Chapter 3: The Microscope Objectives: Know the parts of the microscope and their function Be able to calculate total magnification and working distance Understand how to perceive depth
base substage light stage condenser iris diaphragm lever coarse adjustment knob fine adjustment knob head arm ocular (eyepiece) nosepiece objective lenses total magnification working distance parfocal depth of field
Important figures: 3.1 3.3
Slides: Letter e Grid (newsprint) 3 colored treads Cheek epithelial cells (barr’s bodies)
Chapter 27: Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine Glands Dissection Exercise 3: Identification of Selected Endocrine Organs of the Cat (page 727) Objectives: Name the hormones and their functions, organs that secrete them and their target organs. Hormone – chemical messengers employed by the endocrine system and are transported by blood Target organs – organs that respond to a particular hormone; can be another endocrine gland Tropic hormones – hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that targets other endocrine organs to secrete other hormones. Hypersecretion – excessive secretion of a hormone. Hyposecretion – deficiency of a hormone. Endocrine Gland Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis)
Hormone
Ovaries and Testes
Ovaries and Testes
(Tropic) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum in the female and the production of testosterone by the interstitial cells of the testis in the male Stimulate the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete adrenocortical steroids, chief among them cortisone Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine
(Tropic) Growth hormone (GH)
Promotes growth of the body
Everywhere in the body. Mainly long bones and muscles Breasts and testies
(Tropic Gonadotrophin)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Pineal Gland
Target Organ
Stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovary and induces the formation of sperm in the testis
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
(Tropic Gonadotrophin) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Function
Melatonin
Stimulates breast development; promotes and maintains lactation; Stimulates testosterone production and males Facilitates uterine contractions and the milk-ejection reflex Causes the kidneys to reabsorb water directly from the renal tubules and affects blood pressure Controls the timing of sexual activity to coordinate with the seasons in animals and daily or circadian rhythms in humans.
Adrenal glands
Thyroid gland
Uterus and breasts Kidneys
Everywhere in the body. Hypothalamus, reproductive system, skeletal muscles
Endocrine Gland Thyroid
Hormone
Control the rate of metabolism and
Everywhere in the body.
Calcitonin
Controls calcium concentration in the body by stimulating bone deposition Regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism. Antagonist to calcitonin Decrease the rate of sodium-ion excretion and to increase the rate of potassium-ion excretion. Stimulates glycogen formation while it decreases the rate of glucose utilization in body cells Involved in outset of puberty and development of secondary sexual characteristics Promotes the fight-or-flight response Lowers the blood glucose level Stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels. Antagonist to Insulin Promotes development of secondary sexual characteristics, development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics, and promotes development of the mammary glands. Prepares uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum and maintains pregnancy, and promotes development of the mammary glands. Responsible for the development of the male reproductive system and secondary male sexual characteristics Promotes maturation and specialization of T cells
Bone, Kidneys and Blood
Parathormone (PTH)
Adrenal Cortex
Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone Glucocorticoids Cortisol Gonadocorticoids Androgens & estrogens
Pancreas
Ovaries
Target Organ
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3)
Parathyroid Gland(s)
Adrenal Medula
Function
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Insulin Glucagon
Estrogens
Progesterone
Testis
Testosterone
Thymus
Thymosin
Figures: 27.2; 27.3 Dissection Exercise: D3.2; D3.3
Bone, Kidneys and Blood Kidneys
Liver
Reproductive system
Everywhere in the body. Body cells Liver
The whole body. Uterus and breasts
Uterus and breasts
Gonads, ducts and glands
Lymphocytes
Chapter 29: Blood Objectives:
Name the 2 major components of blood and their average percentages in whole blood Define formed elements and list the cell types composing them and their functions Identify in slides and pictures erythrocytes, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils Identify human blood versus non-human blood
plasma formed elements erythrocytes (RBCs) leukocytes (WBCs) granulocytes neutrophil eosinophil basophil agranulocytes lymphocyte monocyte platelets megakaryocytes
Important Figures and Tables: Fig. 29a.1 Table 29a.1 Histology Atlas: pages 701-702; Plates: 50-55 Slides: Human blood Frog blood Camel blood Other non-human blood
Exercise 30: Anatomy of the Heart Objectives: Understand the structure and function of the heart Know the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulations Trace the blood flow through the heart Understand the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood vessels Understand the significance in the difference between sizes of right and left ventricles Thought dissection of the sheep heart, microscope slides, the heart models and diagrams, identify and define the following: Cardiovascular system Mediastinum Heart Apex Base Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Aorta Pulmonary arteries (trunk) Pulmonary veins Coronary arteries Coronary sinus Cardiac veins Atherosclerosis Atrioventricular (AV) valves Right atrium Right auricle Right ventricle Left atrium Left auricle
Left ventricle Tricuspid valve Bicuspid (mitral) valve Chordae tendinae Papillary muscles Moderator band Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve Atrioventricular groove Interatrial septum Interventricular septum Pericardial membranes: Epicardium (visceral pericardium) Parietal pericardium Fibrous pericardium Endocardium Myocardium (cardiac muscle) Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Cardiac Circulation
__________________________________________________________________________________________ BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART
Deoxygenated blood Æ Inferior and Superior Vena Cava Æ Right Atrium Æ Tricuspid Valve Æ Right Ventricle Æ Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Æ Pulmonary Trunk Æ Pulmonary Arteries Æ Lungs (to oxygenate) Æ Pulmonary Veins Æ Left Atrium Æ Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve Æ Left Ventricle Æ Aortic Semilunar Valve Æ Aorta Æ Body (systemic circulation)
Exercises 31 & 33A Objectives:
To identify the elements of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart and to understand how impulses are initiated and conducted through this system and myocardium. To correctly interpret the Electrocardiograms To learn the proper use of a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer To accurately determine a subject’s pulse and blood pressure and to relate the observed events to events of the cardiac cycle. To define to following terms:
Conduction System of the Heart and Electrocardiography (457-460) Functional syncytium Intrinsic conduction system/ nodal system Sinoatrial (SA) node Atrioventricular (AV) node AV bundle of His Bundle brunches Purkinje fibers Electrocardiography Electrocardiograph Electrocardiogram (ECG) Deflection waves P wave PQ interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave Heart rate Tachycardia Fibrillation Bradycardia Stroke volume Limb leads Figures: 31.1; 31.2 (a & b); 31.3; 31.4 ECG simulation: http://www.getbodysmart.com
Human Cardiovascular Physiology: Blood Pressure and Pulse Determinations Systole Diastole Cardiac cycle Phases: 1 – Ventricular filling and atrial contraction 2a – Isovolumetric contraction phase 2b – Ventricular ejection phase 3 – Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling Dicrotic notch Heart sounds S1 S2 Murmurs Pulse Apical Radial Pulse points Pulse pressure Pulse deficit Blood pressure (BP) (mm Hg = millimeters of mercury) Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure (MAP) Cardiac output (CO) Peripheral resistance (PR) Sphygmomanometer Stethoscope Sounds of Korotkoff Index of physical fitness Cold pressor test Hyporeactors Hyperreactors In class activities: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 (p. 502-503) Figures: 33A.1 (a & b); 33A.2; 33A.3; 33A.9 (a,b,c, & d)
Chapter 32: Anatomy of Blood Vessels Dissection Exercise 4: Dissection of the Blood Vessels of the Cat (Page 731) Objectives: Describe the tunics of blood vessel walls and state the function of each layer Correlate differences between arteries, veins, and capillary structure with the functions of these vessels Recognize a cross-sectional view of an artery and vein in a slide Know what veins drain into the superior vena cava and which drain into the inferior vena cava Be able to identify arteries and veins in human diagrams and cat dissection Know the unique features of the special circulations (hepatic portal system, circle of Willis, pulmonary circulation, fetal circulation) *veins and arteries identified in cat only pulmonary vessels systemic vessels tunica interna (intima) & endothelium tunica media tunica externa (adventitia) major systemic arteries aorta & aortic arch brachiocephalic artery right and left common carotid arteries right and left subclavian artery vertebral artery axillary artery brachial artery ulnar artery radial artery intercostals phrenic artery celiac trunk superior mesenteric artery renal arteries suprarenal arteries gonadal arteries (testicular, ovarian) common iliac artery internal iliac artery external iliac artery femoral artery popliteal artery anterior & posterior tibial artery fibular artery caudal artery* transverse scapular artery* major systemic veins superior vena cava inferior vena cava common iliac vein external iliac vein internal iliac vein femoral vein great saphenous vein small saphenous vein popliteal vein gonadal veins (testicular, ovarian) renal veins hepatic vein iliolumbar vein* right and left brachiocephalic veins internal jugular vein external jugular vein right and left subclavian veins
axillary vein cephalic vein basilic vein azygos vein hemiazygos vein intercostals vein brachial vein radial vein ulnar vein pulmonary circulation right and left pulmonary arteries right and left pulmonary veins pulmonary trunk hepatic portal circulation hepatic portal vein inferior mesenteric vein splenic vein superior mesenteric vein left gastric vein fetal circulation umbilical vein umbilical artery ductus venosus ductus arteriosus foramen ovale fossa ovalis circle of Willis basilar artery anterior communicating artery posterior communicating artery anterior cerebral artery posterior cerebral artery middle cerebral artery internal carotid artery Important Figures 32.1 32.4 32.7 32.2 32.5 32.8 32.3 32.6 32.9 Dissection Exercise D4.1 D4.2 D4.3
32.10 32.11 32.12
32.13 32.14 32.15
D4.4
Slides: Vein Capillary Artery Aorta Histology atlas: plate 21, page 696
D4.5
Chapter 35: Lymphatic System and Immune Response Dissection Exercise 5: The Main Lymphatic Ducts of the Cat (page 741) Objectives: Name the components of the lymphatic system Describe formation and composition of lymph and how it is transported through the lymphatic vessels 3 most important characteristics of immune response: immunological memory, specificity, and differentiation to self from non-self Differentiate between the roles of B cells and T cells Describe structure and function of lymph nodes Differentiate between antigen and antibody
lymphatic system lymphatic capillaries lymphatic collecting vessels lymphatic trunks right lymphatic duct thoracic duct lymph nodes
afferent lymphatic vessels efferent lymphatic hilus cortex follicles and germinal centers medulla macrophages cisterna chyli adaptive immune system immune response memory specificity ability to differentiate self from non-self lymphoid organs (primary and secondary) bone marrow thymus spleen red pulp white pulp B cells/ lymphocytes
memory B cells plasma cells T cells/ lymphocytes clonal selection humoral immunity cellular immunity
antibodies (immunoglobulins [Igs]) gamma globulins: IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA, IgE heavy chain light chain antigen-binding site Important Figures: Fig. 35a.1; 35a.2; 35.a3; 35a.4; 35a.5 (slides, photomicrographs, and diagrams)
Slides: Lymph node Spleen Tonsil Thymus Histology Atlas: plates 21-25; pages 696-697
Chapter 36: Anatomy of the Respiratory System Dissection Exercise 6: Dissection of the Respiratory System of the Cat (page 743) Objectives:
Label the major respiratory structures on a diagram, modeL and cat, and to describe the function of each To recognize the histological structure of the trachea and lung tissue on prepared slides To recognize the difference between healthy and diseased lung in a slide Know and recognize differences between the cat and human systems
respiration pulmonary ventilation external respiration transport of respiratory gases internal respiration cellular respiration external nares internal nares internal nasal cavity nasal septum inferior nasal concha middle nasal concha superior nasal concha hard palate soft palate cleft palate respiratory epithelium/ pseudostratified columnar epithelium pharynx nasopharynx auditory tube/ Eustachian tube pharyngeal tonsil oropharynx palatine tonsils laryngopharynx lingual tonsils larynx thyroid cartilage hyaline cartilage laryngeal prominence
cricoid cartlilage epiglottis elastic cartilage glottis vestibular folds (false vocal cords) vocal folds (true vocal cords) trachea C-shaped rings of cartilage trachealis muscle carina primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi quaternary bronchi respiratory bronchioles terminal bronchioles bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli mediastinum pleural cavity apex base hilus cardiac notch parietal pleura visceral pleura pleural cavity
Human: Right lung: Superior lobe, Middle lobe, Inferior lobe. Oblique and horizontal fissures Left lung: Superior lobe, Inferior lobe. Oblique fissure Cat:
Right lung: Anterior lobe, Middle lobe, Posterior lobe, Mediastinal lobe Left lung: Anterior lobe, Middle lobe, Posterior lobe
Slides: lung, trachea, emphysema, antharcosis Important Figures: 36.1 36.5 36.2 36.6 36.3 36.7
Dissection Exercise: D6.1 D6.2 D6.3
Histology atlas: plates 26-29 page 697
Chapter 38: Anatomy of the Digestive System Dissection Exercise 7: Dissection of the Digestive System of the Cat (pages 747-752) Objectives: Identify which organs are part of the alimentary canal and which are accessory digestive organs Describe the four basic tunic layers of the digestive organs in terms of tissue make-up/function When viewing a slide, be able to tell what digestive organ it comes from Recognize the required terms on a slide like the one shown in Figures 38.6 and 38.9 (a-c) Be able to trace the pathway of a bolus of food as it passes through the digestive system Know the function of the secretions of each organ and match the enzyme to the nutrient it digests Identify where the most digestion, nutrient absorption, and water absorption occurs in the digestive system. Also, know where important vitamins (ex. vitamin B) are manufactured Be able to interpret or state a dental formula for child, adult, or cat Describe blood and bile flow within the liver Identify differences between the human and cat digestive system Define and identify the following vocabulary: digestive system digestion absorption metabolism ingestion mechanical digestion chemical digestion movements and peristalsis elimination alimentary canal mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa, adventitia visceral and parietal peritoneum laryngopharynx epiglottis oropharynx oral cavity lips and cheeks hard palate soft palate uvula tongue and taste buds lingual frenulum gingiva bolus filiforme papillae (on cat) mylohyoid muscle teeth: deciduous and permanent teech types: Incisors, cuspids/canine, bicuspids/ premolars, molars tooth structures: crown, root, enamel, cementum, periodontal ligament, dentin, pulp cavity, apical foramen dental formula salivary glands parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands mucin and amylase esophagus esophageal hiatus gastroesophageal sphincter/junction
stomach cardiac region, fundus, body, pyloric region, greater and lesser curvatures, greater and lesser omenta, pyloric sphincter, rugae chime small intestine duodenum, jejunum, ileum, mesentery, ileocecal valve villi, microvilli and plicae brush border enzymes large intestine cecum, appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon; rectum and anus; internal and external sphincters teniae coli, haustra liver and gallbladder hepatocytes, lobules, falciform ligament, portal triad, sinusoids, kupffer cells, scommon hepatic duct, bile duct bile hepatitis and cirrhosis pancreas acinar cells, pancreatic duct Figures: 38.1; 38.2; 38.3; 38.4; 38.5; 38.6; 38.7; 38.8; 38.9; 38.10; 38.11; 38.12; 38.13; 38.14; 38.15 Dissection Exercise: D7.2; D7.3; D7.4 D7.5 Histology Atlas: plates 30-40; pages 698-700
Chapter 40: Anatomy of the Urinary System Dissection Exercise 8: Dissection of the Urinary System of the Cat (Page 753) Objectives: To describe the functions of the urinary system To identify the organs of the urinary system and describe their functions To identify the kidney regions on the diagrams, models, and sheep kidney dissection Trace the blood supply of the kidney from renal arteries to renal veins To identify the parts of the nephron and the function of each segment To recognize microscopic structures of the kidney and bladder Define the following: Micturition Ptosis Glomerular filtration Filtrate
Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion Retroperitoneal
Identify the following on the diagrams, models, or cat: Urinary system Excretory system Parietal peritoneum Kidney Hilus Renal arteries and veins Segmental arteries and veins Interlobar arteries and veins Arcuate arteries and veins Interlobular arteries and veins Renal capsule (fibrous capsule) renal adipose capsule renal fascia Renal cortex Renal columns Renal medulla Medullary pyramids Apex and base Renal pelvis Renal sinus Major and minor calyces Glomerulus Afferent arterioles Efferent arterioles Vasa recta
Figures: 40.1; 40.2; 40.3; 40.4; 40.6 Dissection Exercise: D8.1; D8.2 Histology Atlas: plates 41-43; page 700
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule Peritubular capillary beds Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Ascending and descending limbs Thick and thin segments Distal convoluted tubule Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons Collecting ducts Ureters Urinary bladder Mucosa (transitional epithelium) Rugae Submucosa Muscularis (Detrusor muscle) Peristalsis Adventitia Neck Trigone Urethra Internal and external urethral orifice Urogenital sinus (on female cat) Internal and external urethral sphincters
Exercise 41B Renal Physiology – The Function of the Nephron Computer Simulation Objectives:
To define the nephron as the functional unit of the kidney and relate its anatomy to the processes of urine formation. To define glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion and indicate where these processes occur in the nephron. To relate renal anatomy to glomerular filtration using PhysioEx (activities 1-6) To complete the required lab report. (25 POINTS) To define to following terms: Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Glomerular capsule Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Loop of Henle Filtrate Urine Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secreation Glomerular Pressure Glomerular Filtration Rate Milliosmoles (mosm) = One thousandth (10-3) of an osmole Glucose Glucose cariers Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Aldosterone
FYI: Osmolarity - the concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solutes per liter of solution. Osmole - a unit of osmotic pressure equivalent to the amount of solute that dissociates in solution to form one mole of particles (molecules and ions).
PHYSIOEX 6.0: LABORATORY SIMULATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGY CD BASIC INSTRUCTIONS LAB 9: RENAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1. Put the CD in the CD-ROM drive. The program will launch automatically after you load the CD into the drive. If autorun is disabled on your machine, double click the My Computer icon on the Windows desktop, double click the PhysioEx icon, and then double click “Start_PhysioEx6.0.exe”. 2. If you see a clock with the red hand moving click the “PROCEED” button. 3. If you see Adobe Flash Player Security Error click “OK” and proceed to the next step. 4. At the opening License Agreement screen Click “AGREE”. You must agree to the terms of the License Agreement included on the CD. 5. Click on “MAIN MENU” and then click on the “LAB 9: RENAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY” in order to enter that lab. 6. Follow the instructions in your written lab manual to complete the lab. 7. For additional instructions, system requiems and CD trouble shooting see the ReadMe.txt on the CD and your lab manual pages P-1 through P-2.
PHYSIOEX 7.0: LABORATORY SIMULATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGY CD BASIC INSTRUCTIONS LAB 9: RENAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1. Put the CD in the CD-ROM drive. The program will launch automatically after you load the CD into the drive. If autorun is disabled on your machine, double click the My Computer icon on the Windows desktop, double click the PhysioEx icon, and then double click “StartHere.exe”. 2. Follow the instructions on the screen. To check your browser settings click “BROWSER TUNEUP”. Than click “ENTER” to begin. 3. Choose “LAB 9: RENAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY” in the PhysioEx drop down menu and click “GO”. 4. Follow the instructions in your written lab manual to complete the lab. 5. For additional instructions, system requiems and CD trouble shooting see the ReadMe.txt on the CD and your lab manual pages PEx-2 through PEx-3.
PHYSIOEX 8.0: LABORATORY SIMULATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGY CD BASIC INSTRUCTIONS LAB 9: RENAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1. Put the CD in the CD-ROM drive. The program will launch automatically after you load the CD into the drive. If autorun is disabled on your machine, double click the My Computer icon on the Windows desktop, double click the PhysioEx8.0 icon. 2. Follow the instructions on the screen. To check your browser settings click “SITE REQUIREMENTS”. Than click “ENTER” to begin. 3. Choose “LAB 9: RENAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY” in the PhysioEx drop down menu and click “GO”. 4. Follow the instructions in your written lab manual to complete the lab. 5. For additional instructions, system requiems and CD trouble shooting see the ReadMe.txt on the CD and your lab manual pages PEx-2 through PEx-3.
Chapter 42: Anatomy of the Reproductive System Dissection Exercise 9: Dissection of the Reproductive System of the Cat (page 757) Objectives: To identify the structures of male and female reproductive system and discus general function of each. Describe the process sperm production and maturation and organs involved Describe the presses of ova production and follicular maturation, and endometrial changes during the uterine cycle. Name endocrine and exocrine products of gonads To discuss the microscopic structures of the male penis, testis, seminal vesicles, epididymis, uterine wall, fallopian tube, ovary, mammary glands To define/ identify each of the following in the human and cat systems: reproductive system gonads gametes
reproductive organs: essential and accessory excretory ducts external genitalia
Male:
Female: ovaries ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament, mesovarium, broad ligament ovaries tunica albuginea cortex medulla ovarian follicles ovulation corpus luteum uterine tubes /fallopian tubes/oviducts uterian horns (in cat) infundibulum fimbriae isthmus ampulla fertilization uterus body, fundus, isthmus, cervix lateral, cervical, uterosacral, round ligaments endometrium (simple columnar epithelium) stratum functionalis, stratum basalis menstruation myometrium perimetrium vagina squamous mucosa muscularis fibroelastic adventitia vaginal orifice hymen vaginal orifices mons pubis labia majora and labia minora clitoris perineum mammary glands superficial fascia nipple areola lobes suspensory ligaments alveolar glands lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinus, alveoli lactation
testes scrotum superficial fascia cremaster muscle spermatic cord tunica vaginalis tunica albuginea septa lobules seminiferous tubules rete testis epididymis (head, body, and tail) ductus deferens/ vas deferens inguinal canal ejaculatory duct penis root, shaft, glans, prepuce erectile bodies corpus spongiosum corpora cavernosa stratified columnar epithelium internal and external urethral orifice prostate gland prostatic urethra membranous urethra penile urethra seminal vesicles bulbourethral glands/ cowper's gland semen sperm ejaculation Figures: 42.1; 42.2; 42.4; 42.5; 42.6 Dissection Exercise: D9.1; D9.2 Histology Atlas: plate 19, 20, 43-49 page 696, 700-701
Chapter 43: Physiology of Reproduction: Gametogenesis and the Female Cycles Objectives:
To relate the stages of spermatogenesis to the cross-sectional structure of the seminiferous tubule. To discuss the microscopic structure of the ovary and to relate the stages of oogenesis to follicle development in the ovary. Compare similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis and between spermatogenesis and oogenesis. To describe sperm anatomy and to relate it to function To discuss the phases and control of the menstrual cycle To discuss the effects of FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone on the uterine and ovarian cycles To discuss relationship between the anterior pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian hormones. To discuss the effects of LH, and testosterone on testicular function
mitosis cytokinesis furrowing /cleavage furrow meiosis meiosis I/reduction division Interphase I, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I synapsis tetrade corossover meiosis II Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II homologous chromosomes/ dyads chromatids haploid (n) vs. diploid (2n) Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis testes seminiferous tubules intersutial cells / leydig cells androgens luteinizing hormone (LH) testosterone spermatogonia primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes spermatids spermatozoa (sperm) head acrosome midpiece flagellum Oogenesis ovaries tunica albuginea cortex medulla ovarian follicles oogonia primary oocytes secondary oocytes polar bodies ootid ovum ovulation zygote
Ovarian Cycle follicular phase luteal phase follicle cells granulosa cells primordial follicle primary follicle secondary follicle vesicular /graafian follicle antrum ovulation corpus luteum corpus albicans Uterine Cycle/ Menstrual Cycle menstrual phase menstrual flow proliferative phase secretory phase cervical plug estrogen progesterone luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Figures: 43.1; 43.2; 43.3; 43.4; 43.5; 43.6 Histology Atlas: plate 19, 20, 43-49 page 696, 700-701
