Chapter 3 Process Costing QUESTIONS 1. Job-order costing systems and process costing systems are the two primary accounting systems used to record production costs. 2. Equivalent units is the quantity of partially completed units expressed in terms of whole units. The number is used in calculating the average unit costs under process costing. 3. Direct labor and overhead, together, are called conversion costs. 4. The costs associated with units received from a preceding department within the company for further processing are called transferred-in costs. 5. Material may enter at the start of a production process while labor and overhead are incurred throughout the process. 6. Cost per equivalent unit = (Cost in beginning work in process + Cost incurred in current period) ÷ (Units completed + Equivalent units in ending work in process). 7. Cost to account for = (Cost in beginning work in process + Cost incurred in current period). 8. Reconciliation helps to ensure that mistakes are not made in calculations and units are not “lost.” 9. Transferred-in costs are the costs associated with units received from a preceding department within the company received for further processing. Therefore, they occur in all production departments except the first. 10. The four steps involved in preparing a production cost report are as follows: a. Account for the number of physical units b. Calculate the cost per equivalent unit for material, labor, and overhead c. Assign costs to items completed and items in ending work in process d. Account for the amount of product cost

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Jiambalvo Managerial Accounting

EXERCISES

E1. In the production of chips, much of manufacturing overhead is a fixed cost. This cost is assigned to completed items and work in process. By starting a large number of items at year end, and given the simplifying assumption that items in process are 50% complete, a significant proportion of the fixed manufacturing overhead will end up in work in process, which reduces the cost of finished items and ultimately the cost of goods sold. The result is that profit will be artificially inflated. This approach to increasing profit may mislead investors and other stakeholders and cause them to make bad decisions. Thus, the behavior is not ethical. E2. Cost per equivalent unit is calculated for material, labor and overhead. For each of these items, we sum the cost in beginning work in process and the cost incurred during the period. This becomes the numerator of the calculation. Then, we determine the number of units completed and the equivalent units in ending work in process. This becomes the denominator of the calculation. It is important to note that the equivalent units in ending work in process may be different for material, labor, and overhead. This is because material, labor, and overhead enter the production process at different times. E3. a. There are 11 steps: Brew House Step 1, malted barley—barley is mixed with water, dried and cured. Step 2, mill—the grain is cracked by steel grinders. Step 3, mash tun—malt is mixed with warm water in the mash tun. Step 4, lauter tun—the mash is pumped into the lauter tun where it is sprayed with hot water to help extract sugar from the malt.

Chapter 3 Process Costing

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Step 5, brew kettle–the base of beer, or “wort,” is pumped into the brew kettle where it is boiled, concentrated and clarified. Step 6, heat exchanger—the wort is cooled before it is moved to a fermentation cellar where it will become beer. In order to speed the cooling process, it is passed through a heat exchanger. In the cellar Step 7, fermenter—here, specially cultured yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is added to induce fermentation. Step 8, filtration—after the beer has been cold cellared in the fermenter, it is passed through a filter. Packaging Step 9, bottling—the bottling line is made up of several components. At the heart of the system is a counter-pressured filler which is capable of filling 400 bottles a minute. Step 10, kegging—Redhook uses ‘Snakey’ kegs, which have the advantage of being much easier to sterilize and fill than older types such as ‘Golden Gates.’ Step 11, shipping—ales are shipped out to stores and pubs across the United States in refrigerated trucks to keep them fresh. b. For each type of beer that Red Hook produces, a large number of identical units are produced in a continuous process. Thus, the company is likely to use process costing. c. Barley is added at the start. In step 7, yeast is added. d. The process is capital intensive. Large pieces of equipment are maintained by only one or two workers. For example, the automated bottling line fills 400 bottles a minute.

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Jiambalvo Managerial Accounting

E4. Units in beginning work in process Units started in July Units to account for Units completed Units in ending work in process Total units accounted for

1,000 43,000 44,000 cans 40,000 ? 44,000 cans

Units in ending work in process = 44,000 - 40,000 = 4,000 cans.

E5. Units in beginning work in process Units started in August Units to account for Units completed Units in ending work in process Total units accounted for

10,000 ? 52,000 gallons 40,000 12,000 52,000 gallons

Units started in August = 52,000 - 10,000 = 42,000 gallons.

Chapter 3 Process Costing

E6. Direct Labor Beginning WIP Cost incurred in May Total cost

$120,000 500,000 $620,000

Units Units completed Equivalent units, ending WIP (2,000 pounds × 50%) Total

10,000 pounds 1,000 11,000 pounds

Cost per equivalent unit = $620,000 ÷ 11,000 pounds = $56.36 per pound

E7. Let X = the cost in beginning work in process Material: ($140,000 + X) ÷ (30,000 + 10,000) = $5 X = $60,000 Labor: ($60,000 + X) ÷ (30,000 + 2,000) = $2 X = $4,000 Overhead: ($87,000 + X) ÷ (30,000 + 2,000) = $3 X = $9,000

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Jiambalvo Managerial Accounting

E8. The denominator is equal to units completed plus equivalent units in ending work in process. Material Units completed Equivalent units in ending work in process Total

2,700 400 3,100

Labor Units completed Equivalent units in ending work in process Total

2,700 250 2,950

Overhead Units completed Equivalent units in ending work in process Total

2,700 250 2,950

E9. a. Cost per equivalent unit for material is $6.10. Material cost in items completed is $244,000. Therefore, the number of completed units is 40,000 (i.e., $244,000 ÷ $6.10). Units in beginning work in process Units started in July Units to account for

1,000 43,000 44,000 cans

Units completed Units in ending work in process Total units accounted for

40,000 ? 44,000

This implies that 4,000 units are in ending work in process. b. Cost of ending work in process is $5,800 as follows: Material (.2 × 4,000 units × $6.10) Labor and overhead (.1 × 4,000 units × $2.30) Ending work in process

$4,880 920 $5,800

Chapter 3 Process Costing

E10. Ending Work in Process Material (800 × 1.0 × $0.50) Labor and overhead (800 × .8 × $0.90) Total Cost of Items Completed Material (4,000 × $0.50) Labor and overhead (4,000 × $0.90) Total

$400 576 $976

$2,000 3,600 $5,600

E11. Ending Work in Process Material (4 × .8 × $2,500) Labor (4 × .6 × $1,000) Overhead (4 × .6 × $2,000) Total

$ 8,000 2,400 4,800 $15,200

Cost of Items Completed Material (85 × $2,500) Labor (85 × $1,000) Overhead (85 × $2,000) Total

$212,500 85,000 170,000 $467,500

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E12. a. Material: Cost in beginning work in process Cost incurred during the period Total Conversion costs: Cost in beginning work in process Cost incurred during the period Total Equivalent units in ending work in process: Material (1,000 units × .8) Conversion costs (1,000 × .4) Cost per equivalent unit for material: $422,180 ÷ (41,000 + 800) Cost per equivalent unit for conversion costs: $380,880 ÷ (41,000 + 400) Total cost per equivalent units

b. Cost of items completed in October: 41,000 units × $19.30

c. Cost of ending work in process: Material cost (800 × $10.10) Conversion cost (400 × $9.20) Total cost of ending work in process

$ 18,000 404,180 $422,180 $

9,000 371,880 $380,880 800 400 $10.10 9.20 $19.30

$791,300

$ 8,080 3,680 $11,760

Chapter 3 Process Costing PROBLEMS

P1. a. The company started the month with 5,000 units and 100,000 units were entered into production. Thus, the company must account for 105,000 units. At the end of the month, the company had 2,000 units in ending work in process. This implies that 103,000 units were completed (105,000 - 2,000). The denominators for the calculations of cost per equivalent are: Units Completed 103,000 103,000 103,000

Material Labor Overhead

Beginning WIP

Material Labor Overhead Total

Equivalent Units in Ending WIP 2,000 1,600 1,600

Cost Added

Total

$65,250 6,151 7,147 $78,548

$68,250 6,276 7,322 $81,848

$3,000 125 175 $3,300

Total 105,000 104,600 104,600

Denominator Cost per EU

105,000 104,600 104,600

b. Cost of items completed in May is $80,340: 103,000 units × $0.78 = $80,340 Cost of items in ending work in process: Material (2,000 equivalent units × $0.65) Labor (1,600 equivalent units × $0.06) Overhead (1,600 equivalent units × $0.07) Total

$1,300 96 112 $1,508

c. Beginning work in process Cost added Total

$ 3,300 78,548 $81,848

Cost of items completed Cost of ending WIP Total

$80,340 1,508 $81,848

$0.65 0.06 0.07 $0.78

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Jiambalvo Managerial Accounting

P2. a. The company started the month with 600 units and 3,200 units were entered into production. Thus, the company must account for 3,800 units. At the end of the month, the company had 800 units in ending work in process. This implies that 3,000 units were completed (3,800 - 800). The denominators for the calculations of cost per equivalent are:

Material Labor Overhead

Units Completed 3,000 3,000 3,000

Beginning WIP Material $ 48,000 Labor 12,600 Overhead 84,000 Total $144,600

Equivalent Units in Ending WIP 480 400 400

Cost Added $ 317,400 94,500 590,900 $1,002,800

Total $ 365,400 107,100 674,900 $1,147,400

Cost per Denominator EU 3,480 $105.00 3,400 31.50 3,400 198.50 $335.00

b. Cost of items completed in May is $1,005,000: 3,000 units × $335.00 = $1,005,000 Cost of items in ending work in process: Material (480 equivalent units × $105.00) Labor (400 equivalent units × $31.50) Overhead (400 equivalent units × $198.50) Total

Total 3,480 3,400 3,400

$ 50,400 12,600 79,400 $142,400

c. Beginning work in process Cost added Total

$ 144,600 1,002,800 $1,147,400

Cost of items completed Cost of ending WIP Total

$1,005,000 142,400 $1,147,400

Chapter 3 Process Costing

P3. a. Olympic Laminators—September Unit Reconciliation Units in beg. WIP (60% material, 30% conversion costs) Units started during Units to account for

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3,000 4,000 7,000

Units completed Units in ending WIP (50% material, 20% conversion costs) Units accounted for

2,000* 5,000 7,000

*Computed as 7,000 - 5,000 = 2,000. Cost per Equivalent Unit Calculation Material Cost Beginning WIP $144,000 Cost incurred during Sept. 216,000 Total $360,000 Units Units completed Equivalent units, ending WIP Total Cost per equivalent unit

Labor

Overhead

$120,000 531,000 $651,000

$ 20,000 52,000 $72,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,500 4,500

1,000 3,000

1,000 3,000

$80

$217

$24

Total $ 284,000 799,000 $1,083,000

$321

Cost Reconciliation Total cost to account for

$1,083,000

Cost of completed units (2,000 units × $321) Cost of ending WIP Material (2,500 equivalent units × $80) Labor (1,000 equivalent units × $217) Overhead (1,000 equivalent units × $24) Total cost accounted for

$ 642,000

b. Finished Goods Inventory Work in Process Inventory

$200,000 217,000 24,000

441,000 $1,083,000

642,000 642,000

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Jiambalvo Managerial Accounting

P4. Aussie Yarn Company—August Unit Reconciliation Units in beg. WIP ((100% material, 60% conversion costs) Units started during Units to account for Units completed Units in ending WIP (100% material, 40% conversion costs) Units accounted for

5,000 25,000 30,000 26,000* 4,000 30,000

*Computed as 30,000 - 4,000 = 26,000. Cost per Equivalent Unit Calculation

Cost Beginning WIP Cost incurred during Sept. Total

Material

Labor

Overhead

Total

$ 4,000 22,280 $26,280

$ 1,050 9,990 $11,040

$ 1,450 11,522 $12,972

$ 6,500 43,792 $50,292

Units Units completed Equivalent units, ending WIP Total

26,000

26,000

26,000

4,000 30,000

1,600 27,600

1,600 27,600

Cost per equivalent unit

$0.876

$0.400

$0.470

$1.746

Cost Reconciliation Total cost to account for

$50,292

Cost of completed units (26,000 units × $1.746) Cost of ending WIP Material (4,000 equivalent units × $0.876) Labor (1,600 equivalent units × $0.400) Overhead (1,600 equivalent units × $0.470) Total cost accounted for

$45,396 $3,504 640 752

4,896 $50,292

Chapter 3 Process Costing

P5. a.

b.

c.

d.

Work in process, dept. 1 80,000 Material inventory To record material used in department 1

80,000

Work in process, dept. 2 20,000 Material inventory To record material used in department 2

20,000

Work in process, dept. 1 Wages payable To record labor in department 1

45,000 45,000

Work in process, dept. 2 Wages payable To record labor in department 2

55,000

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55,000

Work in process, dept. 1 230,000 Manufacturing overhead To record overhead applied in department 1

230,000

Work in process, dept. 2 110,000 Manufacturing overhead To record overhead applied in department 2

110,000

Work in process, dept. 2 381,000 Work in process, dept. 1 381,000 To record cost of units transferred from department 1 to department 2 Note: This includes all beginning costs and costs incurred, since there is no ending work in process in this department (26,000 + 80,000 + 45,000 + 230,000). Finished goods inventory 576,000 Work in process, dept. 2 576,000 To record cost units completed and transferred to finished goods. Note: 46,000 + 20,000 + 55,000 + 110,000 + 381,000 – 36,000 = 576,000.

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Jiambalvo Managerial Accounting

P6. a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

P7. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l.

Work in process 40,000 Material inventory To record material used in production Work in process Wages payable To record labor

8,000 8,000

Work in process Manufacturing overhead To record overhead applied

32,000

Finished goods inventory Work in process To record cost of units completed

80,000

Cost of goods sold Finished goods inventory To record cost of units sold

80,000

300 2,000 300 180 180 2,000 1,880 1,880 2.25 5.40 10.80 18.45

40,000

32,000

80,000

80,000

Chapter 3 Process Costing

P8. Step 1. Cost per equivalent unit = 1.6667 + 1.3091 + 2.6182 = 5.594 Cost of completed items (given) = $2,797,000 Cost per equivalent unit = $5.594 Therefore, the number of completed units = $2,797,000 ÷ 5.594 = 500,000 Step 2. Units in ending WIP (given) Add number of completed units Units accounted for

10,000 500,000 510,000

Step 3. Units to account for = units accounted for Less units in beginning WIP (given) Units started during December

510,000 20,000 490,000

Step 4. Equivalent units, ending WIP: Material (10,000 × 100%) Labor (10,000 × 10%) Overhead (10,000 × 10%) Step 5. Units completed (calculated above) Total units for cost per equivalent unit calculation: Material = 500,000 + 10,000 Labor and Overhead = 500,000 + 1,000

10,000 1,000 1,000

500,000 510,000 501,000

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Step 6. Total cost in cost per equivalent unit calculation: Material = 510,000 × $1.6667 Labor = 501,000 × 1.3091 Overhead = 501,000 × 2.6182

$850,017.00 $655,859.10 $1,311,718.20

Step 7. Cost incurred in December: Material = $850,017.00 - 33,334.00 Labor = $655,859.10 - 5,236.40 Overhead = $1,311,718.20 - 10,472.80

$816,683.00 $650,622.70 $1,301,245.40

Step 8. Cost Reconciliation: Total cost to account for

$2,817,594.30

Cost of completed units (500,000 × $5.594) $2,797,000.00 Cost of Ending WIP $16,667.00 Materials (10,000 × $1.6667) 1,309.10 Labor (1,000 × $1.3091) Overhead (1,000 × $2.6182) 2,618.20 20,594.30 Total cost accounted for: $2,817,594.30

Chapter 3 Process Costing

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P9. Mixing Department, Oral Care Toothpaste—April Unit Reconciliation Units in beg. WIP (100% material, 80% conversion costs) Units started during Units to account for

10,000 600,000 610,000

Units completed Units in ending WIP (100% material, 70% conversion costs) Units accounted for

590,000* 20,000 610,000

*Computed as 610,000 - 20,000 = 590,000. Cost per Equivalent Unit Calculation Material

Overhead

Total

800 65,640 $66,440

$ 1,680 119,120 $120,800

$ 6,480 430,860 $437,340

590,000

590,000

590,000

20,000 610,000

14,000 604,000

14,000 604,000

$0.11

$0.20

Cost Beginning WIP $ 4,000 Cost incurred during April 246,100 Total $250,100 Units Units completed Equivalent units, ending WIP Total Cost per equivalent unit

$0.41

Labor $

$0.72

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Jiambalvo Managerial Accounting

Cost Reconciliation Total cost to account for

$437,340

Cost of completed units (590,000 units × $0.72) Cost of ending WIP Material (20,000 equivalent units × $.41) Labor (14,000 equivalent units × $.11) Overhead (14,000 equivalent units × $.20) Total cost accounted for

$ 424,800 $8,200 1,540 2,800

Packing Department, Oral Care Toothpaste—April Unit Reconciliation Units in Beg. WIP (50% material, 40% conversion costs) Units started during Units to account for Units completed Units in ending WIP (90% material, 80% conversion costs) Units accounted for *Computed as 600,500 - 30,000 = 570,500.

12,540 $437,340

10,500 590,000 600,500 570,500* 30,000 600,500

Chapter 3 Process Costing

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Cost per Equivalent Unit Calculation Material

Labor Overhead Trans.In

Total

Cost Beginning WIP $ 630 Cost incurred during Sept. 77,045 Total $77,675

$ 42 $ 84 $ 7,455 5,903 11,890 424,800 $5,945 $11,974 $432,255

$ 8,211 519,638 $527,849

Units Units completed Equivalent units, ending WIP Total Cost per equivalent unit

570,500 570,500 570,500

570,500

27,000 24,000 24,000 597,500 594,500 594,500

30,000 600,500

$0.130

$0.010

$0.020

$0.720

Cost Reconciliation Total cost to account for Cost of completed units (570,500 units × $0.880) Cost of ending WIP Material (27,000 equivalent units × $.130) Labor (24,000 equivalent units × $.010) Overhead (24,000 equivalent units × $.020) Trans. in (30,000 equivalent units × $.720) Total cost accounted for * Difference between cost to account for and cost accounted for due to rounding.

$0.880

$527,849 $ 502,040 $ 3,510 240 480 21,600

25,830 $527,870*

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Jiambalvo Managerial Accounting

P10. Mixing Department, Carnival Caramel Company—March Unit Reconciliation Units in beg. WIP (100% material, 80% conversion costs) Units started during Units to account for

2,000 40,000 42,000

Units completed Units in ending WIP (100% material, 60% conversion costs) Units accounted for

41,000* 1,000 42,000

*Computed as 42,000 - 1,000 = 41,000. Cost per Equivalent Unit Calculation Material Cost Beginning WIP Cost incurred during Sept. Total Units Units completed Equivalent units, ending WIP Total Cost per equivalent unit

Labor $

Overhead

Total $ 3,760 84,840 $88,600

$ 2,000 40,840 $42,840

800 20,832 $21,632

$ 960 23,168 $24,128

41,000

41,000

41,000

1,000 42,000

600 41,600

600 41,600

$1.02

$0.52

$0.58

$2.12

Chapter 3 Process Costing

Cost Reconciliation Total cost to account for

$88,600

Cost of completed units (41,000 units × $2.12) Cost of ending WIP Material (1,000 equivalent units × $1.02) Labor (600 equivalent units × $.52) Overhead (600 equivalent units × $.58) Total cost accounted for

$86,920 $1,020 312 348

1,680 $88,600

Shaping Department, Carnival Caramel Company—March Unit Reconciliation Units in beg. WIP (70% conversion costs) 3,000 Units started during 41,000 Units to account for 44,000 Units completed Units in ending WIP (50% conversion costs) Units accounted for *Computed as 44,000 – 500 = 43,500.

43,500* 500 44,000

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Jiambalvo Managerial Accounting

Cost per Equivalent Unit Calculation Material Labor

Cost Beginning WIP — Cost incurred during Sept. — Total —

Overhead

Trans.In

$ 450 $ 290.00 $ 6,360 11,800 8,022.50 86,920 $12,250 $8,312.50 $93,280

Units Units completed Equivalent units, ending WIP Total

43,500 250 43,750

43,500 250 43,750

Cost per equivalent unit

$0.28

$0.19

7,100.00 106,742.50 $113,842.50

43,500 500 44,000 $2.12

Cost Reconciliation Total cost to account for Cost of completed units (43,500 units × $2.59) Cost of ending WIP Material Labor (250 equivalent units × $.28) Overhead (250 equivalent units × $.19) Trans. in (500 equivalent units × $2.12) Total cost accounted for

Total

$2.59

$113,842.50 $ 112,665.00 $

0.00 70.00 47.50 1,060.00

1,177.50 $113,842.50