural 365402 682113 1047515 16570 23791 40361 Labourers (83.71) (91.02) (88.33) (27.11) (48.41) (36.60) Household industry 5436 15290 20726 2412 3087 5499 workers (1.25) (2.04) (1.75) (3.95) (6.28) (4.99) Other workers 50810 32866 83676 41874 21981 63855 (11.64) (4.39) (7.06) (68.51) (44.73) (57.91) Total Marginal 436522 749413 1185935 61123 49146 110269 Workers (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) % within Total 14.85 28.96 21.45 11.99 25.08 15.62 workers Note: Figures in the parenthesis represent percentage to total marginal workers except last row. Last row total marginal workers to the total workers.

indicates percentage of the

Total Workers Male 2939954

Rural Female 2587702

Total 5527656

Male 509905

Urban Female 195957

Total 705862

Male 3449859

Total Female 2783659

Total 6233518

Non-Workers Non-Workers Male Female Total Rural 2224537 2467216 4691753 (43.07) (48.81) (45.91) Urban 553615 860610 1414225 (52.05) (81.45) (66.71) Total 2778152 3327826 6105978 (44.61) (54.45) (49.48) Note: Figures in the parenthesis represent percentage to total population. Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Government of India.

147

Male 5164491 (100.00) 1063520 (100.00) 6228011 (100.00)

Total Population Female 5054918 (100.00) 1056567 (100.00) 6111485 (100.00)

Total 10219409 (100.00) 2120087 (100.00) 12339496 (100.00)

4.7 Economic activity-Work Participation Rate (WPR) The work participation rate (WPR) is the percentage of workers to the total population. The WPR of the SC population is 50.5 per cent at 2001 Census, which is higher than 45.8 per cent recorded for state population as a whole. The WPR of SC population however, has declined marginally as compared to 51.8 per cent reported at 1991 Census. The male WPR has been 54.4 per cent and female WPR 45.6 per cent at 2001 Census. Rural/Urban wise work participation rate of Scheduled Castes is presented in Table – 4.10. It is observed from the table that work participation rate of SCs in rural areas is 42.29. It is 48.47 in case of rural males and 36.36 in case of rural females. In urban areas, work participation rate is 28.09. It is 42.2 in case of urban males and 13.9 in case of urban females. Comparatively, work participation rate of SCs in rural areas is more than that of urban areas. There is a slight difference in work participation rate of rural and urban males, while there is a significant difference in work participation rate of rural and urban females At individual caste level, the WPR varies from the highest 52.2 per cent among Madiga to the lowest 45.9 per cent among Adi Andhra. Adi Andhra has also recorded the lowest female WPR of 36.5 per cent.

148

Table – 4.10 WORK PARTICIPATION RATE OF SCHEDULED CASTES IN ANDHRA PRADESH AS PER 2001 CENSUS RURAL/URBAN Rural

Urban

Work Participation Rate Male

48.47

Female

36.36

Total

42.49

Male

42.2

Female

13.9

Total

28.09

Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Government of India.

149

4.8 Marital status Marital status is one of the important determinants of fertility and growth of a population. The 2001 Census data on marital status show that 46.6 per cent persons among the SCs of Andhra Pradesh are ‘never married’. The ‘currently married’ constitute 47.7 per cent while 5.1 per cent are ‘widowed’. Only 0.6 per cent are ‘divorced and separated’. Though a majority of girls and boys among SCs in Andhra Pradesh are getting married after attaining the legal age of marriage, the marriages of SC girls below 18 years (3 per cent) are higher than 2.8 per cent recorded among SC population at the national level. The incidences of marriage among boys below 21 years at 2.6 per cent are; however, lower than 3.1 per cent aggregated at the national level for SC population. The mean number of children ever born per ever married SC women of all ages as well as 45-49 years age group are 2.6 and 3.4 respectively, which are lower than the corresponding figures of 3.2 and 4.2 for SC population at the national level. 4.9 Government’s role for the development of Scheduled Castes in Andhra Pradesh Empowerment of the Socially Disadvantaged Groups, viz., the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes continues to be on the priority list of State’s developmental agenda, as they still lag behind the rest of the society. Andhra Pradesh is pioneer in the country in implementation of Protective as well as Development programmes for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Main emphasis is laid in improving educational infrastructure, bringing social and economic development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes on par with general population and protecting the interests of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. In order to protect them from exploitation, a number of legislations are under implementation. In case of Scheduled areas, special Regulations are also under implementation. High priority is given for educational development by allocating about 70 150

per cent of annual budget of Social Welfare Department for this sector. Residential Schools and Ashram Schools are being run exclusively for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

4.9.1 Social Welfare Department The Social Welfare department in the State is dedicated to the integrated and overall development of Scheduled Castes. The main objectives of the Social Welfare Department are Educational advancement, Socio-Economic development, Welfare and Protection of Scheduled Castes and implementation of programmes of Social Security like Homes for orphan children, rehabilitation of jogins, bonded labourers and scavengers, pensions to poor widows and house-sites to weaker sections.

The set objectives are being attended by this Department through five wings: 

The Commissionerate of Social Welfare is responsible for implementation of educational programmes through hostels and scholarships, implementation of Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, Reservation Policy and monitoring the progress in filling up of Back Log vacancies and monitoring of Special Component Plan.



The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes Co-operative Finance Corporation is implementing Economic Development programmes for the upliftment of Scheduled Castes.



The Andhra Pradesh Social Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society manages residential educational institutions for quality education of SC girls and boys in the state.



The Andhra Pradesh Study Circle organizes coaching programmes for competitive examinations for both Central and State Services through pre-examination training centres and Study Circle.

151



Protection of Civil Rights Cell is responsible for implementing, monitoring and supervising the Protection of Civil Rights and Prevention of Atrocities in the State against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

4.9.2 Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes Co-operative Finance Corporation Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes Co-operative Finance Corporation was set up in the year 1974 with a view to take up programs for the economic development of Scheduled Caste families in the State. The Corporation is registered under the AP Coop Societies Act with a share holding pattern of 51:49 per cent between the State Government and the Government of India respectively. The Corporation has been established with the following main objectives, namely, (1). To provide financial assistance for creation of income generating assets, (2). To offer training programs for skill upgradation leading to self/wage employment, (3). To empower women self-help groups for taking up economic support activity and (4) To plug critical gaps of finance in economic support schemes.

The Corporation head office

formulates policy in terms of preparing Annual Action Plans, monitors implementation of schemes by way of conducting review meeting and securing progress reports on monthly basis. The Corporation mobilizes resources from Government of India, State Government and other financial institutions and in turn releases to District Societies for implementation of schemes. The District Societies also mobilize district level resources in terms of SGSY subsidy from DRDAs, loans from banks and 15 per cent earmarked funds from the local bodies.

***

152

References 1. Biradar, R.R., Jayasheela (2007), “Effects of Educational Inequality among Social Groups in Rural India”, Journal of Rural Development, Vol.26, No.3, JulySeptember, pp.379-401. 2. Census Reports, Directorate of Census Operations, Government of India, New Delhi. 3. Statistical Abstracts of the Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. 4. Fact book on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Andhra Pradesh (2006), Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. 5. Kamble, N.D., (1978), “Socio-economic and Political Profiles of Scheduled Castes”, Ph.D. Thesis, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka. 6. Srinivasulu, K., (2002), ‘Caste, Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh: Mapping Differential Regional Trajectories’, Working Paper 179, September, Overseas Development Institute, London, retrieved from http://www.odi.org.uk/projects/00-03-livelihood-options/papers/wp179.pdf 7. Suri, K.C., (2002), ‘Democratic Process and Electoral Politics in Andhra Pradesh, India’, Working Paper 180, September, Overseas Development Institute, London, retrieved from http://www.odi.org.uk/projects/00-03-livelihood-options/papers/wp180web.pdf 8. Report on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Andhra Pradesh 1961 to 2001, (2004), Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. 9. Naidu, R.V.K., (2004), ‘Empowerment of Scheduled Castes’, Kalpaz Publications, Delhi. 10. Sanjay Paswan and Paramanshi Jaideva (2002), ‘Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India’, Kalpaz Publications, Delhi. 11. Sakshi Human Rights Watch (2000), ‘Dalit Human Rights Monitor, 2000 – Andhra Pradesh’, A Report of the Sakshi Human Rights Watch, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, retrieved from www.sakshiap.org 12. http://www.vepachedu.org/caste.htm

153