Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
ISBN: 0-131-73180-7
What is Psychological Disorder?
The medical model takes a “disease” view, while psychology sees psychological disorder as an interaction of biological, cognitive, social, and behavioral factors Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What is Psychological Disorder? Psychopathology – Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals Synonymous terms include: Mental illness Mental disorder Psychological disorder
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What is Psychological Disorder? Three classic signs suggest severe psychological disorder • Hallucinations • Delusions • Severe affective disturbances
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Indicators of Abnormality Other signs of a disorder are more subtle, and a diagnosis depends heavily on clinical judgment Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Unpredictability
Unconventionality and undesirable behavior Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Changing Concepts of Psychological Disorder: The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach Behavioral perspective – Abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning – operant and classical conditioning Cognitive perspective – Abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes – how people perceive themselves and their relations with others Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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The Biopsychology of Mental Disorder
Although most psychologists have reservations about the medical model, the do not deny the influence of biology on thought and behavior
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How are Psychological Disorders Classified?
The most widely used system, found in the DSMIV, classifies disorders by their mental and behavioral symptoms
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Overview of DSM-IV Classification System DSM-IV – Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the most widely accepted classification system in the United States Neurotic disorder or neurosis Psychotic disorder or psychosis
In multiaxial diagnosis, professionals look at the entire person, not just their “abnormal” behavior Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Mood Disorders Major depression – Form of depression that does not alternate with mania Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) – Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight
Bipolar disorder – Mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder – Characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause Panic disorder – Marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person’s present experience Agoraphobia – Fear of public places/open spaces Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Anxiety Disorders Phobias– A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation Preparedness hypothesis – Notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder – Condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors
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Somatoform Disorders Somatoform disorders – Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints Conversion disorder – Somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause
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Somatoform Disorders Glove Anesthesia
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Somatoform Disorders Hypochondriasis – Somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease
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Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders – Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
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Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder
A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information
Dissociative identity disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job
Dissociative identity disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder
Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated
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Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder
Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa – Eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health – stemming from psychological reasons rather than organic causes Bulimia – Eating disorder characterized be eating binges followed by “purges,” induced by vomiting or laxatives; typical initiated as a weight-control measure Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schizophrenic Disorders
Schizophrenia – Psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions
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Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Positive Negative Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid
Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior
Undifferentiated Residual Type
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Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic
Involves stupor or extreme excitement
Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type
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Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type
Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations
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Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type
Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type
Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Positive Schizophrenia Negative Schizophrenia
Any form in which the person displays active symptoms (e.g. delusions, hallucinations)
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Positive Schizophrenia Negative Schizophrenia
Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Possible Causes of Schizophrenia Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found in a variety of factors including genetics, abnormal brain structure, and biochemistry Diathesis-stress hypothesis – Genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders
Personality disorders – Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control
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Personality Disorders
Narcissistic personality disorder – Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, and a need for constant attention
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Personality Disorders
Antisocial personality disorder – Characterized by a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others
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Personality Disorders
Borderline personality disorder – An unstable personality given to impulsive behavior
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Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention Mild depression Physical complaints Parent-child problems Bereavement
Marital problems Academic problems Job problems Malingering Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Developmental Disorders Autism – A developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person’s state of mind Dyslexia – A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder
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Developmental Disorders
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period
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Shyness
Shyness, a distressing pattern of avoiding or withdrawing from social contact is treatable, but it is not a DSM-IV disorder
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What are the Consequences of Labeling People?
Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments, but diagnoses may also become labels that depersonalize individuals and ignore the social and cultural contexts in which their problems arise Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Plea of Insanity Insanity – A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law
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End of Chapter 12
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