10/14/2013

The Mundell-Fleming model  Key assumption:

Chapter 12: The Open Economy Revisited:

Small open economy with perfect capital mobility.

r = r*

 Goods market equilibrium – the IS IS* curve: Y  C (Y  T )  I (r *)  G  NX (e ) where e = nominal exchange rate = foreign currency per unit domestic currency CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

0

The IS* curve: Goods market eq’m

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

The LM* curve: Money market eq’m

M P  L (r *,Y )

Y  C (Y  T )  I (r *)  G  NX (e ) The IS* curve is drawn for a given value of r*.

The LM* curve:

e

 is drawn for a given

LM*

value of r*. given r*, there is only one value of Y that equates money demand with supply, regardless of e.

 e   NX   Y IS* Y

The Open Economy Revisited

2

The Open Economy Revisited

3

 In a system of floating exchange rates,

Y  C (Y  T )  I (r *)  G  NX (e ) e

CHAPTER 12

Y

Floating & fixed exchange rates

Equilibrium in the Mundell-Fleming model

M P  L (r *,Y )

e

 is vertical because:

Intuition for the slope:

CHAPTER 12

1

e is allowed to fluctuate in response to changing economic conditions.

LM*

 In contrast, under fixed exchange g rates, the central bank trades domestic for foreign currency at a predetermined price.

equilibrium exchange rate equilibrium level of income CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

IS*

 Next, policy analysis –  first, in a floating exchange rate system  then, in a fixed exchange rate system

Y

4

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

5

1

10/14/2013

Lessons about fiscal policy

Fiscal policy under floating exchange rates

 In a small open economy with perfect capital

Y  C (Y  T )  I (r *)  G  NX (e )

M P  L (r *,Y ) At any given value of e, a fiscal expansion increases Y, shifting IS* to the right.

e

mobility, fiscal policy cannot affect real GDP.

e2

Fiscall policy Fi li crowds d outt iinvestment t tb by causing i the interest rate to rise.  small open economy: Fiscal policy crowds out net exports by causing the exchange rate to appreciate.

e1

IS 2*

Results:

IS 1*

e > 0, Y = 0

CHAPTER 12

 “Crowding out”  closed economy:

LM 1*

Y1

Y

The Open Economy Revisited

6

Monetary policy under floating exchange rates

An increase in M shifts LM LM* right because Y must rise to restore eq’m in the money market. Results:

 Monetary policy affects output by affecting closed economy: M  r  I  Y small open economy: M  e  NX  Y

LM 1*LM 2*

 Expansionary mon. policy does not raise world

e1

agg. demand, it merely shifts demand from foreign to domestic products. So, the increases in domestic income and employment are at the expense of losses abroad.

e2 IS 1* Y1 Y2

Y

The Open Economy Revisited

8

e

LM 1*

e1 IS 2*

Results:

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

9

trade:  the trade restriction reduces imports.  the exchange rate appreciation reduces exports.

e2

e > 0, Y = 0

The Open Economy Revisited

 Import restrictions cannot reduce a trade deficit.  Even though NX is unchanged, there is less

Y  C (Y  T )  I (r *)  G  NX (e )

At any given value of e, a tariff or q quota reduces imports, increases NX, and shifts IS* to the right.

CHAPTER 12

Lessons about trade policy

Trade policy under floating exchange rates

M P  L (r *,Y )

7

the components of aggregate demand: e

e < 0, Y > 0 CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

Lessons about monetary policy

Y  C (Y  T )  I (r *)  G  NX (e )

M P  L (r *,Y )

CHAPTER 12

IS 1* Y1

 Less trade means fewer “gains from trade.”

Y

10

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

11

2

10/14/2013

Lessons about trade policy, cont.

Fixed exchange rates

 Import restrictions on specific products save jobs

 Under fixed exchange rates, the central bank

in the domestic industries that produce those products, but destroy jobs in export-producing sectors.

stands ready to buy or sell the domestic currency for foreign currency at a predetermined rate.

 In the Mundell-Fleming model, the central bank

 Hence, Hence import restrictions fail to increase total

shifts hift the th LM* curve as required i d tto kkeep e att its it preannounced rate.

employment.

 Also, import restrictions create “sectoral shifts,”

 This system fixes the nominal exchange rate. In the long run, when prices are flexible, the real exchange rate can move even if the nominal rate is fixed.

which cause frictional unemployment.

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

12

Fiscal policy under fixed exchange rates Under Underfloating floatingrates, rates, afiscal fiscalpolicy expansion is ineffective would raise e.output. at changing To keepfixed e from rising, Under rates, the central bank must fiscal policy is very sell domestic currency, effective at changing which increases M output. and shifts LM* right.

e

Y1 Y2

e = 0, Y > 0 CHAPTER 12

IS 1* Y1

e = 0, Y = 0 14

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

Y

15

Summary of policy effects in the Mundell-Fleming model

Trade policy under fixed exchange rates

type of exchange rate regime:

e

LM LM * 1

* 2

floating

fixed

impact on: Policy

Y

e

NX

Y

e

NX

fiscal expansion

0







0

0

mon. expansion







0

0

0

import restriction

0



0



0



e1

countries: Results: the policy merely eshifts = 0, demand Y > 0 from foreign to domestic goods. CHAPTER 12

LM 1*LM 2*

Results:

Y

The Open Economy Revisited

Under floating rates, A restriction on imports import restrictions puts upward pressure on e. do not affect Y or NX. To keep e from Under fixed rates,rising, the central bank must import restrictions sell domestic increase Y andcurrency, NX. which increases M But, these gains come LM*of right. atand theshifts expense other

13

An increase in Mrates, would Under floating shift LM* right andisreduce e. monetary policy e very effective at in e, To prevent the fall changing output. the central bank must buy domestic currency, Under fixed rates, which reduces M and e1 monetary policy cannot shifts LM* toback left.output. be used affect

e1

Results:

The Open Economy Revisited

Monetary policy under fixed exchange rates

LM 1*LM 2*

IS 2* IS 1*

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

IS 2* IS 1* Y1 Y2

Y

16

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

17

3

10/14/2013

Interest-rate differentials

Differentials in the M-F model r  r * 

Two reasons why r may differ from r*  country risk: The risk that the country’s borrowers will default on their loan repayments because of political or economic turmoil. Lenders require a higher interest rate to compensate them for this risk.  expected exchange rate changes: If a country’s exchange rate is expected to fall, then its borrowers must pay a higher interest rate to compensate lenders for the expected currency depreciation. CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

where  (Greek letter “theta”) is a risk premium, assumed exogenous. Substitute the expression p for r into the IS* and LM* equations: Y  C (Y  T )  I (r *   )  G  NX (e )

M P  L (r *   ,Y )

18

CHAPTER 12

The effects of an increase in 

LM* shifts right, because d,   r   (M/P)  so Y must rise to restore money market eq’m.

 The fall in e is intuitive: e

An increase in country risk or an expected depreciation makes holding the country’s currency less attractive. Note: an expected depreciation is a self-fulfilling prophecy.

LM 1*LM 2*

e1 e2

Results: e < 0, Y > 0 CHAPTER 12

Y1 Y2

 The increase in Y occurs because

IS 1* IS 2* Y

The Open Economy Revisited

the boost in NX (from the depreciation) is greater than the fall in I (from the rise in r). 20

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

The Mexican peso crisis

 The central bank may try to prevent the

35

U.S. Cents per M Mexican Peso

depreciation by reducing the money supply.

 The depreciation might boost the price of imports enough to increase the price level (which would reduce the real money supply) supply).

 Consumers might respond to the increased risk by holding more money. Each of the above would shift LM* leftward.

30

25

20

15

10 7/10/94

The Open Economy Revisited

21

CASE STUDY:

Why income might not rise

CHAPTER 12

19

The effects of an increase in 

IS* shifts left, because   r  I

The Open Economy Revisited

22

CHAPTER 12

8/29/94

10/18/94

12/7/94

The Open Economy Revisited

1/26/95

3/17/95

5/6/95

23

4

10/14/2013

CASE STUDY:

The Peso crisis didn’t just hurt Mexico

The Mexican peso crisis

 U.S. goods became expensive to Mexicans, so:  U.S. firms lost revenue  Hundreds of bankruptcies along

U.S. Cents per M Mexican Peso

35

30

U.S.-Mexican border

25

M Mexican i assets t lost l t value l ((measured d iin d dollars) ll )  Reduced wealth of millions of U.S. citizens

20

15

10 7/10/94

CHAPTER 12

8/29/94

10/18/94

12/7/94

1/26/95

3/17/95

5/6/95

The Open Economy Revisited

24

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

Understanding the crisis

Understanding the crisis

 In the early 1990s, Mexico was an attractive place

 These events put downward pressure on the peso.

for foreign investment.

 Mexico’s central bank had repeatedly promised

 During 1994, political developments caused an

increase in Mexico’s risk premium ( ):  peasantt uprising i i iin Chi Chiapas  assassination of leading presidential candidate

foreign investors that it would not allow the peso’s value to fall fall, so it bought pesos and sold dollars to “prop up” the peso exchange rate.

 Another factor:

 Doing this requires that Mexico’s central bank

The Federal Reserve raised U.S. interest rates several times during 1994 to prevent U.S. inflation. (r* > 0) CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

25

have adequate reserves of dollars. Did it? 26

CHAPTER 12

Dollar reserves of Mexico’s central bank

The Open Economy Revisited

27

 the disaster   Dec. 20: Mexico devalues the peso by 13%

December 1993 ……………… $28 billion

(fixes e at 25 cents instead of 29 cents)

 Investors are SHOCKED! – they had no idea

August 17, 1994 ……………… $17 billion

Mexico was running out of reserves.

December 1, 1994 …………… $ 9 billion

 , investors dump their Mexican assets and

December 15, 1994 ………… $ 7 billion

pull their capital out of Mexico.

 Dec. 22: central bank’s reserves nearly gone.

During 1994, Mexico’s central bank hid the fact that its reserves were being depleted. CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

It abandons the fixed rate and lets e float.

 In a week, e falls another 30%. 28

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

29

5

10/14/2013

CASE STUDY:

The rescue package

The Southeast Asian crisis 1997-98

 1995: U.S. & IMF set up $50b line of credit to

 Problems in the banking system eroded

provide loan guarantees to Mexico’s govt.

international confidence in SE Asian economies.

 This helped restore confidence in Mexico,

 Risk premiums and interest rates rose.  Stock prices fell as foreign investors sold assets

reduced the risk premium.

 After a hard recession in 1995, Mexico began a

and pulled their capital out.

strong recovery from the crisis.

 Falling stock prices reduced the value of collateral used for bank loans, increasing default rates, which exacerbated the crisis.

 Capital outflows depressed exchange rates. CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

30

Data on the SE Asian crisis

CHAPTER 12

Indonesia

-59.4%

-32.6%

-16.2%

Japan

-12.0%

-18.2%

-4.3%

Malaysia

-36.4%

-43.8%

-6.8%

Singapore

-15.6%

-36.0%

-0.1%

S. Korea

-47.5%

-21.9%

-7.3%

Taiwan

-14.6%

-19.7%

n.a.

Thailand

-48.3%

-25.6%

-1.2%

U.S.

n.a.

2.7%

2.3%

Argument for floating rates:  allows monetary policy to be used to pursue other goals (stable growth, low inflation). Arguments for fixed rates:  avoids uncertainty and volatility, making international transactions easier.  disciplines monetary policy to prevent excessive money growth & hyperinflation.

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

33

CASE STUDY:

The Impossible Trinity

The Chinese Currency Controversy

A nation cannot have free capital flows, independent Free capital monetary policy, and a flows fixed exchange rate simultaneously. Option 2 Option 1 (Hong Kong) (U S ) (U.S.) A nation must choose one side of this triangle and give up the Fixed Independent Option 3 opposite exchange monetary (China) rate policy corner. The Open Economy Revisited

31

Floating vs. fixed exchange rates

exchange rate stock market nominal GDP % change from % change from % change 7/97 to 1/98 7/97 to 1/98 1997-98

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

34

 1995-2005: China fixed its exchange rate at 8.28 yuan per dollar, and restricted capital flows.

 Many observers believed that the yuan was significantly undervalued, as China was accumulating large dollar reserves.

 U.S. producers complained that China’s cheap yuan gave Chinese producers an unfair advantage.

 President Bush asked China to let its currency float; Others in the U.S. wanted tariffs on Chinese goods. CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

35

6

10/14/2013

CASE STUDY:

Mundell-Fleming and the AD curve

The Chinese Currency Controversy

 If China lets the yuan float, it may indeed

 So far in M-F model, P has been fixed.

appreciate.

 Next: to derive the AD curve, consider the impact of

 However, if China also allows greater capital

a change in P in the M-F model.

mobility, then Chinese citizens may start moving their savings abroad.

 We now write the M M-F F equations as: (IS* )

 Such capital outflows could cause the yuan to

(LM* )

depreciate rather than appreciate.

Y  C (Y  T )  I (r *)  G  NX (ε )

M P  L (r *,Y )

(Earlier in this chapter, P was fixed, so we could write NX as a function of e instead of .) CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

36

Deriving the AD curve 

Why AD curve has negative slope: P  (M/P)  LM shifts left    NX

LM*(P2) LM*(P1)

If Y1  Y , then there is downward pressure on prices.

2 1 IS*

P

Y2

Y

Y1

Over time, P will move down, causing (M/P )

P2



P1

Y1

Y

The Open Economy Revisited

38

Large: Between small and closed

37

CHAPTER 12

LM*(P1) LM*(P2)

1 2 IS*

P

Y1

Y LRAS

Y

P1

SRAS1

P2

SRAS2 AD

Y1

Y

Y

The Open Economy Revisited

39

Chapter Summary

 Many countries – including the U.S. – are neither

1. Mundell-Fleming model

 the IS-LM model for a small open economy.  takes P as given.  can show how policies and shocks affect income

closed nor small open economies.

 A large open economy is between the polar cases of closed & small open.

g rate. and the exchange

 Consider a monetary expansion:  Like in a closed economy,

2. Fiscal policy

 affects income under fixed exchange rates, but

not under floating exchange rates.

M > 0  r  I (though not as much)  Like in a small open economy, M > 0    NX (though not as much) The Open Economy Revisited



NX  Y

AD Y2

CHAPTER 12

The Open Economy Revisited

From the short run to the long run

 Y

CHAPTER 12

CHAPTER 12

40

7

10/14/2013

Chapter Summary 3. Monetary policy

 affects income under floating exchange rates.  under fixed exchange rates, monetary policy is

not available to affect output. 4. 4 Interest rate differentials

 exist if investors require a risk premium to hold a

Chapter Summary 5. Fixed vs. floating exchange rates

 Under floating rates, monetary policy is available

for purposes other than maintaining exchange rate stability.  Fixed exchange rates reduce some of the uncertainty in international transactions.

country’s assets.  An increase in this risk premium raises domestic

interest rates and causes the country’s exchange rate to depreciate.

8