Chapter 2. English Consonants and Vowels

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Chapter 2

English Consonants and Vowels

Exercise 2.1: English Spelling

The original (Old) English writing system (of about 1000 A.D.) had a very good correspondence between sound and written symbol. However, following the Norman Conquest of 1066, French-speaking scribes began writing English; they introduced French spelling conventions as well as hundreds of French words which did not follow the English sound/symbol correspondence. For example, in Old English, the sound [s] was always spelled s, but in French it could also be spelled c as in circle (and note the c could also represent the [k] sound in native words like catch). Furthermore, spelling conventions were quite fluid, and spelling varied according to region and even individual scribe. Spelling became fixed after the introduction of the printing press to England in the late fifteenth century, when it became necessary to have a consistent system of spelling to use in printed books that would be disseminated throughout the country and hence must be decipherable by all. The disadvantage of fixed spelling, however, is that sound changes that occur subsequent to the fixing of the spelling are not recorded in the orthography. For example, the loss of “g” in gnash, of “k” in knot, of “b” in dumb, of “t” in castle, listen, or of “gh” in cough occurred after the fifteenth century, so that the now silent consonants are preserved in the spelling; the coalescing of different short vowels before “r” (to [6]), as in bird, turn, serve, or the split of “u” into two sounds, as in full or cut also occurred after the fifteenth century, so that either the same sounds are spelled differently or different sounds are spelled the same. More importantly, a major change — called the Great Vowel Shift — affected all of the long stressed vowels in English from the beginning in the fifteenth century; this change ultimately altered the pronunciation of the sounds represented orthographically by i (as in time), e (as in meet), o (as in noon), a (as in Exercise 2.1 Workbook, Page 7

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

name), and others, so that these letters are no longer pronounced in English as they are in the other European languages. There was also a deliberate respelling of certain words in the Renaissance to reflect their Latin and Greek origins. This introduced letters into words which are not pronounced, as with the h in honor and hour or the b in debt and doubt. Look the following words up in a desk-top (not paperback) dictionary. Compare their earlier form (given in the etymological section, usually at the end of the word entry) with their modern spelling. What change(s) have been made in the spelling? In some cases we now pronounce the added letter by a “spelling pronunciation”, where words are pronounced as they are spelled rather than as they should be according to their historical development, for example, pronouncing the t in often or the h in host and habit. This of course has the effect of bringing the orthography more in line with the pronunciation. Indicate these cases. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10.

asthma subtle herb nephew authentic orthography arctic verdict receipt bankrupt

Exercise 2.1 Workbook, Page 8

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Exercise 2.2: English Consonants

1. Give a complete description of the consonant sound represented by the symbol and then supply an English word containing the sound. Example: [cˇ] Answer: voiceless alveolopalatal affricate cherry (a) (b) (c) (d)

[q] []] [ž] [R]

(e) [r] (f) [y] (g) [g]

2. Give the phonetic symbol representing the consonant sound described and then supply an English word containing the sound. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

voiced alveolopalatal affricate aspirated voiceless bilabial stop alveolar flap dentalized alveolar nasal voiceless labiovelar fricative voiceless labiodental fricative voiceless glottal fricative or voiceless vowel

3. Of the sounds in questions (1) and (2) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) Exercise 2.2 Workbook, Page 9

Which never occur word initially in English? Which sound is replaced by a labiovelar glide by many speakers? Which occurs only word or syllable initially before a stressed vowel? Which sound replaces [t] or [d] between vowels for most North American speakers? Which occurs only before interdental sounds? Which involves labialization? Which sound can also be analyzed as a complex sound? Which sound is produced only following vowels? Which are sibilants? Which never occur word finally in English? Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

4. Give the phonetic symbol for the initial consonant sound(s) in each of the following words. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

rhetoric one know Thomas sure

(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

cereal jaguar unity pheasant theme

(k) (l) (m) (n) (o)

psalm chorus chaste charade shave

(p) (q) (r) (s) (t)

gnat wrong zero ghost science

5. Give the phonetic symbol for the medial consonant sound(s) in each of the following words. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

toughen visage alloy descent azure

(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

away errand ocean adjourn aghast

(k) (l) (m) (n) (o)

listen plumber cupboard soften measure

(p) (q) (r) (s) (t)

author lather psyche future lawyer

6. Give the phonetic symbol for the final consonant sound(s) in each of the following words. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

froth miss stomach indict ledge

(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

itch sign niche hiccough ooze

(k) (l) (m) (n) (o)

phase lathe tongue comb brogue

(p) (q) (r) (s) (t)

mall rough beige hopped solemn

7. For the words — anger, finger, wringer, as opposed to hanger, ringer, singer — can you see a rule at work which determines whether the -g is pronounced or not? (Hint: Are the -er’s the same in all of the words?) 8. (a)

In which of the following words is one of the stops likely to be unreleased? right

(b)

accent

carry

scepter

backpack

In which of the following words is the voiceless stop likely to be preglottalized (or glottalized)? amount

Exercise 2.2 Workbook, Page 10

leap

lute

cotton

kettle

rock

hoping

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

(c)

In which of the following words is the [t] or [d] likely to be flapped in North American English? plotter

(d)

hidden

middle

pattern

maudlin

sideline

ignore

tippler

madly

In which of the following words is the [l] likely to be “dark” (velarized)? alive

Exercise 2.2 Workbook, Page 11

muddy

In which of the following words is nasal or lateral release likely to occur? madness

(e)

filter

Carl

pal

kill

play

loom

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Exercise 2.3: English Vowels

1. Give a complete description of the vowel sound represented by the symbol and then supply an English word containing the sound. (a)

[u]

(b) [7]

(c)

[I]

(d) [fI]

(e)

[a~]

2. Give the phonetic symbol representing the vowel sound described and then supply an English word containing the sound. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

low front monophthong lower mid back monophthong high front (lax) to high back (tense) diphthong (upper) mid front to high front (lax) diphthong upper mid central monophthong

3. Of the vowel sounds in questions (1) and (2) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

Which never occur in a stressed open syllable? Which diphthong may be “raised” before voiceless consonants? Which may be replaced by ["] by some speakers? Which is a “reduced” vowel? Which are rising diphthongs? Which is a falling diphthong? Which diphthong is often monophthongized? Which involve labialization?

4. Give the phonetic symbol for the vowel sound in each of the following words. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

build (h) gauge (i) threat (j) plaid (k) earn (l) brought (m) town (n)

Exercise 2.3 Workbook, Page 12

young stop fruit wolf feud vein flax

(o) (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) (u)

mourn style heart war proud break lewd

(v) (w) (x) (y) (z) (aa) (bb)

throw was weigh through their peace face

(cc) (dd) (ee) (ff) (gg) (hh) (ii)

burn hook goose blood die toe shoe

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

5. Transcribe the full vowel in the word in column A and the corresponding reduced vowel in column B.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

A

B

diploma accuse compute migrate implicit emphatic harmonic tempestuous

diplomatic accusation computation migratory implication emphasis harmony tempest

Exercise 2.3 Workbook, Page 13

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Exercise 2.4: Transcription (Elementary)

1. Give complete (broad) transcriptions of the words in Exercise 2.2, questions 4, 5, and 6, and Exercise 2.3, question 4. 2. Give broad transcriptions of the following near homophones. (a)

click clique

(b) candid (c) candied

tired (d) sweat tarred sweet tirade

(e)

bade bad

3. Give the two English words represented by each of the following transcriptions. Example: [h7r] (a) (b) (c) (d)

[kær6t] [fraI6r] [kfrs] [deIz]

hair, hare (e) (f) (g) (h)

[6rn] [no~z] [gro~n] [qru]

(i) (j) (k) (l)

[h"st6l] [greIt] [taIm] [l"g6r]

4. Each of the following contains one error in transcription; i.e., it indicates an impossible pronunciation of the word for a native speaker of English. Give the word and supply the correct transcription. Example: [pits"] word: pizza (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

[siteIš6n] [c7ncˇ6ri] [s~nfla~6r] [tomkæt] [fIst6rs] [umbr7la]

Exercise 2.4 Workbook, Page 14

(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)

transcription: [pits6] [mægIk6l] ["gs6Jˇ6n] [briqd] [str7nkq] [faIntli] [neIb6rh6d]

(m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)

[frð6pidIk] [pun6tIv] [kw7st6n] [k~st6m7ri] [p6rpl7kzt] [sfI]x]

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Exercise 2.5: Reading Phonetic Transcription

Write out the following proverbial expressions. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)

[ð6ro~dt6h7lIzpeIvdwIðg~dInt7nš6nz] [b6rdz6v6f7ð6rfl"kt6g7ð6r] [6ro~lI]sto~ngæð6rzno~m"s] [6w"cˇtk7t6ln7v6rbfIlz] [cˇeIrInibIgInzætho~m] [7vrikla~dhæs6zIlv6rlaInI]] [greItmaIndzr%nInð6seImcˇæn6lz] [m7nihændzmeIklaItwfrk] [stIlw"t6rzr%ndip] [ði7rlib6rdk7cˇ6zð6wfrm] [t"ImændtaIdweItf6rno~mæn] ["p6rtIunItin"ksb6tw%ns] [6fulændhIzm%ni"rsunp"rt6d] ["lwfrkændno~pleImeIksJˇæk6d%lbfI] [6stIcˇIntaImseIvznaIn] [IteIkstut6meIk6kwfr6l] [yukænt6rn6s"~zIrIntu6sIlkp6rs] [ænæp6l6deIkipsð6d"kt6r6weI]

Exercise 2.5 Workbook, Page 15

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Exercise 2.6: Transcription (Advanced)

1. Give broad transcriptions of the following words. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n)

parochial ineligible quintessential habitual squelched parliamentary hallucination infuriating embarrassment relaxation exploratory kaleidoscope exhaustion museums

(o) (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) (u) (v) (w) (x) (y) (z) (aa)

masculine debauchery sacrilegious deciduous authoritarian literature delinquent cucumber questionnaire psychological thankfully awkwardness rectangular

(bb) athletic (cc) moisturize (dd) accumulate (ee) gigantic (ff) jewelry (gg) masochism (hh) orthographic (ii) sanctuary (jj) molecular (kk) suggestion (ll) differentiate (mm) calculation (nn) therapeutic

2. Transcribe the following words using your normal pronunciation. If you know of any other pronunciations, give these as well. Then check your answers against the variant pronunciations given. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o)

again Tuesday progress schedule tomato data aunt resources sorry placate catch tomorrow capsule route nuclear

Exercise 2.6 Workbook, Page 16

(p) (q) (r) (s) (t) (u) (v) (w) (x) (y) (z) (aa) (bb) (cc) (dd)

been process lever genuine almond interesting bury species longitude prestige garage offense student without calm

(ee) stereo (ff) produce (gg) vase (hh) blouses (ii) missile (jj) asphalt (kk) arctic (ll) vehicle (mm) luxury (nn) battery (oo) brooch (pp) bilingual (qq) apricot (rr) coupon (ss) leisure Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Exercise 2.6 Workbook, Page 17

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Exercise 2.7: Distinctive Features

An alternate way to analyze sounds makes use of the concept of binary or paired features (a concept that we will encounter again in semantics in Chapter 6) where there is an opposition between the presence or absence of a feature in a particular sound. A notation is used for features in which the name of the feature is capitalized and enclosed in square brackets, the presence of the feature is indicated by a plus sign and its absence by a minus sign. For example, if we consider the features of voicing and nasality: [t] is [−VOICE] [−NASAL] [d] is [+VOICE] [−NASAL] [n] is [+VOICE] [+NASAL] Sometimes, a sound may or may not have a particular feature and is hence ±, e.g.: [d] is [−SYLLABIC] [æ] is [+SYLLABIC] [n] is [±SYLLABIC] Sounds are analyzed in terms of a unique set, or bundle, of features. Each sound is distinguished from every other sound by a least one feature, e.g.: [b] [+VOICE] [+LABIAL] [−NASAL]

[m] [+VOICE] [+LABIAL] [+NASAL]

The sounds of a language can be arranged in a grid or matrix, in which the features are listed along one axis and the sounds along the other, as we shall see below. Phonological features are assumed to be universal; that is, there exists only a limited number of features, and languages select among the possible features and combine them in language-specific ways. The distinctiveness of the features lies in the fact that they combine both articulatory and acoustic information. In the speech situation, there is a balance between the needs of the hearer, who perceives only those features necessary for deciphering the sounds (overlooking many other features), and the needs of the speaker, who for ease of articulation often omits features of Exercise 2.7 Workbook, Page 18

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

sounds. Distinctive features are, thus, those features required by both speaker and hearer. While the inventory of features is continually undergoing revision, we may identify the following features of consonants, many of which we have encountered before: [CONSONANTAL] — made with closure in the vocal tract greater than that necessary for glides, resulting in an impediment in the flow of air [SONORANT] — involving a regular pattern of vibration and lack of “noise”, musical sounds that can be sung or held on pitch [SYLLABIC] — functioning as the nucleus of a syllable and potentially carrying stress [CONTINUANT] — made with incomplete closure in the oral cavity [NASAL] — made with the velum lowered [LATERAL] — made with the lateral flow of air [VOICE] — made with vibration of the vocal cords [SIBILANT] — made with a groove or trough along the center line of the tongue, resulting in a strong hissing sound [DELAYED RELEASE] — made with the slow release of a stop For place of articulation, in order to establish a binary opposition, we must introduce some distinctions that differ from the traditional places such as alveolar or velar: [ANTERIOR] — made on or in front of the alveolar ridge [CORONAL] — made with the tip or blade of the tongue raised [HIGH] — made with the tongue raised in the palatal or velar regions [BACK] — articulated behind the palatal region See the feature grid for English consonants below.

Exercise 2.7 Workbook, Page 19

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

p b m t d n k g ] f v s z q ð š ž cˇ ˇJ l r y w h ‘ [SYLLABIC]

− − ± − − ± − − ± − − − − − − − − − − ± ± − − − −

[CONSONANTAL] + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − − − − [SONORANT]

− − + − − + − − + − − − − − − − − − − + + + + − −

[NASAL]

− − + − − + − − + − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −

[ANTERIOR]

+ + + + + + − − − + + + + + + − − − − + + − − − −

[CORONAL]

− − − + + + − − − − − + + + + + + + + + + − − − −

[HIGH]

− − − − − − + + + − − − − − − − − − − − − + + − −

[BACK]

− − − − − − + + + − − − − − − − − − − − − − + − −

[CONTINUANT]

− − − − − − − − − + + + + + + + + − − + + + + + −

[DELAYED RELEASE]

− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + + − − − − − −

[SIBILANT]

− − − − − − − − − − − + + − − + + + + − − − − − −

[VOICE]

− + + − + + − + + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + − −

[LATERAL]

− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + − − − − −

Note that all consonants except the glides and [h] are [+CONSONANTAL]. Nasals, liquids, and approximants are [+SONORANT], while fricatives, liquids, and approximants are [+CONTINUANT]. The four major classes of consonants can be differentiated as follows: stops

[−CONTINUANT] [−SONORANT] fricatives [+CONTINUANT] [−SONORANT]

nasals

[−CONTINUANT] [+SONORANT] approximants [+CONTINUANT] [+SONORANT]

In respect to place of articulation, labials, labiodentals, interdentals, and alveolars are [+ANTERIOR]; and interdentals, alveolars, alveolopalatals are [+CORONAL]. A way of grouping consonants according to features is as follows:

Exercise 2.7 Workbook, Page 20

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

+HIGH     

pb

   +CONTINUANT    

fv

td

θð

š z¦

r l n

y

kg

w

  

]

      

m

sz

c¦ ¦J

+ANTERIOR

+BACK

h

  +SIBILANT 

 } +LATERAL  +SONORANT  } +NASAL

For vowels, the following features may be identified, which are used along with the place features [HIGH] and [BACK]: [LOW] — made with the tongue lowered from the neutral, central position [ROUND] — produced with lip rounding [TENSE] — articulated with increased tension in the tongue [REDUCED] — [6] See the feature grid for English vowels below: i

I

e

7

æ

6

%

u

~

o

f

"

[HIGH]

+

+











+

+







[LOW]









+













+

[BACK]











+

+

+

+

+

+

+

[ROUND]















+

+

+

+

+

[TENSE]

+



+









+



+

±

+

[REDUCED]











+













Note that vowels are all [+VOCALIC] (an open oral cavity with voicing) as well as [−CONSONANTAL, +SONORANT, +VOICE, +CONTINUANT]. The diphthongs [Iu, aI, aU, çI] cannot be distinguished by these features but must be treated as a combination of vowel + glide. A way of grouping vowels according to features is as follows:

Exercise 2.7 Workbook, Page 21

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

–BACK

+BACK

       

–HIGH

i F e 7 5

   }

u ~ o f

#

  –LOW  } +LOW

       

+HIGH

% 6 "

–ROUNDED +ROUNDED

Now try to do the following exercises: 1. What distinctive feature(s) do the sounds in each set have in common? (a)

[k], [u], ["], []]

(d) [l], [ž], [t], [n]

(b) [b], []], [7], [~]

(e)

[y], [k], [i], [w]

(c)

(f)

[r], []], [f], [æ]

[f], [š], [6], [y]

2. What feature or features distinguish each of the following sets of sounds? (a)

[v], [6]

(f)

[i], [y]

(b) [f], [v]

(g) [u], [~]

(c)

(h) [z], [ð]

[r], [y]

(d) [f], [q]

(i)

[g], []]

(e)

(j)

[t], [s]

[e], [o]

3. Give a list of distinctive features for each of the following sounds. Which are necessary to distinguish the sound from all other sounds? (a)

[w]

(b) [Jˇ]

(c)

[l]

(d) ["]

4. What sound or sounds have the following sets of distinctive features? (a) [+CONSONANTAL, +HIGH, +SONORANT, +BACK] (b) [−CONSONANTAL, +HIGH, −BACK, −VOCALIC] (c) [−ROUND, +LOW, −BACK] (d) [+ANTERIOR, −SIBILANT, +CORONAL, −VOICE] 5. It could be argued that [±NASAL] is a redundant feature since it is not required to distinguish [m, n, ]] from other sounds. Explain.

Exercise 2.7 Workbook, Page 22

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Answer to Exercise 2.1

1. The Middle English form is asma. The addition of “th” has not changed the pronunciation. 2. The Middle English form is sotil. The addition of “b” has not changed the pronunciation. 3. The Old French form is erba. The added “h” is pronounced by some speakers by a spelling pronunciation, but not by others. 4. The Old French form is neveu. The replacement of “v” by “ph” has not changed the pronunciation. 5. The Middle English form is autentik. The replacement of “t” by “th” has changed the pronunciation. 6. The Middle English form is ortografie. The replacement of “t” by “th” has changed the pronunciation, but the replacement of “f” by “ph” has not changed the pronunciation. 7. The Middle English form is artic. The added “c” is pronounced by some speakers, but not by others. 8. The Middle English form is verdit. The addition of “c” has changed the pronunciation. 9. The Middle English form is receit. The addition of “p” has not changed the pronunciation. 10. The French form is banqueroute. The addition of “p” has changed the pronunciation.

Answer to Exercise 2.1 Workbook, Page 23

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Answer to Exercise 2.2

1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

voiceless interdental fricative velar nasal voiced alveolopalatal fricative velarized alveolar lateral alveolar retroflex palatal glide voiced velar stop

2. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

[Jˇ] [ph] [n] [n¯ ] [&] [f] [h]

3. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

[]], [ž], [n], [R], [n¯ ] [&] [ph] [n] [n¯ ] [ž], [r], [&] [Jˇ] [R] [Jˇ], [ž] [y], [ph], [n], [n¯ ], [&], [h]

4. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

[r] [w] [n] [t] [š]

5. (a) [f] (b) [z] (c) [l] Answer to Exercise 2.2 Workbook, Page 24

thesis thing measure pill rough euphemism guilty

jam apart pretty tenth which fun harm

(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

[s] [Jˇ] [y] [f] [q]

(f) [w] (g) [r] (h) [š]

(k) (l) (m) (n) (o)

[s] [k] [cˇ] [š] [š]

(k) [s] (l) [m] (m) [b]

(p) (q) (r) (s) (t)

[n] [r] [z] [g] [s]

(p) [q] (q) [ð] (r) [k] Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

(d) [s] (e) [ž] 6. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

[q] [s] [k] [t] [Jˇ]

(i) (j)

[Jˇ] [g]

(n) [f] (o) [ž]

(s) (t)

[cˇ] [y]

(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

[cˇ] [n] [š] or [cˇ] [p] [z]

(k) (l) (m) (n) (o)

(p) (q) (r) (s) (t)

[l] [f] [ž] [t] [m]

[z] [ð] []] [m] [g]

7. In anger, finger, and wringer, the -er is part of the root of the word, whereas in hanger, ringer and singer, the -er is a derivational suffix added to hang, ring, and sing, where the ng is actually word final. 8. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

right lute plotter madness Carl

Answer to Exercise 2.2 Workbook, Page 25

leap cotton muddy maudlin pal

accent kettle pattern sideline kill

scepter rock

backpack

madly

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Answer to Exercise 2.3

1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

high back tense monophthong lower mid front monophthong high front lax monophthong (lower) mid back to high front (lax) diphthong low central to high back (lax) diphthong

2. (a) [æ] (b) [f] (c) [Iu]

sand corn beauty

3. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

[æ], [7], [6], [I] [a~] [f] [6] [fI], [a~], [eI] [Iu] [Iu] to [u] [Iu], [fI], [a~], [u]

4. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

[I] [eI] [7] [æ] [6] ["] [a~]

5.

A

B

[o~] [u] [Iu] [eI] [I] [æ] ["] [7]

[6] [6] [6] [6] [6] [6] [6] [6]

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

Answer to Exercise 2.3 Workbook, Page 26

(h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n)

[%] ["] /[#] [u] [~] [Iu] [eI] [æ]

pale shirt

(d) [eI] (e) [6]

(o) (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) (u)

[f] [aI] ["] [f] [a~] [eI] [Iu]

spoon pet silly soil mouse

(v) (w) (x) (y) (z) (aa) (bb)

[o~] [6] [eI] [u] [7] [i] [eI]

(cc) (dd) (ee) (ff) (gg) (hh) (ii)

[6] [~] [u] [6] [aI] [o~] [u]

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Answer to Exercise 2.3 Workbook, Page 27

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Answer to Exercise 2.4

1. (2.2) 4. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 5. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 6. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (2.3) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)

2. (a)

[bIld] [geIJˇ] [qr7t] [plæd] [6rn] [br"t] [ta~n] [y%]] [st"p/ st#p]

[klIk] [klik]

3. (a)

[r7t6rIk] [w%n] [no~] [t"m6s] [š6r] [t%f6n] [vIz6Jˇ] [ælfI] [d6s7nt] [æž6r] [fr"q] [mIs] [st%m6k] [IndaIt] [l7Jˇ]

(j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)

[sIri6l] [Jˇægw"r] [yun6ti] [f7s"nt] [qim] [6weI] [7r6nd] [o~š6n] [6Jˇ6rn] [6gæst] [Icˇ] [saIn] [nIš/nIcˇ] [hIk6p] [uz]

[frut] [w~lf] [fIud] [veIn] [flæks] [mfrn] [staIl] [h"rt] [wfr]

(k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o)

(s) (t) (u) (v) (w) (x) (y) (z) (aa)

[s"m] [kfr6s] [cˇeIst] [š6reId] [šeIv] [lIs6n] [pl%m6r] [k%b6rd] [s"f6n] [m7ž6r] [feIz] [leIð] [t%]] [ko~m] [bo~g]

[pra~d] [breIk] [lIud] [qro~] [w"s] [weI] [ðru] [ð7r] [pis]

(p) (q) (r) (s) (t) (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) (p) (q) (r) (s) (t)

[næt] [r"]] [zIro~] [go~st] [saI6ns] ["q6r] [læð6r] [saIki] [fIucˇ6r] [lfIy6r] [m"l] [r%f] [beIž] [h"pt] [s"l6m]

(bb) (cc) (dd) (ee) (ff) (gg) (hh) (ii)

[feIs] [b6rn] [h~k] [gus] [bl6d] [daI] [to~] [šu]

(b) [kændId] (c) [taI6rd] (d) [sw7t] (e) [beId] [kændid] [t"rd] [swit] [bæd] [taIreId]

carrot, carat, caret (b) fryer, friar (c) course, coarse (d) daze, days

Answer to Exercise 2.4 Workbook, Page 28

(f) (g) (h) (in) (j) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

(e)

urn, earn

(f) knows, nose (g) grown, groan (h) through, threw

(i)

hostel, hostile (also [h"staIl]) (j) great, grate (k) time, thyme (l) logger, lager

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

4. Word (a) citation (b) century (c) sunflower (d) tomcat (e) oysters (f) umbrella Correction (a) [saIteIš6n] (b) [s7ncˇ6ri] (c) [s%nfla~6r] (d) [t"mkæt] (e) [fIst6rz] (f) [6mbr7l6]

Answer to Exercise 2.4 Workbook, Page 29

(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)

magical oxygen breathed strength faintly neighborhood

(m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)

orthopedic punitive question customary perplexed sphinx

(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)

[mæJˇIk6l] ["ks6Jˇ6n] [briðd] [str7]kq] [feIntli] [neIb6rh~d]

(m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)

[frq6pidIk] [pIun6tIv] [kw7scˇ6n] [k%st6m7ri] [p6rpl7kst] [sfI]ks]

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Answer to Exercise 2.5

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)

The road to Hell is paved with good intentions. Birds of a feather flock together. A rolling stone gathers no moss. A watched kettle never boils. Charity begins at home. Every cloud has a silver lining. Great minds run in the same channels. Many hands make light work. Still waters run deep. The early bird catches the worm. Time and tide wait for no man. Opportunity knocks but once. A fool and his money are soon parted. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. A stitch in time saves nine. It takes two to make a quarrel. You can’t turn a sow’s ear into a silk purse. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Answer to Exercise 2.5 Workbook, Page 30

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Answer to Exercise 2.6

1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) 2.

[p6ro~ki6l] [In7lIJˇ6b6l] [kwInt6s7nš6l] [h6bIcˇu(6)l] [skw7lcˇt] [p"rlIm7nt6ri] [h6lus6neIš6n] [InfIurieItI]] [Imbær6sm6nt] [rIlækseIš6n] [7ksplfr6tfri] [k6laId6sko~p] [Igz"scˇ6n] [mIuzI6mz]

(o) (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) (u) (v) (w) (x) (y) (z) (aa)

[mæsky6lIn] [dIb"cˇ6rI] [sækrIlIJˇ6s] [dIsIJˇu6s] [aqfrIt7ri6n] [lIn6r6cˇ6r] [dIlI]kw6nt] [kIuk6mb6r] [kw7scˇ6n7r] [saIk6l"JˇIk6l] [qæ]kf6li] ["kw6rdn6s] [r7ktæ]gy6l6r]

(bb) [æql7tIk] (cc) [mfIscˇ6raIz] (dd) [6kIumy6leIt] (ee) [JˇaIgæntIk] (ff) [Jˇul6ri] (gg) [mæs6kIz6m] (hhi) [frq6græfIk] (ii) [sæ]kcˇu7ri] (jj) [m6l7kIul6r] (kk) [s6(g)Jˇ7scˇ6n] (ll) [dIf6r7nšieIt] (mm) [kælky6leIš6n] (nn) [q7r6pIutIk]

(a)

[6geIn/æg7n]

(p)

[bin/bIn]

(ee)

[st7rio~/stIrio~]

(b)

[tuzdeI/tIuzdeI]

(q)

[pr"s7s/pro~s7s]

(ff)

(c)

[pr"gr7s/pro~gr7s (N) pr6gr7s(V)] [sk7Jˇ6l/š7Jˇul] [t6meIno~/t6m"to~/ t6mæno~] [dæn6/deIn6]

(r)

[l7%6r/li%6r]

(gg)

[pro~d[I]us/pr"d[I]us(N) pr6d[I]us (V)] [veIs/v"z/veIz]

(s) (t)

(v) (w)

(i)

["nt/ænt] [rIsfrs6z/risfrs6z/ rIzfrs6z] [sfri/s"ri]

[Jˇ7nIuIn/Jˇ7nIuaIn] (hh) ["m6n(d)/"lm6n(d)/ (ii) æm6n(d)] [Int(6)r7stI]/ (jj) In6r7stI]] [b7rI/b6rI] (kk) [spišiz/spisiz] (ll)

(j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o)

(d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

(u)

[bla~s6z/bla~z6z] [mIsIl/mIsaIl] [æsf"lt/æsfælt/ æšf"lt] ["rtIk/"rktIk] [viIk6l/vihIk6l]

(mm) [l%kš6ri/l%gž6ri]

[pleIkeIt/plækeIt] (y) [kæcˇ/k7cˇ] (z) [t6m"ro~/t6mfro~] (aa)

[l"nJˇ6t(I)ud/ l"]g6tud] [pr7stiJˇ/pr7stIž] [g6r"ž/g6r"Jˇ/g6ræJˇ] [6f7ns/o~f7ns]

[kæps6l/kæpsIul] (bb) [r~t/ra~t] (cc) [n(I)ukli6r/nukul6r] (dd)

[st(I)ud6nt] [wIða~t/wIqa~t] [k"(l)m]

(qq) (rr) (ss)

Answer to Exercise 2.6 Workbook, Page 31

(x)

(nn) (oo) (pp)

[bæn6ri/bætri] [brucˇ/bro~cˇ] [baIlI]gw6l/ baIlI]gu6l] [eIprIk"t/æprIk"t] [k(I)up"n] [l7ž6r/liž6r]

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Nonfinite Auxiliaries, Categories Structure Structuring and inPhonotactics, Clauses"> Language Verb and ofand and Words Sentence Complementation"> Word Speech Teaching"> and and Classes"> Types"> Acts"> Suprasegmentals"> Processes of Word Formation in English">

Answer to Exercise 2.7

1. (a)

[+BACK]

(b) [+VOICE] (c) [+CONTINUANT] 2. (a) [±REDUCED] (b) [±VOICE] (c) [±ANTERIOR], [±SYLLABIC] (d) [±CORONAL] (e) [±BACK], [±ROUND]

3. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

4. (a)

(d) [+ANTERIOR], [+CONSONANTAL] (e) [+HIGH] (f) [+SONORANT], [+VOICE] (f) [±CONSONANTAL] (g) [±TENSE] (h) [±SIBILANT] (i) (j)

[±SONORANT], [±NASAL] [±CONTINUANT], [±SIBILANT]

[−SYLLABIC, −CONSONANTAL, +SONORANT, −NASAL, −ANTERIOR, −CORONAL, +HIGH, +BACK, +CONTINUANT, −DELAYED RELEASE, −SIBILANT, +VOICE, −LATERAL] [−SYLLABIC, +CONSONANTAL, −SONORANT, −NASAL, −ANTERIOR, +CORONAL, −BACK, −HIGH, −CONTINUANT, +DELAYED RELEASE, +SIBILANT, +VOICE, −LATERAL] [±SYLLABIC, +CONSONANTAL, +SONORANT, −NASAL, +ANTERIOR, +CORONAL, −BACK, −HIGH, +CONINUANT, −DELAYED RELEASE, −SIBILANT, +VOICE, +LATERAL] [−CONSONANTAL, +SONORANT, +CONINUANT, +VOCALIC, +VOICE, −HIGH, +LOW, −ROUNDED, +BACK, −REDUCED] []]

(b) [w]

(c)

[æ]

(d) [q]

5. Nasals are characterized by the combination of features [−CONTINUANT] and [+SONORANT]. While stops are [−CONTINUANT], they are [−SONORANT] and while approximants are [+SONORANT], they are [+CONTINUANT].

Answer to Exercise 2.7 Workbook, Page 32

Laurel J. Brinton The Structure of Modern English © John Benjamins Publishing Company

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