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Chapter 7: Management Strategies and Actions Table of Contents Chapter 7: Management Strategies and Actions............................................................................ 1 7.1 – Introduction........................................................................................................................ 1 7.2 – Strategic Guidance for Management Actions .................................................................... 1 7.3 – Integrated Approach........................................................................................................... 4 7.4 – Specific Management Actions by Location....................................................................... 6 Middle Fork Willamette........................................................................................................ 11 McKenzie.............................................................................................................................. 28 Calapooia .............................................................................................................................. 51 South Santiam ....................................................................................................................... 72 North Santiam ....................................................................................................................... 97 Molalla ................................................................................................................................ 124 Clackamas ........................................................................................................................... 140 Mainstem Willamette (above the falls) and Westside tributaries ....................................... 141 Estuary ................................................................................................................................ 157 Ocean .................................................................................................................................. 168 7.5 – Statewide Habitat Management Program Suffiencies ................................................... 170
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List of Tables Page Table 1. Integrated approach to address factors limiting recovery of Upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead populations. ............................................................................................... 5 Table 2. Relationship between management strategies and habitat limiting factors and threats in the Upper Willamette River Basin.................................................................................................. 7 Table 3. List of general habitat management actions that apply to all populations. Local recovery efforts should continue to implement these types of actions. .......................................... 9 Table 4. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook in the Middle Fork Willamette watershed. The limiting factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle is found in Chapter 6..................................................................................................................... 12 Table 5. List of specific management actions identified for the Middle Fork Willamette watershed. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6. ................................................................................................................. 13 Table 6. List of the management actions identified in the Middle Fork Willamette watershed prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook. ........................................................ 15 Table 7. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the Middle Fork Willamette watershed describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes. ... 17 Table 8. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook in the McKenzie watershed. The limiting factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle is found in Chapter 6. ....................................................................................................................... 29 Table 9. List of specific management actions identified for the McKenzie watershed. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6.. 31 Table 10. List of the management actions identified in the McKenzie watershed prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook. ............................................................................... 34 Table 11. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the McKenzie watershed describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes........................................ 36 Table 12. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook and steelhead in the Calapooia watershed. The limiting factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle is found in Chapter 6..................................................................................................................... 52 Table 13. List of specific management actions identified in the Calapooia watershed. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6.. 54 Table 14. List of the management actions identified in the Calapooia watershed prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook and steelhead. ........................................................ 56 Table 15. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the Calapooia watershed describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes........................................ 58 Table 16. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook and steelhead in the South Santiam watershed. The factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle limiting is found in Chapter 6. ...................................................................................................... 73 Table 17. List of specific management actions identified in the South Santiam watershed. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6....................................................................................................................................... 75 Table 18. List of the management actions identified in the South Santiam watershed prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook and steelhead. ................................................... 78
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Table 19. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the South Santiam watershed describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes....................... 81 Table 20. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook and steelhead in the North Santiam watershed. The limiting factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle limiting is found in Chapter 6.............................................................................................. 98 Table 21. List of specific management actions identified in the North Santiam watershed. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6..................................................................................................................................... 100 Table 22. List of the management actions identified in the North Santiam watershed prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook and steelhead. ................................................. 103 Table 23. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the North Santiam watershed describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes..................... 106 Table 24. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook and steelhead in the Molalla watershed. The limiting factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle limiting is found in Chapter 6. .................................................................................................... 125 Table 25. List of specific management actions identified in the Molalla watershed. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6...... 126 Table 26. List of the management actions identified in the Molalla watershed prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook and steelhead. ............................................................ 128 Table 27. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the Molalla watershed describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes...................................... 129 Table 28. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook and steelhead in the Weside tributaries and mainstem Willamette River. The limiting factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle limiting is found in Chapter 6............................................. 142 Table 29. List of specific management actions identified in the Weside tributaries and mainstem Willamette River. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6. ............................................................................................................... 143 Table 30. List of the management actions identified in the Westside tributaries and mainstem Willamette River prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook and steelhead. ... 145 Table 31. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the mainstem Willamette River describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes. ........................... 147 Table 32. Management Strategies, Actions, Priority Areas, and Key Programs to address Habitat Limiting Factors and Threats in the Columbia River Estuary .................................................... 158 Table 33. Table with the management action identified in the ocean. Key entities, and implementation and response timeframes are described. ........................................................... 168 Table 34. Percentage of total basin area by designated land use for Upper Willamette River steelhead populations. ................................................................................................................. 170 Table 35. Percentage of total basin area by designated land use for Upper Willamette River Chinook populations. .................................................................................................................. 170 Table 36. Series of tables describing various statewide programs in Oregon. Tables taken directly from the statewide program review conducted in 2007................................................. 171
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Summary of Chapter 7 Oregon has developed 14 overarching management strategies that address the potential suite of limiting factors and threats to salmon and steelhead populations. This Chapter describes specific management actions that were derived on a population by population basis that, if implemented, will likely lead to the recovery of listed salmon and steelhead populations in the Willamette River Basin. Many actions that will help conserve and recover salmon and steelhead populations are already being implemented. These actions need to continue. In addition there are numerous regulatory and non-regulatory programs that will support conservation and recovery of salmon and steelhead populations if they are implemented and enforced as intended. The focus of this Chapter is not on developing new regulations or programs, but on improving upon the implementation of the existing programs.
7.1 – Introduction This chapter describes the strategies and specific actions proposed for achieving recovery of populations of Chinook and steelhead in the Upper Willamette River ESU. Also described is the strategic guidance used to develop and prioritize these strategies and actions. While fundamentally intended to produce biological results, strategies and actions included in this plan also reflect economic, political, social, and cultural considerations. In particular, they are framed to regain ESU viability as well as make progress toward Broad Sense Recovery Goals. These considerations are critical to the prospects for developing and implementing an effective and equitable plan. It is expected that additional actions will be incorporated over time as part of an adaptive management process.
7.2 – Strategic Guidance for Management Actions Achieving recovery for the Upper Willamette River ESU will depend on restoring the viability of extant populations of Chinook and steelhead described in Chapter 3 of this plan. This will require intensive effort at the regional, watershed and local levels. It is clear that not all of the management actions that should be implemented can be carried out in the near-term due to various constraints. The purpose of this strategic framework is to provide guidance for developing and prioritizing management actions to recover Upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead populations. Prioritized actions will lead to more timely and effective results. Our strategic vision recognizes that reversing the decline of key populations, life histories, and habitats requires use of wellChapter 7 – page 1
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formulated scientifically sound approaches. Since multiple causes are responsible for impaired population viability and disrupted ecosystem function, specific limiting factors and threats throughout the entire life cycle will need to be addressed in concert. At the same time, potential limiting factors and threats that are not currently concerns for upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead populations need to be managed so that they do not become problems in the future. Managing for past, current and future adverse impacts of human activities throughout the life cycle of ESA listed fish is critical to achieving recovery goals. Development and implementation of management activities that lead to recovery will require sound integration of conservation biology principles and ecosystem management with today’s social, cultural, political and economic constraints. Meffe and Carrol (2002) identified some of the key principles that form the basis for sound salmon recovery efforts, including: 1) Set aside or protect the highest quality habitat 2) Do not let habitat conditions degrade further 3) Maintain or restore critical ecological processes 4) Develop goals and objectives based on deep understanding of ecological properties of the system 5) Evolutionary processes must be conserved or restored 6) Management must be adaptive and minimally intrusive Conservation of the existing quality habitat that supports core production and primary life history types as well as quality migration habitats within populations and across the ESU is a critical component of recovery. Protecting and restoring the normative natural ecological processes throughout the entire life cycle is essential for conserving the productive capacity of the habitat. These principles provide general guidance but are difficult to apply specifically for prioritizing a broad list of actions at the population, strata, and ESU levels. Because we have the need for criteria that deal with setting priorities across broad geographic and ecological scales we propose more detailed prioritization considerations that are formulated from the broader conservation principles. In simplistic terms the order of priorities are: 1. Protect and conserve high quality habitats and natural processes that currently support productive capacity. 2. Enhance habitat and restore natural processes that are impaired but are currently important to productive capacity. 3. Restore habitat and natural processes that were historically important but do not currently contribute to productive capacity. Prioritization of Actions Setting priorities for management actions is difficult because of the scientific complexity and diverse policy strategies. Although priorities must be science based, they are ultimately policy
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choices. We recommend the following guidance to those responsible for implementing management actions intended to support the recovery of Upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead populations. First priority: •
Actions that provide long-term protection of habitat conditions and conservation of natural ecological processes that support the viability of priority extant populations. A population is considered a priority if it is critical for ESU viability.
•
Actions that protect or enhance viability of multiple salmon and steelhead populations.
•
Actions that support conservation of unique and rare functioning habitats, habitat diversity, life histories and genetic attributes.
•
Actions that target the key limiting factors and that contribute the most to closing the gap between current status and desired future status of priority populations.
•
Actions that provide critical information needed for assessing success and making adaptive management decisions.
Second priority: •
Actions that enhance the habitat conditions and restore natural ecological processes for priority extant populations.
•
Actions that enhance the viability of priority extant populations.
•
Actions that are required to protect and enhance habitats for populations that are not critical for ESU viability.
Other things being equal, actions that demonstrate the following have enhanced priority: •
Actions where opportunity for success is high (rather than those of limited feasibility).
•
Actions that likely produce a large (rather than small) improvement in viability attributes.
•
Actions that support restoration of normative ecological processes rather than shortterm substitutions for normative processes.
•
Actions that complement to other land management, water quality, environmental management and recreational objectives as specified in fish management, conservation, recovery or other plans developed with and supported by subbasin stakeholders (rather than those that are isolated, stand-alone efforts).
•
Actions that have landowner support and generate increased participation.
•
Actions that demonstrate cost effectiveness relative to alternative means of achieving the same objectives.
•
Actions which have high degree of certainty in effectiveness and outcome.
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7.3 – Integrated Approach In previous chapters of this plan we identified delisting goals, broad sense recovery goals, current status and viability gaps as well as limiting factors and threats across the entire life cycle of Upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead. These elements serve as essential building blocks for identifying the management strategies (long term plans of action designed to achieve a particular goals) and management actions (specific program, project, or change in behavior intended to achieve one or more outcomes) needed to close viability gaps, reach delisting status, and progress towards the broad sense recovery goals. In this chapter, management strategies and actions are developed to address the key and secondary causes of viability issues currently limiting recovery of Upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead as well as to insure that factors that are not currently significant threats to Upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead do not become so. Our integrated approach is designed to ensure that recovery efforts are developed and implemented in a scientifically sound and systematic manner. We strive to ensure that all recovery actions effectively complement and support each other in achieving the broad sense recovery goals. The management strategies and actions described in this chapter address threats and limiting factors in each of the nine categories of limiting factors discussed in Chapter 6. Table 1 illustrates the relationships between limiting factor categories, threat categories, strategies, and actions. This integrated approach is also intended to ensure that the cost and consequences of achieving recovery are equitable across the affected constituencies. Recovery can be achieved with different combinations of actions implemented at different intensities among and on varying timelines. Thus, the plan defines expectations and direction for the various parties who will implement elements of the plan in a broader context of scientific, technical, economic, political, social, and cultural considerations.
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Table 1. Integrated approach to address factors limiting recovery of Upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead populations. Limiting Factor Category
Threat Categories
Management Strategies
All habitat limiting factors
-Hatchery practices Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of -Flood control/hydropower populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle. -Landuse
Habitat access
-Restore access to critical habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers, and maintain unimpaired passage to areas currently -Hatchery practices -Flood control/hydropower accessible. -Restore floodplain connectivity and function, and maintain unimpaired -Landuse floodplain connectivity and function.
Potential Management Actions -Protect highest quality habitats through acquisition and conservation. -Adopt and manage Cooperative Agreements. -Conserve rare and unique functioning habitats. -Consistently apply Best Management Practices and existing laws to protect and conserve natural ecological processes. -Remove barriers or provide access over barriers blocking passage such as dams, road culverts and irrigation structures. -Regularly inspect potential passage impedments such as existing fish ladders and currently passable culverts. -Provide screening at 100% of irrigation diversions and replace screens that do not meet criteria.
-Reconnect side channels and off-channel habitats to stream channels. -Continue to enforce existing landuse laws and support volunteer efforts that protect and enhance migration corridors and access to in-channel and off-channel habitats. -Reconnect floodplain to channel. -Continue to enforce existing landuse laws and support volunteer efforts to protect and enhance floodplain connectivity and function. -Restore floodplain connectivity and function, and maintain unimpaired -Restore natural channel form. floodplain connectivity and function -Restore channel structure and complexity, and maintain unimpaired structure -Restore natural riparian vegetative communities. -Develop grazing strategies that promote riparian recovery. and complexity. -Flood control/hydropower -Promote volunteer efforts to leave more large conifers in riparian zone after timber harvest Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and Physical habitat quality -Landuse -Increase instream habitat complexity by placement of large wood. runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes. -Breach or lower dikes and levees. Restore riparian condition and LWD recruitment, and maintain unimpaired -Remove pile dikes conditions. -Remove dams or drop reservoir levels to run of the river during critical migration/rearing periods. -Restore normative streamflows through reservoirs.
Food Web
All threat categories
Water Quality
-Hatchery practices -Flood control/hydropower -Landuse
Water Quantity/Hydrograph
-Flood control/hydropower -Landuse
Predation
-Hatchery practices -Flood control/hydropower -Landuse -Introduced species
Competition
-Hatchery practices -Flood control/hydropower Introduced species
Disease
-Hatchery practices -Flood control/hydropower -Landuse
Population Traits
-Restore natural rates of erosion and landslides to proved inputs of channel roughness elements needed for habitat complexity. -Provide adequate salmon carcasses for ecological purposes related to nutrient -All action for other limiting factor categories. needs and cycles. -Supplement nutrient levels with salmon carcasses or carcass analogs. All management strategies for other limiting factor categories. -Restore natural riparian vegetative communities. -Develop grazing strategies that promote riparian recovery. -Identify and reduce sources of pollutants. -Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality. - -Apply BMPs to animal feeding operations. Restore riparian condition and maintain unimpaired condition -Employ BMPs to forest practices, livestock grazing, road management and agricultural practices. Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods -Monitor and restore contaminated sites. -Mitigate/reduce reservoir heating. -Apply actions identified in HMPs targeted at hatchery outflow water quality. -Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods. - -Implement agricultural water conservation measures. Restore riparian condition and maintain unimpaired condition . - -Improve irrigation conveyance and efficiency. Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of runoff, and -Lease or acquire water rights and convert to instream flows. maintain unimpaired natural upland processes. -Operate dams to provide normative flow regimes. -Relocate caspian tern colonies. -Remove pile dikes. -Reverse alterations to habitat (e.g. dredge spoil islands, pile dikes, delayed migration, non-Reduce or relocate predator populations and prevent new predators from being normative flows) that enhance predator abundance and predation rates. established. -Prevent introduction of non-native species and reduce or eliminate introduced exotics. Restore habitat to conditions that are less favorable to predators. -Modify hatchery programs to reduce potential for predation by hatchery fish. -Continue bounty program on northern pikeminnow. -Intensify hazing of marine mammals and eliminate persistant problem animals. -Reduce hatchery salmonids and introduced species populations that compete -Modify hatchery programs to minimize competition with hatchery fish. -Restore -Restore habitat to conditions less favorable to competitors. - with naturally produced LCR salmon and steelhead. habitat to conditions that are less favorable to competitors and maintain habitat -Prevent introduction of non-native species and reduce or eliminate introduced exotics. -Implement provisions in HMP's designed to minimize deseases in hatchery fish and transmission -Implement programs that mininimize conditions leading to enhanced disease in to naturally produced salmon and steelhead. naturally produced salmon and steelhead. -Restore habitat to conditions less favorable to disease propagation.
-All previously listed management actions. -Increase marking of hatchery salmon and steelhead with coded-wire tags. -Require mass marking of all hatchery salmon and steelhead releases with, at a minimum, an -Harvest practices -All previously listed strategies. adipose fin-clip. -Hatchery practices -Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural populations of salmon and -Increase efforts to monitor incidence of hatchery fish on spawning grounds. -Flood control/hydropower steelhead. -Develop plan for reintroduction of chum into historical habitat when other limiting factors have -Landuse -Manage fisheries to reduce harvest-related adverse effects. been resolved.. -Introduced species -Use selective recreational fisheries to reduce the number of out-of-basin hatchery strays. -Reduce number of hatchery fish released and/or modify release strategies to minimize straying.
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Building on Current Efforts Many steps have already been taken or are currently underway that will improve the status of Upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead. In tributary watersheds, state and federal natural resource managers, local governments, watershed councils, soil and water conservation districts, non-profit organizations, land owners and others continue to improve stream conditions to support viable Chinook and steelhead populations. They are also improving land use practices on uplands and floodplains that are allowing natural ecosystem functions and processes to recover. Similar efforts are underway in the Columbia River estuary that will improve estuarine and plume habitats and reduce predation. In the mainstem Columbia River, hydrosystem managers and fish resource mangers continue to refine hydropower system operations to address the needs for survival and recovery of Chinook and steelhead from the Upper Willamette River and other Columbia River ESUs. New and innovative proposals are being developed in the Hydro BiOp remand process. Hatcheries programs operated within the ESU have been modified substantially over the past 10 years to reduce threats and improve contribution to recovery. Release locations have been modified, and considerable emphasis has been placed on assessing the source and potential impacts of strays. As described earlier, extensive harvest management changes in both the mainstem and tributaries have been implemented to reduce the impacts of fisheries. This plan is designed to build upon past and current efforts that are already improving population viability and habitat conditions. Many of these efforts are described in the plan along with their sufficiency and gaps so that future actions expand from and improve the effectiveness of the efforts. Active participation by a range of parties increases the certainty of success by potentially compounding the benefits of moderate improvements made by individual entities/programs. Together, the management strategies and actions identified in the following subsections outline an integrated approach that will support the viability of Upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead populations throughout their life-cycle. These strategies and actions are designed to address threats to population viability from harvest, hatcheries, flood control/hydropower, land use, and introduced species.
7.4 – Specific Management Actions by Location Fourteen management strategies that are directly linked to the limiting factors and threats to the recovery of Upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead were identified by the Planning Team. These strategies and their relation to tributary habitat limiting factors and threats to the recovery of Upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead populations are shown in Table 2.
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Table 2. Relationship between management strategies and habitat limiting factors and threats in the Upper Willamette River Basin. Management Strategies
Limiting Factors Addressed
Threats Addressed
01 - Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle.
All habitat limiting factors
See individual limiting factors.
02 - Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function.
Habitat access, food web, and physical habitat quality
Stream straightening, channelization, diking,, and wetland draining and filling.
03 - Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions.
Water quality, food web, and physical habitat quality
Tree harvest, livestock grazing, and introduction of non-native plants that alter riparian function.
04 - Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity.
Habitat access
Dams, tidegates, road crossings, and hatchery weirs.
05 - Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods.
Water quantity/hydrograph, physical habitat quality, habitat access
Municipal water withdrawals, hydropower and flood control dams, tree harvest livestock grazing, and introduction of non-native plants that alter riparian function
06 - Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity.
Physical habitat quality and food web
Tree harvest, livestock grazing, and introduction of non-native plants that alter riparian function, stream cleaning, splash damming, straightening, channelization, and diking.
07 - Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality.
Water quality
Agricultural, municipal, and industrial effluent and toxins. Fine sediment from roads and other upland disturbances. Tree harvest, livestock grazing, and introduction of non-native plants that alter riparian
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function. 08 - Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes.
Water and physical habitat quality
Fine sediment from roads and other upland disturbances. Tree harvest, livestock grazing, and introduction of non-native plants that alter riparian function.
09 - Restore degraded estuarine and nearshore habitat, and maintain unimpaired conditions.
All habitat limiting factors
Flow regulation, dikes, reservoir heating, riparian practices, urban and agricultural practices, dredging,
10 - Reduce predation on natural origin Chinook and steelhead exacerbated by habitat changes.
Population traits
Introduced species, anthropogenic habitat changes, hatcheries
11 - Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead.
Population traits
Sport and commercial fisheries
12 - Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural origin Chinook and steelhead to appropriate levels.
Population traits
Hatchery management
13 - Reduce negative impacts (e.g. competition, predation) between hatchery fish or introduced species and natural origin Chinook and steelhead.
Population traits
Hatchery management
14 - Reduce disease in natural origin Chinook and steelhead exacerbated by habitat changes and/or hatchery programs.
Population traits
Hatcheries, introduced species, anthropogenic habitat change
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Table 3. List of general habitat management actions that apply to all populations. Local recovery efforts should continue to implement these types of actions. Habitat Management Actions Allow landowners to place large wood removed from upstream side of bridges and culverts to downstream side. Continue TMDL development and implementation. Continue to enforce existing landuse laws and support volunteer efforts to protect and enhance floodplain connectivity and function. Continue to implement existing water conservation measures. Develop and implement agricultural practices that allow streams to meander and migrate across their floodplain. Develop and implement grazing strategies that promote riparian recovery. Develop new water conservations measures. Employ best management practices to minimize unnatural sources and rates of erosion. Eradicate invasive plant species from riparian areas. Implement Agricultural Water Quality Management Plans. Increase stream habitat complexity through the placement of large wood. Install and maintain fencing to exclude livestock from riparian areas. Install and maintain off-stream livestock watering. Manage the landscape to allow for natural disturbance regimes that provide inputs of channel roughness elements for instream habitat complexity. Promote and implement effective volunteer efforts to leave more large conifers in riparian zone after timber harvest. Promote reforestation and fuels management. Promote the importance of large wood in stream channels and support and implement volunteer efforts to leave large wood in stream channels. Protect highest quality habitats and conserve rare and unique functioning habitats through acquisition and easements. Provide passage for adult and juvenile Chinook and steelhead at road crossings. Reconnect floodplain to channel. Reconnect side channels and off-channel habitats to stream channels. Reduce inputs of toxins. Remove or replace culverts and other instream impediments to the downstream transport of large wood. Restore natural channel form. Restore natural riparian vegetative communities. Upgrade or remove problem forest roads, and maintain properly functioning roads.
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In addition to addressing the specific limiting factors and threats identified for each population, the suite of strategies are designed to protect and improve ecosystem functions and restore normative ecological processes. Together, these strategies call for: •
Protection of existing high quality habitats as one aspect of insuring no net loss in habitat quality and maintenance of normative ecological processes. Many objectives are likely to be met through habitat protection and the associated natural recovery of upland and riparian areas. Land acquisitions, easements, cooperative agreements, and protective land designations facilitate the accomplishment of high quality habitat protection.
•
Maintaining improved habitats from further degradation, such as through land use practices or changes in land use laws and ordinances. Comprehensive land-use planning and land-use controls can provide important habitat protection by managing growth and land use so that critical areas and watershed functions are preserved.
•
Restoring degraded habitat conditions for Upper Willamette Chinook and steelhead populations. The success of this strategy is enhanced when actions build from existing restoration efforts and incorporate a range of project types that address the many interrelated habitat impairments.
The following tables show the strategies and actions needed to address limiting factors and threats for each Upper Willamette River Chinook and steelhead population in tributaries and the mainstem Willamette. Key and secondary limiting factors and threats are shown along with the viability parameters and life stages that are most affected. Tables also identify priority locations that are stream reaches or areas where actions should be implemented first to achieve the greatest benefit. For each management action, key programs, the status of current efforts, implementation timeframe, expected biophysical response timeframe, influence on VSP parameters, and certainty of action implementation is also outlined. These are defined as follows: Status - The current state of implementation of the action. Implementation Timeframe -The length of time needed to implement the action. Response Timeframe – The length of time before the desired biophysical response is observed. Influence on VSP Parameters - The relative influence that the action would have (if fully implemented) on influencing VSP parameters that are of concern for the population. Certainty of Implementation – Relative certainty that this action will be implemented to an extent that makes a significant impact on the limiting factor/threat it is intended to address.
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Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
Middle Fork Willamette The Middle Fork Willamette currently supports very little natural production of spring Chinook compared to historic levels. The population is at “very high” risk of extinction (see Chapter 4). Key and secondary limiting factors affecting this population within the Middle Fork Willamette basin are predominately related to habitat access blocked by flood control / hydropower dams and downstream temperature effects of the dams (see Chapter 6 for a full description). The following management strategies (with the corresponding management actions described below) are critical in order to recover the Middle Fork Willamette Chinook population: •
Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle.
•
Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions.
•
Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity.
•
Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods.
•
Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity.
•
Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality.
•
Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes.
•
Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin populations.
•
Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural origin populations to appropriate levels.
•
Reduce negative impacts (e.g. competition, predation) between hatchery fish or introduced species and natural origin populations.
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Table 4. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook in the Middle Fork Willamette watershed. The limiting factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle is found in Chapter 6. Tributaries (Streams and Rivers within Population Area) Summer Winter Threats Species Egg Alevin Fry Parr Parr Smolt Adult Spawner Harvest Chinook Hatchery Chinook Hydropower/ Chinook Flood Control Landuse
Chinook
3 9f
10d
7g 8a
8a 9a
1f
2e 2m
7f
8a
Introduced Chinook Species Black cells indicated key concerns; Gray cells indicated secondary concerns. Key threats and limiting factors 1f Mortality at Middle Fork Willamette hydropower/flood control dams. This mortality is due to direct mortality in the turbines and/or smolts being trapped in the reservoirs. 2e Impaired access to habitat above Middle Fork Willamette hydropower/flood control dams. 2m Pre-spawning mortality due to crowding and high water temperatures below Middle Fork Willamette hydropower/flood control dams. 3 Hatchery fish interbreeding with wild fish resulting in a risk of genetic introgression. 7f Lack of gravel recruitment below Middle Fork Willamette hydropower/flood control dams due to gravel capture in upstream reservoirs. 8a Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices (tributaries). 9f Elevated water temperatures below Middle Fork Willamette hydropower/flood control dams resulting in premature hatching and emergence. 10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of fish habitat by reducing channel movement that is important for recruitment of gravel and large wood, and maintaining varying seral stages of riparian vegetation. Lower peak flows also reduces scour and formation of pools. Secondary threats and limiting factors 7g Streambed coarsening below Middle Fork Willamette hydropower/flood control dams due to reduced peak flows. 8a Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices. 9a Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth.
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Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
Table 5. List of specific management actions identified for the Middle Fork Willamette watershed. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6. Limiting Factor Category
Potential Threats Management Actions
Action #
All habitat Flood control / limiting factors hydropower, land use
Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
209
Competition
Hatcheries, introduced species
Ensure hatchery summer steelhead and spring Chinook smolts migrate quickly to the ocean.
203
Habitat access
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Restore access to habitats upstream of Hills Creek Dam.
23
Implement and evaluate the revised outplanting protocols for trapping, hauling, and releasing adult Chinook above dams.
98
Modify trapping facilities at Dexter Dam to improve handling of adult Chinook.
99
Provide adequate downstream passage through Hills Creek reservoir and dam.
39
Provide adequate downstream passage through Dexter/Lookout Point reservoirs and dams.
38
Provide adequate downstream passage through Fall Creek reservoir and dam.
33
Improve access to habitats upstream of Fall Creek Dam.
22
Restore access to habitats upstream of Dexter/Lookout Point dams.
21
Restore substrate recruitment downstream of dams.
41
Release flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows.
31
Restore natural riparian communities and their function.
310
Identify sites in tributaries below Fall Creek and Dexter dams where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor.
46
Physical habitat quality
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Chapter 7 – page 13
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
Population traits
Water quality
Water quantity / Hydrograph
Harvest, hatcheries
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Flood control / hydropower, land use
August 2007
Evaluate the restoration opportunities identified in the Lower Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Assessment (2002) for riparian and aquatic habitat, with emphasis on spring Chinook.
116
Implement the "high priority actions" that benefit spring Chinook identified under each of the six Goals in Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council's Action Plan.
117
Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose fin-clip.
190
Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook.
199
Manage the Willamette Hatchery as a conservation and supplementation program for Middle Fork Willamette spring Chinook.
240
Resolve potential conflicts between meeting TMDL temperature targets downstream of dams and operating dams to maximize benefits to Chinook. Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities.
335
Operate dams to minimize exceedence of total dissolved gas criteria.
186
Operate dams to minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd desiccation, and loss of habitat
183
Ensure future USBR water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections.
49
Release flows from dams to meet flow targets in the Middle Fork Willamette River for spawning, incubation, rearing and migration.
32
Chapter 7 – page 14
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
Table 6. List of the management actions identified in the Middle Fork Willamette watershed prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook. Influence on VSP Parameters
Management Action
Action #
High
Restore access to habitats upstream of Dexter/Lookout Point Dams.
21
High
Improve access to habitats upstream of Fall Creek Dam.
22
High
Release flows from dams to meet flow targets in the Middle Fork Willamette River for spawning, incubation, rearing and migration.
28
High
Release flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows.
31
High
Operate dams to minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd desiccation, and loss of habitat
32
High
Provide adequate downstream passage through Fall Creek reservoir and dam.
33
High
Provide adequate downstream passage through Dexter/Lookout Point reservoirs and dams.
38
High
Restore substrate recruitment below dam projectsdams.
41
High
Ensure future US Bureau of Reclamation water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections.
44
High
Operate dams to minimize exceedence of total dissolved gas criteria.
49
High
Implement and evaluate outplanting protocols for trapping, hauling, and releasing adult Chinook above dams.
98
High
Modify trapping facilities at Dexter Dam to improve handling of adult Chinook.
99
High
Implement the "high priority actions" that benefit spring Chinook identified under each of the six Goals in Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council's Action Plan.
117
High
Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
209
High
Restore natural riparian communities and their function.
310
Moderate
Restore access to habitats upstream of Hills Creek Dam.
23
Moderate
Provide adequate downstream passage through Hills Creek reservoir and dam.
39
Moderate
Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose fin-clip in fisheries.
190
Chapter 7 – page 15
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
Moderate
Manage Willamette Hatchery as a conservation and supplementation program for Middle Fork Willamette Chinook.
240
Moderate
Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities.
335
Low
Identify sites in tributaries below Fall Creek and Dexter dams where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor.
46
Low
Resolve potential conflicts between meeting TMDL temperature targets downstream of dams and operating dams to maximize benefits to Chinook.
186
Low
Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook.
199
Low
Ensure hatchery summer steelhead and spring Chinook smolts migrate quickly to the ocean.
203
Not ranked
Evaluate the restoration opportunities identified in the Lower Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Assessment (2002) for riparian and aquatic habitat, with emphasis on spring Chinook.
116
Chapter 7 – page 16
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
Table 7. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the Middle Fork Willamette watershed describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes. 1 - Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Secondary:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
209 - Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
Private landowners, Watershed Council, ODFW, SWCD, land trusts, NGOs
Expansion of existing program
> 10years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 17
Influence on VSP Parameters
Immediate High
Certainty of Implementation Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
3 - Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Secondary:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices. 9a Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of Chinook summer parr.
Note:
Key Entities
Status
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
USFS, private landowners, local governments
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
High
Timeframes Management Action 310 – Restore natural riparian communities and their function Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 18
Certainty of Implementation Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
4 - Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
1f Mortality at MF Willamette hydropower/flood control dams. This mortality is due to direct mortality in the turbines and/or Chinook smolts being trapped in the reservoirs. 2e Impaired access for Chinook adults to habitat above Middle Fork Willamette hydropower/flood control dams. 2m Pre-spawning mortality of Chinook adults due to crowding and high water temperatures below Middle Fork Willamette hydropower/flood control dams.
Secondary: Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
22 - Improve access to habitats upstream of Fall Creek Dam
USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate
High
Moderate
39 - Provide adequate downstream passage through Hills Creek reservoir and dam
USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 10 years
Immediate
Moderate
Low
33 - Provide adequate downstream passage through Fall Creek reservoir and dam
USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 10 years
Immediate
High
Moderate
38 - Provide adequate downstream passage through Dexter/Lookout Point reservoirs and dams
USACE
New action
< 10 years
Immediate
High
Low
Chapter 7 – page 19
Certainty of Implementation
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
21 - Restore access to habitats upstream of Dexter/Lookout Point dams
USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate
High
High
23 - Restore access to habitats upstream of Hills Creek Dam
USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 10 years
Immediate
Moderate
Low
99 - Modify trapping facilities at Dexter Dam to improve handling of adult Chinook.
USACE, ODFW
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate
High
High
98 - Implement and evaluate the revised outplanting protocols for trapping, hauling, and releasing adult Chinook above dams
ODFW, USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate
Moderate
Moderate
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 20
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
5 - Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
9a Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of Chinook summer parr.
Secondary: Note:
Impacts from flood control/hydropower not listed as a limiting factor
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
44 - Ensure future US Bureau of Reclamation water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections
BOR
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate
High
Moderate
28 - Release flows from dams to meet flow targets in the Middle Fork Willamette for spawning, incubation, rearing and migration
USACE
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
High
High
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate
High
High
Timeframes
32 - Operate dams to USACE minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd desiccation, and loss of habitat Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 21
Certainty of Implementation
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
6 - Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
7f
Lack of gravel recruitment below Middle Fork Willamette hydropower/flood control dams due to gravel capture in upstream reservoirs impacting Chinook spawners. 8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices 10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of habitat for Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr by reducing channel movement that is important for recruitment of gravel and large wood, and maintaining varying seral stages of riparian vegetation. Lower peak flows also reduces scour and formation of pools.
Secondary:
7g 8a
Streambed coarsening below Middle Fork Willamette hydropower/flood control dams due to reduced peak flows impacts Chinook eggs and alevins. Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Note:
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
31 - Release flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows
USACE, Nature Conservancy
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
5 years
High
Low
46 - Identify sites in tributaries below Fall Creek and Dexter dams where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor
USACE, MF Watershed Council
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate
Moderate
Low
41 - Restore substrate
USACE
New action
< 10 years
> 10 years
High
High
Timeframes
Chapter 7 – page 22
Certainty of Implementation
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
recruitment below dams 116 - Evaluate the restoration opportunities identified in the Lower Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Assessment (2002) for riparian and aquatic habitat.
Middle Fork Watershed Council
Ongoing
< 5 years
Immediate
NA
High
117 - Implement the "high priority actions" that benefit Chinook identified under each of the six Goals in Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council's Action Plan
Middle Fork Watershed Council
Ongoing
< 5 years
Immediate
High
Moderate
310 - Restore natural riparian communities and their function.
Watershed Ongoing council, private landowners, State Parks, NGOs
>10 years
Immediate
High
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 23
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
7 - Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
9f Elevated water temperatures below Middle Fork Willamette hydropower/flood control dams resulting in premature hatching and emergence of Chinook eggs and alevins.
Secondary:
9a Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of Chinook summer parr.
Note:
Status
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
High
Moderate
Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
335 - Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities
Certainty of Implementation
186 - Resolve potential conflicts between meeting TMDL temperature targets downstream of dams and operating dams to maximize benefits to Chinook
DEQ, USACE
New action
< 5 years
Immediate
Low
Moderate
49 - Operate dams to minimize exceedence of total dissolved gas criteria
USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate
High
High
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 24
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
11 - Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary: Note:
Not identified as a current limiting factor, bit important actions for recovery of listed fish
Status
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
190 - Continue to prohibit ODFW harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose fin-clip.
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Moderate
Low
199 - Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Low
Low
Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
OSP
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 25
Certainty of Implementation
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
12 - Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural origin Chinook and steelhead to appropriate levels. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
3 Hatchery Chinook interbreeding with wild Chinook adults resulting in a risk of genetic introgression.
Secondary: Note:
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
240 - Manage Willamette Hatchery as a conservation and supplementation program for Middle Fork WillametteChinook
ODFW
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate
Moderate
Timeframes
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 26
Certainty of Implementation High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Middle Fork Willamette
August 2007
13 - Reduce negative impacts (e.g. competition, predation) between hatchery fish or introduced species and natural origin Chinook and steelhead. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary: Note:
Not identified as a current limiting factor, bit important actions for recovery of listed fish
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
203 - Ensure hatchery summer steelhead and spring Chinook smolts migrate quickly to the ocean
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Low
Timeframes
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 27
Certainty of Implementation High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
McKenzie The McKenzie watershed supports an important population of spring Chinook. The McKenzie population is currently at moderate risk, but is one of the two healthiest populations in the ESU (see Chapter 4). The key and secondary limiting factors affecting the McKenzie population are related predominately related to impacts from land use and flood control / hydropower (see Chapter 6 for a full description). The following management strategies (with the corresponding management actions described below) are critical to recovery of the McKenzie Chinook population: •
Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle.
•
Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function.
•
Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions.
•
Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity.
•
Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods.
•
Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity.
•
Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality.
•
Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes.
•
Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead.
•
Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural origin Chinook and steelhead to appropriate levels.
•
Reduce negative impacts (e.g. competition, predation) between hatchery fish or introduced species and natural origin Chinook and steelhead.
Chapter 7 – page 28
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
Table 8. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook in the McKenzie watershed. The limiting factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle is found in Chapter 6.
Threats
Species
Harvest
Chinook
Hatchery
Tributaries (Streams and Rivers within Population Area) Summer Winter Egg Alevin Fry Parr Parr Smolt Adult Spawner 4b 6c 6d
Chinook
Hydropower/ Chinook Flood Control Landuse
Chinook
Introduced Species
Chinook
9g
3
10d 8a
8a 9a
1b
2d
7e
8a
Black cells indicate key concerns; Gray cells indicate secondary concerns. Key threats and limiting factors 2d Impaired access to habitat above McKenzie hydropower/flood control dams. 3 Hatchery fish interbreeding with wild fish resulting in a risk of genetic introgression. 8a Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices. 10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of fish habitat by reducing channel movement that is important for recruitment of gravel and large wood, and maintaining varying seral stages of riparian vegetation. Lower peak flows also reduces scour and formation of pools. Secondary threats and limiting factors 1b Mortality at hydropower/flood control dams. This mortality is due to direct mortality in the turbines and/or smolts being trapped in the reservoirs. 4b Competition with naturally produced progeny of hatchery spring Chinook. 6c Predation by hatchery summer steelhead smolts. 6d Predation by hatchery rainbow. 7e Lack of gravel recruitment below McKenzie hydropower/flood control dams due to gravel capture in upstream reservoirs. 8a Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices. 9a Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth. 9g Elevated water temperatures below McKenzie hydropower/flood control dams resulting in premature hatching and emergence.
Chapter 7 – page 29
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of fish habitat by reducing channel movement that is important for recruitment of gravel and large wood, and maintaining varying seral stages of riparian vegetation. Lower peak flows also reduces scour and formation of pools.
Chapter 7 – page 30
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
Table 9. List of specific management actions identified for the McKenzie watershed. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6. Limiting Factor Action Category # Potential Threats Management Actions All habitat Flood control / Protect the highest quality habitats through 272 limiting factors hydropower, land acquisition or conservation measures. use Protect the McKenzie/Willamette 114 Confluence Area by implementing "Land Use, Flood Control and Habitat Enhancement Guidelines for the Confluence Area of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers" (2001). Continue to implement the "Human Habitat 115 Action Plan" of the McKenzie Watershed Council. Competition Hatcheries, Ensure hatchery summer steelhead and 202 introduced species spring Chinook smolts migrate quickly to the ocean. Predation Hatcheries, Discontinue releases of hatchery trout in 74 introduced species the McKenzie River upstream of Leaburg Dam. Evaluate predation by hatchery trout in 107 Trail Bridge reservoir. Release hatchery trout in areas and during 81 periods when Chinook are not as susceptible to predation. Reduce the number of hatchery summer 205 steelhead released. Allow retention of fin-clipped trout in areas 226 open to angling to reduce residual summer steelhead smolts. Habitat access Flood control / Provide adequate upstream passage for 7 hydropower adult Chinook at Leaburg Dam. Restore access to habitats upstream of 18 Cougar dam. Restore access to habitats upstream of Trail 19 Bridge Dam. Implement and evaluate the revised 79 outplanting protocols for trapping, hauling, and releasing adult Chinook above dams. Ensure the fish screen at the Leaburg Diversion functions appropriately.
101
Ensure the fish screen at the Walterville Diversion functions appropriately. Provide adequate upstream passage for adult Chinook at Walterville tailrace.
102
Chapter 7 – page 31
52
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
Physical habitat quality
Provide adequate downstream passage through Cougar reservoir and dam. Provide adequate downstream passage through Trail Bridge reservoir and dam. Restore substrate recruitment downstream of dams. Continue to implement the restoration actions described in "The McKenzie Watershed Conservation Strategy" (2002).
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Population traits Harvest, hatcheries, Flood control / hydropower
Water quality
Water quantity / Hydrograph
Hatcheries, Flood control / hydropower, land use
Flood control / hydropower, land use
August 2007
27 50 40 113
Restore natural riparian communities and their function. Release flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows. Implement the "Lane County Riparian Development Ordinance." Work with "Friends of the Mohawk" to implement habitat restoration projects. Work with "McKenzie River Trust" to implement habitat restoration projects. Identify sites in the lower McKenzie River where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor. Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose fin-clip. Reduce the number of hatchery Chinook spawning above Leaburg Dam. Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook. Manage McKenzie Hatchery as a conservation and supplementation program for McKenzie Chinook. Operate dams to minimize exceedence of total dissolved gas criteria.
337
Resolve potential conflicts between meeting TMDL temperature targets downstream of dams and operating dams to maximize benefits to Chinook
338
Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities. Operate Cougar dam to mimic natural temperature regime. Operate dams to minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd desiccation, and loss of habitat Release flows from Cougar and Blue River dams to meet flow targets in the McKenzie
336
Chapter 7 – page 32
210 162 170 171 222
190 85 198 228 134
47 214 25
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
River for spawning, incubation, rearing and migration. Ensure future USBR water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections.
Chapter 7 – page 33
218
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
Table 10. List of the management actions identified in the McKenzie watershed prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook. Influence on VSP Parameters
Management Action
Action #
High
Restore access to habitats upstream of Cougar dam.
18
High
Release flows from Cougar and Blue River dams to meet flow targets in the McKenzie River for spawning, incubation, rearing and migration.
25
High
Provide adequate downstream passage through Cougar reservoir and dam.
27
High
Restore substrate recruitment downstream of dams in the McKenzie River Basin.
40
High
Operate Cougar dam to mimic natural temperature regime.
47
High
Reduce the number of hatchery Chinook spawning above Leaburg Dam.
85
High
Continue to implement the restoration actions described in "The McKenzie Watershed Conservation Strategy" (2002).
113
High
Protect the McKenzie/Willamette Confluence Area by implementing "Land Use, Flood Control and Habitat Enhancement Guidelines for the Confluence Area of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers" (2001).
114
High
Continue to implement "Human Habitat Action Plan" in the McKenzie Basin.
115
High
Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose fin-clip.
190
High
Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook.
198
High
Ensure future US Bureau of Reclamation water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections.
218
High
Identify sites in the Lower McKenzie River where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor.
222
High
Manage McKenzie Hatchery as a conservation and supplementation program for McKenzie Chinook.
228
High
Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
272
High
Restore natural riparian communities and their function.
337
Moderate
Provide adequate upstream passage for adult Chinook at Leaburg
Chapter 7 – page 34
7
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
Dam. Moderate
Provide adequate upstream passage for adult Chinook at the Walterville tailrace.
52
Moderate
Implement and evaluate the revised outplanting protocols for trapping, hauling, and releasing adult Chinook above dams.
79
Moderate
Ensure the fish screen at the Leaburg Diversion functions appropriately.
101
Moderate
Ensure the fish screen at the Walterville Diversion- functions appropriately.
102
Moderate
Implement the "Lane County Riparian Development Ordinance."
162
Moderate
Work with "McKenzie River Trust" to implement habitat restoration projects.
171
Moderate
Release flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows.
210
Moderate
Operate dams to minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd desiccation, and loss of habitat
214
Moderate
Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities.
336
Low
Restore access to habitats upstream of Trail Bridge Dam.
19
Low
Operate Trail Bridge Dam to minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd desiccation, and loss of habitat.
26
Low
Provide adequate downstream passage through Trail Bridge reservoir and dam.
50
Low
Discontinue releases of hatchery trout in the McKenzie River upstream of Leaburg Dam.
74
Low
Release hatchery trout in areas and during periods when Chinook are not as susceptible to predation.
81
Low
Operate dams to minimize exceedence of total dissolved gas criteria below the projects.
134
Low
Work with "Friends of the Mohawk" to implement habitat restoration projects.
170
Low
Ensure hatchery summer steelhead and spring Chinook smolts migrate quickly to the ocean.
202
Low
Reduce the number of hatchery summer steelhead released.
205
Low
Allow retention of fin clipped trout in areas open to angling to reduce residual summer steelhead smolts.
226
Not ranked
Evaluate predation by hatchery trout in Trail Bridge reservoir.
107
Chapter 7 – page 35
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
Table 11. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the McKenzie watershed describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes. 1 - Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Secondary:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Note: Timeframes Management Action 114 - Protect the McKenzie/Willamette Confluence Area by implementing "Landuse , Flood control and Habitat Enhancement Guidelines for the Confluence Area of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers " (2001)
Key Entities McKenzie Watershed Council, private landowners, NGOs
Status
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Expansion of existing program
Ongoing
Immediate
High
Low
Certainty of Implementation
272 - Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
Private landowners USFS, watershed councils, SWCD, NGOs,
Expansion of existing program
> 10years
Immediate
High
Moderate
115 - Continue to implement "Human Habitat Action Plan"
McKenzie Watershed
Expansion of existing
Ongoing
Immediate
High
Low
Chapter 7 – page 36
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
in the McKenzie Basin
Council, local government, private landowners
August 2007
program
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 37
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
2 - Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices 10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of habitat for Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr by reducing channel movement that is important for recruitment of gravel and large wood, and maintaining varying seral stages of riparian vegetation. Lower peak flows also reduces scour and formation of pools.
Secondary:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
222 - Identify sites in the Lower McKenzie River where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor.
Watershed Expansion council, of existing USACE, EWEB, program private landowners
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
< 5 years
Immediate
High
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 38
Certainty of Implementation Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
3 - Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Secondary: Note:
Management Action 337 – Restore natural riparian communities and their function
Key Entities
Status
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
USFS, private landowners, local governments
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
High
Moderate
162 - Implement the "Lane County Riparian Development Ordinance.
Lane County
Expansion of existing program
Ongoing
> 10 years
Moderate
Low
Timeframes
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 39
Certainty of Implementation
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
4 - Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
2d Impaired access for Chinook adults to habitat above McKenzie hydropower/flood control dams.
Secondary:
1b Mortality at hydropower/flood control dams. This mortality is due to direct mortality in the turbines and/or smolts being trapped in the reservoirs.
Note:
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
27 - Provide adequate downstream passage through Cougar reservoir and dam
USACE
New action
< 10 years
Immediate
High
Low
50 - Provide adequate downstream passage through Trail Bridge reservoir and dam
EWEB
New action
< 5 years
Immediate
Low
Moderate
19 - Restore access to habitats EWEB upstream of Trail Bridge Dam
New action
< 10 years
Immediate
Low
Moderate
52 - Provide adequate upstream passage for adult Chinook at Walterville tailrace
EWEB
New action
< 5 years
Immediate
Moderate
High
79 - Implement and evaluate the revised outplanting protocols for trapping, hauling, and releasing adult Chinook above dams
ODFW, USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate
Moderate
High
Timeframes
Chapter 7 – page 40
Certainty of Implementation
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
18 - Restore access to habitats upstream of Cougar dam.
USACE
August 2007
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate
High
High
7 - Provide adequate upstream EWEB passage of adult Chinook migration at Leaburg Dam
Ongoing
< 5 years
Immediate
Moderate
High
102 - Ensure the fish screen at the Walterville Diversion functions appropriately.
EWEB
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Moderate
High
101 - Ensure the fish screen at the Leaburg Diversion functions appropriately..
EWEB
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Moderate
High
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 41
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
5 - Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
9a Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of Chinook summer parr.
Secondary: Note:
Impacts from flood control/hydropower not listed as a limiting factor
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation
218 - Ensure future US BOR Bureau of Reclamation water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections
Expansion of < 5 years existing program
Immediate
High
Moderate
25 - Release flows from USACE, Cougar and Blue River dams to meet flow targets in the McKenzie River for spawning, incubation, rearing and migration
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
High
High
214 - Operate dams to minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd desiccation, and loss of habitat
Expansion of < 5 years existing program
Immediate
Moderate
Moderate
USACE
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 42
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
6 - Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices. 10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of habitat for Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr by reducing channel movement that is important for recruitment of gravel and large wood, and maintaining varying seral stages of riparian vegetation. Lower peak flows also reduces scour and formation of pools.
Secondary:
7e 8a
Lack of gravel recruitment below hydropower/flood control dams due to gravel capture in upstream reservoirs impacting Chinook spawners. Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Note:
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
210 - Release flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows
USACE, Nature Conservancy
Expansion of < 10 years existing program
Immediate
Moderate
Moderate
40 - Restore substrate recruitment below dams
USACE, ODFW
New action
< 10 years
> 10 years
High
Moderate
170 - Work with "Friends of the Mohawk" to implement habitat restoration projects
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Low
Moderate
113 - Continue to implement the restoration actions described in "The McKenzie Watershed Conservation Strategy"
McKenzie Watershed Council
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
High
Low
Implementation
Chapter 7 – page 43
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
(2002) 171 - Work with "McKenzie River Trust" to implement habitat restoration projects
McKenzie River Trust, Watershed Council, ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 44
Immediate
Moderate
Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
7 - Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
9g
Elevated water temperatures below McKenzie hydropower/flood control dams resulting in premature hatching and emergence.
Secondary: Note:
Impacts from nutrients and pesticides, and dissolved gas not listed as a limiting factors.
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Expansion of > 10 years existing program
> 10 years
High
Moderate
New action
< 5 years
Immediate
Low
Moderate
47 - Operate Cougar Dam USACE to mimic natural temperature regime
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
High
High
134 - Operate dams to minimize exceedence of total dissolved gas criteria
Expansion of < 5 years existing program
Immediate
Low
High
Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
336 - Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities 338 - Resolve potential conflicts between meeting TMDL temperature targets downstream of dams and operating dams to maximize benefits to Chinook
DEQ, USACE
USACE
Status
Implementation
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 45
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
Chapter 7 – page 46
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
11 - Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
3 Hatchery Chinook interbreeding with wild Chinook adults resulting in a risk of genetic introgression.
Secondary: Note:
Not identified as a current limiting factor, bit important actions for recovery of listed fish
Management Action
Key Entities Status
Timeframes Implementation Response
198 - Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook.
OSP
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
High
High
191 - Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose finclip
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
High
High
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 47
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
12 - Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural origin Chinook and steelhead to appropriate levels. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
3 Hatchery Chinook interbreeding with wild Chinook adults resulting in a risk of genetic introgression.
Secondary: Note: Timeframes Implementation Response
Management Action
Key Entities Status
85 - Reduce the number of hatchery Chinook spawning above Leaburg Dam
ODFW
Expansion < 5 years of existing program
228 - Manage McKenzie Hatchery as a conservation and supplementation program for McKenzie Chinook
ODFW
Expansion < 5 years of existing program
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 48
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Immediate
High
High
Immediate
High
High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
August 2007
13 - Reduce negative impacts (e.g. competition, predation) between hatchery fish or introduced species and natural origin Chinook and steelhead. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary:
4b 6c 6d
Competition for Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr with naturally produced progeny of hatchery spring Chinook. Predation by hatchery summer steelhead smolts on Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr. Predation by hatchery rainbow on Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr.
Note: Management Action
Key Entities Status
Timeframes Implementation Response
202 - Ensure hatchery summer steelhead and spring Chinook smolts migrate quickly to the ocean
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Low
High
226 - Allow retention of finclipped trout in areas open to angling to reduce residual summer steelhead smolts
ODFW
New action
< 5 years
Immediate
Low
High
205 - Reduce number of hatchery summer steelhead released
ODFW
New action
< 5 years
Immediate
Low
High
107 - Evaluate predation by hatchery trout in Trail Bridge reservoir
ODFW
New action
< 5 years
NA
NA
High
74 - Discontinue releases of
ODFW
New
< 5 years
Immediate
Low
High
Chapter 7 – page 49
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan McKenzie
hatchery trout in the McKenzie River upstream of Leaburg Dam 81 - Release hatchery trout in areas and during periods when Chinook are not as susceptible to predation
August 2007
action
ODFW
New action
< 5 years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 50
Immediate
Low
High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
August 2007
Calapooia The Calapooia watershed supports both winter steelhead and spring Chinook. The winter steelhead population is currently at a “moderate” risk of extinction and spring Chinook are at “very high” risk of extinction (see Chapter 4). The key and secondary limiting factors affecting these two populations within the Calapooia are related predominately to impacts from land use and impaired passage (see Chapter 6 for a full description). The following management strategies (with the corresponding management actions described below) are critical in order to recover Chinook and steelhead in the Calapooia watershed: •
Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle.
•
Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function.
•
Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions.
•
Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity.
•
Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods.
•
Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity.
•
Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality.
•
Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes.
•
Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead.
Chapter 7 – page 51
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
August 2007
Table 12. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook and steelhead in the Calapooia watershed. The limiting factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle is found in Chapter 6. Tributaries (Streams and Rivers within Population Area) Threats Harvest Hatchery Hydropower/ Flood Control
Species
Egg Alevin Fry
Summer Winter Smolt Adult Spawner Kelt Parr Parr
Chinook Steelhead Chinook
3
Steelhead Chinook Steelhead 9a Chinook
7a
8a
8a
8b 8a
10b
Landuse
9a Steelhead
7a
10b
9c 2h
8a
2h
2a Introduced Species
Chinook Steelhead
Black cells indicated key concerns; Gray cells indicated secondary concerns.
Key threats and limiting facto 2h Impaired access to habitat above Calapooia dams. 3 Hatchery fish interbreeding with wild fish resulting in a risk of genetic introgression. 8a Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices. 8b Loss of holding pools from past and/or present land use practices resulting in increased prespawning mortality. 9a Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth. 9c Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices leading to prespawning mortality. Secondary threats and limiting factors 2a Impaired access to habitat due to road crossings and other land use related passage impediments on wadeable sized streams. 2h Impaired access to habitat above Calapooia dams. 7a Fine sediment in spawning gravel from past and/or present land use practices. 8a Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices. Chapter 7 – page 52
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
9a
August 2007
Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth. 10b Insufficient streamflows due to land use related water withdrawals resulting in impaired water quality and reduced habitat availability.
Chapter 7 – page 53
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
August 2007
Table 13. List of specific management actions identified in the Calapooia watershed. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6. Limiting Factor Category
Potential Threats
All habitat limiting factors
Land use
Predation
Habitat access
Physical habitat quality
Introduced species
Land use
Land use
Management Actions
Action #
Reduce harassment of adult spring Chinook while they are holding during the summer.
95
Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
273
Eliminate parking areas near pools where investments in spring chinook holding pools have been made to minimize disturbance to fish.
122
Add multiple large logs with rootwads to deep pools in the upper Calapooia River where water temperature is less than 70 degrees (upstream of Hands Creek).
121
Conduct watershed education activities for landowners and in schools.
132
Implement eradication programs for non-native fish.
282
Maintain liberal bag limits on non-native largemouth bass and smallmouth bass (no limit on size or number) in the Calapooia Basin.
17
Modify the irrigation water diversion dam near the mouth of West Fork Brush Creek to allow fish passage.
120
Improve upstream fish passage at the dams associated with the Thompson’s Mill site.
119
Improve upstream fish passage at Sodom Dam.
161
Improve upstream fish passage at Sheer Dam.
56
Improve upstream fish passage at Brownsville dam.
88
Plant native conifers at appropriate sites. Focus efforts on the middle portion of the watershed
127
Add large wood jams to cool streams with gradients 10years
High
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 58
Low (ChS and StW)
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
August 2007
2 - Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Secondary:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Note: Timeframes Management Action 129 - Provide outreach and education on the importance of channel meandering for maintaining healthy habitat for fish. Work with landowners on alternatives to riprap. 130 - Encourage landowners to restore nonfunctioning wetlands on marginally productive land through the use of wetland banks or other measures.
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
Calapooia Watershed Council
Expansion of existing program
> 10years
> 10years
Low (ChS and StW)
High
Calapooia Watershed Council
Expansion of existing program
> 10years
> 10years
High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 59
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
August 2007
3 - Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a 8b 9a 9c
Secondary:
8a 9a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices. Loss of holding pools for Chinook adults from past and/or present land use practices resulting in increased prespawning mortality. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of Chinook summer parr. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices leading to prespawning mortality for Chinook adults. Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of steelhead fry and summer parr.
Note: Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action 126 - Protect riparian areas through fencing, proper management and other methods.
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
Calapooia Watershed Council, private landowners
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
127 - Plant native conifers at appropriate sites. Focus efforts on the middle portion of the watershed
Calapooia Watershed Council, private landowners
Expansion of existing program
> 10years
> 10years
High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 60
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
August 2007
4 - Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
2h
Impaired access for Chinook adults to habitat above Calapooia dams.
Secondary:
2a
Impaired access for steelhead fry, summer parr, winter parr, smolts and adults to habitat due to road crossings and other landuse related passage impediments on wadeable sized streams. Impaired access for steelhead adults to habitat above Calapooia dams.
2h Note:
Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
56 - Improve upstream fish passage at Sheer Dam
Private landowner, Calapooia Watershed Council
New action
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
88 - Improve upstream fish Private passage at Brownsville dam landowner, Calapooia Watershed Council
New action
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
161 - Improve upstream Oregon State fish passage at Sodom Dam Parks
Ongoing
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
119 - Improve upstream fish passage at the dams associated with the Thompson’s Mill site.
Oregon State Expansion of Parks, Calapooia existing Watershed program Council
Chapter 7 – page 61
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
120 - Modify the irrigation water diversion dam near the mouth of West Fork Brush Creek to allow fish passage
Calapooia Watershed Council, private landowner
August 2007
New action
< 5 years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 62
Immediate Low (StW)
High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
August 2007
5 - Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary:
10b Insufficient stream flows due to land use related water withdrawals resulting in impaired water quality and reduced habitat availability for Chinook summer parr, and steelhead fry and summer parr.
Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
128 - Explore leasing water rights along selected tributaries to increase water in the stream during the summer.
Calapooia Watershed Council, private landowners
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 63
Influence on VSP Parameters
Immediate High(ChS) High (StW)
Certainty of Implementation Low
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
August 2007
6 - Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a 8b
Secondary:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices. Loss of holding pools for Chinook adults from past and/or present land use practices resulting in increased prespawning mortality. Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Note: Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
121 - Place multiple large logs with rootwads in deep pools in the upper Calapooia River where water temperature is less than 70 degrees (upstream of Hands Creek) .
Calapooia Watershed Council, private landowners
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS)
Moderate
122 - Eliminate parking areas Watershed near pools where Council, private investments in spring landowners chinook holding pools have been made to minimize disturbance to fish.
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS)
High
95 - Reduce harassment of adult spring Chinook while they are holding during the summer
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS)
High
OSP, ODFW
Chapter 7 – page 64
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
123 - Add large wood jams to cool streams with gradients 10 years
> 10 years
High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
High (ChS)
Moderate
97 - Improve water quality in Private headwater areas, landowners
Chapter 7 – page 66
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
125 - Increase shading to expand cool water zones and salmonid habitat
Calapooia Watershed Council, private landowners,
August 2007
Expansion of existing program
> 10years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 67
> 10years
High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
August 2007
8 - Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary:
7a
Fine sediment in spawning gravel from past and/or present land use practices reduces survival of Chinook eggs and alevins, and steelhead eggs and alevins.
Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Comments: No actions specific to the Calapooia watershed are identified. Recovery will rely on statewide programs.
Chapter 7 – page 68
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
August 2007
11 - Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary: Note:
Not identified as a current limiting factor, but important actions for recovery of listed fish Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
189 – Maintain current regulations prohibiting angling for Chinook in the Calapooia Basin.
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate Medium (ChS)
High
287 - Maintain trout angling restrictions to protect juvenile winter steelhead
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate Medium (StW)
High
194 - Maintain current regulations prohibiting angling for steelhead in the Calapooia Basin.
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate Medium (StW)
High
197 - Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook
OSP
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate Medium (ChS)
High
Management Action
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 69
Certainty of Implementation
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
August 2007
12 - Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural origin Chinook and steelhead to appropriate levels. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
3a
Hatchery fish interbreeding with wild Chinook adults resulting in a risk of genetic introgression.
Secondary: Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Comments: No management actions identified for this limiting factor. Chinook from the South Santiam Hatchery are occasionally released in the Calapooia.
Chapter 7 – page 70
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Calapooia
August 2007
13 - Reduce negative impacts (e.g. competition, predation) between hatchery fish or introduced species and natural origin Chinook and steelhead. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary: Note:
Not identified as a current limiting factor Timeframes Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
17 - Maintain liberal bag limits (no limit on size or number) on largemouth and smallmouth bass in the Calapooia Basin
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
282 - Implement eradication programs for non-native fish.
ODFW
New program
Management Action
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 71
Influence on VSP Parameters
Immediate Low (ChS) Low (StW)
Low (ChS) Low (StW)
Certainty of Implementation High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
South Santiam The South Santiam supports both winter steelhead and spring Chinook. The winter steelhead population is currently at a “moderate” risk of extinction and spring Chinook are at “very high” risk of extinction (see Chapter 4). The key and secondary limiting factors affecting these two populations within the South Santiam watershed are related predominately to land use, flood control / hydropower, and hatcheries (see Chapter 6 for a full description). The following management strategies (with the corresponding management actions described below) are critical in order to recover Chinook and steelhead in the South Santiam watershed: •
Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle.
•
Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function.
•
Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions.
•
Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity.
•
Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods.
•
Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity.
•
Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality.
•
Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes.
•
Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead.
•
Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural origin Chinook and steelhead to appropriate levels.
•
Reduce negative impacts (e.g. competition, predation) between hatchery fish or introduced species and natural origin Chinook and steelhead.
Chapter 7 – page 72
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
Table 16. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook and steelhead in the South Santiam watershed. The factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle limiting is found in Chapter 6. Tributaries (Streams and Rivers within Population Area) Threats Harvest
Species
Egg Alevin Fry
Summer Parr
Winter Parr
Smolt Adult Spawner Kelt
Chinook Steelhead 4b
Chinook Hatchery
4c
Steelhead Chinook Hydropower / Flood Control
3
4d 9e
10d
7d 10e
Steelhead
3
6c
1e
10d
9e
1e
2c 2l 2c
2j
7d Chinook
8a
8a
Landuse
8a
9a 9a
Steelhead
7a
2g
8a
10b
2a Introduced Species
Chinook
6b
Steelhead 6b Black cells indicated key concerns; Gray cells indicated secondary concerns. Key threats and limiting factors 1e Mortality at South Santiam hydropower/flood control dams due to direct mortality in the turbines and/or being trapped in the reservoirs. 2c Impaired access to habitat above South Santiam hydropower/flood control dams. 3 Hatchery fish interbreeding with wild fish resulting in a risk of genetic introgression. 4c Competition with naturally produced progeny of hatchery summer steelhead. 4d Competition with residualized hatchery summer steelhead smolts.
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Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
6b 8a 9a
August 2007
Predation by non-native largemouth bass in Green Peter reservoir. Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth. 9e Altered water temperatures below Foster Dam resulting in premature hatching and emergence of Chinook. 10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of fish habitat by reducing channel movement that is important for recruitment of gravel and large wood, and maintaining varying seral stages of riparian vegetation. Lower peak flows also reduces scour and formation of pools. 10e Elevated flows during spawning and dewatering of redds below the South Santiam hydropower/flood control dams. Secondary threats and limiting factors 2a Impaired access to habitat due to road crossings and other land use related passage impediments on wadeable sized streams. 2g Impaired access to habitat above Lebanon dam. 2j Impaired downstream passage at South Santiam hydropower/flood control dams. 2l Prespawning mortality due to crowding below South Santiam hydropower/flood control dams. 4b Competition with naturally produced progeny of hatchery spring Chinook. 6c Predation by hatchery summer steelhead smolts. 7a Fine sediment in spawning gravel from past and/or present land use practices. 7d Streambed coarsening below Green Peter and Foster dams due to reduced peak flows. 8a Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices. 9a Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth. 9e Altered water temperatures below Foster Dam resulting in delayed hatching and emergence of winter steelhead 10b Insufficient streamflows due to land use related water withdrawals resulting in impaired water quality and reduced habitat availability.
Chapter 7 – page 74
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
Table 17. List of specific management actions identified in the South Santiam watershed. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6. Limiting Factor Category
Potential Threats
Management Action
All habitat limiting factors
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
274
Competition
Hatcheries
Allow retention of fin-clipped trout in areas open to angling to reduce residual summer steelhead smolts.
225
Reduce natural spawning of non-native summer steelhead.
204
Ensure hatchery summer steelhead and spring Chinook smolts migrate quickly to the ocean.
200
Action #
Predation
Introduced species, Flood control / hydropower
Maintain liberal bag limits (no limit on size or number) on non-native largemouth bass and smallmouth bass in the Santiam Basin.
16
Habitat access
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Evaluate upstream passage through the new fishways at Lebanon Dam.
229
Provide adequate downstream passage through Foster reservoir and dam.
53
Implement and evaluate the revised outplanting protocols for trapping, hauling, and releasing adult Chinook above dams.
78
Determine if the old (breached) Jordan Dam on Thomas Creek is passable to juvenile fish and remedy if necessary.
231
Restore consistent fish passage into Ames Creek.
232
Modify trapping facilities at Foster Dam to improve handling of adult salmonids.
112
Evaluate the new fish screen at the LebanonAlbany Canal diversion headgate.
230
Replace the Lacomb Irrigation District diversion screen with one that meets current juvenile fish standards.
241
Provide adequate downstream passage through
37
Chapter 7 – page 75
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
Green Peter reservoir and dam.
Physical habitat quality
Population
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Harvest,
Restore access to habitats upstream of Green Peter dam
36
Improve access to habitats upstream of Foster dam.
20
Continue to implement the South Santiam Watershed Council's Work Plan (July 1, 2005June 30, 2007).
118
Release flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows
211
Restore substrate recruitment downstream of dams.
51
Add large wood to suitable, moderate-gradient streams to increase habitat complexity and salmonid productivity. Good candidate streams include Hamilton, McDowell, Noble, Ames, Wiley, and Neal.
233
Encourage landowners to restore nonfunctioning wetlands on marginally productive land through the use of wetland banks or other measures.
245
Provide outreach and education on the importance of channel meandering for maintaining healthy habitat for fish. Work with landowners on alternatives to riprap.
239
Use fencing, weed control, and planting of native conifers at appropriate sites to protect and restore riparian areas. Focus restoration efforts on the reaches below Foster Dam.
238
Protect riparian areas through fencing, proper management and other methods.
234
Identify sites in tributaries below Foster Dam where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor.
223
Set up demonstration sites where landowners can view the results of various types of restoration efforts. Focus on demonstration sites where the landowner actively participated in the restoration.
235
Continue to prohibit harvest of wild winter
193
Chapter 7 – page 76
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
traits
Water quality
Water quantity / Hydrograph
hatcheries
Hatcheries, Flood control / hydropower, land use
Flood control / hydropower, land use
August 2007
steelhead. Increase homing of hatchery Chinook to the Foster Dam collection facility.
263
Minimize angling impacts on spawning winter steelhead.
314
Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook.
196
Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose fin-clip.
188
Manage the South Santiam Hatchery as a conservation and supplementation program for South Santiam Chinook.
178
Resolve potential conflicts between meeting TMDL temperature targets downstream of dams and operating dams to maximize benefits to steelhead and Chinook.
185
Operate dams to minimize exceedence of total dissolved gas criteria.
135
Increase shade along mainstem and tributary reaches to expand cool water zones (e.g. Thomas, Crabtree, Hamilton).
237
Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities.
154
Implement Oregon Association of Nurseries agricultural land spraying proposals.
277
Ensure future USBR water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections.
219
Operate dams to minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd desiccation, and loss of habitat
215
Explore leasing water rights along selected tributaries to increase water in the stream during the summer (Hamilton, McDowell).
242
Release flows from Foster/Green Peter dams to meet flow targets for spawning, incubation, rearing and migration.
24
Chapter 7 – page 77
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
Table 18. List of the management actions identified in the South Santiam watershed prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook and steelhead. Influence on VSP Parameters Management Action
Action #
High
Improve access to habitats upstream of Foster dam.
20
High
Release flows from Foster/Green Peter dams to meet flow targets for spawning, incubation, rearing and migration.
24
High
Restore access to habitats upstream of Green Peter Dam
36
High
Provide adequate downstream passage through Green Peter reservoir and dam.
37
High
Restore substrate recruitment downstream of dams.
51
High
Provide adequate downstream passage through Foster reservoir and dam.
53
High
Implement and evaluate the revised outplanting protocols for trapping, hauling, and releasing adult Chinook above dams.
78
High
Modify trapping facilities at Foster Dam to improve handling of adult salmonids.
112
High
Release flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows
211
High
Operate dams to minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd desiccation, and loss of habitat
215
High
Ensure future US Bureau of Reclamation water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections.
219
High
Protect riparian areas through fencing, proper management and other methods.
234
High
Increase homing of hatchery Chinook to the Foster Dam collection facility.
263
High
Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
274
Moderate
Continue to implement the South Santiam Watershed Council's Work Plan (July 1, 2005-June 30, 2007).
118
Moderate
Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities.
154
Moderate
Manage the South Santiam Hatchery as a conservation and supplementation program for South Santiam Chinook.
178
Moderate
Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose finclip in sport fisheries.
188
Chapter 7 – page 78
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
Moderate
Continue to prohibit harvest of wild winter steelhead.
193
Moderate
Reduce natural spawning of non-native summer steelhead.
204
Moderate
Identify sites in tributaries below Foster Dam where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor.
223
Moderate
Allow retention of fin-clipped trout in areas open to angling to reduce residual summer steelhead smolts.
225
Moderate
Restore consistent fish passage into Ames Creek..
232
Moderate
Add large wood to suitable, moderate-gradient streams to increase habitat complexity and fish productivity. Good candidate streams include Hamilton, McDowell, Noble, Ames, Wiley, and Neal.
233
Moderate
Increase shade along mainstem and tributary reaches to expand cool water zones (e.g. Thomas, Crabtree, Hamilton).
237
Moderate
Use fencing, weed control, and planting of native conifers at appropriate sites to protect and restore riparian areas. Focus restoration efforts on the reaches below Foster Dam.
238
Moderate
Explore leasing water rights along selected tributaries to increase water in the stream during the summer. (Hamilton, McDowell)
242
Moderate
Implement Oregon Association of Nurseries agricultural land spraying proposals.
277
Low
Maintain liberal bag limits (no limit on size or number) on nonnative largemouth bass and smallmouth bass in the Santiam Basin.
16
Low
Operate dams to minimize exceedence of total dissolved gas criteria.
135
Low
Resolve potential conflicts between meeting TMDL temperature targets downstream of dams and operating dams to maximize benefits to steelhead and Chinook.
185
Low
Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook.
196
Low
Ensure hatchery summer steelhead and spring Chinook smolts migrate quickly to the ocean.
200
Low
Evaluate upstream passage through the new fishways at Lebanon Dam..
229
Low
Evaluate the new fish screen at the Lebanon-Albany Canal diversion headgate.
230
Low
Determine if the old (breached) Jordan Dam on Thomas Creek is passable to juvenile fish and remedy if necessary.
231
Low
Set up demonstration sites where landowners can view the results of various types of restoration efforts. Focus on demonstration
235
Chapter 7 – page 79
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
sites where the landowner actively participated in the restoration. Low
Provide outreach and education on the importance of channel meandering for maintaining healthy habitat for fish. Work with landowners on alternatives to riprap.
239
Low
Replace the Lacomb Irrigation District diversion screen with one that meets current juvenile fish standards.
241
Low
Encourage landowners to restore nonfunctioning wetlands on marginally productive land through the use of wetland banks or other measures.
245
Low
Minimize angling impacts on spawning winter steelhead.
314
Chapter 7 – page 80
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
Table 19. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the South Santiam watershed describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes. 1 - Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Secondary:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
274 - Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
USFS, Watershed councils, ODFW, SWCD, USDA FSA, land trusts, private landowners
Expansion of existing program
> 10years
Comments
Chapter 7 – page 81
Influence on VSP Parameters
Immediate High (ChS and StW)
Certainty of Implementation Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
2 - Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Secondary:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Note: Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
223 - Identify sites in tributaries downstream of dams where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor
USACE, Watershed council, private landowners
Expansion of existing program
< 10years
Immediate High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
245 - Encourage landowners to restore nonfunctioning wetlands on marginally productive land through the use of wetland banks or other measures.
Watershed Council, private landowners, ODFW
Expansion of existing program
< 10years
Immediate High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 82
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
3 - Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a 9a
Secondary:
8a 9a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of Chinook summer parr. Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of steelhead fry and summer parr.
Note: Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action 234 - Protect riparian areas through fencing, proper management and other methods.
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
Private landowners, Watershed Council
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
238 - Use fencing, weed control, and planting of native conifers at appropriate sites below Foster Dam to protect and restore riparian areas. Focus most of the conifer restoration efforts on the reaches below Foster Dam Comments:
Private landowners, Watershed Council
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
Chapter 7 – page 83
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
4 - Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
1e 2c
Secondary:
2a 2g 2j
Mortality of juvenile Chinook and Steelhead at South Santiam hydropower/flood control dams due to direct mortality in the turbines and/or being trapped in the reservoirs. Impaired access for adult Chinook and steelhead to habitat above South Santiam hydropower/flood control dams. Impaired access for juvenile and adult steelhead to habitat due to road crossings and other land use related passage impediments on wadeable sized streams. Impaired access for adult Chinook and steelhead to habitat above Lebanon dam. Impaired downstream passage for kelt steelhead at South Santiam hydropower/flood control reservoirs and dams.
Note: Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
53 - Provide adequate downstream passage through Foster reservoir and dam
USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 10 years
Immediate High (ChS) High (StW)
Low
37 - Provide adequate downstream passage through Green Peter reservoir and dam
USACE
New action
< 10 years
Immediate High (ChS) High (StW)
Low
20 - Improve access to habitats upstream of Foster dam
USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate Moderate (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
36 - Restore access to habitats upstream of Green Peter dam
USACE
New action
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) High (StW)
High
Chapter 7 – page 84
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
112 - Modify trapping facilities ODFW, USACE at Foster Dam to improve handling of adult salmonids.
August 2007
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) High (StW)
High
78 - Implement and evaluate the revised outplanting protocols for trapping, hauling, and releasing adult Chinook above dams
USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) Low (StW)
High
241 - Replace the Lacomb Irrigation District diversion screen with one that meets current juvenile fish standards.
South Santiam Watershed Council
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate Low (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
230 - Evaluate the new fish screen at the Lebanon-Albany Canal diversion headgate.
City of Albany
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate NA
High
231 – Determine if the old (breached) Jordan Dam on Thomas Creek is passable to juvenile fish and remedy if necessary
South Santiam Watershed Council
New action
< 5 years
Immediate Low (ChS) Low (StW)
High
232 – Restore consistent fish passage into Ames Creek.
South Santiam Watershed Council
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate Low (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
229 - Evaluate upstream passage through the new fishways at Lebanon Dam.
City of Albany
New action
Ongoing
Immediate NA
High
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 85
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
5 - Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
10e Elevated flows during spawning and dewatering of redds below the South Santiam hydropower/flood control dams reduces survival of steelhead eggs and fry.
Secondary:
10b Insufficient stream flows due to landuse related water withdrawals resulting in impaired water quality and reduced habitat availability reducing survival of Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr.
Note: Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
219 - Ensure future US Bureau of Reclamation water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections
BOR
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
24 - Release flows from Foster/Green Peter dams to meet flow targets in the South Santiam River for spawning, incubation, rearing and migration
USACE,
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate High (ChS) High (StW)
High
242 - Explore leasing water rights along selected tributaries to increase water in the stream during the summer (Hamilton, McDowell).
South Santiam Watershed Council, private landowners
Expansion of existing program
< 10 years
Immediate Low (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) High (StW)
High
215 - Operate dams to USACE minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd
Chapter 7 – page 86
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
desiccation, and loss of habitat Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 87
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
6 - Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices. 10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr, and steelhead fry, summer parr and winter parr habitat.
Secondary:
7d 8a
Streambed coarsening below Green Peter and Foster dams due to reduced peak flows that reduces survival of Chinook eggs and alevins and steelhead eggs and alevins. Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Note: Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
211 - Release flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows
USACE, Nature Conservancy
Expansion of existing program
< 10 years
Immediate High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
51 - Restore substrate recruitment below dams
USACE
New action
< 10 years
> 10 years
Moderate
239 - Provide outreach and education on the importance of channel meandering for maintaining healthy habitat for fish. Work with landowners on alternatives to riprap.
South Santiam Watershed Council
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate Low (ChS) Low (StW)
High
118 - Continue to implement the South Santiam Watershed Council's Work Plan (July 1,
South Santiam Watershed
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate Low (ChS) Moderate
Moderate
Chapter 7 – page 88
High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
2005-June 30, 2007)
Council
(StW)
235 - Set up demonstration sites where landowners can view the results of various types of restoration efforts. Focus on demonstration sites where the landowner actively participated in the restoration.
South Santiam Watershed Council
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate Low (ChS) Low (StW)
High
233 - Add large wood to suitable, moderate-gradient streams to increase habitat complexity and salmonid productivity. Good candidate streams include Hamilton, McDowell, Noble, Ames, Wiley, and Neal
South Santiam Watershed Council
Expansion of existing program
< 10 years
Immediate Low (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 89
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
7 - Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
9a 9e
Secondary:
9a 9e
Note:
Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of Chinook summer parr. Altered water temperatures below Foster Dam resulting in premature hatching and emergence of Chinook eggs and alevins. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of steelhead fry and summer parr. Altered water temperatures below Foster Dam resulting delayed hatching and emergence of winter steelhead winter steelhead eggs and alevins..
Only actions for altered temperature affect identified limiting factors. Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
185 - Resolve potential conflicts between meeting TMDL temperature targets downstream of dams and operating dams to maximize benefits to steelhead and Chinook
DEQ, USACE, ODFW
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
277 - Implement Oregon Association of Nurseries agricultural land spraying proposals
Private landowners
New action
< 5 years
Immediate Low (ChS) Low (StW)
Moderate
154 - Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities
DEQ, private landowners, local governments
Expansion of existing program
< 10 years
Immediate Low (ChS) Low (StW)
Moderate
135 - Operate dams to
USACE
Expansion
< 5 years
Immediate Moderate
High
Chapter 7 – page 90
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
minimize exceedence of total dissolved gas criteria 237 - Increase shade along mainstem or tributary reaches to expand cool water zones (e.g. Thomas, Crabtree, Hamilton) Comments:
August 2007
of existing program Private landowners, Watershed Council
Expansion of existing program
(ChS) Low (StW) > 10 years
Chapter 7 – page 91
> 10 years
Moderate (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Low
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
8 - Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
7a
Fine sediment in spawning gravel from past and/or present land use practices reduces survival of Chinook eggs and alevins, and steelhead eggs and alevins.
Secondary: Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Comments: No actions specific to the South Santiam watershed are identified. Recovery will rely on statewide programs.
Chapter 7 – page 92
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
11 - Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary: Note:
Not identified as a current limiting factor, bit important actions for recovery of listed fish
Management Action
Key Entities Status
Timeframes Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
196 - Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook
OSP
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Moderate (ChS)
Low
188 - Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose finclip.
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Moderate (ChS)
High
193 - Continue to prohibit harvest of wild winter steelhead.
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Low (StW)
High
New action
< 5 years
Immediate
Low (StW)
High
314 - Minimize angling ODFW impacts on spawning winter steelhead. Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 93
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
12 - Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural origin Chinook and steelhead to appropriate levels. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
3a
Hatchery fish interbreeding with wild Chinook and steelhead adults resulting in a risk of genetic introgression.
Secondary: Note: Timeframes Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Immediate
High (ChS)
High
Expansion < 5 years of existing program
Immediate
High (ChS)
Expansion < 5 years of existing program
Immediate
High (StW)
Management Action
Key Entities Status
178 - Manage the South Santiam Hatchery as a conservation and supplementation program for South Santiam Chinook.
ODFW, USACE
Expansion < 5 years of existing program
263 - Increase homing of hatchery Chinook to the Foster Dam collection facility.
ODFW
204 - Reduce natural spawning of non-native summer steelhead
ODFW
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 94
High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
August 2007
13 - Reduce negative impacts (e.g. competition, predation) between hatchery fish or introduced species and natural origin Chinook and steelhead. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
4c 4d 6b
Secondary:
4b 6c
Competition with naturally produced progeny of hatchery summer steelhead reduces survival of steelhead fry, summer parr and winter parr. Competition with residualized hatchery summer steelhead smolts reduces survival of steelhead summer parr and winter parr. Predation by non-native largemouth bass in Green Peter reservoir on Chinook summer parr and winter parr, and steelhead summer parr and winter parr. Competition with naturally produced progeny of hatchery Chinook with natural origin Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr. Predation by hatchery summer steelhead smolts on Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr.
Note: Management Action
Key Entities Status
Timeframes Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
225 - Allow retention of fin-clipped trout in areas open to angling to reduce residual summer steelhead smolts
ODFW
New action
< 5 years
Immediate
Low (ChS) Low (StW)
High
16 - Maintain liberal bag limits on non-native sport fish (no limit on size or number) in the Santiam Basin
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Low (ChS) Low (StW)
High
204 - Reduce natural spawning of non-native summer steelhead
ODFW
Expansion < 5 years of existing program
Immediate
Low (ChS) High (StW)
High
Chapter 7 – page 95
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan South Santiam
200 - Ensure hatchery summer steelhead and spring Chinook smolts migrate quickly to the ocean
ODFW, USACE
August 2007
Ongoing
Ongoing
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 96
Immediate
Low (ChS) Low (StW)
High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
North Santiam The North Santiam watershed supports both winter steelhead and spring Chinook. The winter steelhead population is currently at a “moderate” risk of extinction and spring Chinook are at “very high” risk of extinction (see Chapter 4). The key and secondary limiting factors affecting these two populations within the North Santiam are related predominately to land use, dams, and hatcheries (see Chapter 6 for a full description). The following management strategies (with the corresponding management actions described below) are critical in order to recover Chinook and steelhead in the North Santiam watershed: •
Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle.
•
Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function.
•
Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions.
•
Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity.
•
Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods.
•
Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity.
•
Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality.
•
Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes.
•
Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead.
•
Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural origin Chinook and steelhead to appropriate levels.
•
Reduce negative impacts (e.g. competition, predation) between hatchery fish or introduced species and natural origin Chinook and steelhead.
Chapter 7 – page 97
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
Table 20. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook and steelhead in the North Santiam watershed. The limiting factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle limiting is found in Chapter 6. Tributaries (Streams and Rivers within Population Area) Threats
Species
Egg Alevin Fry
Summer Parr
Winter Parr
Smolt Adult Spawner Kelt
Chinook Harvest Steelhead
4b
Chinook
3
6c
Hatchery
4c
Steelhead
3 4d
Chinook
9b
10d
1d
7b Hydropower/ Flood Control
2b
7c
2k
10a Steelhead
9d
10d
1d
2b
7c
2i
7b 8a
8a
Chinook
8a
2f
9a Landuse
9a Steelhead
7a
10b
8a 2a
Introduced Species
Chinook Steelhead
Black cells indicated key concerns; Gray cells indicated secondary concerns. Key threats and limiting factors 1d Mortality at North Santiam hydropower/flood control dams due to direct mortality in the turbines and/or smolts being trapped in the reservoirs. 2b Impaired access to habitat above North Santiam hydropower/flood control dams. 2f Impaired access to habitat above Upper and Lower Bennett dams. 3 Hatchery fish interbreeding with wild fish resulting in a risk of genetic introgression. Chapter 7 – page 98
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
4c 4d 8a 9a
August 2007
Competition with naturally produced progeny of hatchery summer steelhead. Competition with residualized hatchery summer steelhead smolts. Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth. 9b Elevated water temperatures below the North Santiam hydropower/flood control dams resulting in premature hatching and emergence. 10a Elevated flows during spawning and dewatering of redds below North Santiam hydropower/flood control dams. 10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of fish habitat by reducing channel movement that is important for recruitment of gravel and large wood, and maintaining varying seral stages of riparian vegetation. Lower peak flows also reduces scour and formation of pools. Secondary threats and limiting factors 2a Impaired access to habitat due to road crossings and other land use related passage impediments on wadeable sized streams. 2i Impaired downstream passage at North Santiam hydropower/flood control reservoirs and dams. 4b Competition with naturally produced progeny of hatchery spring Chinook. 6c Predation by hatchery summer steelhead smolts. 7a Fine sediment in spawning gravel from past and/or present land use practices. 7b Streambed coarsening below North Santiam hydropower/flood control dams due to reduced peak flows. 7c Lack of gravel recruitment below North Santiam hydropower/flood control dams due to gravel capture in upstream reservoirs. 8a Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices. 9a Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth. 9d Cool water temperatures below North Santiam hydropower/flood control dams impedes development or growth. 10b Insufficient streamflows due to land use related water withdrawals resulting in impaired water quality and reduced habitat availability.
Chapter 7 – page 99
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
Table 21. List of specific management actions identified in the North Santiam watershed. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6. Limiting Factor Category
Action #
Potential Threats
Management Action
All habitat limiting factors
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
275
Competition
Hatcheries, introduced species
Allow retention of fin-clipped trout in areas open to angling to reduce residual summer steelhead smolts.
111
Ensure hatchery summer steelhead and spring Chinook smolts migrate quickly to the ocean.
201
Improve function and efficiency of fishways at Upper and Lower Bennett dams for both juvenile and adult fish.
54
Screen the significant diversion off Rock Creek.
247
Restore access to habitats upstream of Big Cliff/Detroit dams.
89
Screen the Salem Ditch/Mill Creek diversion.
166
Implement and evaluate the revised outplanting protocols for trapping, hauling, and releasing adult Chinook above dams.
76
Provide adequate downstream passage through Big Cliff/Detroit reservoirs and dams.
43
Evaluate the Mill Creek millrace diversion dam for juvenile fish passage efficiency.
257
Reduce fish loss and migration delays of juvenile and adult fish at Santiam Water Control District irrigation canal/hydro projects.
315
Provide upstream passage for adults at the Salem Ditch/Mill Creek headgate structure.
249
Habitat access
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Chapter 7 – page 100
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
Physical habitat quality
Population traits
Flood control / hydropower, land use
August 2007
Screen the Sidney Ditch.
248
Provide fish passage on a side channel of the North Santiam River (Hatch Airport site).
103
Restore natural function of the North Santiam River at the Stayton Acclimation Pond Site.
250
Use fencing, weed control, and planting of native conifers and other species at appropriate sites below Big Cliff Dam to protect and restore riparian areas.
259
Restore substrate recruitment downstream of dams.
34
Protect intact riparian areas through fencing, proper management and other methods.
253
Release flows dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows.
212
Add large wood to suitable, moderategradient streams to increase habitat complexity and fish productivity. Good candidate streams include Bear Branch, Stout, Rock, Mad, Sinker, Elkhorn.
252
Identify sites in tributaries downstream of dams where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor.
224
Increase shade along mainstem or tributary reaches to expand cool water zones (e.g Bear Branch, Valentine)
258
Harvest, hatcheries Manage Marion Forks Hatchery as a conservation and supplementation program for North Santiam Chinook.
63
Reduce natural spawning of non-native summer steelhead.
69
Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook.
195
Minimize angling impacts on spawning winter steelhead.
313
Continue to prohibit harvest of wild winter
192
Chapter 7 – page 101
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
steelhead.
Water quality
Water quantity / Hydrograph
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Reduce the number of hatchery Chinook smolts released.
267
Increase homing of hatchery Chinook to the Minto collection facility.
264
Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose fin-clip.
187
Operate dams to minimize exceedence of total dissolved gas criteria.
136
Operate dams to mimic the natural temperature regime.
73
Resolve potential conflicts between meeting TMDL temperature targets downstream of dams and operating dams to maximize benefits to steelhead and Chinook.
139
Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities.
153
Implement Oregon Association of Nurseries agricultural land spraying proposals
278
Release flows from Big Cliff/Detroit dams to meet flow targets for spawning, rearing and migration.
42
Operate dams to minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd desiccation, and loss of habitat.
216
Ensure adequate streamflows for upstream migration of Chinook during summer low flow periods at Geren/Stayton Island.
316
Ensure future US Bureau of Reclamation water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protection
339
Explore leasing water rights along selected tributaries to increase water in the stream during the summer (Rock, Stout).
260
Chapter 7 – page 102
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
Table 22. List of the management actions identified in the North Santiam watershed prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook and steelhead. Influence on VSP Action Parameters Management Action # High
Restore substrate recruitment downstream of dams.
34
High
Release flows from Big Cliff/Detroit dams to meet flow targets for spawning, rearing and migration.
42
High
Provide adequate downstream passage through Big Cliff/Detroit reservoirs and dams.
43
High
Improve function and efficiency of fishways at Upper and Lower Bennett dams for both juvenile and adult fish.
54
High
Operate dams to mimic the natural temperature regime.
73
High
Implement and evaluate the revised outplanting protocols for trapping, hauling, and releasing adult Chinook above dams.
76
High
Restore access to habitats upstream of Big Cliff/Detroit dams.
89
High
Operate dams to minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd desiccation, and loss of habitat.
216
High
Add large wood to suitable, moderate-gradient streams to increase habitat complexity and fish productivity. Good candidate streams include Bear Branch, Stout, Rock, Mad, Sinker, Elkhorn.
252
High
Protect intact riparian areas through fencing, proper management and other methods.
253
High
Increase shade along mainstem or tributary reaches to expand cool water zones (e.g Bear Branch, Valentine)
258
High
Explore leasing water rights along selected tributaries to increase water in the stream during the summer (Rock, Stout).
260
High
Reduce the number of hatchery Chinook smolts released.
267
High
Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
275
High
Reduce fish loss and migration delays of juvenile and adult fish at Santiam Water Control District irrigation canal/hydro projects.
315
High
Ensure adequate streamflows for upstream migration of Chinook during summer low flow periods at Geren/Stayton Island.
316
Moderate
Manage Marion Forks Hatchery as a conservation and supplementation program for North Santiam Chinook.
63
Moderate
Reduce natural spawning of non-native summer steelhead.
69
Moderate
Provide fish passage on a side channel of the North Santiam River
103
Chapter 7 – page 103
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
(Hatch Airport site). Moderate
Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities.
153
Moderate
Screen the Salem Ditch/Mill Creek diversion.
166
Moderate
Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose finclip.
187
Moderate
Continue to prohibit harvest of wild winter steelhead..
192
Moderate
Release flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows.
212
Moderate
Identify sites in tributaries downstream of dams where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor.
224
Moderate
Screen the significant diversion off Rock Creek.
247
Moderate
Screen the Sidney Ditch.
248
Moderate
Provide upstream passage for adults at the Salem Ditch/Mill Creek headgate structure.
249
Moderate
Evaluate the Mill Creek millrace diversion dam for juvenile fish passage efficiency.
257
Moderate
Use fencing, weed control, and planting of native conifers and other species at appropriate sites below Big Cliff Dam to protect and restore riparian areas.
259
Moderate
Implement Oregon Association of Nurseries agricultural land spraying proposals
278
Moderate
Minimize angling impacts on spawning winter steelhead.
313
Low
Allow retention of fin-clipped trout in areas open to angling to reduce residual summer steelhead smolts.
111
Low
Operate dams to minimize exceedence of total dissolved gas criteria.
136
Low
Resolve potential conflicts between meeting TMDL temperature targets downstream of dams and operating dams to maximize benefits to steelhead and Chinook.
139
Low
Continue to prohibit harvest of wild winter steelhead.
192
Low
Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook.
195
Low
Ensure hatchery summer steelhead and spring Chinook smolts migrate quickly to the ocean.
201
Low
Restore natural function of the North Santiam River at the old Stayton Acclimation Pond Site.
250
Chapter 7 – page 104
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
Low
Conduct watershed education activities. Involve middle school and high school classes in monitoring and restoration efforts within the watershed.
254
Low
Conduct watershed education activities. Provide elementary teachers with printed materials about the ecology of fish and wildlife in the watershed. Help arrange field trips to interesting sites along the river, streams, and wetlands.
255
Low
Increase homing of hatchery Chinook to Minto collection facility.
264
Chapter 7 – page 105
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
Table 23. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the North Santiam watershed describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes. 1 - Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of salmonid populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Secondary:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Note: Timeframes Management Action 275 - Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
Key Entities USFS, Watershed councils, OWEB, ODFW, SWCD, USDA FSA, land trusts, NGOs, private landowners
Status
Implementation Response
Expansion of existing program
Ongoing
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 106
Influence on VSP Parameters
Immediate High (ChS) High (StW)
Certainty of Implementation Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
2 - Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Secondary:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
224 - Identify sites in tributaries downstream of dams where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor
USACE, Watershed council, private landowners
Expansion of existing program
> 10years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 107
> 10years
Influence on VSP Parameters High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Certainty of Implementation Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
3 - Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a 9a
Secondary:
8a 9a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of Chinook summer parr. Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of steelhead fry and summer parr.
Note: Timeframes Management Action 259 - Use fencing, weed control, and planting of native conifers and other species at appropriate sites below Big Cliff Dam to protect and restore riparian areas. 258 - Increase shade along mainstem or tributary reaches to expand cool water zones (e.g Bear Branch, Valentine) 253 - Protect intact riparian areas through fencing, proper management and other methods.
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
North Santiam Watershed Council, private landowners
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
Moderate (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
North Santiam Watershed Council, private landowners
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
Moderate (ChS) High (StW)
Moderate
North Santiam Watershed Council, private landowners
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
Moderate (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
Chapter 7 – page 108
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 109
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
4 - Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
1d 2b 2f
Secondary:
2a 2i
Mortality of juvenile Chinook and steelhead at North Santiam hydropower/flood control dams due to direct mortality in the turbines and/or being trapped in the reservoirs. Impaired access for adult Chinook and steelhead to habitat above North Santiam hydropower/flood control dams. Impaired access for adult Chinook to habitat above Upper and Lower Bennett dams. Impaired access for juvenile and adult steelhead to habitat due to road crossings and other land use related passage impediments on wadeable sized streams. Impaired downstream passage for kelt steelhead at North Santiam hydropower/flood control reservoirs and dams.
Note: Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
315 - Reduce fish loss and migration delays of juvenile and adult fish at Santiam Water Control District irrigation canal/hydro projects.
Santiam Water Control District
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
76 - Implement and evaluate the revised outplanting protocols for trapping, hauling, and releasing adult Chinook above dams
ODFW
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS)
High
54 - Improve fishway
City of Salem,
Expansion
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS)
High
Chapter 7 – page 110
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
function and efficiency at Upper and Lower Bennett dams for both juvenile and adult fish.
ODFW
of existing program
s2
43 - Provide adequate downstream passage through Big Cliff/Detroit reservoirs and dams.
USACE
New action
< 10 years
Immediate High (ChS) High (StW)
Low
89 - Restore access to habitats upstream of Big Cliff/Detroit dams
USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) High (StW)
High
251 - Provide fish passage on a side channel of the North Santiam River (Hatch Airport site).
ODFW
New action
< 5 years
Immediate Low (ChS) Low (StW)
High
166 - Screen the Salem Ditch/Mill Creek diversion
City of Salem
New action
< 5 years
Immediate Moderate (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
247 - Screen the significant diversion off Rock Creek
North Santiam Watershed Council
New action
< 5 years
Immediate Low (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
248 - Screen the Sidney Ditch
Sidney Ditch Cooperative
New action
< 5 years
Immediate Moderate (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
257 - Evaluate the Mill Creek millrace diversion dam for juvenile fish passage efficiency
City of Salem
New action
< 5 years
Immediate Moderate (ChS) Moderate
High
Chapter 7 – page 111
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
(StW) 249 - Provide upstream passage for adults at the Salem Ditch/Mill Creek headgate structure
Santiam Water Control District
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 112
Immediate Low (ChS) Low (StW)
Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
5 - Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
2f Impaired access for adult Chinook to habitat above Upper and Lower Bennett dams. 10a Elevated flows during spawning and dewatering of redds below North Santiam hydropower/flood control dams reduces survival of steelhead eggs and fry.
Secondary:
10b Insufficient stream flows due to landuse related water withdrawals resulting in impaired water quality and reduced habitat availability reducing survival of Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr.
Note: Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
339 - Ensure future US Bureau of Reclamation water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections
BOR
Expansion of < 5 years existing program
Immediate
High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
42 - Release flows from Detroit/Big Cliff dams to meet flow targets in the North Santiam River for spawning, incubation, rearing and migration
USACE,
Ongoing
Immediate
High (ChS) High (StW)
High
260 - Explore leasing water rights along selected tributaries to increase water in the stream during the summer (Rock, Stout).
WRD
Expansion of < 10 years existing program
Immediate
Low (ChS) High (StW)
Moderate
Implementation
Ongoing
Chapter 7 – page 113
Response
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
216 - Operate dam to minimize adverse effects of ramping on fish stranding, redd desiccation, and loss of habitat
USACE
Expansion of < 5 years existing program
Immediate
High (ChS) High (StW)
High
316 - Ensure adequate streamflows for upstream migration of Chinook during summer low flow periods at Geren/Stayton Island
WRD, BOR, USACE, local government
Expansion of < 5 years existing program
Immediate
High (ChS)
High
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 114
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
6 - Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices. 10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr, and steelhead fry, summer parr and winter parr habitat.
Secondary:
7b 7c 8a
Streambed coarsening below Big Cliff Dam due to reduced peak flows that reduces survival of Chinook eggs and alevins and steelhead eggs and alevins. Lack of gravel recruitment below North Santiam hydropower/flood control dams due to gravel capture in upstream reservoirs impacts spawning Chinook and steelhead Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Note: Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
212 - Release flows from storage dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows
USACE, Nature Conservancy
New action
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
34 - Restore substrate recruitment below dams
USACE
New action
< 10 years
Immediate Moderate (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
250 - Restore natural function of North Santiam the North Santiam River at the Watershed old Stayton Acclimation Pond Council Site
New action
< 5 years
Immediate Low (ChS) Low (StW)
High
252- Add large wood to
Expansion
< 10 years
Immediate Low (ChS)
Low
North Santiam
Chapter 7 – page 115
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
suitable, moderate-gradient streams to increase habitat complexity and fish productivity. Good candidate streams include Bear Branch, Stout, Rock, Mad, Sinker, Elkhorn
Watershed Council
August 2007
of existing program
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 116
High (StW)
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
7 - Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
9a 9e
Secondary:
9a 9d
Note:
Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of Chinook summer parr. Altered water temperatures below Big Cliff Dam resulting in premature hatching and emergence of Chinook eggs and alevins. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of steelhead fry and summer parr. Altered water temperatures below Big Cliff Dam resulting delayed hatching and emergence of winter steelhead winter steelhead eggs and alevins.
Only actions for altered temperature affect identified limiting factors. Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
139 - Resolve potential conflicts between meeting TMDL temperature targets downstream of dams and operating dams to maximize benefits to steelhead and Chinook
DEQ, USACE
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
153 - Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities
DEQ, private landowners, local governments
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate Low (ChS) Low (StW)
Low
278 - Implement Oregon Association of Nurseries agricultural land spraying proposals
Private landowners
New action
< 5 years
Immediate Low (ChS) Low (StW)
Low
73 - Operate dam to mimic
USACE
New action
< 10 years
Immediate High (ChS)
Low
Chapter 7 – page 117
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
natural temperature regime downstream of projects to the extent possible 136 - Operate dams to minimize exceedence of total dissolved gas criteria
Moderate (StW) USACE
New action
< 5 years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 118
Immediate Low (ChS) Low (StW)
High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
8 - Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
7a
Fine sediment in spawning gravel from past and/or present land use practices reduces survival of Chinook eggs and alevins, and steelhead eggs and alevins.
Secondary: Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Comments: No actions specific to the North Santiam watershed are identified. Recovery will rely on statewide programs.
Chapter 7 – page 119
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
11 - Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary: Note: Management Action
Not identified as a current limiting factor, but important actions for recovery of listed fish Key Entities Status
Timeframes Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
313 - Minimize angling ODFW impacts on spawning winter steelhead.
Expansion < 5 years of existing program
Immediate
Low (StW)
High
192 - Continue to prohibit harvest of wild winter steelhead.
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Low (StW)
High
195 - Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook
OSP, ODFW Ongoing8
Ongoing
Immediate
Moderate (ChS)
Hiigh
187 - Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose finclip.
ODFW
Ongoing
Immediate
Moderate (ChS)
High
Ongoing
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 120
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
12 - Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural origin Chinook and steelhead to appropriate levels. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
3a
Hatchery fish interbreeding with wild Chinook and steelhead adults resulting in a risk of genetic introgression.
Secondary: Note: Timeframes Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Immediate
High (ChS)
High
Expansion < 5 years of existing program
Immediate
High (ChS)
ODFW, USACE
New action
1 generation
Moderate (ChS)
ODFW, USACE
Expansion < 5 years of existing program
Immediate
Moderate (StW)
Management Action
Key Entities Status
63 - Manage Marion Forks Hatchery as a conservation and supplementation program for North Santiam Chinook.
ODFW, USACE
Expansion < 5 years of existing program
264 - Increase homing of hatchery Chinook to the Minto collection facility.
ODFW
267 - Reduce the number of hatchery Chinook smolts released. 69 - Reduce natural spawning of non-native summer steelhead
< 5 years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 121
High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
August 2007
13 - Reduce negative impacts (e.g. competition, predation) between hatchery fish or introduced species and natural origin Chinook and steelhead. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
4c 4d
Secondary:
4b 6c
Competition with naturally produced progeny of hatchery summer steelhead reduces survival of steelhead fry, summer parr and winter parr. Competition with residualized hatchery summer steelhead smolts reduces survival of steelhead summer parr and winter parr. Competition with naturally produced progeny of hatchery Chinook with natural origin Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr. Predation by hatchery summer steelhead smolts on Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr.
Note: Management Action
Key Entities Status
Timeframes Implementation Response
111 - Allow retention of finclipped trout in areas open to angling to reduce residual summer steelhead smolts
ODFW
New action
< 5 years
Immediate
Low (StW)
69 - Reduce natural spawning of non-native summer steelhead
ODFW
Expansion < 5 years of existing program
Immediate
Low (ChS) High (StW)
267 - Reduce the number of hatchery Chinook smolts released.
ODFW, USACE
New action
Immediate
Moderate (ChS)
< 5 years
Chapter 7 – page 122
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan North Santiam
201 - Ensure hatchery summer steelhead and spring Chinook smolts migrate quickly to the ocean
ODFW
August 2007
Ongoing
Ongoing
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 123
Immediate
Low (ChS) Low (StW)
High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
Molalla The Molalla River supports both winter steelhead and spring Chinook. The winter steelhead population is currently at a “moderate” risk of extinction and spring Chinook are at “very high” risk of extinction (see Chapter 4). The key and secondary limiting factors affecting these two populations within the Molalla River Basin are related predominately to land use (see Chapter 6 for a full description). There are also important concerns regarding hatchery effects on spring Chinook. The following management strategies (with the corresponding management actions described below) are critical in order to recover Chinook and steelhead in the Molalla watershed: •
Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle.
•
Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function.
•
Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions.
•
Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity.
•
Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods.
•
Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity.
•
Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality.
•
Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes.
•
Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead.
•
Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural origin Chinook and steelhead to appropriate levels.
Chapter 7 – page 124
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
Table 24. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook and steelhead in the Molalla watershed. The limiting factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle limiting is found in Chapter 6. Tributaries (Streams and Rivers within Population Area) Threats
Species Egg Alevin Fry Chinook Harvest Steelhead Chinook Hatchery Steelhead Hydropower/ Chinook Flood Control Steelhead Chinook
7a
Steelhead
7a
Landuse
Summer Parr
9a 8a 8a 10b 9a 10b
Winter Parr
Smolt Adult Spawner Kelt
3
8b 8a
9c
8a 2a
Introduced Chinook Species Steelhead Black cells indicated key concerns; Gray cells indicated secondary concerns. Key threats and limiting factors 3 Hatchery fish interbreeding with wild fish resulting in a risk of genetic introgression. 8a Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices. 8b Loss of holding pools from past and/or present land use practices resulting in increased prespawning mortality. 9a Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth. 9c Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices leading to prespawning mortality. Secondary threats and limiting factors 7a Fine sediment in spawning gravel from past and/or present land use practices. 8a Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices. 9a Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth. 10b Insufficient streamflows due to land use related water withdrawals resulting in impaired water quality and reduced habitat availability.
Chapter 7 – page 125
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
Table 25. List of specific management actions identified in the Molalla watershed. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6. Limiting Factors Category All habitat limiting factors
Physical habitat quality
Water quality
Population traits
Potential Threats Land use
Land use
Land use
All Management Actions
Action #
Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
276
Reduce harassment of adult spring Chinook while they are holding during the summer.
184
Reconnect floodplains to channels.
303
Restore natural riparian communities and their function.
304
Maintain revetments in a more natural manner and minimize new ones.
137
Implement habitat improvement projects.
167
Develop a cooperative agreement or habitat conservation plan with land owners to protect fish habitat.
169
Implement Oregon Association of Nurseries agricultural land spraying proposals.
279
Improve water quality of headwater areas for oversummering Chinook.
155
Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities.
151
Harvest, hatcheries, Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook.
108
Continue to prohibit harvest of wild winter steelhead.
86
Modify angling regulations to increase protection of adult Chinook holding in the summer.
173
Reform the hatchery Chinook program (non-local stock) to a supplementation/conservation program.
174
Continue to prohibit harvest of spring
179
Chapter 7 – page 126
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
Chinook without an adipose fin-clip. Maintain trout angling restrictions to protect juvenile winter steelhead.
Chapter 7 – page 127
287
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
Table 26. List of the management actions identified in the Molalla watershed prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook and steelhead. Influence on VSP Parameters
Management Action
Action #
High
Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook.
108
High
Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities.
151
High
Improve water quality of headwater areas for over-summering Chinook.
155
High
Develop a cooperative agreement or habitat conservation plan with land owners to protect fish habitat.
169
High
Modify angling regulations to increase protection of adult Chinook holding in the summer.
173
High
Reform the hatchery Chinook program (non-local stock) to a supplementation/conservation program.
174
High
Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose fin-clip.
179
High
Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
276
High
Reconnect floodplains to channels.
303
High
Restore natural riparian communities and their function.
304
Moderate
Continue to prohibit harvest of wild winter steelhead.
86
Moderate
Maintain revetments in a more natural manner and minimize new ones.
137
Moderate
Maintain trout angling restrictions to protect juvenile winter steelhead.
287
Moderate
Implement habitat improvement projects.
167
Low
Reduce harassment of adult spring Chinook while they are holding during the summer.
184
Low
Implement Oregon Association of Nurseries agricultural land spraying proposals.
279
Chapter 7 – page 128
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
Table 27. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the Molalla watershed describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes. 1 - Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Secondary:
8a Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices
Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
276 - Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
USFS, private landowners, local governments
Expansion of existing program
> 10years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 129
Influence on VSP Parameters
Immediate High (ChS) High (StW)
Certainty of Implementation Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
2 - Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Secondary:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
303 - Reconnect floodplains to channels
Private landowners, Expansion BLM, Molalla River of existing Watch, Molalla River program Stewards, SWCD
Implementation Response > 10years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 130
> 10years
Influence on VSP Parameters High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Certainty of Implementation Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
3 - Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a 8b 9a 9c
Secondary:
8a 9a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices. Loss of holding pools for Chinook adults from past and/or present land use practices resulting in increased prespawning mortality. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of Chinook summer parr. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices leading to prespawning mortality. Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices. Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of steelhead fry and summer parr.
Note: Influence on VSP Implementation Response Parameters Timeframes
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
137 - Maintain existing revetments in a more natural manner and minimize new ones. 304 – Restore natural riparian communities and their function
Private landowners, USACE, SWCD
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
Moderate (ChS) Low (StW)
Private landowners, BLM, Molalla River Watch, Molalla River Stewards, OWEB, ODFW, SWCD
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
Moderate (ChS) High (StW)
Comments: Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 131
Certainty of Implementation
Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
5 - Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary:
10b Insufficient stream flows due to landuse related water withdrawals resulting in impaired water quality and reduced habitat availability reducing survival of Chinook fry, summer parr and winter parr.
Note: Influence on VSP Implementation Response Parameters Timeframes
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Comments: No actions specific to the Molalla Basin are identified. Recover will rely on statewide programs.
Chapter 7 – page 132
Certainty of Implementation
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
6 - Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
8a 8b
Secondary:
8a
Impaired physical habitat for Chinook winter parr and steelhead winter parr from past and/or present landuse practices. Loss of holding pools for Chinook adults from past and/or present land use practices resulting in increased prespawning mortality. Impaired physical habitat for Chinook fry and summer parr from past and/or present landuse practices.
Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Status
Implementation Response
137 - Maintain USACE, private revetments in a more landowners natural manner and minimize new ones in the future
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS) Low (StW)
Moderate
169 - Develop a cooperative agreement or habitat conservation plan with land owners to protect fish habitat
Private landowners,
New action
< 10 years
Immediate High (ChS) High (StW)
Moderate
167 - Implement habitat improvement projects
Private landowners, BLM, Molalla River Watch, Molalla River Stewards, OWEB, ODFW, SWCD
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate Moderate (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Moderate
184 - Reduce harassment of adult spring Chinook
OSP, ODFW, Molalla River Watch,
Expansion of existing
< 5 years
Immediate Moderate (ChS)
Chapter 7 – page 133
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
while they are holding during the summer.
Molalla River Stewards
August 2007
program
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 134
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
7 - Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
9a
Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of Chinook summer parr.
Secondary:
9a
Elevated water temperatures from past and/or present land use practices resulting in decreased survival and/or growth of steelhead fry and summer parr.
Note:
Only actions for altered temperature affect identified limiting factors. Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
151 - Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities
Private landowners, BLM, SWCD, local governments
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
279 - Implement Oregon Private landowners Association of Nurseries agricultural land spraying proposals
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate Moderate (ChS) Low (StW)
High
155 - Improve water quality of headwater areas for oversummering Chinook
Expansion of existing program
> 10 years
> 10 years
Moderate
Private landowners, BLM, Molalla River Watch, Molalla River Stewards
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 135
Moderate (ChS) Low (StW)
High (ChS)
Moderate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
8 - Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary:
7a
Fine sediment in spawning gravel from past and/or present land use practices reduces survival of Chinook eggs and alevins, and steelhead eggs and alevins.
Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Comments: No actions specific to the Calapooia watershed are identified. Recovery will rely on statewide programs.
Chapter 7 – page 136
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
11 - Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary: Note:
Not identified as a current limiting factor, but important actions for recovery of listed fish Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
108 - Minimize illegal harvest of adult Chinook
OSP
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate Medium (ChS)
High
86 - Continue to prohibit harvest of wild winter steelhead.
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate Medium (StW)
High
287 - Maintain trout angling restrictions to protect juvenile winter steelhead
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate Medium (StW)
173 - Modify angling regulations to increase protection of adult Chinook holding in the summer.
ODFW
New action
< 5 years
Immediate High (ChS)
179 - Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose fin-clip.
ODFW
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate Medium (ChS)
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 137
High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
Chapter 7 – page 138
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Molalla
August 2007
Molalla - Management Strategy: Reduce hatchery related genetic effects on natural origin Chinook and steelhead to appropriate levels. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
3a
Hatchery fish interbreeding with wild Chinook adults resulting in a risk of genetic introgression.
Secondary: Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation Response
174 - Reform the existing hatchery Chinook program (nonlocal stock) to conservation and supplementation program
ODFW, Molalla River Stewards, Native Fish Society
New action
< 5 years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 139
Influence on VSP Parameters
Immediate High (ChS)
Certainty of Implementation High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
Clackamas The Clackamas River watershed contains species from both the Lower Columbia and Upper Willamette ESUs. Winter steelhead, summer steelhead, coho, and fall Chinook are included in the Lower Columbia ESUs and DPSs. However, spring Chinook have been classified as part of the Upper Willamette River Chinook ESU. Spring Chinook management actions are being developed with the other species in the Lower Columbia River Recovery Planning process. Once the management actions for spring Chinook in the Clackamas River have been finalized, the Willamette Recovery Plan will include those actions for Clackamas spring Chinook.
Chapter 7 – page 140
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
Mainstem Willamette (above the falls) and Westside tributaries The mainstem Willamette River supports both winter steelhead and spring Chinook at various life stages throughout the entire year. Juvenile Chinook and steelhead enter the Westside tributaries to rear. The key and secondary limiting factors in the mainstem Willamette and Westside tributaries are related predominately to land use and dam effects (see and Chapter 6 for a full description). •
Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle.
•
Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function.
•
Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions.
•
Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity.
•
Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods.
•
Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity.
•
Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality.
•
Restore degraded upland processes to minimize unnatural rates of erosion and runoff, and maintain unimpaired natural upland processes.
Chapter 7 – page 141
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
Table 28. Summary of key and secondary limiting factors and threats for Chinook and steelhead in the Weside tributaries and mainstem Willamette River. The limiting factors and threats assessment for the entire life cycle limiting is found in Chapter 6. West Side Tributaries Threats Harvest
Species
Parr
Mainstem Willamette (above falls) Parr
Smolt
Chinook Steelhead Chinook
Hatchery Steelhead Chinook
10d
Hydropower/ Flood Control
10c
Steelhead
10d Landuse
Chinook
8a
Steelhead Introduced Species
8a 8a
Chinook
Steelhead Black cells indicated key concerns; Gray cells indicated secondary concerns. Key threats and limiting factors 10c Reduced flows during spring reservoir filling result in increased water temperatures that lead to increased disease. Secondary threats and limiting factors 8a
Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices.
10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of fish habitat by reducing channel movement that is important for recruitment of gravel and large wood, and maintaining varying seral stages of riparian vegetation. Lower peak flows also reduces scour and formation of pools.
Chapter 7 – page 142
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
Table 29. List of specific management actions identified in the Weside tributaries and mainstem Willamette River. Actions are linked to the specific limiting factor category and potential threats identified in Chapter 6. Limiting Factor Category All habitat limiting factors
Habitat access
Physical habitat quality
Threats
Management Action
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Flood control / hydropower
Flood control / hydropower, land use
Action #
Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
13
Protect and restore aquatic habitat function at the mouths of Willamette River tributaries.
57
Ensure safe passage of juvenile Chinook and steelhead through Sullivan Plant at Willamette Falls.
294
Ensure safe passage of adult Chinook and steelhead at Willamette Falls.
NEW
Evaluate releasing flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows.
213
Increase native floodplain forest using the framework in the Willamette Planning Atlas.
320
Restore substrate recruitment from tributary areas.
288
Restore natural riparian communities and their function, using the framework in the Willamette Planning Atlas.
293
Increase channel complexity of the mainstem Willamette River, using the framework in the Willamette Planning Atlas.
319
Identify sites where habitat restoration is desireable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor.
72
Increase non-structural storage capacity of flood water along the mainstem Willamette River, using the framework in the Willamette Planning Atlas.
133
Maintain revetments in a more natural manner and minimize new ones.
160
Chapter 7 – page 143
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
Population traits
August 2007
Continue to prohibit harvest of wild winter steelhead.
Harvest
Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose fin-clip . Water quality
Land use
Water Flood control / quantity/Hydrograph hydropower, land use
341 2
Develop outreach and education program for landowners on best management practices to reduce adverse effects on fish and their habitat.
168
Implement Oregon Association of Nurseries agricultural land spraying proposals
340
Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities.
150
Release flows from storage dams to meet flow targets in mainstem Willamette River for rearing and migration.
30
Ensure future US Bureau of Reclamation water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections.
221
Chapter 7 – page 144
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
Table 30. List of the management actions identified in the Westside tributaries and mainstem Willamette River prioritized by the potential benefits to recovering Chinook and steelhead. Influence on VSP Parameters
Management Action
Action #
High
Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures.
13
High
Release flows from storage dams to meet flow targets in mainstem Willamette River for rearing and migration.
30
High
Protect and restore aquatic habitat function at the mouths of Willamette River tributaries.
57
High
Identify sites where habitat restoration is desireable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor.
72
High
Increase non-structural storage capacity of flood water along the mainstem Willamette River, using the framework in the "Willamette Planning Atlas."
133
High
Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities.
150
High
Work with local governments to improve water withdrawal & discharge practices in the mainstem Willamette
163
High
Ensure future US Bureau of Reclamation water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections.
221
High
Restore substrate recruitment from tributary areas.
288
High
Restore natural riparian communities and their function, using the framework in the Willamette Planning Atlas.
293
High
Increase channel complexity of the mainstem Willamette River, using the framework in the Willamette Planning Atlas.
319
High
Increase native floodplain forest using the framework in the Willamette Planning Atlas.
320
Moderate
Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose fin-clip.
2
Moderate
Maintain existing revetments in a more natural manner and minimize new ones in the future.
160
Moderate
Ensure safe passage of juvenile and adult Chinook and steelhead at Willamette Falls.
294 5
Low
Maintain liberal bag limits (no limit on size or number) on nonnative largemouth bass and smallmouth bass in mainstem Willamette above Albany.
Chapter 7 – page 145
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
Continue to prohibit harvest of wild winter steelhead.
341
Develop outreach and education program for landowners on best management practices to reduce adverse effects on fish and their habitat.
168
Not ranked Not ranked
Evaluate releasing flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows
213
Low
Chapter 7 – page 146
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
Table 31. A series of tables with the management actions identified in the mainstem Willamette River describing key entities, and implementation and response timeframes. 1 - Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their primary life history strategies throughout their life cycle. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary:
8a
Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices reduces survival of Chinook parr and smolts, and steelhead smolts.
Note: Timeframes Management Action 13 - Protect the highest quality habitats through acquisition or conservation measures. 57 - Protect and restore aquatic habitat function at the mouths of Willamette River tributaries
Key Entities Private landowners Watershed councils, OWEB, SWCD, USDA FSA, land trusts, NGOs Private landowners, Watershed councils, OWEB, SWCD, USDA FSA, land trusts, NGOs
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Status
Implementation
Response
Expansion of existing program
Ongoing
> 10years
Moderate (ChS) Low (StW)
Low
Expansion of existing program
Ongoing
Immediate
Moderate (ChS) Low (StW)
Low
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 147
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
2 - Restore floodplain connectivity and function and maintain unimpaired connectivity and function. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary:
8a
Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices reduces survival of Chinook parr and smolts, and steelhead smolts. 10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of fish habitat by reducing channel movement that is important for recruitment of gravel and large wood, and maintaining varying seral stages of riparian vegetation. Lower peak flows also reduces scour and formation of pools.
Note: Timeframes Management Action
Key Entities
320 - Increase native floodplain forest using the framework in the Willamette Planning Atlas. 133 - Increase nonstructural storage capacity of flood water along the mainstem Willamette River, using the framework in the Willamette Planning Atlas.
Status
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Implementation
Response
Private landowners Expansion Watershed councils, of existing OWEB, SWCD, program USDA FSA, land trusts, NGOs,
> 10years
Immediate
High (ChS) Low (StW)
Low
Private landowners, New action Watershed councils, USACE, SWCD, USDA FSA, land trusts, NGOs
> 10years
Immediate
High (ChS) Low (StW)
Low
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 148
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
3 - Restore riparian condition and large woody debris recruitment and maintain unimpaired conditions. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary:
8a
Impaired physical habitat from past and/or present land use practices reduces survival of Chinook parr and smolts, and steelhead smolts.
Note: Timeframes Management Action 293 – Restore natural riparian communities and their function, using the framework in the Willamette Planning Atlas. Comments:
Key Entities
Status
Private landowners, Expansion Watershed councils, of existing USACE, SWCD, program USDA FSA, land trusts, NGOs
Implementation
Response
> 10 years
> 10 years
Chapter 7 – page 149
Influence on VSP Parameters High (ChS) Low (StW)
Certainty of Implementation Low
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
4 - Restore or improve passage and connectivity to habitats where migration is blocked or impaired by artificial barriers and maintain unimpaired passage and connectivity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary: Note:
Not identified as a limiting factor but important for recovery. Timeframes
Management Action 294 - Ensure safe passage of juvenile Chinook and steelhead through Sullivan Plant at Willamette Falls. NEW - Ensure safe passage of adult Chinook and steelhead at Willamette Falls.
Key Entities Portland General Electric Odfw
Status
Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Ongoing Ongoing
Immediate Moderate (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Ongoing Ongoing
Immediate High (ChS) High (StW)
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 150
Certainty of Implementation High
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
5 - Restore altered hydrograph to provide sufficient flow during critical periods. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary:
10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of fish habitat by reducing channel movement that is important for recruitment of gravel and large wood, and maintaining varying seral stages of riparian vegetation which reduces survival of Chinook parr and smolt and steelhead smolts. Lower peak flows also reduces scour and formation of pools.
Note: Timeframes
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation
Response
221 - Ensure future US Bureau of Reclamation water service contracts do not reduce instream flow protections
BOR
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
Immediate
Moderate (ChS) Low (StW)
High
30 - Release flows from storage dams to meet flow targets in the mainstem Willamette River for rearing and migration
USACE,
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immediate
Moderate (ChS) Moderate (StW)
High
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 151
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
6 - Restore degraded channel structure and complexity and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary:
10d Reduced peak flows leading to decreased channel complexity and diversity of fish habitat by reducing channel movement that is important for recruitment of gravel and large wood, and maintaining varying seral stages of riparian vegetation which reduces survival of Chinook parr and smolt and steelhead smolts. Lower peak flows also reduces scour and formation of pools.
Note:
Management Action
Key Entities
Status
Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
213 – Evaluate releasing flows from dams to provide channel forming/restoring flows
USACE, Nature Conservancy
Expansion of existing program
< 5 years
< 5 years
NA
Low
72 - Identify sites in the mainstem Willamette where habitat restoration is desirable, design restoration projects, implement work, and monitor
Private landowners, Expansion USACE, watershed of existing councils, SWCD, program USDA FSA, land trusts
< 10 years
Immediate
High (ChS) Low (StW)
Low
160 - Maintain existing revetments in a more natural manner and minimize new ones in the future
USACE, private landowners
Expansion of existing program
Ongoing
Immediate
Moderate (ChS) Low (StW)
Low
288 - Restore substrate recruitment to the
USACE, private landowners
Expansion of existing
< 10 years
Immediate
Low (ChS) Low (StW)
High
Timeframes
Chapter 7 – page 152
Certainty of Implementation
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
mainstem Willamette River from tributary areas. 319 - Increase channel complexity of the mainstem Willamette River, using the framework in the Willamette Planning Atlas.
August 2007
program
Private landowners, Expansion USACE, watershed of existing councils, SWCD, program USDA FSA, land trusts
> 10 years
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 153
High (ChS) Moderate (StW)
Low
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
7 - Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key:
10c Reduced flows during spring reservoir filling result in increased water temperatures that lead to increased disease for steelhead smolts.
Secondary: Note:
Only actions for altered temperature affect identified limiting factors. Timeframes Implementation
Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
ODA, ODF, Expansion watershed councils, of existing NGOs program
< 10 years
Immediate
Unknown
Moderate
150 - Reduce nutrient and pesticide loading in streams from land use activities
Private landowners, Expansion local governments of existing program
> 10 years
Immediate
Low (ChS) Low (StW)
Moderate
30 - Release flows from storage dams to meet flow targets in mainstem Willamette River for rearing and migration.
USACE
Ongoing
Ongoing
Immeadiate
Moderate (ChS) High (StW)
340 - Implement Oregon Association of Nurseries agricultural land spraying proposals
Private landowners
New action
< 5 years
Immediate
Low (ChS) Low (StW)
Management Action
Key Entities
168 - Develop outreach and education program for landowners on best management practices to reduce adverse effects on fish and their habitat
Status
Comments: Chapter 7 – page 154
Certainty of Implementation
Low
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
Chapter 7 – page 155
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Mainstem Willamette
August 2007
11 - Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary: Note:
Not identified as a current limiting factor, but important actions for recovery of listed fish Timeframes
Management Action
Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Certainty of Parameters Implementation
Key Entities
Status
ODFW
Ongoing Ongoing
Immediate
Low (ChS)
High
341 - Continue to ODFW prohibit harvest of wild winter steelhead.
Ongoing Ongoing
Immediate
Low (StW)
High
2 - Continue to prohibit harvest of spring Chinook without an adipose finclip
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 156
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Estuary
August 2007
Estuary There are eight management strategies related to habitat limiting factors and threats to Chinook and steelhead populations as they rear and migrate through the Columbia River estuary. These strategies, their relation to estuarine habitat limiting factors and threats to the recovery of LCR Chinook and steelhead populations are shown in Table 7.3. Table 7-3. Relationship between management strategies and habitat limiting factors and threats in the Columbia River estuary. Limiting Factors Addressed
Management Strategies 1 - Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their life history strategies throughout their life cycle.
All habitat limiting factors
Threats Addressed See individual limiting factors.
2 - Provide magnitude and timing of flows that support the ecological needs of salmon and steelhead populations as they rear and migrate through the estuary.
Water quantity/hydrograph, Climate cycles and global warming Physical habitat quality, & Water withdrawal Habitat Access Flow regulation
3 - Provide magnitude and timing of sediment and protect exsiting sediment resources that support the ecological needs of salmon and steelhead populations as they rear and migrate through the estuary. 4 - Restore floodplain connectivity and function, and maintain unimpaired floodplain connectivity and function.
Entrapment of sediment in reservoirs Food web & Physical habitat Impaired sediment transport quality Dredging
5 - Restore channel structure and complexity, and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity.
Food web & Physical habitat Pile dikes and navigational structures quality Over-water structures
6 - Reduce the beach stranding of juvenile salmon and steelhead as they rear and migrate through the estuary.
Food web, Physical habitat Dikes and filling quality, & habitat access
Population traits
Ship wakes Reservoir phytoplankton production
7 - Restore impaired food web dynamics and function, and maintain unimpaired dynamics and function.
Food web, Predation, Competition, & Introduced species
Altered predator/prey relationships exacerbated by changes in estuarine habitat conditions Ship ballast practices Agricultural practices
8 - Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality
Food web & Water quality
Urban and industrial practices Riparian practices Reservoir heating
The Columbia River Estuary Recovery Plan Module (Lower Columbia River Fish Recovery Board 2006) identifies 23 management actions that address the range of threats to salmonids in the estuary. As with the management actions for tributary habitat, these actions are designed to protect and improve ecosystem functions and restore normative ecological processes. The following tables show the strategies and actions needed to address estuarine habitat limiting factors and threats to salmonids in the Columbia River estuary. Key and secondary limiting factors and threats are shown along with the viability parameters and life stages that are most affected. Tables also identify priority locations that are stream reaches or areas where actions should be implemented first to achieve the greatest benefit. For each management action, key programs, the status of current efforts, implementation timeframe, expected biophysical response timeframe, and certainty of action implementation are also outlined.
Chapter 7 – page 157
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Estuary
August 2007
Table 32. Management Strategies, Actions, Priority Areas, and Key Programs to address Habitat Limiting Factors and Threats in the Columbia River Estuary Key and secondary estuarine habitat limiting factors and hydrosystem related threats, VSP parameters primarily affected, and life stages primarily affected, and priority locations for actions.
Threats
Population
Estuary (below Bonneville and Willamette Falls) Fingerling/ SubReturning Fry yearling Yearling Adults aa
9 a b b d 5 5 7 10
Coho aa
Chum Fall Chinook Hydro
Late Fall Chinook
9 a b b d 5 5 7 10 aa 9 a b b d 5 5 7 10 aa 9 a b b d 5 5 7 10
Winter Steelhead Summer Steelhead
5a - Reduced macrodetrital inputs as a result of construction of revetments along the estuary shorelines, the disposal of dredged material in what formerly were shallow or wetland areas, and reductions in flow due to the hydropower system that impairs the growth and survival of yearling coho, chum fry, fall and late chinook fry, fingerling-subyearling, spring chinook fingerlingsubyearling and yearling, and fingerling-subyearling and yearling summer and winter steelhead. VSP Parameters Primarily Effected: Abundance, diversity, productivity Priority Locations: NEED TO IDENTIFY 5b - Increased microdetrital inputs as a result of decaying phytoplankton delivered from upstream Columbia River reservoirs that impairs the growth and survival of yearling coho, chum fry, fall and late chinook fry, fingerling-subyearling, spring chinook fingerling-subyearling and yearling, and fingerling-subyearling and yearling summer and winter steelhead. VSP Parameters Primarily Effected: Abundance, diversity, productivity Priority Locations: NEED TO IDENTIFY
aa
Spring Chinook
Key:
9 a b b d 5 5 7 10 aa 9 a b b d 5 5 7 10 aa 9 a b b d 5 5 7 10
d
6
d
6
d
6
7b - Altered fine sediment transport as a result of reduced sand discharge into the estuary due to alterations to spring freshet flows related to the hydropower/flood control system that impairs the growth and survival of yearling coho, chum fry, fall and late chinook fry, fingerling-subyearling, spring chinook fingerling-subyearling and yearling, and fingerling-subyearling and yearling summer and winter steelhead. VSP Parameters Primarily Effected: Abundance, diversity, productivity Priority Locations: NEED TO IDENTIFY 10d - Altered timing and magnitude of spring freshets as a result of flow alterations associated with the hydropower/flood control system and water withdrawals that impairs the growth and survival of yearling coho, chum fry, fall and late chinook fry, fingerling-subyearling, spring chinook fingerling-subyearling and yearling, and fingerling-subyearling and yearling summer and winter steelhead. VSP Parameters Primarily Effected: Abundance, diversity, productivity Priority Locations: NEED TO IDENTIFY
Secondary: 6d – Predation by marine mammals on spring chinook, winter steelhead and summer steelhead returning adults exacerbated concentrating and delaying fish as they pass over Bonneville dam. VSP Parameters Primarily Effected: Abundance, diversity, productivity Priority Locations: Bonneville Dam 9aa – Impoundment of water above Columbia River basin dams results in solar heating and elevated temperatures of river water entering the estuary that impairs the growth and survival of yearling coho, chum fry, fall and late chinook fry, fingerlingsubyearling, spring chinook fingerling-subyearling and yearling, and fingerling-subyearling and yearling summer and winter steelhead. VSP Parameters Primarily Effected: Abundance, diversity, productivity Priority Locations: NEED TO IDENTIFY
Chapter 7 – page 158
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Estuary
August 2007
Key and secondary estuarine habitat limiting factors and land use related threats, VSP parameters primarily affected, and life stages primarily affected, and priority locations for actions (continued).
Threats
Population
Estuary (below Bonneville and Willamette Falls) Fingerling/ SubReturning Fry yearling Yearling Adults b a a b c
6 899 9 a 5
Coho a a b c
Chum
Fall Chinook
899 9 a 5 a a b c 8999 a 5 a a b c
Landuse
Late Fall Chinook
Spring Chinook Winter Steelhead Summer Steelhead
Key:
5a - Reduced macrodetrital inputs as a result of construction of revetments along the estuary shorelines, the disposal of dredged material in what formerly were shallow or wetland areas, and reductions in flow due to the hydropower system that impairs the growth and survival of yearling coho, chum fry, fall and late chinook fry, fingerling-subyearling, spring chinook fingerling-subyearling and yearling, and fingerling-subyearling and yearling summer and winter steelhead. VSP Parameters Primarily Effected: Abundance, diversity, productivity Priority Locations: NEED TO IDENTIFY
Secondary: 6
b
6
b
6b – Predation by Caspian terns, double-crested cormorants, and a variety of gull species on yearling coho, fall and late chinook fingerling-subyearling, spring chinook fingerling-subyearling and yearling, and fingerling-subyearling and yearling summer and winter steelhead excacerbated by alterations to estuarine habitat. VSP Parameters Primarily Effected: Abundance, diversity, productivity Priority Locations: NEED TO IDENTIFY
8999 a 5
b a a b c
6899 9 a 5 b a a b c 6899 9 a 5 b a a b c 6899 9 a 5
Black cells indicated key concerns; Gray cells indicated secondary concerns; Cross-hatched
8a – Impaired physical habitat condition due to dredging, disposal of sand and gravel, wetland filling, in-water and over-water structures, dikes, and navigational structures that impairs the growth and survival of yearling coho, chum fry, fall and late chinook fry, fingerling-subyearling, spring chinook fingerling-subyearling and yearling, and fingerling-subyearling and yearling summer and winter steelhead. VSP Parameters Primarily Effected: Abundance, diversity, productivity Priority Locations: NEED TO IDENTIFY 9a – Past and present land management practices that have altered riparian conditions resulting in reduced stream shading and elevated water temperatures that impairs the growth and survival of yearling coho, chum fry, fall and late chinook fry, fingerling-subyearling, spring chinook fingerling-subyearling and yearling, and fingerling-subyearling and yearling summer and winter steelhead. VSP Parameters Primarily Effected: Abundance, diversity, productivity Priority Locations: NEED TO IDENTIFY 9b – Agricultural practices in the estuary and throughout the Columbia River basin that contribute water-soluble contaminants and other potentially toxic contaminants that impairs the growth and survival of yearling coho, chum fry, fall and late chinook fry, fingerling-subyearling, spring chinook fingerling-subyearling and yearling, and fingerling-subyearling and yearling summer and winter steelhead. VSP Parameters Primarily Effected: Abundance, diversity, productivity Priority Locations: NEED TO IDENTIFY 9c – Urban and industrial practices that create toxic chemicals that are transported to the estuary that impairs the growth and survival of yearling coho, chum fry, fall and late chinook fry, fingerling-subyearling, spring chinook fingerling-subyearling and yearling, and fingerling-subyearling and yearling summer and winter steelhead. VSP Parameters Primarily Effected: Abundance, diversity, productivity Priority Locations: NEED TO IDENTIFY
Estuary - Management Strategy 1: Protect and conserve natural ecological processes that support the viability of populations and their life history strategies throughout their life cycle. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy
Chapter 7 – page 159
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Estuary
August 2007
5a - Reduced macrodetrital inputs as a result of construction of revetments along the estuary shorelines, the disposal of dredged material in what formerly were shallow or wetland areas, and reductions in flow due to the hydropower system. 7b - Altered fine sediment transport as a result of reduced sand discharge into the estuary due to alterations to spring freshet flows related to the hydropower/flood control system. 10d - Altered timing and magnitude of spring freshets as a result of flow alterations associated with the hydropower/flood control system and water withdrawals. Secondary No secondary concerns. Key Management Actions, Status of Current Efforts, Implementation Timeframe, Expected Response, and Certainty of Outcome Influence Key Implementation Response on VSP Certainty of Key Management Actions Entities Status Timeframe Timeframe Parameters Implementation Protect highest quality habitats and conserve rare and unique functioning habitats through acquisition and easements. Consistently apply Best Management Practices and existing laws to protect and conserve natural ecological processes. Comments: Key
Estuary- Management Strategy 2: Restore floodplain connectivity and function, and maintain unimpaired floodplain connectivity and function. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy 5a - Reduced macrodetrital inputs as a result of construction of revetments along the estuary shorelines, the disposal of dredged material in what formerly were shallow or wetland areas, and reductions in flow due to the hydropower system. Key 10d - Altered timing and magnitude of spring freshets as a result of flow alterations associated with the hydropower/flood control system and water withdrawals. 8a – Impaired physical habitat condition due to dredging, disposal of sand and gravel, wetland filling, in-water and overSecondary water structures, dikes, and navigational structures. Key Management Actions, Status of Current Efforts, Implementation Timeframe, Expected Response, and Certainty of Outcome Key Implementation Response Influence Certainty of Key Management Actions Entities Status Timeframe Timeframe on VSP Implementation Chapter 7 – page 160
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Estuary
August 2007
Parameters Breach or lower dikes and levees to improve access to off-channel habitats Adjust the timing, magnitude and frequency of flows (especially spring freshets) entering the estuary and plume to provide better transport of sediments and access to habitats in the estuary, plume, and littoral cell. Protect remaining high-quality off-channel habitat from degradation through education, regulation, and fee simple and less-than-fee acquisition. Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 161
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Estuary
August 2007
Estuary - Management Strategy 3: Provide magnitude and timing of sediment and protect existing sediment resources that support the ecological needs of salmon and steelhead populations as they rear and migrate through the estuary. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy 7b - Altered fine sediment transport as a result of reduced sand discharge into the estuary due to alterations to spring Key freshet flows related to the hydropower/flood control system. Secondary No secondary concerns identified. Key Management Actions, Status of Current Efforts, Implementation Timeframe, Expected Response, and Certainty of Outcome Influence Key Implementation Response on VSP Certainty of Key Management Actions Entities Status Timeframe Timeframe Parameters Implementation Study and mitigate the effects of entrapment of sediment in reservoirs, to improve nourishment of the littoral cell. Reduce the export of sand and gravels via dredge operations by using dredged materials beneficially. Reduce entrainment and habitat effects resulting from main- and side-channel dredge activities in the estuary. Adjust the timing, magnitude and frequency of flows (especially spring freshets) entering the estuary and plume to provide better transport of sediments and access to habitats in the estuary, plume, and littoral cell. Comments: Estuary - Management Strategy 4: Provide magnitude and timing of flows that support the ecological needs of salmon and steelhead populations as they rear and migrate through the estuary. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy a 5 - Reduced macrodetrital inputs as a result of construction of revetments along the estuary shorelines, the disposal of Key dredged material in what formerly were shallow or wetland areas, and reductions in flow due to the hydropower system. Chapter 7 – page 162
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Estuary
August 2007
7b - Altered fine sediment transport as a result of reduced sand discharge into the estuary due to alterations to spring freshet flows related to the hydropower/flood control system. 10d - Altered timing and magnitude of spring freshets as a result of flow alterations associated with the hydropower/flood control system and water withdrawals. Secondary No secondary concerns. Key Management Actions, Status of Current Efforts, Implementation Timeframe, Expected Response, and Certainty of Outcome Influence Key Implementation Response on VSP Certainty of Key Management Actions Entities Status Timeframe Timeframe Parameters Implementation Establish legal instream flows for the estuary that would help prevent further degradation of the ecosystem. Adjust the timing, magnitude and frequency of flows (especially spring freshets) entering the estuary and plume to provide better transport of sediments and access to habitats in the estuary, plume, and littoral cell. Comments: Estuary- Management Strategy 5: Restore channel structure and complexity, and maintain unimpaired structure and complexity. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key No key concerns 8a – Impaired physical habitat condition due to dredging, disposal of sand and gravel, wetland filling, in-water and overSecondary water structures, dikes, and navigational structures. Key Management Actions, Status of Current Efforts, Implementation Timeframe, Expected Response, and Certainty of Outcome Influence Key Implementation Response on VSP Certainty of Key Management Actions Entites Status Timeframe Timeframe Parameters Implementation Remove pile dikes that have low navigational Chapter 7 – page 163
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Estuary
August 2007
value but high impact on estuary circulation and/or juvenile predation effects. Reduce the square footage of over-water structures in the estuary. Protect intact riparian areas in the estuary and its tributaries and restore riparian areas that are degraded. Comments: Estuary - Management Strategy 6: Reduce the beach stranding of juvenile salmon and steelhead as they rear and migrate through the estuary. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key No key concerns Secondary No secondary concerns Key Management Actions, Status of Current Efforts, Implementation Timeframe, Expected Response, and Certainty of Outcome Influence Key Implementation Response on VSP Certainty of Key Management Actions Entities Status Timeframe Timeframe Parameters Implementation Reduce the effects of vessel wake stranding in the estuary. Comments: Need further research and monitoring to assess the current impact of this threat.
Chapter 7 – page 164
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Estuary
August 2007
Estuary - Management Strategy 7: Restore impaired food web dynamics and function, and maintain unimpaired dynamics and function. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy 5a - Reduced macrodetrital inputs as a result of construction of revetments along the estuary shorelines, the disposal of dredged material in what formerly were shallow or wetland areas, and reductions in flow due to the hydropower system. 5b - Increased microdetrital inputs as a result of decaying phytoplankton delivered from upstream Columbia River reservoirs. 7b - Altered fine sediment transport as a result of reduced sand discharge into the estuary due to alterations to spring freshet flows related to the hydropower/flood control system. 10d - Altered timing and magnitude of spring freshets as a result of flow alterations associated with the Key hydropower/flood control system and water withdrawals. 6d – Predation by marine mammals exacerbated concentrating and delaying fish as they pass over Bonneville dam. Secondary 6b – Predation by Caspian terns, double-crested cormorants, and a variety of gull species excacerbated by alterations to estuarine habitat. Key Management Actions, Status of Current Efforts, Implementation Timeframe, Expected Response, and Certainty of Outcome Influence Key Implementation Response on VSP Certainty of Key Management Actions Entities Status Timeframe Timeframe Parameters Implementation Breach or lower dikes and levees to improve access to off-channel habitats Adjust the timing, magnitude and frequency of flows (especially spring freshets) entering the estuary and plume to provide better transport of sediments and access to habitats in the estuary, plume, and littoral cell. Protect remaining high-quality off-channel habitat from degradation through education, regulation, and fee simple and less-than-fee acquisition. Establish legal instream flows for the estuary that would help prevent further degradation of Chapter 7 – page 165
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Estuary
August 2007
the ecosystem. Study and mitigate the effects of entrapment of sediment in reservoirs, to improve nourishment of the littoral cell. Reduce the export of sand and gravels via dredge operations by using dredged materials beneficially. Reduce entrainment and habitat effects resulting from main- and side-channel dredge activities in the estuary. Manage pikeminnow, smallmouth bass, walleye, and channel catfish to prevent increases in abundance. Identify and implement actions to reduce salmonid predation by pinnipeds. Implement education and monitoring projects and enforce existing laws to reduce the introduction and spread of noxious weeds. Implement projects to redistribute part of the Caspian tern colony currently nesting on East Sand Island. Implement projects to reduce double-crested cormorant habitats and encourage dispersal to other locations. Reduce the abundance of shad entering the estuary. Prevent new invertebrate introductions and reduce the effects of existing infestations. Comments: Estuary - Management Strategy 8: Improve degraded water quality and maintain unimpaired water quality. Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key No key concerns. Chapter 7 – page 166
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Estuary
August 2007
9a – Past and present land management practices that have altered riparian conditions resulting in reduced stream shading and elevated water temperatures. 9aa – Impoundment of water above Columbia River basin dams results in solar heating and elevated temperatures of Secondary river water entering the estuary. 9b – Agricultural practices in the estuary and throughout the Columbia River basin that contribute water-soluble contaminants and other potentially toxic contaminants. 9c – Urban and industrial practices that create toxic chemicals that are transported to the estuary. Key Management Actions, Status of Current Efforts, Implementation Timeframe, Expected Response, and Certainty of Outcome Influence Key Implementation Response on VSP Certainty of Key Management Actions Entites Status Timeframe Timeframe Parameters Implementation Protect intact riparian areas in the estuary and its tributaries and restore riparian areas that are degraded. Modify hydrosystem operations to reduce the effects of reservoir surface heating, or conduct mitigation measures. Implement pesticide and fertilizer best management practices to reduce estuary and upstream sources of toxic contaminants entering the estuary. Identify and reduce industrial, commercial, and public sources of pollutants. Implement stormwater best management practices in cities and towns. Monitor the estuary for contaminants and restore contaminated sites. Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 167
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Ocean
August 2007
Ocean The ocean environment is vastly important to spring Chinook and winters steelhead survival and recovery. However, only management action that can be directly controlled in this Recovery Plan is harvest in US and Canadian commercial and sport fisheries. Therefore, the only management action stated for the ocean is management of ocean fisheries via the Pacific Salmon Treaty (a harvest agreement between Canada and US). Table 33. Table with the management action identified in the ocean. Key entities, and implementation and response timeframes are described.
Chapter 7 – page 168
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Ocean
August 2007
Ocean - Management Strategy: Implement a fishery management regime that will allow recovery of natural origin Chinook and steelhead Key and Secondary Limiting Factors/Threats Addressed by Strategy Key: Secondary: Note:
Not identified as a current limiting factor, but important actions for recovery of listed fish
Management Action
Key Entities Status
62 - Ensure ocean fishery exploitation rates will allow recovery of Chinook Chinook populations (when combined with freshwater fishery impacts).
PFMC, NOAA Fisheries, ODFW
Ongoing
Timeframes Implementation Response
Influence on VSP Parameters
Certainty of Implementation
Ongoing
High
High
Comments:
Chapter 7 – page 169
Immediate
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
August 2007
7.5 – Statewide Habitat Management Program Suffiencies Table 34. Percentage of total basin area by designated land use for Upper Willamette River steelhead populations. Federal Forest
State Forest
Private Forest
Calapooia
6%
0%
28%
60%
5%
0%
Molalla
10%
4%
32%
49%
6%
0%
North Santiam
62%
6%
13%
14%
3%
2%
South Santiam
32%
1%
39%
25%
3%
1%
Population
Agriculture Urban Other
Table 35. Percentage of total basin area by designated land use for Upper Willamette River Chinook populations. Federal Forest
State Forest
Private Forest
Calapooia
6%
0%
28%
60%
5%
0%
McKenzie
66%
0%
24%
4%
3%
4%
Middle Fork Willamette
80%
0%
12%
3%
2%
3%
Molalla
10%
4%
32%
49%
6%
0%
North Santiam
62%
6%
13%
14%
3%
2%
South Santiam
32%
1%
39%
25%
3%
1%
Population
Chapter 7 – page 170
Agriculture Urban Other
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
August 2007
Table 36. Series of tables describing various statewide programs in Oregon. Tables taken directly from the statewide program review conducted in 2007. Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Agriculture Program Name: Agricultural Water Quality Management (SB 1010) Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest State Forest Private Forest Agriculture √ Residential All agricultural practices and water pollution associated with activities on agricultural and rural lands, excluding federal or tribal trust lands. Management Strategies Ecologica Floodplai Riparian Flow/ Hillslope l Habitat Channel Water n Condition Hydrogra Processes Processes Access Structure Quality √ Function √ ph √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Agricultural chemicals (organophoshates and other Factor/Thre : insecticides) that impair growth and survival. at: Basin plans and rules are reviewed biennially and modified as necessary to meet Rational for deficiencies and new requirements or information. ODA focuses efforts and Sufficiency resources on areas of highest priority and program is enforced. Given more Characteriz resources (funding), implementation of on-the-ground actions would be ation: accelerated. Modificatio Biennial reviews will determine if modifications are needed. ns Needed: Landowner cooperation, capacity for outreach, changing land ownerships and Program new landowners knowledge of agricultural issues, perception that this is only a Constraints: complaint driven process, technical assistance, adequate monitoring at meaningful scales. Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian Factor/Thre : conditions that increase stress and mortality. at: Basin plans and rules are reviewed biennially and modified as necessary to meet Rational for deficiencies and new requirements or information. ODA focuses efforts and Sufficiency resources on areas of highest priority and program is enforced. Given more Characteriz resources (funding), implementation of on-the-ground actions would be ation: accelerated. Biennial reviews will determine if modifications are needed.
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Modificatio ns Needed: Landowner cooperation, capacity for outreach, changing land ownerships and Program new landowners knowledge of agricultural issues, perception that this is only a Constraints: complaint driven process, technical assistance, adequate monitoring at meaningful scales. Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities that Factor/Thre : impact the survival of eggs and alevins. at: Basin plans and rules are reviewed biennially and modified as necessary to meet Rational for deficiencies and new requirements or information. ODA focuses efforts and Sufficiency resources on areas of highest priority and program is enforced. Given more Characteriz resources (funding), implementation of on-the-ground actions would be ation: accelerated. Modificatio Biennial reviews will determine if modifications are needed. ns Needed: Landowner cooperation, capacity for outreach, changing land ownerships and Program new landowners knowledge of agricultural issues, perception that this is only a Constraints: complaint driven process, technical assistance, adequate monitoring at meaningful scales.
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Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
Managing Entity: Program Name: Middle Fork √
August 2007
Oregon Department of Agriculture Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Populations Where Program is Implemented Calapooia N. Santiam McKenzie √ S. Santiam √ √ √ Jurisdictions
Federal Forest
State Forest
Private Forest
Agriculture √
Molalla √ Urban or Rural Residential
All permitted and non-permitted Confined Animal Feeding Operations. Management Strategies Ecological Processes
Floodplain Function
Water Hillslope Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Quality Processes Condition Access Hydrograph Structure √ √ Management Actions
Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Discharges of animal waste that impair growth and : Factor/Threat: survival. Rational for This program limits/controls nutrient impacts on water quality for both Sufficiency surface and ground water. It is consistent with the federal Clean Water Act Characterization: requirements for CAFOs. Strong regulatory program and funding. Modifications None. Exceeds federal requirements. Needed: Program Economic conditions impede the ability of operators to be more proactive in Constraints: addressing fish habitat needs.
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Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
Managing Entity: Program Name: Middle Fork √
Federal Forest √
August 2007
Oregon Department of Agriculture Soil and Water Conservation Districts Populations Where Program is Implemented Calapooia N. Santiam McKenzie √ S. Santiam √ √ √ Jurisdictions State Forest √
Private Forest √
Agriculture √
Molalla √ Urban or Rural Residential √
All lands within district boundaries. Ecological Processes √
Floodplain Function √
Management Strategies Riparian Flow/ Channel Water Hillslope Habitat Condition Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes Access √ √ √ √ √ Management Actions
Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. Strong local infrastructure provides strong local involvement and action. Rational for Districts focus efforts and resources on areas of highest priority. Given Sufficiency more resources (funding) implementation of on-the-ground actions would Characterization: be accelerated. Modifications None at this time. Needed: Program Stable and adequate levels of resources (Funding). Constraints: Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel Limiting habitat availability due to past or present land : Factor/Threat: management practices that impairs growth and survival. Strong local infrastructure provides strong local involvement and action. Rational for Districts focus efforts and resources on areas of highest priority. However, Sufficiency addressing this issue requires a reduction in productive land which is not a Characterization: priority for landowners. No monitoring to demonstrate effectiveness. Modifications None at this time. Needed: Program Stable and adequate levels of resources (Funding). SWCDs focus on Constraints: keeping maximum land in production. Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities : Factor/Threat: that impact the survival of eggs and alevins. Strong local infrastructure provides strong local involvement and action. Rational for Districts focus efforts and resources on areas of highest priority. Given Sufficiency more resources (funding) implementation of on-the-ground actions would Characterization: be accelerated.
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Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
Modifications None at this time. Needed: Program Stable and adequate levels of resources (Funding). Constraints:
Chapter 7 – page 175
August 2007
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
August 2007
Oregon Department of Agriculture Weed Control and Invasive Species Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ Non-regulatory program – weed control statewide (Federal, State, Public and Private lands). Management Strategies Riparian Flow/ Water Hillslope Ecological Floodplain Habitat Channel Condition Hydrograph Quality Processes Processes √ Function Access Structure √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text Managing Entity: Program Name:
Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Fine sediment inputs from land management activities that : impact the survival of eggs and alevins. Weed and invasive species negatively affect desired riparian condition and function. ODA focuses efforts and resources on areas of highest priority. This is a voluntary program. Given more resources (funding) implementation of on-theground actions would be accelerated.
Modifications None at this time. Needed: Program Adequate technical support, capacity for outreach, perception that this is not Constraints: doable because it is an ongoing challenge.
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Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
Managing Entity: Program Name:
August 2007
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 401 Dredge & Fill Certifications Populations Where Program is Implemented
Middle Fork √
McKenzie √
Calapooia √
S. Santiam √
N. Santiam √
Molalla √
Jurisdictions Federal Forest √
State Forest √
Private Forest √
Agriculture √
Urban or Rural Residential √
All waters of the State. Management Strategies Ecological Processes
Water Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Hillslope Quality Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Processes √ Management Actions
Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities that : Factor/Threat: impact the survival of eggs and alevins. Rational for Uncertainty is based on limited monitoring for compliance and lack of Sufficiency cumulative impacts tracking. Characterization: A greater number of specific types of projects will be monitored for compliance Modifications in the future. This will help in evaluating adequacy of portions of the program Needed: but additional monitoring and evaluation is needed. Program The state review is primarily fee based. Fees need to be periodically adjusted to Constraints: cover the cost of the program.
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Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
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Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 401 Hydroelectric Recertification Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ All waters of the State. Management Strategies Water Ecological Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Hillslope Quality Processes Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Processes √ Management Actions Need Text Managing Entity: Program Name:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. Certainty is based on that fact that certifications are based on review that the proposed project will meet water quality standards. Given that most major Rational for hydroelectric projects are going through relisencing and that some actions will Sufficiency be based on further monitoring and adaptive management strategies (monitoring Characterization: and adaptive management needs are specified for each project), additional data will be collected in the future to document program effectiveness. Modifications Additional Funding and Staff Needed: Program The state review is primarily fee based. Fees need to be periodically adjusted to Constraints: cover the cost of the program.
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Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Environmental Clean Ups Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ All waters of the State. Management Strategies Water Ecological Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Hillslope Quality Processes Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Processes √ Management Actions Need Text Managing Entity: Program Name:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Hazardous waste discharges that impair growth and : Factor/Threat: survival. Clean up/remediation of sites addressed under this program occurs until DEQ Rational for determines that they pose no significant threat to human health or the Sufficiency environment and therefore require no further action. Monitoring is required to Characterization: document the effectiveness of the Clean Up activity. Modifications None Needed: Program Need for a sustainable programs that matches revenues and expenses. Constraints:
Chapter 7 – page 179
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Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Non-Point Source Program Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ Agriculture √ Residential √ All waters of the State. Management Strategies Flow/ Water Ecological Floodplain Riparian Habitat Channel Hillslope Hydrograph Quality Processes Function Condition Access Structure Processes √ √ Management Actions Need Text Managing Entity: Program Name:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. Some uncertainty exists as the program relies on existing state and local authorities to address non point sources of pollution. Programs to address Rational for nonpoint sources, especially in urban and agricultural areas, are relatively Sufficiency recent and additional time and trend monitoring is needed to document results. Characterization: Additionally, while a schedule for implementation is to be identified, timing of implementation is often dependent on adequate future funding which often is not guaranteed or certain. Adequate monitoring program needed; see other programs listed in this Modifications document for modifications needed as it relies on other existing state and local Needed: authorities for implementation. See other programs listed in this document for Modifications Needed. Program See other programs listed in this document for constraints as it relies on other Constraints: existing state and local authorities for implementation. Limiting Reduced instream flows due to water withdrawals that : Factor/Threat: impair growth, survival, or movement. Some uncertainty exists as the program relies on existing state and local authorities to address non point sources of pollution. Programs to address Rational for nonpoint sources, especially in urban and agricultural areas, are relatively Sufficiency recent and additional time and trend monitoring is needed to document results. Characterization: Additionally, while a schedule for implementation is to be identified, timing of implementation is often dependent on adequate future funding which often is not guaranteed or certain. Adequate monitoring program needed; see other programs listed in this Modifications document for modifications needed as it relies on other existing state and local Needed: authorities for implementation. See other programs listed in this document for Modifications Needed.
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Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
Program Constraints: Limiting Factor/Threat:
Rational for Sufficiency Characterization:
Modifications Needed: Program Constraints:
August 2007
See other programs listed in this document for constraints as it relies on other existing state and local authorities for implementation. Fine sediment inputs from land management activities that : impact the survival of eggs and alevins. Some uncertainty exists as the program relies on existing state and local authorities to address non point sources of pollution. Programs to address nonpoint sources, especially in urban and agricultural areas, are relatively recent and additional time and trend monitoring is needed to document results. Additionally, while a schedule for implementation is to be identified, timing of implementation is often dependent on adequate future funding which often is not guaranteed or certain. Adequate monitoring program needed; see other programs listed in this document for modifications needed as it relies on other existing state and local authorities for implementation. See other programs listed in this document for Modifications Needed. See other programs listed in this document for constraints as it relies on other existing state and local authorities for implementation.
Chapter 7 – page 181
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Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Point Source Permits Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest State Forest Private Forest Agriculture Residential √ All waters of the State. Management Strategies Water Ecological Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Hillslope Quality Processes Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Processes √ Management Actions Need Text Managing Entity: Program Name:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting High water temperatures due to discharges from industrial : Factor/Threat: and municipal sources that increase stress and mortality. Certainty is based on the fact that permits are written to meet water quality standards, sources not in compliance have to come into compliance within the Rational for permit cycle (typically, 5 years). Compliance monitoring is required. Permits Sufficiency are reviewed and updated on at least 5-year basis or as needed, based on new Characterization: requirements. Additionally, the TMDL program can require additional treatment to meet water quality based conditions. Modifications None Needed: Number of staff is always a limitation. Funding is a blend of federal, state and Program fee support. Additional funding has recently been provided based on a Blue Constraints: Ribbon Committee Report which recommended changes to fee structures and additional general funds. Limiting Sewage and industrial waste water discharges that impair : Factor/Threat: growth and survival. Certainty is based on the fact that permits are written to meet water quality standards, sources not in compliance have to come into compliance within the Rational for permit cycle (typically, 5 years). Compliance monitoring is required. Permits Sufficiency are reviewed and updated on at least 5-year basis or as needed, based on new Characterization: requirements. Additionally, the TMDL program can require additional treatment to meet water quality based conditions. Modifications None Needed: Number of staff is always a limitation. Funding is a blend of federal, state and Program fee support. Additional funding has recently been provided based on a Blue Constraints: Ribbon Committee Report which recommended changes to fee structures and additional general funds.
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Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
Chapter 7 – page 183
August 2007
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
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Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Storm Water Permits Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest State Forest Private Forest Agriculture Residential √ All waters of the State. Management Strategies Riparian Flow/ Water Hillslope Ecological Floodplain Habitat Channel Condition Hydrograph Quality Processes Processes Function Access Structure √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text Managing Entity: Program Name:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities that : Factor/Threat: impact the survival of eggs and alevins. Uncertainty is based on the fact that the stormwater permitting program is: - a relatively recent program where programs, practices and technology are Rational for evolving (e.g. phase 2 permits are being developed by 2007) and therefore there Sufficiency has been limited time to monitor the effectiveness of this program; - In the case Characterization: of municipal storm water, permits require implementation of best management practices to the maximum extent practicable which may not restore upland processes or may not water quality standards in some areas. Modifications Additional staff for technical assistance and program oversight. Additional Needed: Staffing. Number of staff is always a limitation. Funding is a blend of federal, state and Program fee support. Additional funding has recently been provided based on a Blue Constraints: Ribbon Committee Report which recommended changes to fee structures and additional general funds.
Chapter 7 – page 184
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Oregon Department of Environmental Quality TMDLs Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ Agriculture √ Residential √ All waters of the State. Management Strategies Water Ecological Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Hillslope Quality Processes Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Processes √ Management Actions Need Text Managing Entity: Program Name:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Sewage and industrial waste water discharges that impair : Factor/Threat: growth and survival. TMDLs set targets to bring waters back into compliance with water quality standards. These targets include waste load allocations for industrial and municipal point sources and load allocation for sector specific (forestry, agricultural and urban) non-point sources of pollution. Typically municipal and industrial waste sources that discharge to waters are regulated under a permit program. Additional requirements can be established based on the TMDLs. Rational for The TMDL program is relatively new (TMDLs in Oregon have been Sufficiency established since the late 1980's but work is underway to develop them Characterization: statewide) and has focused on a limited number of parameters (temperature, bacteria, nutrients, solids and selected toxics). It is likely that TMDLs are effective at addressing these waste sources but further documentation of the program effectiveness is needed. Also, as additional toxic pollutants are monitored and problems are identified, TMDLs or other similar types of programs will need be developed. Modifications None at this time. Needed: Program Sufficient resources for monitoring and developing TMDLs and time to Constraints: determine if programs is being made. Limiting Hazardous waste discharges that impair growth and : Factor/Threat: survival. TMDLs set targets to bring waters back into compliance with water quality standards. These targets include waste load allocations for industrial and Rational for municipal point sources and load allocation for sector specific (forestry, Sufficiency agricultural and urban) non-point sources of pollution. Typically municipal and Characterization: industrial waste sources that discharge to waters are regulated under a permit program. Additional requirements can be established based on the TMDLs.
Chapter 7 – page 185
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The TMDL program is relatively new (TMDLs in Oregon have been established since the late 1980's but work is underway to develop them statewide) and has focused on a limited number of parameters (temperature, bacteria, nutrients, solids and selected toxics). It is likely that TMDLs are effective at addressing these waste sources but further documentation of the program effectiveness is needed. Also, as additional toxic pollutants are monitored and problems are identified, TMDLs or other similar types of programs will need be developed. Modifications None at this time. Needed: Program Sufficient resources for monitoring and developing TMDLs and time to Constraints: determine if programs are being made.
Chapter 7 – page 186
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Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Program Name: TMDLs (cont.) Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation (cont.) Limiting Discharges of animal waste that impair growth and : Factor/Threat: survival. Uncertainty is based on the fact that TMDLs set targets to bring waters back into compliance with water quality standards, most typically targets for bacteria and nutrients that would address concerns from animal wastes. These targets include load allocations for sectors such as agriculture, forestry and urban land uses with animal wastes typically being of concern in agricultural and urban land uses. The agricultural sector has programs that address a portion of animal wastes from Confined Animal Feeding Rational for Operations (CAFO) and smaller live stock facilities through the CAFO and Sufficiency Agricultural Water Quality Management Plans respectively. However, Characterization: programs in urban areas to address pet wastes or other sources of animal wastes (birds, etc) that get into streams via storm water runoff are relatively new, in development in many areas (especially the larger cities) or do not exist (especially in smaller cities). There is limited monitoring of the effectiveness of these programs, therefore it is uncertain if TMDLs will be adequate to address animal wastes. Modifications None at this time. Needed: Sufficient resources for monitoring and time to determine if programs to Program address storm water and agricultural water quality management are Constraints: sufficient. Limiting Pesticides and other chemicals used on forest lands that : Factor/Threat: impair growth and survival. Uncertainty is based on the fact that TMDLs set targets to bring waters back into compliance with water quality standards. TMDLs can address those pesticides which have numeric standards established and can address excess nutrients which can cause other water quality standard exceedences (e.g. pH, dissolved oxygen). However, very few agricultural chemicals (such as pesticides that are currently in use) have numeric water quality standards established for them and would be addressed under this program Rational for only if they exceeded a narrative standard (e.g. introducing substances in Sufficiency levels that are harmful to aquatic life or bioaccumulate to levels that Characterization: adversely affect public health or wildlife). Additionally, the cost for monitoring many of these chemicals is high so they are not routinely monitored, unless a problem is suspected. Given the limitation in monitoring for these chemicals and in having standards established to determine impact on beneficial uses, it is uncertain if the TMDL is adequate to address the universe of Agricultural Chemicals which could cause water quality problems. That is why, since 1999, ODEQ has been using a voluntary, collaborative approach called Pesticide Stewardship Partnerships Chapter 7 – page 187
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
August 2007
(PSPs) to identify problems and improve water quality associated with pesticide use at the local level. The PSP approach uses local expertise in combination with water quality sampling and toxicology expertise of ODEQ to encourage and support voluntary changes that cause measurable environmental improvements. Additional staffing for this program or for an alternative program, such as Modifications the Pesticide Stewardship Partnership, to address this issue (DEQ has a Needed: budget request in for the 2007 Legislature to develop a toxics monitoring program). Sufficient resources for monitoring to identify chemicals of concern (see Program Water Quality Monitoring) and for developing water quality standards to Constraints: identify levels that affect beneficial uses. Limiting Agricultural chemicals (organophoshates and other : Factor/Threat: insecticides) that impair growth and survival. Uncertainty is based on the fact that TMDLs set targets to bring waters back into compliance with water quality standards. TMDLs can address those pesticides which have numeric standards established and can address excess nutrients which can cause other water quality standard exceedences (e.g. pH, dissolved oxygen). However, very few agricultural chemicals (such as pesticides that are currently in use) have numeric water quality standards established for them and would be addressed under this program only if they exceeded a narrative standard (e.g. introducing substances in levels that are harmful to aquatic life or bioaccumulate to levels that adversely affect public health or wildlife). Additionally, the cost for Rational for monitoring many of these chemicals is high so they are not routinely Sufficiency monitored, unless a problem is suspected. Given the limitation in Characterization: monitoring for these chemicals and in having standards established to determine impact on beneficial uses, it is uncertain if the TMDL is adequate to address the universe of Agricultural Chemicals which could cause water quality problems. That is why, since 1999, ODEQ has been using a voluntary, collaborative approach called Pesticide Stewardship Partnerships (PSPs) to identify problems and improve water quality associated with pesticide use at the local level. The PSP approach uses local expertise in combination with water quality sampling and toxicology expertise of ODEQ to encourage and support voluntary changes that cause measurable environmental improvements. Additional staffing for this program or for an alternative program, such as Modifications the Pesticide Stewardship Partnership, to address this issue (DEQ has a Needed: budget request in for the 2007 Legislature to develop a toxics monitoring program). Sufficient resources for monitoring to identify chemicals of concern (see Program Water Quality Monitoring) and for developing water quality standards to Constraints: identify levels that affect beneficial uses. Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Program Name: TMDLs (cont.) Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation (cont.) Chapter 7 – page 188
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Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. Certainty is based on the fact that TMDLs target bringing waters back into compliance with water quality standards. Oregon entered into a Consent Decree and Memorandum of Agreement with USEPA in 2000 under which it committed to substantially complete TMDLs statewide by 2010 (based on number of waters listed on the 1998 303(d) list). Most of the subbasins in Rational for Oregon are listed for temperature with TMDLs developed to address Sufficiency temperature issues for the entire subbasin. Therefore, most of the state Characterization: should have TMDLs for temperature in the coming years. Implementation follows the TMDLs although there are many programs already in place in much of Oregon. Given that this program is fairly new and it will take years to decades to address degraded riparian conditions, there is limited documentation on the effectiveness of TMDL-related programs to address temperature. Modifications Additional Staffing. Needed: Program Staffing resources. Constraints: Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities : Factor/Threat: that impact the survival of eggs and alevins. TMDLs target bringing waters back into compliance with water quality standards. Oregon entered into a Consent Decree and Memorandum of Agreement with USEPA in 2000 under which it committed to substantially Rational for complete TMDLs statewide by 2010 (based on number of waters listed on Sufficiency the 1998 303(d) list). Uncertainty is based on the fact that sedimentation is Characterization: likely to underlisted and therefore only a few sedimentation TMDLs have been developed in Oregon. Additionally, DEQ has not had much experience in addressing sedimentation under the TMDL program. The Department is currently working on updating the turbidity standard and has identified that the sedimentation standard needs to be addressed in Modifications future triennial standards reviews. The Department is also re-examining its Needed: 303(d) listing criteria based on the current narrative standard. Subsequent sedimentation TMDLs will address these concerns. Additional Staffing. Program Staffing resources. Constraints:
Chapter 7 – page 189
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Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Water Quality Standards Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ All waters of the State. Management Strategies Water Ecological Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Hillslope Quality Processes Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Processes √ Management Actions Need Text Managing Entity: Program Name:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. Temperature Standards were recently updated (December 2003) and approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (March 2004). The numeric and Rational for narrative criteria, when achieved, should protect fish and other aquatic life in all Sufficiency life stages. Given that the criteria were adopted recently, programs that target Characterization: achieving these criteria have been recently modified or developed, therefore field documentation of the effectiveness of the standard to protect fish is limited. Modifications Additional staffing for this program (DEQ had a preliminary budget request in Needed: for the 2007 Legislature, but did receive the Governor’s approval). Program Number of staff. Constraints: Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities that : Factor/Threat: impact the survival of eggs and alevins. Uncertainty is based on a growing backlog of standards that need to be updated. At current staffing levels, DEQ cannot update standards on a three year cycle Rational for nor undertake complex standard development that would be needed to Sufficiency adequately address complex issues such as sedimentation and turbidity. Characterization: Without updates, DEQ would rely on current standards or those promulgated by the USEPA. In the case of addressing sedimentation, DEQ relies on use of its current narrative standard. Modifications Additional staffing for this program (DEQ had a preliminary budget request in Needed: for the 2007 Legislature, but did receive the Governor’s approval). Program Number of staff. Constraints:
Chapter 7 – page 190
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Oregon Department of Forestry Fire Program Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest Private Forest √ Agriculture Residential Private forestlands, BLM land on Westside. Management Strategies Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Water Hillslope Ecological Channel Function Condition Access Hydrograph Quality Processes Processes √ Structure √ √ √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text Managing Entity: Program Name:
Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed:
Program Constraints:
Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Fine sediment inputs from land management activities : that impact the survival of eggs and alevins. Resources are needed to assist forest landowners to reduce fuels that place forested watersheds at risk. Infrastructure is also needed to support resource enhancement opportunities through biomass conversion projects. More coordinated efforts by all of Oregon’s agencies and landowners to work collaboratively with federal partners to increase the contribution for recovery from federal forests. Federal and private forest ‘checker-board’ ownership can place private forestlands at risk for uncharacteristic wildfire when either forest is not managed. There is a need for both ODF and ODF&W, and all landowners to play a role in the management of federal forests located in Oregon. A collaborative relationship between state natural resource agencies and federal forest management agencies may restore the health, diversity, and resilience of federal forests by increasing the information shared and by providing a variety of perspectives on site-specific and landscape level determinations. Wildfireprone areas are identified in a community wildfire protection plans identifying priority areas for hazardous fuel removal from federal lands. High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : conditions that increase stress and mortality. Resources are needed to assist forest landowners to reduce fuels that place forested watersheds at risk. Infrastructure is also needed to support resource enhancement opportunities through biomass conversion projects. More coordinated efforts by all of Oregon’s agencies and landowners to work collaboratively with federal partners to increase the contribution for recovery from federal forests. Federal and private forest ‘checker-board’ ownership can place private forestlands at risk for uncharacteristic wildfire when either forest is not
Chapter 7 – page 191
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managed. There is a need for both ODF and ODF&W, and all landowners to play a role in the management of federal forests located in Oregon. A collaborative relationship between state natural resource agencies and federal forest management agencies may restore the health, diversity, and resilience of federal forests by increasing the information shared and by providing a variety of perspectives on site-specific and landscape level determinations. Wildfireprone areas are identified in a community wildfire protection plans identifying priority areas for hazardous fuel removal from federal lands. Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel Limiting habitat availability due to past or present land : Factor/Threat: management practices that impairs growth and survival. Rational for Resources are needed to assist forest landowners to reduce fuels that place Sufficiency forested watersheds at risk. Infrastructure is also needed to support resource Characterization: enhancement opportunities through biomass conversion projects. More coordinated efforts by all of Oregon’s agencies and landowners to work Modifications collaboratively with federal partners to increase the contribution for recovery Needed: from federal forests. Federal and private forest ‘checker-board’ ownership can place private forestlands at risk for uncharacteristic wildfire when either forest is not managed. There is a need for both ODF and ODF&W, and all landowners to play a role in the management of federal forests located in Oregon. A Program collaborative relationship between state natural resource agencies and federal Constraints: forest management agencies may restore the health, diversity, and resilience of federal forests by increasing the information shared and by providing a variety of perspectives on site-specific and landscape level determinations. Wildfireprone areas are identified in a community wildfire protection plans identifying priority areas for hazardous fuel removal from federal lands. Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Forestry Program Name: Oregon Forest Practices Act Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest State Forest √ Private Forest √ Agriculture √ Residential √ Operations on or pertaining to non-federal forestlands regardless of zoning or taxation, with the exception of where local governments (cities) have taken on responsibility of administering regulations within Urban Growth Boundaries that provide protection of forestland resources. Jurisdiction includes limited federal lands such as lands owned by Army Corp of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, and US Fish and Wildlife. USDA Forest Service and BLM lands are regulated through designation of those two agencies as the designated management agency under agreement with ODEQ. Operation mean any commercial activity relating to the establishment, management or harvest of forest tree species. There are certain exceptions regarding Christmas trees, trees grown as intensive agriculture crops, trees grown to mitigate the effects of agricultural practices, and where approved land use conversions have commenced. See OAR 629-600-0100 (47). Management Strategies
Chapter 7 – page 192
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Ecological Processes √
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Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Water Hillslope Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Management Actions
Need Text
Limiting Factor/Threat:
Rational for Sufficiency Characterization:
Modifications Needed: Program Constraints: Limiting Factor/Threat:
Rational for Sufficiency Characterization:
Modifications Needed: Program Constraints:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel habitat availability due to past or present land : management practices that impairs growth and survival. The trend should be improving for in-stream habitat complexity and off channel availability. Vegetation retention along streams was not required until FPA rules were first established in 1972. Vegetation retention standards were revised in 1983, 1987, 1994, and 2006. Under the current Forest Practices Act, riparian areas are designed to provide the vegetation necessary for riparian functions including shade, large wood, and nutrients. A monitoring program is in place and an adaptive management process incorporates information. Rules are modified as necessary to meet the goals for riparian function and water quality. The existing vegetation in these riparian management areas will mature and provide these functions; however this will take many decades to occur. In the short term, landowners make voluntary contributions to habitat complexity through the Oregon Plan. Evaluation of the vegetation retention requirements along western Oregon small and medium fish-bearing streams is underway. If modifications are needed, methods to accomplish these modifications through regulatory and nonregulatory means will be considered. Lack of production functions for fish populations and habitat conditions is a major constraint. Lack of incentives and technical assistance to provide forest landowners more site-specific options is also a major constraint. High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : conditions that increase stress and mortality. Shade levels for streams on forestlands are consistently measured at high levels. A sufficiency analysis established that on a landscape level and for most streams the water quality standards are being met by the current rules. Areas of concern that were identified were limited and increments of temperature change that might result from the areas of concern are not of the magnitude to result in adverse stress or mortality. The relationships among temperature, sunlight, and fish productivity in some streams is being evaluated in several large research projects including an ODF riparian function study, the Hinkle Creek watershed study, and the Trask River watershed study. An adaptive management process will incorporate monitoring and research results into the Forest Practices Act. Research and monitoring is currently under way to determine the linkages among forest practices, stream temperature, and sunlight. As this science develops modifications to the Forest Practices Act will be considered. Funding for existing and planned research and monitoring projects is critical to understanding water temperature, riparian conditions, and stress and mortality Chapter 7 – page 193
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of salmon and steelhead. These studies span multiple years of data collection and take a long-term commitment of funding and resources to provide feedback to inform policy decisions. Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Forestry Program Name: Oregon Forest Practices Act (cont.) Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation (cont.) Limiting Road crossings and other land use related passage : Factor/Threat: impediments that impair migration and movement. An improving trend for fish passage is clear. Past practices that constrained fish passage have been abandoned and passage will be systematically restored through the regulatory program at the time of normal structure replacement. Fish passage rules under the jurisdiction of the Department of Forestry were first established in 1973 and last modified in 1994. Prior to Rational for 1994, the design standard was for passage of adult fish upstream, without a Sufficiency clear requirement to maintain passage. Current rules require that all roads Characterization: built since 1994 provide and maintain fish passage (adult and juvenile fish) and as culverts and other crossing structure on roads built prior to 1994 are replaced they will then be required to meet the current standards for fish passage. Landowners voluntarily increase the rate of restoring passage on roads built prior to 1994 as part of the Oregon plan. FPA monitoring shows high levels of fish passage are attained on new and replacement structures. Modifications No modifications are currently needed. Needed: Resources and collaboration remain constraining. Current resource needs include the resources necessary to implement Forestry Program for Oregon Program indicator monitoring for roads and fish passage and the resources necessary Constraints: to conduct more Private Forests Program compliance and effectiveness monitoring. Limiting Pesticides and other chemicals used on forest lands that : Factor/Threat: impair growth and survival. The rules include specific best management practices (BMPs) in addition to Rational for label requirements. Spill risks are addressed and reporting of spills is Sufficiency required. ODF Monitoring has shown that the BMPs protect water quality Characterization: from drift impacts and otherwise protect riparian vegetation. Documented adverse impacts to salmonids from forestland chemical use are not known. Modifications None identified. Needed: Program Lack of monitoring data related to post application runoff. Lack of funding Constraints: and cooperation for monitoring across land uses. Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities : Factor/Threat: that impact the survival of eggs and alevins. Current practices under the Act have reduced sediment inputs and will Rational for sustain a trend of reducing fine sediment inputs over time. Past activities Sufficiency that have unnecessarily contributed fine sediments have been abandoned or Characterization: modified. Modifications to practices have been designed to address the key Chapter 7 – page 194
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Modifications Needed:
Program Constraints:
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mechanisms for delivery of fine sediment from forest operations. Legacy issues are addressed over time through the regulatory process when culverts are replaced or roads become part of an active operation. Legacy issues are also addressed in an expedited manner through voluntary measures. Additional resources for monitoring and program implementation would increase the certainty that the current rules are efficient and effective at delivering desired outcomes. The Board of Forestry has adopted an indicator to address road related risks. The metrics for the indicator are: 1) Percent of road system disconnected from the stream network; 2) Percent of stream crossings on fish streams providing passage; 3) Land area in nonforest condition due to roads (road subgrade plus cutslope). The desired trend is an increasing proportion of sampled Oregon forest roads are determined to pose a low risk to soil and water resources. Additional resources and interagency coordination are needed to implement this indicator. Resources and collaboration remain constraining. Current resource needs include the resources necessary to implement Forestry Program for Oregon indicator monitoring for roads and fish passage and the resources necessary to conduct more Private Forests Program compliance and effectiveness monitoring.
Chapter 7 – page 195
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
Managing Entity: Program Name: Middle Fork √
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Oregon Department of Forestry Private forestry component of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Populations Where Program is Implemented
McKenzie √
Calapooia √
S. Santiam √
N. Santiam √
Molalla √
Jurisdictions Federal Forest
State Forest
Private Forest √
Agriculture
Urban or Rural Residential
Voluntary
Ecological Processes √
Management Strategies Floodplai Riparian Flow/ Channel n Habitat Condition Hydrogra Structur Function Access √ √ ph √ e√ √ Management Actions
Water Quality √
Hillslope Processes √
Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel Factor/Thre habitat availability due to past or present land : at: management practices that impairs growth and survival. The protection and voluntary measures should result in improving trends for instream habitat complexity and off channel availability. Under the Forest Practices Act, riparian areas are designed to provide the vegetation necessary for riparian functions including shade, large wood, and nutrients. A monitoring program is in place and an adaptive management process incorporates information. Rules are modified as necessary to meet the goals for riparian Rational for function. The existing vegetation in these riparian management areas will mature Sufficiency and provide these functions; however this will take many decades to occur. In Characteriz the short term, landowners make voluntary contributions to improve habitat ation: complexity through the Oregon Plan. Through the voluntary measures, the temporal and spatial opportunities for improvements are greatly accelerated. Forest landowners are contributing directly to the habitat complexity and offchannel availability by actively placing large wood during the course of forest operations. While not yet fully systematic, the proportion of operations conducting restoration as part of the operation should increase over time. Prioritization concepts, such as high aquatic potential are being developed. More information about the needs and priorities would assist landowners in Modificatio efficiently spending limited resources. ns Needed: Sufficient incentives are necessary to increase the scope of non-regulatory Program measures to match the needs. More stewardship foresters and habitat biologists Constraints: are necessary to support the commitment landowners have willingly made. This would strengthen the educational component and complement the technical
Chapter 7 – page 196
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assistance from ODF, ODF&W, and OSU Extension foresters. Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities Factor/Thre : that impact the survival of eggs and alevins. at: The trend for fine sediment regimes is clearly improving. Past practices that contributed fine sediments have been abandoned or modified. Existing rules regulate practices on current operations. Voluntary investments mitigate legacy sediment problems. The Oregon Plan is designed to address known sources of sediment not addressed as active operations under the Forest Practices Act. The Rational for contribution of sediment from these sources is unknown as is the total amount of Sufficiency work that would be needed to address these sources. Considering this Characteriz uncertainty, adequacy of the program is deemed likely. Reporting and ation: communication indicate that many landowners actively participate in the Oregon Plan and road work on roads built prior to the adoption of the Oregon forest practices act has become routine maintenance for many landowners. OWEB Watershed Restoration Inventory data indicates that landowners are actively participating in the Oregon Plan. More resources to inventory roads, especially on small, non-industrial private Modificatio lands, would increase our understanding of legacy roads, fine sediment and the ns Needed: links to listed species. Program As always, more resources would increase project accomplishment, education, Constraints: coordination, and monitoring.
Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Forestry Program Name: Private forestry component of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds (cont.) Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation (cont.) Limiting Road crossings and other land use related passage : Factor/Threat: impediments that impair migration and movement. The trend for fish passage at road crossings is clearly improving. Landowners voluntarily increase the rate of restoring passage on roads built prior to 1994 as part of the Oregon plan. FPA monitoring shows high levels of fish passage are attained on new and replacement structures. OWEB Rational for reporting indicates high levels of work on forestlands. Reporting indicates Sufficiency many stream crossing structures built prior to 1994, while still functioning Characterization: as crossing structure, are being replaced on forestland ahead of the normal replacement schedule. This is done to restore fish passage. The number and potential impacts of existing fish barriers and blocked habitat remain unknown, however, most landowners have inventoried and prioritized barriers based upon some type of restoration schedule. Oregon Plan Measures for Private Forestlands are in the process of being Modifications updated. Changes reflect that many landowners have shifted emphasis Needed: from a ‘voluntary’ approach and now include legacy road work in routine road & stream crossing maintenance plans. Chapter 7 – page 197
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More resources would increase project accomplishment, education, Program coordination, and monitoring. For some landowners, the OWEB grant Constraints: cycle is a disincentive when road work is done on an opportunistic basis. Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. The trend for water temperature is improving. Oregon Plan measures contribute to developing healthy riparian stand conditions that are presumed Rational for necessary for salmonids and water temperature, The Oregon Plan is Sufficiency designed to decrease the time to get to healthy conditions through active Characterization: management. Where landowners choose not to participate in the Oregon Plan, standard Oregon Forest Practices RMA protections apply that develop healthy riparian conditions through passive management. Modifications Modifications should keep pace with best available science. Needed: Funding for existing and planned monitoring projects is critical to understanding water temperature, riparian conditions, and stress and Program mortality of salmon and steelhead. These studies span multiple years of Constraints: data collection and take a long term commitment of funding and resources to provide feedback to inform policy decisions. More resources would increase project accomplishment, education, and coordination.
Chapter 7 – page 198
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Oregon Department of Forestry State Forest Program Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest State Forest √ Private Forest Agriculture Residential State Forest Land Management Strategies Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Water Hillslope Ecological Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes Processes √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text Managing Entity: Program Name:
Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints: Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints: Limiting
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Fine sediment inputs from land management activities : that impact the survival of eggs and alevins. The program is built on a sound theoretical basis. Similar practices to those employed by ODF have been proven to reduce sediment production, transport, and delivery in other studies. While this gives reason to believe that the FMP standards are effective, the degree of effectiveness has not yet been established because monitoring is not yet complete. The need for modification to the current program is uncertain, pending the results of monitoring. Staffing and funding are the major constraints to sediment reduction projects. While new roads are built according to current standards, and road maintenance is ongoing, improvements to existing roads are scheduled as time and funding allows. Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel habitat availability due to past or present land : management practices that impairs growth and survival. The program is built on a sound theoretical basis. Similar practices to those employed by ODF have been proven to improve fish habitats and populations in other studies. While this gives reason to believe that the FMP standards are effective, the degree of effectiveness has not yet been established because monitoring is not yet complete. The need for modification to the current program is uncertain, pending the results of monitoring. Staffing and funding are the major constraints to habitat restoration projects. Projects are generally conducted opportunistically in connection with timber sales. Additional projects could be conducted with increased staffing and funding. High water temperatures due to degraded riparian :
Chapter 7 – page 199
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Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. The program is built on a sound theoretical basis: The FMP provides for shade Rational for along fish-bearing streams. While this gives reason to believe that the FMP Sufficiency standards are effective, the degree of effectiveness has not yet been established Characterization: because monitoring is not yet complete. Modifications The need for modification to the current program is uncertain, pending the Needed: results of monitoring. Program None identified. Constraints: Limiting Road crossings and other land use related passage : Factor/Threat: impediments that impair migration and movement FPA monitoring shows high levels of fish passage are attained on new and Rational for replacement structures. Monitoring results and on-the-ground consultation with Sufficiency ODF stewardship foresters and ODFW habitat biologists results in a high level Characterization: of success. Additionally, the state forests program provides monitoring to ensure that fish passage meets the program’s performance measures. Modifications No modifications are currently needed. Needed: New road construction and reconstruction projects are completed to current fish passage standards. Limited funding exists for passage improvement projects Program not associated with timber harvest. Highest priority projects are completed Constraints: first, with lower priority projects being completed as funds become available. Some districts work closely with watershed councils to attain funding for nontimber related passage improvement projects.
Chapter 7 – page 200
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Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Program Name: Conservation Strategy for Oregon Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ Agriculture √ Residential √ The Conservation Strategy for Oregon is meant to apply to all lands, rivers, streams, and estuaries in Oregon. Management Strategies Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Water Ecological Hillslope Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes √ Processes √ √ √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text
Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints: Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints: Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : conditions that increase stress and mortality. The Oregon Conservation Strategy is a new voluntary program. As such, monitoring and evaluation will be necessary to determine the effectiveness of the program. None at this time. The role of this new program as it pertains specfically to listed salmon and steelhead is still being defined. Voluntary measures. No assurance that it will be implemented. Fine sediment inputs from land management activities : that impact the survival of eggs and alevins. The Oregon Conservation Strategy is a new voluntary program. As such, monitoring and evaluation will be necessary to determine the effectiveness of the program. None at this time. The role of this new program as it pertains specfically to listed salmon and steelhead is still being defined. Voluntary measures. No assurance that it will be implemented. Road crossings and other land use related passage : impediments that impair migration and movement. The Oregon Conservation Strategy is a new voluntary program. As such, monitoring and evaluation will be necessary to determine the effectiveness of the program. None at this time. The role of this new program as it pertains specfically to listed salmon and steelhead is still being defined. Voluntary measures. No assurance that it will be implemented.
Chapter 7 – page 201
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Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel Limiting habitat availability due to past or present land : Factor/Threat: management practices that impairs growth and survival. Rational for The Oregon Conservation Strategy is a new voluntary program. As such, Sufficiency monitoring and evaluation will be necessary to determine the effectiveness of Characterization: the program. Modifications None at this time. The role of this new program as it pertains specfically to Needed: listed salmon and steelhead is still being defined. Program Voluntary measures. No assurance that it will be implemented. Constraints:
Chapter 7 – page 202
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Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Program Name: Fish Passage Program Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ Artificial obstructions located in Oregon waters in which native migratory fish are currently or were historically present. Management Strategies Habitat Ecological Floodplain Riparian Flow/ Channel Water Hillslope Access Processes Function Condition Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Road crossings and other land use related passage : impediments that impair migration and movement. Compliance by owners or operators is obligatory, but approval is distributed, reporting mechanisms are not in place, and compliance rates are unknown; availability of funds to implement program.
Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Funding for staff to perform regulatory and outreach role. Needed: Program None identified. Constraints:
Chapter 7 – page 203
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Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Program Name: Fish Screening and Passage Grant Program Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest State Forest Private Forest √ Agriculture √ Residential √ Oregon water users including independent agriculture users, private domestic users, municipal water suppliers, irrigation districts and commercial industries. Management Strategies Habitat Ecological Floodplain Riparian Flow/ Channel Water Hillslope Access Processes Function Condition Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Road crossings and other land use related passage : Factor/Threat: impediments that impair migration and movement. Rational for Actions dependent on voluntary participation in the program; availability of Sufficiency funds to implement projects. Characterization: Modifications Funding for outreach. Needed: Program None identified. Constraints:
Chapter 7 – page 204
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Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Program Name: Lands Resources Program Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ All owners of private and public land in Oregon interested in conserving fish and wildlife habitats. Management Strategies Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Water Ecological Hillslope Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes √ Processes √ √ √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text
Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints: Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Road crossings and other land use related passage impediments that impair migration and movement.
:
Uncertain of funding status or participation by public and private entities (i.e. Riparian Lands Tax Incentive Program). Need further promotion of existing programs by I and E, Wildlife Division, and District staff. Funding and staff time. High water temperatures due to degraded riparian conditions that increase stress and mortality.
:
Uncertain of funding status or participation by public and private entities (i.e. Riparian Lands Tax Incentive Program). Need further promotion of existing programs by I and E, Wildlife Division, and District staff. Funding and staff time.
Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel Limiting habitat availability due to past or present land : Factor/Threat: management practices that impairs growth and survival. Rational for Uncertain of funding status or participation by public and private entities (i.e. Sufficiency Riparian Lands Tax Incentive Program). Characterization: Modifications Need further promotion of existing programs by I and E, Wildlife Division, and Needed: District staff. Program Funding and staff time. Constraints: Chapter 7 – page 205
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints:
Fine sediment inputs from land management activities that impact the survival of eggs and alevins.
August 2007
:
Uncertain of funding status or participation by public and private entities (i.e. Riparian Lands Tax Incentive Program). Need further promotion of existing programs by I and E, Wildlife Division, and District staff. Funding and staff time.
Chapter 7 – page 206
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Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Program Name: Restoration and Enhancement Program Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ All streams, rivers, lakes, and estuaries in Oregon. Management Strategies Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Water Ecological Hillslope Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes √ Processes √ √ √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities : Factor/Threat: that impact the survival of eggs and alevins. Funding for this program is through a surcharge imposed on all sport angling Rational for licenses and commercial salmon angling licenses and poundage fees. As such, Sufficiency funding is a subject to annual variations in fish abundance, harvest rates, and Characterization: license sales. None. The Program will evaluate their ability to shift resources to priorities Modifications that emerge from recovery planning. Further changes in program scope and Needed: focus would require legislative action. Broad legal mandates of the program limit the ability of the program to focus Program solely on the needs of recovery planning, variable funding due to funding Constraints: mechanism. Limiting Road crossings and other land use related passage : Factor/Threat: impediments that impair migration and movement. Funding for this program is through a surcharge imposed on all sport angling Rational for licenses and commercial salmon angling licenses and poundage fees. As such, Sufficiency funding is a subject to annual variations in fish abundance, harvest rates, and Characterization: license sales. None. The Program will evaluate their ability to shift resources to priorities Modifications that emerge from recovery planning. Further changes in program scope and Needed: focus would require legislative action. Broad legal mandates of the program limit the ability of the program to focus Program solely on the needs of recovery planning, variable funding due to funding Constraints: mechanism. Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. Rational for Funding for this program is through a surcharge imposed on all sport angling Sufficiency licenses and commercial salmon angling licenses and poundage fees. As such, Chapter 7 – page 207
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Characterization: funding is a subject to annual variations in fish abundance, harvest rates, and license sales. None. The Program will evaluate their ability to shift resources to priorities Modifications that emerge from recovery planning. Further changes in program scope and Needed: focus would require legislative action. Broad legal mandates of the program limit the ability of the program to focus Program solely on the needs of recovery planning, variable funding due to funding Constraints: mechanism. Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel Limiting habitat availability due to past or present land : Factor/Threat: management practices that impairs growth and survival. Funding for this program is through a surcharge imposed on all sport angling Rational for licenses and commercial salmon angling licenses and poundage fees. As such, Sufficiency funding is a subject to annual variations in fish abundance, harvest rates, and Characterization: license sales. None. The Program will evaluate their ability to shift resources to priorities Modifications that emerge from recovery planning. Further changes in program scope and Needed: focus would require legislative action. Broad legal mandates of the program limit the ability of the program to focus Program solely on the needs of recovery planning, variable funding due to funding Constraints: mechanism.
Chapter 7 – page 208
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Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Program Name: Salmon Trout Enhancement Program Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ All Oregonians eager to contribute time, muscle, money, and perseverance to the restoration of salmon, steelhead and trout in Oregon. Management Strategies Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Water Ecological Hillslope Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes √ Processes √ √ √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities : Factor/Threat: that impact the survival of eggs and alevins. Rational for Current staffing and the broad scope of the program limits the capacity of the Sufficiency program to address any single program element. Characterization: Modifications Additional funding, additional FTE. Needed: Program Funding. Constraints: Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel Limiting habitat availability due to past or present land : Factor/Threat: management practices that impairs growth and survival. Rational for Current staffing and the broad scope of the program limits the capacity of the Sufficiency program to address any single program element. Characterization: Modifications Additional funding, additional FTE. Needed: Program Funding. Constraints: Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. Rational for Current staffing and the broad scope of the program limits the capacity of the Sufficiency program to address any single program element. Characterization: Modifications Additional funding, additional FTE. Needed: Program Funding. Chapter 7 – page 209
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
Constraints: Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints:
Road crossings and other land use related passage impediments that impair migration and movement.
August 2007
:
Current staffing and the broad scope of the program limits the capacity of the program to address any single program element. Additional funding, additional FTE. Funding.
Chapter 7 – page 210
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Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Program Name: Watershed Council Liaison Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ All watershed councils in Oregon. Management Strategies Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Water Ecological Hillslope Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes √ Processes √ √ √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text
Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints: Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints: Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel habitat availability due to past or present land : management practices that impairs growth and survival. Currently there are only two watershed council liaison positions in ODFW, both in the North Coast Watershed District. There are no positions for other regions of Oregon. New positions. Funding. Road crossings and other land use related passage : impediments that impair migration and movement. Currently there are only two watershed council liaison positions in ODFW, both in the North Coast Watershed District. There are no positions for other regions of Oregon. New positions. Funding. Fine sediment inputs from land management activities : that impact the survival of eggs and alevins. Currently there are only two watershed council liaison positions in ODFW, both in the North Coast Watershed District. There are no positions for other regions of Oregon. New positions. Funding.
Chapter 7 – page 211
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints:
August 2007
High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : conditions that increase stress and mortality. Currently there are only two watershed council liaison positions in ODFW, both in the North Coast Watershed District. There are no positions for other regions of Oregon. New positions. Funding.
Chapter 7 – page 212
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Managing Entity: Oregon Land Conservation and Development Program Name: Statewide Comprehensive Land Use Planning Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ City and county land use plans and ordinances. Management Strategies Floodplain Habitat Channel Hillslope Ecological Riparian Flow/ Water Function Access Structure Processes Processes Condition Hydrograph Quality √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Road crossings and other land use related passage : Factor/Threat: impediments that impair migration and movement. The land use actions taken by local governments can supplement and support Rational for other specific restoration activities but are not sufficient in themselves to Sufficiency achieve restoration. Local land use actions will likely not remediate legacy Characterization: conditions or significantly alter current practices, but will affect future development. Modifications None. The statewide land use program is not intended to be sufficient to Needed: recover salmon. Program Technical and planning assistance to local governments would be highly Constraints: beneficial in enlisting local planning efforts in salmon recovery. Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities that : Factor/Threat: impact the survival of eggs and alevins. The land use actions taken by local governments can supplement and support Rational for other specific restoration activities but are not sufficient in themselves to Sufficiency achieve restoration. Local land use actions will likely not remediate legacy Characterization: conditions or significantly alter current practices, but will affect future development. Modifications None. The statewide land use program is not intended to be sufficient to Needed: recover salmon. Program Technical and planning assistance to local governments would be highly Constraints: beneficial in enlisting local planning efforts in salmon recovery. Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel habitat Limiting availability due to past or present land management : Factor/Threat: practices that impairs growth and survival Rational for The land use actions taken by local governments can supplement and support Sufficiency other specific restoration activities but are not sufficient in themselves to Characterization: achieve restoration. Local land use actions will likely not remediate legacy Chapter 7 – page 213
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Modifications Needed: Program Constraints:
August 2007
conditions or significantly alter current practices, but will affect future development. None. The statewide land use program is not intended to be sufficient to recover salmon. Technical and planning assistance to local governments would be highly beneficial in enlisting local planning efforts in salmon recovery.
Chapter 7 – page 214
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August 2007
Managing Entity: Oregon Department of Transportation Program Name: Salmon-Fish Passage Program Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ ODOT’s Salmon-Fish Passage Program addresses fish passage needs at priority hydraulic facilities located within ODOT rights of way. These rights of way bisect multiple jurisdictions and landuse. Management Strategies Habitat Ecological Floodplain Riparian Flow/ Channel Water Hillslope Access Processes Function Condition Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes √ Management Actions Need Text
Limiting Factor/Threat:
Rational for Sufficiency Characterization:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Road crossings and other land use related passage : impediments that impair migration and movement. ODOT’s Salmon-Fish Passage Program provides adequate technical and institutional capacity to implement the program within its jurisdictional area. The program selects, designs, constructs, monitors, and documents fish passage improvement projects. The program is held in high regards and is effective for improving fish passage at known fish passage impediments; however, it lacks budgetary capacity and a clear timeline for full implementation. Currently, the ODFW statewide artificial obstruction inventory (Inventory) identifies a total of 770 priority structures owned and managed by ODOT that do not provide adequate fish passage (255 or 33%=High Priority, 167 or 22%= Medium Priority, 348 45%=Low Priority for repair). From 1997 to 2006 the ODOT program repaired 109 high priority fish passage culverts (35 high priority culverts with replacements and 74 high priority culverts with retrofits) or 42% of the ODOT managed statewide high priority culvert inventory total. ODOT high priority culvert repairs have made 370 miles of stream habitat accessible to native migratory fish. Post construction effectiveness monitoring and documentation to satisfy federal and state regulatory agencies are complete for these projects. To date, 146 high priority culverts owned and managed by ODOT continue to need repairs. We anticipate the list will grow as more culverts are inventoried. At the current rate of ~4 culvert projects repaired each year it will take approximately 36 years to repair or replace the remaining balance of high priority culverts. Similarly, there are an additional 515 (67% of the statewide total) medium and low priority culverts that will need repairs once the high priority culvert list is complete. Using the projected rate of numbers of projects completed annually (n=4) it will take significantly longer to repair the medium and low priority culverts. At the current funding and repair rate, it will
Chapter 7 – page 215
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Modifications Needed:
Program Constraints:
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take decades (over 100 years) to make the appropriate repairs to all ODOT owned and managed culverts (n=661) that currently do not provide adequate fish passage. Given this timeline, and in the context of salmon recovery planning in Oregon, it is uncertain if this program is sufficient to address limiting factors associated with fish passage. ODOT is working to repair as many high priority fish passage culverts as program funds will allow. Additional funding for project development and construction is necessary to decrease the timeframe this program can repair the remaining high priority culverts owned and managed by ODOT. Another key program management tool that continues to be lacking is an updated and prioritized comprehensive artificial obstruction inventory. The current Inventory is not adequate for managers to make informed planning decisions for future investments of limited fish passage funds. The Inventory aggregates artificial obstructions into three priority categories: (high, medium, and low) and some culverts known to impede fish passage are not included in the Inventory. There is no systematic standardized method or protocol for the aggregation of these culverts into the three priority categories. It would be beneficial if high priority culverts were re-evaluated and re-ranked numerically either statewide and/or basin-wide. A numeric ordering of the high priority culverts will allow ODOT and other owners and operators of substandard culvert facilities to make more informed project selection decisions based on statewide or basin-wide priorities. A comprehensive artificial obstruction inventory and robust prioritization of know fish passage impediments will provide ODOT and other owners the management tools necessary to make informed planning decisions that are consistent with salmon recovery goals. In addition to the limitations associated with this program’s budget, project development and construction costs continue to escalate. During FY 2006, construction costs increased approximately 10% due to increased costs associated with engineering design, construction materials, fuel, contractor supervision and management, etc. These increased costs continue to burden the program and result in fewer fish passage projects constructed in a given year.
Chapter 7 – page 216
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Managing Entity: Oregon Department of State Lands Program Name: Removal-Fill Program Populations Where Program is Implemented N. Santiam Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ Molalla √ √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ Waterways to the ordinary high water mark and wetlands that meet the three wetland indicators described in the Corps of Engineers’ 1987 Wetlands Manual. Management Strategies Floodplain Habitat Channel Water Ecological Riparian Flow/ Hillslope Function Access Structure Quality Processes √ Condition Hydrograph Processes √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. DSL’s removal-fill permits include conditions designed to protect water Rational for quality, including riparian vegetation removal restrictions and revegetation Sufficiency requirements. The effectiveness of these conditions is uncertain because not Characterization: enough projects are monitored for compliance. Modifications A greater number of projects need to be monitored for compliance. Additional, Needed: permanent compliance staff are needed. The half-time Compliance Monitoring Specialist position is funded for three Program years and is subject to reauthorization each year of the three-year period. The Constraints: status of the position is uncertain after that time. Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities : Factor/Threat: that impact the survival of eggs and alevins. DSL’s removal-fill permits include conditions designed to protect water Rational for quality, including turbidity monitoring and sediment and erosion control Sufficiency requirements. The effectiveness of these conditions is uncertain because not Characterization: enough projects are monitored for compliance. Modifications A greater number of projects need to be monitored for compliance. Additional, Needed: permanent compliance staff are needed. The half-time Compliance Monitoring Specialist position is funded for three Program years and is subject to reauthorization each year of the three-year period. The Constraints: status of the position is uncertain after that time. Limiting Road crossings and other land use related passage : Factor/Threat: impediments that impair migration and movement. Rational for DSL’s removal-fill permitting process requires that permitted projects maintain Sufficiency or restore fish passage, and encourages removal or replacement of road Chapter 7 – page 217
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Characterization: crossings and other passage impediments. At current staffing levels, DSL does not always have the resources to do the outreach necessary to encourage landowners to remove or replace fish passage impediments. In addition, very few projects are monitored for compliance. Additional funding would increase the effectiveness of the program. A greater Modifications number of projects need to be monitored for compliance. Additional, Needed: permanent compliance staff are needed. The half-time Compliance Monitoring Specialist position is funded for three Program years and is subject to reauthorization each year of the three-year period. The Constraints: status of the position is uncertain after that time. Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel Limiting habitat availability due to past or present land : Factor/Threat: management practices that impairs growth and survival. DSL’s removal-fill permitting process encourages protection and restoration of Rational for instream and off channel habitat and wetlands. At current staffing levels, DSL Sufficiency does not always have the resources to do the outreach necessary to encourage Characterization: landowners to protect and restore water resources. Modifications Additional funding would increase the effectiveness of the program. Needed: Program The fact that DSL does not have jurisdiction over the removal of large wood Constraints: hinders our ability to protect instream and off-channel habitat.
Chapter 7 – page 218
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Managing Entity: Oregon Department of State Lands Program Name: Voluntary Restoration Initiative Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ Wetlands that meet the three wetland indicators described in the Corps of Engineers’ 1987 Wetlands Manual. Management Strategies Floodplain Channel Ecological Riparian Habitat Flow/ Water Hillslope Function Structure Processes √ Condition Access Hydrograph Quality Processes √ √ Management Actions Need Text
Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization: Modifications Needed: Program Constraints:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel habitat availability due to past or present land management : practices that impairs growth and survival. The Initiative provides direct technical assistance to landowners and organizations involved in restoring wetlands that provide off channel habitat. Because the Initiative is only funded for three years, its impact will be too limited to significantly address the threat of off channel habitat loss. The Initiative is too new to document program effectiveness. Converting this three-year program to a permanent program would increase effectiveness. The Initiative is too new to determine what program modifications might be needed. The Initiative is funded for three years and is subject to reauthorization each year of the three-year period. The status of the program is uncertain after that time.
Chapter 7 – page 219
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Managing Entity: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Program Name: CREP Program Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest State Forest Private Forest Agriculture √ Residential Agricultural lands Management Strategies Floodplain Riparian Channel Water Hillslope Ecological Habitat Flow/ Function Condition Structure Quality Processes Processes √ Access Hydrograph √ √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities that : Factor/Threat: impact the survival of eggs and alevins. Limitation on recruiting private landowners for voluntary water quality Rational for restoration projects. Limitation to water quality restoration opportunities due to Sufficiency existing infrastructure. The limitation of CREP technical assistance has been Characterization: demonstrated to be the single most important factor linked to enrollment. Modifications Increased capital and non-capital funds. Needed: Program Funding Constraints: Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. Limitation on recruiting private landowners for voluntary water quality Rational for restoration projects. Limitation to water quality restoration opportunities due to Sufficiency existing infrastructure. The limitation of CREP technical assistance has been Characterization: demonstrated to be the single most important factor linked to enrollment. Modifications Increased capital and non-capital funds. Needed: Program Funding Constraints: Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel habitat Limiting availability due to past or present land management : Factor/Threat: practices that impairs growth and survival. Limitation on recruiting private landowners for voluntary water quality Rational for restoration projects. Limitation to water quality restoration opportunities due to Sufficiency existing infrastructure. The limitation of CREP technical assistance has been Characterization: demonstrated to be the single most important factor linked to enrollment. Modifications Increased capital and non-capital funds. Chapter 7 – page 220
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
Needed: Program Funding Constraints:
Chapter 7 – page 221
August 2007
Chapter 7. Management Strategies and Action Upper Willamette Chinook and Steelhead Recovery Plan Statewide Programs
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Managing Entity: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Program Name: Grant Program Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Agriculture Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ √ Residential √ All lands Management Strategies Floodplain Riparian Habitat Flow/ Channel Water Hillslope Ecological Function Condition Access Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes Processes √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Road crossings and other land use related passage : Factor/Threat: impediments that impair migration and movement. The primary limitation to effectively addressing fish passage barriers has been Rational for lack of complete information on the nature and location of barriers in relation to Sufficiency productive fish habitat. OWEB has funded data gathering on a watershed scale Characterization: and used information to prioritize barriers for removal. Where this information is available grants have been available to remedy high priority barriers. Modifications Increased capital and non-capital funds. Needed: Program Funding Constraints: Limiting Reduced instream flows due to water withdrawals that : Factor/Threat: impair growth, survival, or movement. Rational for Limitation on willing participation and effective grant process for purchase of Sufficiency water rights. Characterization: Modifications Increased capital and non-capital funds. Needed: Program Funding Constraints: Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. Rational for Limitation on recruiting private landowners for voluntary water quality Sufficiency restoration projects. Limitation to water quality restoration opportunities due to Characterization: existing infrastructure. Modifications Increased capital and non-capital funds. Needed: Program Funding Chapter 7 – page 222
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Constraints: Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities : Factor/Threat: that impact the survival of eggs and alevins. There is a limitation on local capacity to provide the landowner outreach, Rational for project design and facilitate implementation to address agricultural Sufficiency management, forest management and urban runoff that affects sediment Characterization: delivery to streams. Increased funds available to support local conservation capacity in watershed Modifications councils and soil and water conservation districts. A direct conversation with Needed: the industrial forest landowners about identifying ways to further address forest road runoff. Program Funding and focus for effort by land use category (forest, urban and Constraints: agriculture). Managing Entity: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Program Name: Grant Program (cont.) Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation (cont.) Loss of instream habitat complexity and off channel Limiting habitat availability due to past or present land : Factor/Threat: management practices that impairs growth and survival. Limitation on technical assistance to design floodplain restoration and stream complexity projects that can provide benefits through the range of Rational for natural flow conditions. Limitation on recruiting private landowners for Sufficiency voluntary floodplain restoration project implementation and protection and Characterization: restoration of side-channel habitat. Limitation to floodplain and sidechannel restoration and protection opportunities due to existing infrastructure. Increased funding for technical assistance for project design and outreach to Modifications engage landowners. Effectiveness monitoring of large wood placement Needed: projects to answer questions about the stability and movement of large wood through Oregon streams. Program Funding Constraints:
Chapter 7 – page 223
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Managing Entity: Oregon Water Resources Department Program Name: Administration of Water Rights Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ Agriculture √ Residential √ With few exceptions, all surface and ground waters of the state. Management Strategies Habitat Flow/ Ecological Floodplain Riparian Channel Water Hillslope Access Hydrograph Processes Function Condition Structure Quality Processes √ √ Management Actions Need Text
Limiting Factor/Threat: Rational for Sufficiency Characterization:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Reduced instream flows due to water withdrawals that impair growth, survival, or movement.
:
Program design for the review of new permits is sufficient to consider needs of listed fish species.
Provide flow data to support the evaluation of flows and their sufficiency Modifications during critical periods, and the adaptive management process to help assure the Needed: review and consultation process for new permits remains sufficiently protective. Funding to support monitoring capabilities has been unstable and declining. Program Funding for the 2007-2009 biennium will improve statewide monitoring Constraints: capabilities.
Chapter 7 – page 224
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Managing Entity: Oregon Water Resources Department Program Name: Enclosed Livestock Water Delivery Systems Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest State Forest Private Forest Agriculture √ Residential Water rights appurtenant to agricultural lands. Management Strategies Riparian Ecological Floodplain Habitat Flow/ Channel Water Hillslope Condition Processes Function Access Hydrograph Structure Quality Processes √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Fine sediment inputs from land management activities that : Factor/Threat: impact the survival of eggs and alevins. When combined with riparian fencing programs, opportunities to protect and Rational for restore riparian communities, including filtering of fine sediments, while Sufficiency providing livestock watering capabilities are increased. There is currently no Characterization: monitoring program in place to evaluate program effectiveness. Modifications No modifications to program design are proposed. The program would benefit Needed: from expanded outreach and education. The program is reliant on landowner interest. Construction and subsequent Program maintenance of fencing and off-channel watering devices require adequate Constraints: financial resources. Limiting High water temperatures due to degraded riparian : Factor/Threat: conditions that increase stress and mortality. When combined with riparian fencing programs, opportunities to protect and Rational for restore riparian communities, including filtering of fine sediments, while Sufficiency providing livestock watering capabilities are increased. There is currently no Characterization: monitoring program in place to evaluate program effectiveness. Modifications No modifications to program design are proposed. The program would benefit Needed: from expanded outreach and education. The program is reliant on landowner interest. Construction and subsequent Program maintenance of fencing and off-channel watering devices require adequate Constraints: financial resources.
Chapter 7 – page 225
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Managing Entity: Oregon Water Resources Department Program Name: Flow Restoration Programs Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ Agriculture √ Residential √ All interested water right holders. Management Strategies Flow/ Ecological Floodplain Riparian Habitat Channel Water Hillslope Hydrograph Processes Function Condition Access Structure Quality Processes √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Reduced instream flows due to water withdrawals that : Factor/Threat: impair growth, survival, or movement. These programs are voluntary in nature. Instream leases are limited to a five year period, but leases may be renewed indefinitely. Transfers may be temporary or permanent. Allocations of conserved water are permanent. Participation in Voluntary Flow Restoration programs continues to grow. Rational for Based on the best available data, over 287 cfs have been permanently restored Sufficiency and 580 cfs temporarily restored instream as of 12/31/2006. Benefits realized Characterization: will vary by participation levels, season, stream reach, region, and by the duration of the lease or transfer. Although the benefits of incremental improvements to flow at various times and on various life stages of listed species may not be certain, OWRD encourages incremental improvements to flow through these voluntary programs. These programs would benefit from increased education and outreach to increase participation levels, and from coordinated follow-up to encourage reenrollment where possible. Provide available flow restoration data to support the evaluation of flows and their sufficiency during critical periods and the Modifications adaptive management process. In September 2006, funding was awarded Needed: through the National Fish and Wildlife’s Columbia Transactions Program to migrate instream leasing, transfer and allocations of conserved water data to OWRD’s online Water Rights Information System (WRIS). Access through this OWRD website will provide critical data for evaluating current flow restoration activities and supporting adaptive management. Programs are constrained by limited funding and resources for outreach and Program education, lease/transfer follow-up and re-enrollment, and accessibility of Constraints: lease/transfer data to support monitoring and evaluation of flow restoration efforts and their impacts on listed species.
Chapter 7 – page 226
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Managing Entity: Oregon Water Resources Department Program Name: Lease/Transfer Water Rights Associated with CREP Program Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest State Forest Private Forest Agriculture √ Residential Water rights appurtenant to agricultural lands enrolled in CREP. Management Strategies Flow/ Hillslope Ecological Floodplain Riparian Habitat Channel Water Hydrograph Processes Processes Function Condition Access Structure Quality √ √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Reduced instream flows due to water withdrawals that : Factor/Threat: impair growth, survival, or movement. This program works in conjunction with CREP to benefit both the restoration of riparian function and minimum flows as lands are enrolled and associated water Rational for rights are returned instream. Participation in the CREP program and instream Sufficiency leasing or transfer of associated water rights are voluntary. Water rights that Characterization: are not leased or transferred instream may be used consistent within the terms and conditions of the water right, which may, depending on the nature of the water right, reduce potential benefits to minimum flows and riparian function. Outreach and education programs could be improved through increased Modifications resources and greater coordination. Provide available flow restoration data to Needed: support monitoring, evaluation and the adaptive management process. The program is dependent upon private landowner awareness of the program Program and voluntary participation levels. Outreach and education are constrained by Constraints: available resources.
Chapter 7 – page 227
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Managing Entity: Oregon Water Resources Department Program Name: Water Distribution and Regulation Populations Where Program is Implemented N. Santiam Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ √ Jurisdictions Federal Forest √
State Forest √
Private Forest √
Agriculture √
Molalla √ Urban or Rural Residential √
With few exceptions, all surface and ground waters of the state. Management Strategies Flow / Ecological Floodplain Riparian Habitat Channel Water Hillslope Hydrograph Processes Function Condition Access Structure Quality Processes √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Reduced instream flows due to water withdrawals that : Factor/Threat: impair growth, survival, or movement. Instream water rights do not guarantee minimum flows. Rather, they establish a quantity of water for instream beneficial use, regulated by priority date. Many instream water rights have priority dates that are junior to other water rights, reducing opportunities to regulate on their behalf. The Rational for resulting impacts to instream flows may vary by stream reach, season and Sufficiency priority date of the instream right. Voluntary compliance with water rights Characterization: and regulations was approximately 96% statewide in 2005. However, there are over 80,000 surface water rights in Oregon. Efforts to monitor streamflow and protect instream water rights are limited by staff resources and monitoring capabilities. Increased monitoring capabilities will support water distribution and Modifications regulation activities on behalf of water rights, including instream water Needed: rights. These additional data may also support evaluation of incremental changes to flow and the sufficiency of those flows during critical periods. Funding for staff and monitoring capabilities has been unstable and declining. The 2007-2009 budget provides funding to add monitoring and Program distribution capacity. The junior status of some instream water rights may Constraints: limit their flow benefit in some areas. In these instances, voluntary restoration measures are key to achieving recovery goals as they relate to flow.
Chapter 7 – page 228
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Managing Entity: Oregon Water Resources Department Program Name: Water Supply and Conservation Planning Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest State Forest Private Forest Agriculture √ Residential √ Municipal and Agricultural water right holders interested in preparing, or required to prepare, water management and conservation plans. Management Strategies Flow/ Ecological Floodplain Riparian Habitat Channel Water Hillslope Hydrograph Processes Function Condition Access Structure Quality Processes √ Management Actions Need Text
Limiting Factor/Threat:
Rational for Sufficiency Characterization:
Modifications Needed:
Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Reduced instream flows due to water withdrawals that : impair growth, survival, or movement. Water Management and Conservation Plans are not designed to directly address flow needs for listed fish species. However, stream flows may benefit from implementation of these plans and identified conservation measures. Plan implementation may delay the need for increased municipal diversions. Stream flows may improve through implementation of agricultural plans. OWRD encourages instream protection for all or a portion of increases to stream flow brought by implementation of agricultural plans. Voluntary enrollment in the Allocation of Conserved Water Program includes incentives for agricultural water suppliers and opportunities to restore instream flows and regulate on their behalf. Potential improvements to flow are dependent upon participation and full implementation of plans. There is currently no OWRD monitoring program in place to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs. While stream flows may benefit, for the recovery of listed species, this and other plans are best considered in aggregate. Considered in aggregate, the sufficiency of some programs may change. The Agricultural Water Management and Conservation Plan program would benefit from expanded outreach and education. OWRD is currently developing a guidebook to assist agricultural water suppliers to prepare plans that meet Oregon and Federal requirements. This guidebook will help agricultural water suppliers describe their water systems and needs, identify their sources of water, and identify ways to manage and conserve those supplies to meet present and future needs. OWRD has also received funding for the majority of requested elements of a statewide Water Supply and Conservation Initiative. This initiative will strive to address statewide water supply needs through a statewide water needs assessment, inventory of potential above and below
Chapter 7 – page 229
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ground water storage sites, analyses of water conservation opportunities, investigation of basin yield estimates, and match funding for community-based and regional water supply planning. Water supply and conservation planning is constrained by limited funding and Program resources for outreach, education, and program development. The 2007-2009 Constraints: agency budget includes the majority of funding requested for the Water Supply and Conservation Initiative.
Chapter 7 – page 230
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Managing Entity: Oregon Water Resources Department Program Name: Water Use Measurement Strategy Populations Where Program is Implemented Middle Fork √ McKenzie √ Calapooia √ S. Santiam √ N. Santiam √ Molalla √ Jurisdictions Urban or Rural Federal Forest √ State Forest √ Private Forest √ Agriculture √ Residential √ With few exceptions, all surface and ground waters of the state. Management Strategies Flow/ Ecological Floodplain Riparian Habitat Channel Water Hillslope Hydrograph Processes Function Condition Access Structure Quality Processes √ Management Actions Need Text Modifications Needed, and Constraints to Implementation Limiting Reduced instream flows due to water withdrawals that : Factor/Threat: impair growth, survival, or movement. Measurement of water use does not directly protect flows, but may support the evaluation of needed flows. On a statewide scale, the Water Use Measurement and Reporting position was eliminated during the last biennium and has been restored for the 2007-2009 biennium. This position is responsible for database Rational for maintenance, maintenance of on-line reporting processes and helping to assure Sufficiency compliance with permit reporting conditions. Efforts to promote voluntary Characterization: actions may be deterred by the cost associated with installation and maintenance of measuring equipment. A cost-share program to promote voluntary water use measurement and reporting is in place, but not currently funded. Ongoing implementation of the significant diversion program is constrained by staffing levels. No modifications to the design of this program are suggested. Restoration of the Water Use Measurement and Reporting position and funding for the Modifications existing cost-share program for voluntary water use measurement and reporting Needed: will improve ongoing implementation of the water use measurement strategy. Restoration of county-based Assistant Watermasters would further aid this strategy. Program Ongoing implementation of the water use measurement strategy is constrained Constraints: by available resources and staff.
Chapter 7 – page 231
