Chapter 5
Assembly Language
Two types of bit patterns • Instructions ‣ Mnemonics for opcodes ‣ Letters for addressing modes
• Data ‣ Pseudo-ops, also called dot commands
Figure 5.1
aaa
Addressing Mode
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Immediate Direct Indirect Stack-relative Stack-relative deferred Indexed Stack-indexed Stack-indexed deferred
Letters i d n s sf x sx sxf
Figure 5.2
Instruction Specifier
Mnemonic
Instruction
Addressing Modes
0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0010 0000 0011
STOP RETTR MOVSPA MOVFLGA
Stop execution Return from trap Move SP to A Move NZVC flags to A
U U U U
0000 010a 0000 011a 0000 100a 0000 101a 0000 110a 0000 111a 0001 000a 0001 001a 0001 010a 0001 011a
BR BRLE BRLT BREQ BRNE BRGE BRGT BRV BRC CALL
Branch unconditional Branch if less than or equal to Branch if less than Branch if equal to Branch if not equal to Branch if greater than or equal to Branch if greater than Branch if V Branch if C Call subroutine
i, x i, x i, x i, x i, x i, x i, x i, x i, x i, x
0001 100r 0001 101r 0001 110r 0001 111r 0010 000r 0010 001r
NOTr NEGr ASLr ASRr ROLr RORr
Bitwise invert r Negate r Arithmetic shift left r Arithmetic shift right r Rotate left r Rotate right r
U U U U U U
Status Bits
NZ NZV NZVC NZC C C
0000 100a 0000 101a 0000 110a 0000 111a 0001 000a 0001 001a 0001 010a 0001 011a
BRLT BREQ BRNE BRGE BRGT BRV BRC CALL
Branch if less than Branch if equal to Branch if not equal to Branch if greater than or equal to Branch if greater than Branch if V Branch if C Call subroutine
i, x i, x i, x i, x i, x i, x i, x i, x
0001 100r 0001 101r 0001 110r 0001 111r 0010 000r 0010 001r
NOTr NEGr ASLr ASRr ROLr RORr
Bitwise invert r Negate r Arithmetic shift left r Arithmetic shift right r Rotate left r Rotate right r
U U U U U U
0010 01nn 0010 1aaa
NOPn NOP
Unary no operation trap Nonunary no operation trap
U i
0011 0aaa 0011 1aaa 0100 0aaa 0100 1aaa 0101 0aaa
DECI DECO STRO CHARI CHARO
Decimal input trap Decimal output trap String output trap Character input Character output
d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf d, n, sf d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf
0101 1nnn
RETn
Return from call with n local bytes
U
0110 0aaa 0110 1aaa
ADDSP SUBSP
Add to stack pointer (SP) Subtract from stack pointer (SP)
i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf
NZVC NZVC
0111 raaa 1000 raaa 1001 raaa 1010 raaa 1011 raaa
ADDr SUBr ANDr ORr CPr
Add to r Subtract from r Bitwise AND to r Bitwise OR to r Compare r
i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf
NZVC NZVC NZ NZ NZVC
Figure 5.2 (Continued)
NZ NZV NZVC NZC C C
NZV
0010 01nn 0010 1aaa
NOPn NOP
Unary no operation trap Nonunary no operation trap
U i
0011 0aaa 0011 1aaa 0100 0aaa 0100 1aaa 0101 0aaa
DECI DECO STRO CHARI CHARO
Decimal input trap Decimal output trap String output trap Character input Character output
Figure 5.2NZV d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx,(Continued) sxf d, n, sf d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf
0101 1nnn
RETn
Return from call with n local bytes
U
0110 0aaa 0110 1aaa
ADDSP SUBSP
Add to stack pointer (SP) Subtract from stack pointer (SP)
i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf
NZVC NZVC
0111 raaa 1000 raaa 1001 raaa 1010 raaa 1011 raaa
ADDr SUBr ANDr ORr CPr
Add to r Subtract from r Bitwise AND to r Bitwise OR to r Compare r
i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf
NZVC NZVC NZ NZ NZVC
1100 raaa 1101 raaa 1110 raaa 1111 raaa
LDr LDBYTEr STr STBYTEr
Load r from memory Load byte from memory Store r to memory Store byte r to memory
i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf i, d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf d, n, s, sf, x, sx, sxf
NZ NZ
The unimplemented opcode instructions • NOPn • NOP • DECI • DECO • STRO
Unary no operation trap Nonunary no operation trap Decimal input trap Decimal output trap String output trap
Pseudo-operations • .ADDRSS • .ASCII • .BLOCK • .BURN • .BYTE • .END • .EQUATE • .WORD
The address of a symbol A string of ASCII bytes A block of bytes Initiate ROM burn A byte value The sentinel for the assembler Equate a symbol to a constant value A word value (two bytes)
Figure 5.3
Assembler Input ;Stan Warford ;January 13, 2009 ;A program to output "Hi" ; CHARO 0x0007,d ;Output 'H' CHARO 0x0008,d ;Output 'i' STOP .ASCII "Hi" .END
Assembler Output 51 00 07 51 00 08 00 48 69 zz
Program Output Hi
Figure 5.4
7
Application level
6
High-order language level
5
Assembly level
4
Operating system level
3
Instruction set architecture level
2
Microcode level
1
Logic gate level
Figure 5.5
Input CHARO CHARO STOP .ASCII .END
0x0007,d 0x0008,d "Hi"
Processing
Output
Assembler
51 00 07 51 00 08 00 48 69 zz
Figure 5.6
Assembler Input CHARI CHARI CHARO CHARO STOP .BLOCK .BLOCK .END
0x000D,d 0x000E,d 0x000E,d 0x000D,d
;Input first character ;Input second character ;Output second character ;Output first character
1 1
;Storage for first char ;Storage for second char
Assembler Output 49 00 0D 49 00 0E 51 00 0E 51 00 0D 00 00 00 zz
Program Input up
Program Output pu
Figure 5.7
Assembler Input LDA ADDA ORA STBYTEA CHARO STOP .BLOCK .WORD .WORD .WORD .END
0x0011,d 0x0013,d 0x0015,d 0x0010,d 0x0010,d
;A
