Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

1

Major Events Affecting the Earth’s Structure

CREATION Genesis 1:9-10 “Then God said, ‘Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear’; and it was so. And God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering together of the waters He called Seas. And God saw that it was good.”

CURSE Genesis 3:17 “Then to Adam He said, ‘Because you have heeded the voice of your wife, and have eaten from the tree of which I commanded you, saying, ‘You shall not eat of it’: Cursed is the ground for your sake; in toil you shall eat of it all the days of your life.’” FLOOD Genesis 7:19-20 “And the waters prevailed exceedingly on the earth, and all the high hills under the whole heaven were covered. The waters prevailed fifteen cubits upward, and the mountains were covered.” Creation vs. Evolution Exodus 20:11 “For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth....”

6

DAYS

• THEISTIC EVOLUTION • DAY AGE THEORY • GAP THEORY

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

1

Vocabulary

Delta—the flat area at the end of a river where much sediment is deposited Deposition—the placement of eroded material in a new place Sediment—solid particles carried from one place to another Weathering—the breaking up or wearing away of rock

Mechanical weathering—breaking up of rock by physical forces such as ice, wind, roots, or animals Chemical weathering—breaking up of rock by changing the minerals within the rock, like acid rain corrosion. Erosion—the sweeping away of weathered material Wave—a way of energy transfer in water

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

1

Letter

Vocabulary Matching Answer Key Definition

Word

H

1.

a way of energy transfer in water

A.

delta

D

2.

the breaking up or wearing away of rock

B.

deposition

E

3.

breaking up of rock by physical forces such as ice, wind, roots, or animals

C.

sediments

F

4.

breaking up of rock by changing the minerals within the rock

D.

weathering

G

5.

the sweeping away of weathered material

E.

mechanical weathering

B

6.

the placement of eroded material in a new place

F.

chemical weathering

A

7.

the flat area at the end of a river where much sediment is deposited

G.

erosion

C

8.

solid particles carried from one place to another

H.

wave

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

3

Caves in the Rock

Stalactites, stalagmites and columns in Luray Caverns, Virginia.

The “Belvedere” watching terrace, south upside entrance from the Nereo Cave in Alghero, Italy.

Photo credit: Marco Busdraghi TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

3

Changes to Earth’s Surface

Landforms (canyons, lakes, mountains, etc.) can be formed both slowly and quickly. Weathering causes changes in the earth’s surface over thousands of years.

Photo credit: Mykl Roventine

Chemical weathering changes the minerals that make up the rock (chemical reactions).

Mechanical weathering breaks down rock by physical forces like wind, freezing water, the pushing of plant roots, or animals digging.

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

4

Two Views of Erosion

Plants and animals within the cracks of rocks can cause erosion. Worms burrowing holes in tiny places can allow plant roots to break through.

Chemical erosion happens when chemicals in the air and water interact with minerals in rock causing them to dissolve.

Ocean waves constantly pounding the shores erode rock and soil.

Water is one of the biggest factors in erosion. Even rain can erode away a mountain if given enough time.

Water can seep down into the cracks in a rock. When the water freezes, it expands. When the water thaws, it contracts. This causes the rocks to break.

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

4

Canyons

Burlingame Canyon Located in the state of Washington, Burlingame Canyon was eroded in less than two days in 1926 when an irrigation ditch overflowed. This “Little Grand Canyon” shows how the Grand Canyon itself could have been eroded by rapidly moving water.

Glen Canyon Dam In 1983, the hole at the base of the tunnel was eroded in not much more than a minute when engineers at Glen Canyon Dam tried to relieve water pressure to the dam by using the drainage tunnel. Rapidly moving water has incredible erosive power. Providence Canyon The erosion began in the 1820s as poor farming practices caused erosion. Now the canyon is up to 160 feet deep.

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

4

Monument to the Flood

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

4

Erosion and Deposition

• The movement of weathered material is called erosion. Wind and water are very important factors for the process of erosion, but ice and gravity also play a role. • Water running downhill is the main factor in shaping the earth’s land surface. • Moving water breaks down rock and soil and carries them to other locations. • Moving water carries minerals from rivers to oceans. • Streams flow together to form a river. • When rivers flow onto flat areas, the deposition of sediment creates landforms called river deltas. • Floods deposit new, fertile soil over flood plains.

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

5

2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

5

Coastal Landforms

• Wind and underground movements can cause waves. • Energy is passed along in a wave as water moves in a circle. The water particle itself does not move much, but it transfers the energy to the next water particle. • Waves are the major force of erosion along shores. • Ocean waves shape coastal landforms through erosion and deposition. • Wind creates sand dunes and shapes cliffs along coastal areas. • Tsunamis are formed by earthquakes under the ocean.

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

Geological Column and Time Scale

6 1.8

50

Era

Period

Quarternary

Cenozoic

0

Tertiary

Cretaceous

Evolution of humans Mammals diversify

Extinction of dinosaurs First primates First flowering plants

Jurassic

First birds Dinosaurs diversify

Triassic

First mammals First dinosaurs

Permian

Major extinctions Reptiles diversify

200

250

Carboniferous

300

400

Paleozoic

350

450

Pennsylvanian Mississippian Devonian

550

600

First reptiles Scale trees Seed ferns First amphibians Jawed fishes diversify

Silurian

First vascular land plants

Ordovician

Sudden diversification of metazoan families

Cambrian

First fishes First chordates

500

Late Proterozoic

Millions of Years Ago

150

Mesozoic

100

Events

First skeletal elements First soft-bodied metazoans First animal traces

650 TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

6

Six Days?

Yom as defined by ‘morning and evening’ and a number means a 24-hour day.

• Death before sin contradicts the Gospel. • Man’s sin was the cause of death, disease, and suffering. • If death occurred before man, then man does not need God.

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

6

Dating the Earth

• Radiocarbon dating is a dating method used to determine the age of organic material.

• Carbon dating measures the amount of carbon-14 that remains in the body of an animal or plant after it dies. • Radiocarbon dating is limited to a cap of 100,000 years and to objects that contain organic material. TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH

Chang Chapter 7 Changing Earth

Lesson

9

Concept Map

Mechanical Weathering

Chemical Weathering

Erosion

Weathering

Sediment

Deposition Delta

TRUTH IN SCIENCE | UNIT B | CHAPTER 7 - CHANGING EARTH