Chapter 13. Prejudice: Causes and Cures. Chapter Outline. Chapter Outline. I. Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Defined

Psy300 MPW Chapter Outline Chapter 13 Prejudice: Causes and Cures Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination Defined • Prejudice: The Affective C...
Author: Gordon Lawson
4 downloads 2 Views 33KB Size
Psy300

MPW

Chapter Outline

Chapter 13 Prejudice: Causes and Cures

Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination Defined

• Prejudice: The Affective Component

Prejudice is a hostile or negative ________ toward a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their membership in that group.

Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination Defined

I. Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Defined

Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination Defined

• Stereotyping: The Cognitive Component

A stereotype is a _______________ about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually ____ members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members. Stereotypes are not necessarily emotionally laden and do not necessarily lead to discrimination.

Chapter Outline

• Discrimination: The Behavioral Component

Discrimination is an unjustified negative or harmful _____ towards a member of a group, simply because of his or her membership in that group.

II. What Causes Prejudice?

1

Psy300

MPW

What Causes Prejudice?

What Causes Prejudice?

• The Way We Think: Social Cognition

• The Way We Think: Social Cognition

One explanation for prejudice is that it is the inevitable byproduct of categorization, schemas, heuristics, and faulty memory processes in processing information. That is, ___

The first step in prejudice is the creation of group _______________. Once we have mental categories, we group stimuli into them by similarities, downplaying differences between members of a group and exaggerating differences between members of different groups.

What Causes Prejudice?

What Causes Prejudice?

• The Way We Think: Social Cognition

• The Way We Think: Social Cognition

Devine developed a theory about how stereotypical and prejudiced beliefs affect information processing.

According to her theory, when we process information about another person, first the stereotypes that we know about are __________________, then in the controlled process we decide whether or not to __________ the stereotype.

_______________

Her theory is based on the distinction between _________ and __________ information processing.

Automatic processing

What Causes Prejudice? 1. Stereotype comes to

?

Controlled ________ stereotype

What Causes Prejudice?

• The Way We Think: Social Cognition

mind when we see a member of that group 2. Decide if we want to use

Controlled processing

Automatic Stereotype is _______

stereotype 3. Reject stereotype if

Whether we accept the stereotype or not depends on two things:

_________ and

__________

necessary

2

Psy300

MPW

What Causes Prejudice?

What Causes Prejudice? • Internal motivation items:

• Motivation and prejudice Plant and Devine (1998) suggest that people are motivated for different reasons to respond to Blacks in nonprejudiced ways Some are motivated by ___________ reasons, and some by ___________ reasons

– I attempt to appear nonprejudiced toward Black people because it is personally important to me. – Being nonprejudiced toward Black people is important to my selfconcept. – I am personally motivated by my beliefs to be nonprejudiced toward Black people.

• High internals act in nonprejudiced ways under ______ circumstances

What Causes Prejudice?

What Causes Prejudice?

• External motivation items: – Because of today’s PC standards I try to appear nonprejudiced towards Black people. – I try to hide any negative thoughts about Black people in order to avoid negative reactions from others. – I attempt to appear nonprejudiced toward Black people in order to avoid disapproval from others.

• Combinations of internal and external are possible – High on both – Low on both – High internal, low external – Low internal, high external

• High externals act in nonprejudiced ways, but usually only when other people can __________ them

Chapter Outline

Changing form of prejudice

• Old-fashioned and Modern Racism III. The changing form of prejudice

Old-fashioned racism is prejudice that is ____ and ___________. It is sometimes also called overt or blatant racism Modern racism is prejudice revealed in _____, ________ ways because people have learned to ____ prejudiced attitudes in order to avoid being labeled as racist

3

Psy300

MPW

Changing form of prejudice Gaertner and Dovidio (1977), diffusion of responsibility alone

with others

95%

75%

93%

Chapter Outline

IV. Consequences of Prejudice

Changing form of prejudice Hodson, Dovidio, & Gaertner (2002), admission to college Strong qualifications

100%

100%

Ambiguous qualifications

74%

Weak qualifications

21%

33%

Consequences of Prejudice • At a fundamental level, the consequences of prejudice are obvious. Prejudice can lead to the denial of basic human rights, physical injury, and moral or ethical violations

Consequences of Prejudice

Consequences of Prejudice

• But there are also more ________, _________________ of prejudice, both for the targets of prejudice, and the people who hold prejudiced beliefs

Steele and Aronson define ___________ _____ as the apprehension experienced by members of a minority group that they might behave in a manner that confirms an existing cultural stereotype They have shown that stereotype threat is partially responsible for poor academic achievement among African-Americans in many areas of education and women in science and math

4

Psy300

MPW

Consequences of Prejudice • The ___________________ is the case whereby people (a) have an expectation about what another person is like, which (b) influences how they act toward that person, which (c) causes that person to behave in a way consistent with people’s original expectations • Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974) demonstrated that white interviewers’ negative expectation of black job applicants can be confirmed because of the white interviewers’ expectations

Chapter Outline

Consequences of Prejudice • There are also consequences for majority group members • Recent research suggests that whites are very sensitive to the _________ that they are racist and will actively try to disprove it • However, the effectiveness of these attempts is ___________.

How Can Prejudice Be Reduced?

• The Contact Hypothesis V. How Can Prejudice Be Reduced?

How Can Prejudice Be Reduced?

• When Contact Reduces Prejudice: Six Conditions

Allport suggested that six conditions are necessary for intergroup contact to reduce prejudice:

1. Mutual ____________________ 2. A common ________ 3. Equal ____________ of group members 4. __________ interpersonal contact 5. _______ contacts with several members of the outgroup 6. Social _____ in place that promote equality

The contact hypothesis is the idea that merely bringing members of different groups into contact with each other will erode prejudice.

How Can Prejudice Be Reduced?

• Cooperation and Interdependence: The Jigsaw Classroom

A jigsaw classroom is a classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in his or her group to learn the course material and do well in the class

5

Psy300

MPW

How Can Prejudice Be Reduced?

How Can Prejudice Be Reduced?

• Cooperation and Interdependence: The Jigsaw Classroom

The cooperative learning movement has become a virtual revolution in the field of public education, and provides a powerful tool in the battle against prejudice

• Cognitive cures – _________________________ • Macrae et al (1994) Task 1

Task 2

control

7.0

7.0

suppress

6.0

How Can Prejudice Be Reduced?

• Cognitive cures – _________________________ • Galinsky & Moskowitz (2000) Task 1

Task 2

Stereotypicality

Positivity

Stereotypicality

Positivity

control

6.8

5.2

6.1

4.7

suppress

5.4

5.8

4.2

4.9

4.4

6.8

4.3

take perspective

6