EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 128 _____________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 12 - NONFINITE VERB PHRASES, PART II: PARTICIPLE AND GERUND PHRASES Exercise 12.1 1.
The butterfly [NP1 ] needs [MVP] to operate independently [NP2]. Need = transitive verb, Type V sentence
2.
Females [NP1 ] respond [ADVP] to specific tastes and odors [ADVP]. Respond = intransitive verb, Type I sentence
3.
Butterflies [NP1 ] are [MVP] attracted [ADJP] to specific colors [ADVP] innately [ADVP]. Be = linking verb, Type III sentence
4.
Marks on the petals [NP1 ] show [MVP] insects [NP2 ] where to probe for nectar [NP3 ]. Show = transitive verb, Type V sentence
5.
Other flowers [NP1 ] indicate [MVP] that they no longer contain nectar [NP2] to the insects [ADVP]. Indicate = transitive verb, Type V sentence
6.
Butterflies [NP1 ] subsist [MVP] almost entirely [ADVP] on the nectar they find in flowers [ADVP]. Subsist = intransitive verb, Type I sentence
7.
They [NP1 ] recognize [MVP] landmarks [NP2 ] apparently [ADVP]. Recognize = transitive verb, Type V sentence
8.
Someone [NP1 ] has released [MVP] butterflies [NP2 ] from a net [ADVP] once [ADVP]. Released = transitive verb, Type V sentence
Exercises 12.2 1.
Listening to her iPod with her eyes closed = Adjectival present participle phrase. Relative clause test: The receptionist, who was listening to her iPod with her eyes closed, . . . .
2.
Standing impatiently at her desk = Adverbial present participle phrase. Movability: Standing impatiently at her desk, the visitor . . . . Wh-question: Where did the visitor clear his throat loudly? Adverb substitution: The visitor cleared his throat loudly there.
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 129 _____________________________________________________________________________ 3.
Suddenly realizing that he was there = Adverbial present participle phrase. Movability: The receptionist blushed and removed her earphone, suddenly realizing that he was there. Wh-question: When did the receptionist blush and remove her earphone? Adverb substitution: The receptionist blushed and removed her earphone then.
4.
Waiting in the office = Adjectival present participle phrase. Relative clause test: Some of the people who were waiting in the office smiled at her embarrassment.
5.
Asking the visitor to be seated = Adverbial present participle phrase. Movability: The receptionist, asking the visitor to be seated, announced his name to her boss. Wh-question: When did the receptionist announce his name to her boss? Adverb substitution: Then the receptionist announced his name to her boss.
6.
Taking out his Blackberry = Adverbial present participle phrase. Movability: The man, taking out his Blackberry, decided to check his email. Wh-question: ?How did he decide to check his email? Adverb substitution: not possible.
7.
Growing bored = Adverbial present participle phrase. Movability: The others in the waiting room, growing bored, resumed what they had been doing. Wh-question: Why did the others resume what they had been doing? Adverbial phrase substitution: The others resumed what they had been doing for some reason.
8.
Closing her eyes again = Adverbial present participle phrase. Movability: Closing her eyes again, the receptionist replaced her earphone. Wh-question: ?How did the receptionist replace her earphone? Adverb substitution: not possible.
Exercise 12.3 1.
Amusing = Present participle - Can be an adjective, but in this sentence it cannot be compared or qualified (*The children more/very amusing themselves)
2.
Dripping = Present participle - Cannot be compared or qualified (*The more/very dripping sound)
3.
Sleeping = Present participle - Cannot be compared or qualified (*The more/very sleeping dogs) Fascinating = Adjective (The more/very fascinating source)
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 130 _____________________________________________________________________________ 4.
Blaring = Present participle - Cannot be compared or qualified (*The more/very blaring radio) [Annoying is a present participle in the main verb phrase.] [Trying is a present participle in the main verb phrase.]
5.
[Standing is a present participle in the main verb phrase.] Charming = Adjective (the more/very charming smiles)
6.
Standing = Present participle - Cannot be compared or qualified (*more/very standing) Frightening = Adjective (more/very frightening)
7.
Rising = Present participle - Cannot be compared or qualified (*more/very rising inflation)
8.
Alarming = Adjective - (a more/very alarming message) Telling = Present participle - for the purpose of telling - Adverbial - Cannot be compared or qualified (*more/very telling him)
Exercise 12.4 1.
The children [NP1 ] astonish [MVtr] their parents [NP2 ] astonish = Transitive verb, sentence type V
2.
Martin [NP1] do [MVtr] what [NP2 ] about a dripping sound . . . . [ADVP] do = Transitive verb, sentence type V
3.
Sleeping dogs [NP] lie [MVint] (An infinitive phrase without to) lie = Intransitive verb, sentence type I
4.
Josh [NP] study [MVint] for a final exam [ADVP] study = Intransitive verb, sentence type I
5.
The hosts [NP1 ] welcome [MVtr] everyone [NP2 ] welcome = Transitive verb, sentence type V
6.
I [NP] be [MVlink] frank [ADJP] be = Linking verb, sentence type III
7.
Middle-class families [NP1 ] maintain [MVtr] their standard of living [NP2 ] maintain = Transitive verb, sentence type V
8.
There is no infinitive phrase in this sentence.
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 131 _____________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 12.5 1.
CLINTON HONORS [the] MISSING - Missing is a gerund, direct object of honors. CLINTON HONORS [are] MISSING - Missing is a main verb phrase participle.
2.
AVOID DAMAGING [the] TERMITES BY FOLLOWING SIMPLE RULES - Damaging is a gerund, direct object of avoid. AVOID [the] DAMAGING TERMITES BY FOLLOWING SIMPLE RULES - Damaging is an adjectival participle, modifying termites.
3.
DOUGHNUT HOLE [and] NUDE DANCING [are] ON COUNCIL TABLE - Dancing is a gerund, subject of the sentence. DOUGHNUT HOLE, NUDE [are] DANCING ON COUNCIL TABLE - Dancing is a main verb phrase participle.
4.
JUDGE DELAYS RULING ON PADDLING [the] PRINCIPAL - Paddling is a gerund, object of
the preposition on. JUDGE DELAYS RULING ON [the] PADDLING PRINCIPAL - Paddling is an adjectival
participle, modifying principal. 5.
DISTRICT ATTORNEY DECLINES TO TRY SHOOTING [the] SUSPECT - Shooting is a gerund, direct object of try. DISTRICT ATTORNEY DECLINES TO TRY [the] SHOOTING SUSPECT - Shooting is an adjectival participle modifying suspect.
6.
IT’S TIME TO DEEP-SIX [the] TODDLER GIVING HIGH-FIVES - Giving is an adjectival participle, identifying toddler. IT’S TIME TO DEEP-SIX TODDLER GIVING HIGH-FIVES - Giving is gerund, direct object of deep-six, and toddler is its subject.
Exercise 12.6 1.
Sleeping during the storm - Gerund (nominal). Direct object of found. Pronoun substitution (I found it/something difficult.) Banging - Adjectival participle phrase, modifying shutters. Relative clause test (shutters that were banging)
2.
Sleeping = Adjectival participle phrase, modifying baby. Relative clause test (the baby, who was sleeping)
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 132 _____________________________________________________________________________ 3.
Learning how to park the car = Gerund (nominal). Object of the preposition without. Pronoun substitution (Eddie got his license without something/it.)
4.
Learning how to park the car = Adverbial participle phrase. Wh-question (How has Polly spent a lot of time?) Adverbial substitution (Polly has spent a lot of time somehow.)
5.
Learning how to park the car = Adjectival participle phrase, modifying Polly. Relative clause (Polly, who was learning how to park the car)
6.
Searching for a catcher’s mitt on ebay = Gerund (nominal). Direct object of tried. Pronoun substitution (Have you tried it/something?)
7.
Searching for the Picasso Museum = Adverbial participle phrase. Wh-question (When did Helen pause to admire a rosebush blooming nearby?) Adverbial substitution (Then Helen paused to admire a rosebush blooming in a garden nearby.) Blooming nearby = Adjectival participle phrase, modifying rosebush. Relative clause test (rosebush that was blooming in a garden nearby).
8.
Searching with Google - Gerund (nominal). Object of the preposition by. Substitution tests not possible.
Exercise 12.7 1.
Eradicating = Gerund. Subject of the sentence, it fills a noun position, but it does not inflect in this sentence. Pressing = Adjective. Modifies item; can be compared (more pressing item) and qualified (very pressing item).
2.
Trapping = Gerund. Object of the preposition of, it fills a noun position, but it does not inflect in this sentence.
3.
Evading = Adverbial present participle. Movability: It can be moved to the end of its sentence (The rat eluded trackers, evading capture despite . . .). Wearing = Gerund. Object of the preposition despite, it fills a noun position, but it does not inflect in this sentence.
4.
Circling = Gerund. Object of the preposition after, it fills a noun position, but it does not inflect in this sentence. Using = Adverbial present participle. Movability: It can move in its sentence (Using a small 2½- acre area for its home, the rat settled . . .). Wh-question (How did the rat settle . . . ?).
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 133 _____________________________________________________________________________ 5.
Finding = Adverbial present participle. Movability (The scientists, finding it puzzling . . .) Whquestion (Why did the scientists begin laying . . . ?). Puzzling = Adjective. Object complement, modifies it; can be compared (finding it more puzzling) or qualified (finding it very puzzling). Laying = Gerund. Direct object of began, it fills a noun position, but it does not inflect in this sentence.
6.
Leaving = Adverbial present participle. Movability (Leaving the scientists clueless about his activities, the battery in Razza’s collar died).
7.
Seeing = Gerund. Direct object of reported, it fills a noun position, but it does not inflect in this sentence. Behaving = Adjectival present participle. Modifies birds but cannot be compared (*more behaving) nor qualified (*very behaving).
8.
Using = Adverbial present participle. Movability: (The scientists succeed in catching Razza, using trained dogs . . .). Wh-question (How did the scientists succeed in catching Razza?) Catching = Gerund. Object of the preposition in; it fills a noun position, but it does not inflect in this sentence.
Exercise 12.8 1.
[Ben] was determined to find a 24-pound turkey for Thanksgiving.
2.
[The turkey] was stuffed with chestnut dressing.
3.
[The bird] was filled with stuffing.
4.
[Casseroles] were arranged on a table in the kitchen.
5.
[The turkey] was finished roasting.
6.
[The casseroles] were covered.
7.
[Platters of oysters] were opened by Ben.
8.
[The pumpkin cheesecake] was topped with whipped cream.
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 134 _____________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 12.9 1.
bred to herd sheep = Restrictive present participle modifying bred. It identifies which dog is used to herding sheep.
2.
Inbred = Restrictive past participle, it identifies what kind of love is meant.
3.
Promoted by local clubs = Nonrestrictive past participle, it supplies additional information about Frisbee retrieval.
4.
Also called Disc Dogs = Nonrestrictive past participle, it supplies additional information about Frisbee Dogs.
5.
Thrilled by their dogs’ skill at retrieving Frisbees = Nonrestrictive past participle, it supplies additional information about some owners.
6.
Broken into two major divisions = Nonrestrictive past participle, it supplies additional information about the competition.
7.
Best blending their movements with each other and with music = Restrictive present participle phrase identifying the dog and its handler.
8.
Flying eight feet in the air = Restrictive present participle phrase identifying sheep.
Exercise 12.10 1.
Located in the Valley of the Kings = Past participle - Adjectival, modifying King Tut’s tomb. Fails the adjective test (*more/very located); derives from a relative clause (which is located). The best-preserved ever found = Past participle - Adjectival, modifying necropolis. It derives from a relative clause (that is the best preserved). Ever found in Egypt = Past participle - Adjectival, modifying necropolis. Fails the adjective test (*more/very found); derives from a relative clause (that was ever found).
2.
Hidden for 3,000 years = Past participle - Adverbial, modifying escaped. Movability: It had escaped tomb robbers, flooding, and vandals while hidden for 3000 years. Wh-question: How [or when] had it escaped? Adverb substitution: It escaped tomb robbers then. Escaped - Past participle = Part of the main verb phrase (had escaped). [Flooding = Gerund. Direct object of escaped. Can be replaced by something.]
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 135 _____________________________________________________________________________ 3.
Stacked against discovery = Past participle - Adjectival, modifying odds. Fails the adjective test (*more/very stacked); derives from a relative clause (that were stacked). Looted = Past participle - Part of the main verb phrase (had been looted).
4.
Brought to Thebes for safekeeping = Past participle - Adjectival, modifying Funerary objects. Fails the adjective test (*more/very brought); derives from a relative clause (that were brought).
5.
Scattered throughout the area = Past participle - Adjectival, modifying objects. Fails the adjective test (*more/very scattered throughout the area); derives from a relative clause (that were scattered).
6.
Financed by Lord Carnarvon = Past participle - Adjectival, modifying team of men. Fails the adjective test (*more/very financed); derives from a relative clause (which was financed). Digging in the valley = Present participle - Adjectival, modifying team of men. Fails the adjective test (*more/very digging); derives from a relative clause (who were digging).
7.
Sealed with the royal stamp of Tutankhamen = Past participle - Adjectival - modifying entrance. Fails the adjective test (?more/very sealed); derives from a relative clause (which was still sealed)
8.
Finally excavated = Past participle - Adjectival - modifying treasures. Fails the adjective test (*more/very excavated); derives from a relative clause (that were finally excavated). Placed = Past participle - Part of the main verb phrase (were placed in the Museum).
Exercise 12.11 1.
Retired = Past participle: *more/very retired seniors beloved = Adjective: more/very beloved alma maters
2.
Attracted = Adjective: more/very attracted by the intellectual life Pleased = Adjective: more/very pleased with the opportunity
3.
Interested = Adjective: more/very interested in taking classes Offered = Past participle: *more/very offered by universities
4.
Prompted = Past participle: *more/very prompted by research Increased = Past participle: *more/very increased mental activity
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 136 _____________________________________________________________________________ 5.
College-affiliated = Past participle: *more/very college-affiliated retirement communities Underwritten = Past participle: *more/very underwritten by the universities
6.
Retired = Past participle: *more/very retired seniors Respected = Adjective: more/very respected mentors
7.
Cultivated = Past participle: *more/very cultivated between retirees and students
8.
Donated = Past participle: *more/very donated by seniors Impoverished = Adjective: more/very impoverished students
Exercise 12.12 This exercise can be done individually or in small groups before class discussion. Other solutions are possible. 1.
Dangling gerund (object of preposition to) - Suggests horses did the testing: In addition to having their blood pressure, cholesterol, and elecrolytes tested, the horses are also weighed or In addition to testing their blood pressure, cholesterol, and electrolytes, vets also weigh the horses.
2.
Dangling participle - The sentence obscures who it was that struggled: After struggling for over a year in pain and in partial paralysis, Roosevelt was told he would never walk again.
3.
Misplaced modifier - With great reluctance seems to modify the verb repave. The government agreed with great reluctance to repave the roads.
4.
Dangling gerund (object of preposition by) - Can be corrected by supplying a subject for teach: Professor Baldwin hopes that if she teaches the causes of violence, her students will be better able to deal with violence. An alternative is to introduce a new main verb, help with its subject the same as that of teaching: Professor Baldwin hopes that by teaching the causes of violence, she will help her students to be better able to deal with violence.
5.
Dangling gerund phrase - Can best be corrected by making transportation system the subject of the main clause, Prior to being dismantled in the early part of this century, the transportation system of Southern California was a model for others.
6.
Dangling participle - Can be corrected by giving both participle and the main clause the same subject: Having traveled halfway across the Pacific, Sharon Carpenter found her first glimpse of the green island of Hawaii a welcome sight.
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 137 _____________________________________________________________________________ 7.
Dangling participle - The sentence obscures who or what is burned: Burned on the outside, the lamb roast on the grill looked good to Jeff Smith, the “Frugal Gourmet.”
Exercise 12.13 1.
PEDESTRIAN HIT [while] IMPROPERLY CROSSING SW 13TH NEAR UF PEDESTRIAN HIT IMPROPERLY [while] CROSSING SW 13TH NEAR UF
2.
AUTO TAG FEES TO AID ANIMALS [that are] SITTING IN BANK AUTO TAG FEES TO AID ANIMALS [are] SITTING IN BANK
3.
GAME [that was] CANCELED AFTER KILE’S DEATH [is] RESCHEDULED CANCELED GAME [is] RESCHEDULED AFTER KILE’S DEATH
4.
WARMEST WEEKEND [is] AHEAD IN 6 MONTHS WARMEST WEEKEND IN 6 MONTHS [is] AHEAD
5.
FONDA SHARES HER STORY OF PHYSICAL STRUGGLES WITH MONTANA TEENS FONDA SHARES WITH MONTANA TEENS STORY OF PHYSICAL STRUGGLES
6.
BODY FOUND IN K.C. [has been] TIED TO 5 OTHERS BODY [was] FOUND IN K.C. TIED TO 5 OTHERS
7.
BUSH BACKS A WAR IN WEST VIRGINIA BUSH, IN WEST VIRGINIA, BACKS WAR
8.
DEMOCRAT PROMISES ALL AMERICANS IN STATE ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE DEMOCRAT, WHILE IN STATE, PROMISES ALL AMERICANS ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE
Exercise 12.14 1.
the muleta held low = The muleta was held low by him. Or He held the muleta low. his feet firm = His feet were firm.
2.
her arms spread wide = Her arms were spread wide. Or She spread her arms wide. her eyes lifted toward the moon = Her eyes were lifted toward the moon by her. Or She lifted her eyes toward the moon.
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 138 _____________________________________________________________________________ 3.
her glasses low across the bridge of her nose = Her glasses were low across the bridge of her nose.
4.
his face pinched = His face was pinched. his eyes shiny = His eyes were shiny.
5.
noses smeared with suntan cream = Their noses were smeared with suntan cream. Or They smeared their noses with suntan cream.
Review Exercises Recognizing Participle and Gerund Phrases 1.
Never seen in Europe before Columbus arrived in the Indies = Past participle phrase Adjectival, modifying rattlesnakes.
2.
Ranging in size from 18 inches to 7 feet = Present participle phrase - Adjectival, modifying species.
3.
Made of two to ten hollow interlocking segments = Past participle phrase - Adjectival, modifying rattle.
4.
Bouncing against one another = Present participle phrase - Adjectival, modifying segments. Rattling = Present participle phrase - Adjectival, modifying sound.
5.
Striking only to capture rodents = Present participle phrase - Adjectival, modifying peaceable.
6.
Unless cornered = Past participle phrase - Adverbial, modifying flee.
7.
Stepping on a rattlesnake = Gerund phrase - Nominal, object of the preposition of.
8.
The human’s trying to grab the snake = Gerund phrase - Nominal, object of the preposition from.
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 139 _____________________________________________________________________________ Form and Function of Phrases and Clauses 1. 2.
To remove a Rembrandt from the silk-draped wall of the Gardner Museum - Infinitive phrase Adverbial - Tells why they struggled. Silk-draped - Past participle phrase - Adjectival - Modifies walls.
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 140 _____________________________________________________________________________ 3.
Warning that museum visitors were standing too close to pictures - Present participle phrase - Adjectival - Modifies alarm.
4.
That museum visitors were standing too close to pictures - That-clause - Nominal - Direct object of warning.
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 141 _____________________________________________________________________________ 5.
Turning off the alarm - Gerund phrase - Nominal - Object of the preposition after.
6.
What remains a record heist - Interrogative clause - Nominal - Direct object of completed.
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 142 _____________________________________________________________________________ 7.
Whose total value today would be $300 million - Relative clause - Adjectival - Modifies paintings.
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 143 _____________________________________________________________________________ 8.
To be the only deterrent to the thieves that night - Infinitive phrase - Nominal - Direct object of proved.
9.
To the thieves that night - Preposition phrase - Adjectival - Modifies deterrent.
10.
When they investigated the theft - Subordinate clause - Adverbial - Tells when the police found that the guards were inexperienced.
11.
That both guards were inexperienced - That-clause - Nominal - Direct object of found.
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 144 _____________________________________________________________________________ 12.
That one guard was stoned at the time of the theft - That-clause - Nominal - Subject complement.
13.
13 masterworks from the Gardner collection - Noun phrase - Nominal - Appositive (renames the subject, the paintings)
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 12 145 _____________________________________________________________________________ Practical Applications - Modifiers There are other possible answers for this exercise. The following are examples. 1.
This sentence is correct.
2.
Having spent too much time reviewing interrogative clauses, she had no time left for participle phrases.
3.
A schedule is useful if you want to be sure that everything is covered during your final review.
4.
After you have studied grammar for a semester, some errors in your own writing should be clearer to you.
5.
When the exams are marked and graded, the professor will return them to the students.
Non-finite Verb Phrases 1.
Nominal that-clause - Direct object of the verb found.
2.
Adjectival relative clause modifying sense of smell.
3.
Nominal gerund phrase - Object of the preposition by.
4.
that-clause - Direct object of the verb claim. [That has been deleted.]
5.
Nominal interrogative clause - Object of the preposition at.
6.
Adverbial present participle phrase - Modifies dogs sniffed persistently.
7.
Nominal that-clause - Direct object of suggesting.
8.
Adverbial infinitive phrase - Modifier of use.