Chapter 1, Chemistry: Methods and Measurement 1.
Name the branch of science that involves the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
Ans. 2.
chemistry What do we call anything that has mass and occupies space?
Ans. 3.
matter What is meant by the term "scientific law"?
Ans. 4.
a summary of a large amount of scientific information What word means the application of scientific principles to meeting human needs?
Ans. 5.
technology What is a hypothesis?
Ans. 6.
an attempt to explain an observation in a common-sense way When does a hypothesis attain the status of a theory?
Ans.
when sufficient experiments have been performed to confirm that the hypothesis is correct What does the prefix "centi-" mean?
7. Ans. 8.
10-2 or 0.01 1 microgram is equivalent to how many grams?
Ans. 9.
1 × 10-6 g How many centimeters correspond to 15.68 kilometers?
Ans. 10.
1.568 × 106 cm How many pounds are represented by 764.6 mg? [Use: 1 pound = 454 g]
Ans. 11.
1.684 × 10-3 pounds A typical aspirin tablet contains 5.00 grains of pure aspirin analgesic compound. The rest of the tablet is starch. How many aspirin tablets can be made from 100.0 g of pure aspirin? [Use: 1.00 g = 15.4 grains]
Ans. 12.
308 A patient weighs 146 pounds and is to receive a drug at a dosage of 45.0 mg per kg of body weight. The drug is supplied as a solution that contains 25.0 mg of drug per mL of solution. How many mL of the drug should the patient receive? [Use: 1 pound = 454 g]
Ans. 13.
119 mL If a person smokes 10.0 packs of cigarettes a week and each cigarette contains 5.00 mg of tar, how many weeks will she have to smoke to inhale 0.250 pounds of tar? [Use: 20 cigarettes = 1 pack and 1 pound = 454 g]
Ans. 14.
114 weeks The cost of a drug is 125 francs per gram. What is the cost in dollars per ounce? [Use: $1 = 6.25 francs and 1 ounce = 28.4 g]
Ans.
$568/ounce General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 1
Chapter 1, Chemistry: Methods and Measurement 15.
If one atom of carbon-14 weighs 14.0 atomic mass units and one atomic mass unit is equal to 1.66 × 10-24 grams, what is the mass of 250.0 atoms of carbon-14 in grams?
Ans. 16.
5.81 × 10-21 g A patient needs 0.300 g of a solid drug preparation per day. How many 10.0 mg tablets must be given to the patient per day?
Ans. 17.
30.0 tablets When the value of an experimental quantity or measurement (e.g. the mass of a tablet) is reported, it should consist of two parts. What are they?
Ans. 18.
number and units What do we call a basic quantity of mass, volume, time, etc.?
Ans. 19.
unit What is defined as the difference between the true value and our measurement of that value?
Ans. 20.
error In one sentence, define the word "accuracy"
Ans.
the agreement between the true value and the measured value of a quantity What do we call the degree of agreement between replicate measurements of the same quantity?
21. Ans. 22.
precision What do we call the degree of doubt in a single measurement?
Ans. 23.
uncertainty Express the number 0.000327730 to three significant figures using scientific notation.
Ans.
3.28 × 10-4
24.
How many significant figures are in the number 5.0630 × 104?
Ans. 25.
5 Write the number 3,000 using scientific notation and the proper number of significant digits.
Ans. 26.
3 × 103 Write the number 0.00946 using scientific notation and the proper number of significant digits.
Ans. 27.
9.46 × 10-3 Provide the answer to the following problem using scientific notation and the proper number of significant digits: (6.00 × 10-2)(3.00 × 10-4) = ?
Ans.
1.80 × 10-5
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 2
Chapter 1, Chemistry: Methods and Measurement 28.
Provide the answer to the following problem using scientific notation and the proper number of significant digits: (4.3169 × 104)÷(2.02 × 103) = ?
Ans. 29.
2.14 × 101 Provide the answer to the following problem using the proper number of significant digits: 0.004 + 26.59 + 3.2 = ?
Ans. 30.
29.8 What is meant by the word "mass"?
Ans. 31.
the quantity of matter in a sample What instrument is used to measure the mass of an object?
Ans. 32.
a balance What commonly used mass unit is approximately the same as the mass of one hydrogen atom?
Ans. 33.
atomic mass unit What experimental quantity gives the force resulting from the pull of gravity upon an object?
Ans. 34.
weight What is the basic unit of volume in the metric system?
Ans. 35.
liter List four different forms of energy, other than kinetic energy or potential energy
Ans. 36.
any four of heat, light, electrical, mechanical, chemical What Fahrenheit temperature corresponds to -168.7°C?
Ans. 37.
-271.7°F What form of energy is usually absorbed or liberated during chemical reactions?
Ans. 38.
heat In the swinging of a pendulum, what two forms of energy are constantly being interconverted?
Ans. 39.
kinetic energy and potential energy What kind of energy is stored or the result of position or composition?
Ans. 40.
potential energy What do we call the experimental quantity which gives the number of particles of a substance (or their mass) contained per unit volume?
Ans. 41.
concentration The density of an object is the ratio of its _______ to its _______.
Ans.
mass; volume
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 1, Chemistry: Methods and Measurement 42.
If we assume the density of blood is 1.060 g/mL, what is the mass of 6.56 pints of blood in grams? [Use: 1 L = 2.113 pints]
Ans. 43.
3.29 × 103 g A solid that had a mass of 189.6 g was found to have the following measurements: length = 9.80 cm; width = 46.6 mm; height = 0.111 m. What is its density in g/mL?
Ans. 44.
0.374 g/mL When a large object fell into a "full" swimming pool, it displaced 32.0 gallons of water. The density of the object is 1.65 g/mL. What is the object's weight in pounds? Remember that any fully immersed object displaces its own volume. [Use: 454 g = 1 pound; 1 L = 1.06 quarts]
Ans. 45.
439 pounds What is the branch of chemistry that is being applied in measuring the concentration of an air pollutant?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
A What do we call a statement of observed behavior for which no exceptions have been found?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 47.
3.01 × 1011 cm/s 3.01 × 1010 cm/s 6.06 × 1012 cm/s 3 × 1011 cm/s 2.99 × 1010 cm/s
E 1 kilometer equals how many millimeters?
A. Ans.
hypothesis theory law model result
C The speed of light is 186,000 miles per second. What is its speed in centimeters per second? [Use: 5280 feet = 1 mile; 12 inches = 1 foot; 2.54 cm = 1 inch]
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 48.
analytical chemistry biochemistry inorganic chemistry organic chemistry physical chemistry
10-6
B.
10-3
C.
103
D.
104
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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E.
106
Chapter 1, Chemistry: Methods and Measurement 49.
Round off 0.052018 to three significant figures.
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
C Select the answer which best expresses the result of the following calculation: 1.86 + 246.4 – 79.9208 = ?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 51.
C.
3
D.
E.
4
–20C –20.3C –23.0C –10.9C –68.4C
–8F 16.8F –36.9F –40.0F –1.94F
D What Kelvin temperature corresponds to 98.6°F?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
2
B What Fahrenheit temperature corresponds to -40.0°C?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 54.
B.
1
C What Celsius temperature corresponds to -4.6°F?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 53.
168 168.3 168.34 168.339 168.3392
B The appropriate number of significant figures to be used in expressing the result of 51.6 × 3.1416 is
A. Ans. 52.
0.05 0.052 0.0520 0.05201 0.05202
310K 310.0K 31.00K 132.0K 199K
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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5
Chapter 1, Chemistry: Methods and Measurement 55.
Which temperature scale does not use a degree sign?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 56.
B If the density of carbon tetrachloride is 1.59 g/mL, what is the volume, in L, of 4.21 kg of carbon tetrachloride?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 57.
0.149 L 0.378 L 2.65 L 6.69 L 6690 L
C What is the specific gravity of an object that weighs 13.35 g and has a volume of 25.00 mL? The density of water under the same conditions is 0.980 g/mL.
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 58.
Celsius Kelvin Centigrade Fahrenheit Absolute zero
D T
1.335 0.545 g/mL 1.335 mL 0.545 0.980
F
Organic chemistry is the study of those chemical processes that are found in living systems.
59.
Ans. T F
F Hypotheses are not acceptable in the scientific method.
60.
Ans. T F
F In the scientific method, a hypothesis carries more weight than a theory.
61.
Ans. T F
F Each piece of data is the individual result of a single measurement.
62.
Ans. T F
T The presence of some error is a natural consequence of any measurement.
63.
Ans. T F
T Errors which are scattered equally above and below the correct value are called systematic errors.
Ans.
F
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 6
Chapter 1, Chemistry: Methods and Measurement 64.
T
F
65.
Ans. T F
T The number 0.068 has 3 significant figures.
66.
Ans. T F
F The terms mass and weight are identical.
67.
Ans. T F
F Mass is the force resulting from the pull of gravity upon an object.
68.
Ans. T F
F Equal masses of glass and steel at the same temperature will generally have different heat energies.
69.
Ans. T F
T Energy may be defined as the heat content of an object.
70.
Ans. T F
F One Calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius.
71.
Ans. T F
T Density and specific gravity can be expressed in the same units.
Ans.
F
It is possible for a set of measurements to be precise yet inaccurate.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 7
Chapter 2, The Composition and Structure of the Atom 1.
In which state does matter have a definite shape and volume?
Ans. 2.
solid In which state of matter are forces between particles least dominant?
Ans. 3.
gas What kind of change does not alter the composition or identity of the substance undergoing the change?
Ans. 4.
physical Conversion of ice to liquid water or liquid water to steam is an example of what kind of change?
Ans. 5.
physical In one sentence, explain clearly what is meant by a "chemical change".
Ans.
A chemical change results in different substance(s) from those initially present. What type of change is represented by the decay of a fallen tree?
6. Ans. 7.
chemical Give an example of a chemical property of iron metal.
Ans. 8.
its tendency to form rust when exposed to the atmosphere What do we call the starting and final materials in a chemical reaction?
Ans. 9.
reactants and products What type of property of matter is independent of the quantity of the substance?
Ans. 10.
intensive What word is used to describe properties of a substance that depend on the quantity of substance? Give two examples of such properties.
Ans. 11.
extensive; mass, volume and others What is meant in chemistry by the term "pure substance"?
Ans.
The substance consists of only one component; it has a fixed composition throughout. What are two kinds of pure substance?
12. Ans. 13.
elements and compounds Explain what is meant in chemistry by the word "compound".
Ans.
a pure substance consisting of two or more elements chemically combined in a definite ratio What are the two classes of mixtures?
14. Ans. 15.
homogeneous and heterogeneous Give an example of a heterogeneous mixture.
Ans.
concrete, salt and pepper, smoky air and others
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 2, The Composition and Structure of the Atom 16.
What kind of mixture is a solution of alcohol and water?
Ans. 17.
homogeneous Which of the following terms are appropriate in describing an apple? pure substance; element; compound; mixture; homogeneous; heterogeneous
Ans. 18.
mixture; heterogeneous List the three primary particles found in an atom.
Ans. 19.
proton, electron, and neutron What quantity does the mass number minus the atomic number represent?
Ans. 20.
number of neutrons In a neutral atom, what number of particles is equal to the number of protons?
Ans. 21.
number of electrons Given that helium has an isotope 4 2 He, predict the number of electrons in a helium atom.
Ans. 22.
2
Ans. 23.
4
Ans. 24.
131 What is the term for atoms of the same element having different masses due to a different number of neutrons?
Ans. 25.
isotopes What is the process by which certain isotopes emit particles and release large amounts of energy?
Ans. 26.
radioactive decay What do we call electrically charged particles that result from the gain of one or more electrons by a parent atom?
Ans. 27.
anions Dalton proposed that all atoms of an element have identical properties. Briefly, explain why this proposal is invalid.
Ans.
Isotopes of an element have different properties, particularly their mass. J. J. Thomson in 1897 announced that cathode rays consisted of a stream of _______.
28.
How many neutrons are present in an atom of the isotope 7 3 Li?
What is the value of the mass number in the isotope 131 53I?
Ans. 29.
electrons In one sentence, state Rutherford's important contribution to our knowledge of atomic structure.
Ans.
He concluded that atoms have a small, heavy, positively charged nucleus surrounded largely by empty space, occupied by electrons.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 2, The Composition and Structure of the Atom 30.
A more general term for "light" is _______ _______ (two words).
Ans. 31.
electromagnetic radiation What word means the study of wavelengths of light emitted and absorbed by atoms?
Ans. 32.
spectroscopy In Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, what is an "orbit"?
Ans. 33.
An orbit is a circular path followed by the electron. In Bohr's theory of the atom, what is the number n (n = 1, 2, 3, …) called?
Ans. 34.
quantum number In one sentence, explain the meaning/consequences of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.
Ans.
It is impossible to know the exact position and momentum of a particle, such as an electron in an atom. In modern atomic theory, Bohr's orbits are replaced by atomic orbitals. What is an atomic orbital?
35. Ans. 36.
It is a region of space where an electron is likely to be found; or, an electron "cloud". Which state of matter has no definite shape or volume?
A. Ans. 37.
solid
C.
vapor
D.
steam
E.
gas
odor compressibility flash point melting point color
C What kind of change does NOT alter the composition or identity of the substance undergoing the change?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
B.
E Which of the following is NOT a physical property of matter?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 38.
liquid
molecular endothermic exothermic physical chemical
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 2, The Composition and Structure of the Atom 39.
What kind of change always results in the formation of new materials?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 40.
E Which of the following is a chemical property?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 41.
element compound mixture molecule pure substance
C What type of mixture is represented by a collection of salt and pepper?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
ethyl alcohol sugar water salt and pepper milk sand
A Air is a/an
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
density specific gravity mass hardness boiling temperature
C Which one of the following is an example of a pure substance?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 43.
flammability color hardness odor taste
A Which one of the following is an example of an extensive property?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 42.
molecular exothermic endothermic physical chemical
atoms molecules solution heterogeneous homogeneous
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 2, The Composition and Structure of the Atom 45.
What kind(s) of particles can be found in the nucleus of an atom?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
E The total mass of the protons in any neutral atom is about _______ times the total mass of electrons in the atom.
A. Ans. 47.
1
D.
E.
2
2000
number number number number number
of of of of of
atoms neutrons electrons protons particles in the nucleus
hydrogen-1 hydrogen-2 hydrogen-3 deuterium H2
isotopes electrons protons radioactivity isomers
A Who discovered that cathode rays consist of a stream of negative particles, electrons?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
C.
C Which of the following accounts for the fact that chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.45 amu rather than a whole number?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
0.3
B Which isotope of hydrogen has two neutrons?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 49.
B.
0.0005
E What is the quantity represented by the mass number minus the atomic number?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 48.
protons neutrons electrons protons and electrons protons and neutrons
Crookes Thomson Geiger Rutherford Bohr
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 12
Chapter 2, The Composition and Structure of the Atom 51.
Who discovered the existence of the atomic nucleus?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 52.
D In Geiger's experiment which led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus, what type of particle or ray was fired at the gold foil target?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 53.
E.
The lowest energy orbit has quantum number n = 1 The highest energy orbits are furthest from the nucleus In a transition from the n = 3 to the n = 1 level, light is emitted Energy differences between energy levels can be calculated from the wavelengths of the light absorbed or emitted The greater the energy difference between two levels, the longer the wavelength of the light absorbed or emitted
E Who proposed that electrons could behave like waves, as well as like particles?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 55.
alpha beta gamma neutrons cathode rays
A Which of the following statements relating to Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, is incorrect?
A. B. C. D.
Ans. 54.
Crookes Thomson Geiger Rutherford Bohr
D T
Thomson Rutherford Bohr de Broglie Heisenberg
F
The term "solution" refers only to homogeneous mixtures of liquids. F
56.
Ans. T F
57.
Ans. T F
T All atoms of a particular element have identical properties.
Ans.
F
In the calcium atom represented by the symbol 40 20 Ca, there are 20 protons, 20 neutrons and 20 electrons.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 13
Chapter 2, The Composition and Structure of the Atom 58.
T
F
59.
Ans. T F
F The atomic number of an ion tells us the number of protons that are present.
60.
Ans. T F
T If an atom gains one electron, it becomes a cation.
61.
Ans. T F
F The first experimentally based theory of atomic structure was proposed by John Dalton.
62.
Ans. T F
T J. J. Thomson was the first to state that an atom is mostly empty space.
63.
Ans. T F
F Short wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation have more energy than long wavelengths.
64.
Ans. T F
T Rutherford was the first to use the term "orbit" to explain the fixed energy levels of electrons.
65.
Ans. T F
F Niels Bohr developed a theory which accounted for the lines in the visible region of the hydrogen spectrum.
Ans.
T
An atom cannot be created, divided, destroyed or converted to any other type of atom.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 14
Chapter 3, Elements, Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table 1.
Which two scientists in 1869 arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic masses to form a precursor of the modern periodic table of elements?
Ans. 2.
Mendeleev and Meyer Who stated that the elements, when arranged according to their atomic masses, showed a distinct periodicity of their properties?
Ans. 3.
Dimitri Mendeleev In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged according to what system?
Ans. 4.
increasing atomic number The modern periodic law states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of what property?
Ans. 5.
atomic number What do we call the horizontal row of elements on the periodic table?
Ans. 6.
periods How many periods are found on the periodic table?
Ans. 7.
seven Which period contains the element sodium?
Ans. 8.
three What do we call the columns of elements on the periodic table?
Ans. 9.
groups What number for an atom gives the number of electrons and protons found in that atom?
Ans. 10.
atomic number Where are the alkaline earth metals located on the periodic table?
Ans. 11.
Group IIA (2) What is the general name given to the elements of Group VIIA (17)?
Ans. 12.
halogens What term is used for the elements straddling the "staircase" boundary between the metals and nonmetals?
Ans. 13.
metalloids For a representative element, how can we deduce the number of valence electrons in a neutral atom from the position of the element in the Periodic Table?
Ans. 14.
the group number is also the number of valence electrons How many orbitals are in an s sublevel? How many in a p sublevel?
Ans.
1;3
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 15
Chapter 3, Elements, Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table 15. Ans. 16.
In what way(s) are the three orbitals in the 2p sublevel similar; in what way(s) are they different? they have the same shape and the same energy; they are oriented differently in space What requirement must be met in order for two electrons to coexist in the same orbital?
Ans. 17.
they must have opposite spins State the Aufbau Principle.
Ans. 18.
Electrons occupy the available orbital of lowest energy first. How many electrons are present in an atom of silicon?
Ans. 19.
Fourteen Give the electronic configuration in an atom of argon, element number 18.
Ans. 20.
1s22s22p63s23p6 Give the electronic arrangement in an atom of strontium, element number 38.
Ans. 21.
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2 How many electrons are present in a chloride ion?
Ans. 22.
Eighteen State the Octet Rule.
Ans.
Elements tend to react in such a way as to attain the electron configuration of the atoms of the noble gas nearest to them in the Periodic Table. Give the name of a Group IA (1) ion that has the following electronic arrangement: 1s22s22p6
23.
Ans. 24.
sodium ion Give the name of a VIIA (17) ion that has the following electronic arrangement: 1s22s22p63s23p6
Ans.
chloride
25. Ans. 26.
What ion carries a 2- charge and is isoelectronic with K+? S2Give the complete electronic arrangement of a sulfide ion, S2-.
Ans. 27.
1s22s22p63s23p6 Atoms with the biggest radii occur in the _______ _______ region of the Periodic Table.
Ans.
bottom left
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 16
Chapter 3, Elements, Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table 28.
How would you expect an Al3+ ion to compare in size with an Al atom? Explain why.
Ans.
The ion will be much smaller. In forming the ion, the atom loses all its outermost electrons. The net positive charge on the ion ensures that all the electrons in the ion are strongly attracted to the nucleus, keeping the ion small. Which group of elements has the highest ionization energies? Which group has the lowest?
29. Ans. 30.
Group VIIIA (18) are highest; Group IA (1) are the lowest. Explain what is meant by electron affinity.
Ans.
It is the energy released when a neutral atom gains an electron to form an anion. In Mendeleev's table of the elements, they were arranged according to
31.
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 32.
C The modern periodic table is arranged according to what property?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 33.
group period family representative elements transition elements
B What are all the elements in the A-groups often called?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
atomic number mass number atomic mass neutron number density
A What do we call a complete horizontal row of elements on the periodic table?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 34.
atomic number mass number atomic mass neutron number density
transition elements lanthanides metals non-metals representative elements
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 17
Chapter 3, Elements, Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table 35.
Which of the following elements is a metalloid?
A. Ans. 36.
E.
P
E.
0
E.
p
representative elements transition metals Group IA (1) Group IIA (2) Group IIIA (3)
8
B.
6
C.
4
D.
1
d
B.
e
C.
f
D.
s
3
B.
2
C.
1
D.
0
E.
4
2
B.
3
C.
1
D.
0
E.
4
n
B.
2n
C.
2n + 2
D.
n2
E.
2n2
E What is the electron configuration of sulfur, atomic number 16?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
N
B Which of the following correctly gives the electron capacity of a principal energy level in terms of the number n?
A. Ans. 42.
D.
A How many orbitals are there in a p sublevel?
A. Ans. 41.
Pb
D How many sublevels are there in the third principal energy level?
A. Ans. 40.
C.
C What is the lowest energy sublevel of a principal level?
A. Ans. 39.
Ge
C How many valence electrons are in an atom of carbon?
A. Ans. 38.
B.
B Where are the alkali metals located on the periodic table?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 37.
C
1s21p62s22p6 1s22s22p62d6 1s22s22p63s23p4 1s22s22p63s23d4 1s22s22p63s22d4
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 18
Chapter 3, Elements, Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table 43.
Which one of the following electron configurations is appropriate for a normal atom?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
B Which of the following elements is most likely to form a 3+ ion?
A. Ans. 45.
D.
E.
N
Cu
1s22s22p5 1s22s22p6 1s22s22p63s1 1s22s22p63s2 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
Na+
B.
Ca2+
C.
Al3+
D.
N3-
E.
Cl2-
Na
B.
Al
C.
Cl
D.
E.
Rb
I
Li
B.
B
C.
O
D.
E.
F
Ne
Li
B.
B
C.
O
D.
F
E.
Ne
A The electron affinity is
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
Al
E Which of the following elements has the lowest ionization energy?
A. Ans. 50.
C.
D Which of the following elements has the highest ionization energy?
A. Ans. 49.
K
E Which of the following atoms has the biggest size (radius)?
A. Ans. 48.
B.
B Which of the following ions does not follow the octet rule?
A. Ans. 47.
Li
C Give the complete electronic configuration of a sodium ion.
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
1s12s1 1s22s1 1s22s22p8 1s22s22p43s1 1s22s22p63d1
the the the the the
energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom force between two electrons in the same orbital force between two ions of opposite charge energy released when an isolated atom gains an electron attraction of an atom for an electron in a chemical bond
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 19
Chapter 3, Elements, Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table 51.
Which one of the following elements has the highest electron affinity?
A. Ans. 52.
E T
B.
Li
F
K
C.
Kr
D.
E.
O
Cl
In Mendeleev's table, the elements were arranged according to their atomic numbers.
53.
Ans. T F
F There are nine periods on the periodic table.
54.
Ans. T F
F Sulfur (S) is one of the representative elements.
55.
Ans. T F
T Platinum (Pt) is a lanthanide element.
56.
Ans. T F
F Tin (Sn) is a metalloid.
57.
Ans. T F
F Valence electrons are involved when atoms form bonds.
58.
Ans. T F
T There are a maximum of 50 electrons in principal energy level number five.
59.
Ans. T F
T Atoms of the noble gas elements, Group VIII A (18), do not form bonds with any other elements.
60.
Ans. T F
F There are eight valence electrons in a chloride ion.
61.
Ans. T F
T The ions formed from Group IIA (2) atoms have charges of 2+.
62.
Ans. T F
T Cations tend to be formed from metal atoms, while anions are formed from non-metal atoms.
63.
Ans. T F
T The atoms of smallest radius are those of elements in top left hand part of the periodic table.
64.
Ans. T F
F The halogens (Group VII A (17)) have the lowest ionization energies of any group in the periodic table.
Ans.
F
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 20
Chapter 4, Structure & Properties of Ionic & Covalent Compounds 1. Ans. 2. Ans.
3.
In a Lewis structure, what do the dots represent? valence electrons Draw the Lewis structure of the bromine atom. Br
How many dots are shown in the Lewis structure for the sulfur atom?
Ans. 4.
six What are the two principal types of bonding called?
Ans. 5.
ionic bonding and covalent bonding Name the two classes of element which are most likely to form an ionic compound if they are allowed to react with each other.
Ans.
metal, nonmetal
6. Ans. 7.
Draw the Lewis structure of the Pb2+ ion. Pb
2
What constitutes a covalent bond between two atoms?
Ans. 8.
a shared pair of electrons In what way is a polar covalent bond similar to a nonpolar covalent bond? In what way are they different?
Ans.
In each case, the bond consists of an electron pair shared between the bonded atoms. The difference is that the sharing is unequal in the case of the polar covalent bond, equal in a nonpolar covalent bond. What does it mean if an atom is said to have a high electronegativity?
9. Ans. 10.
The atom has a strong attraction for shared electron pairs (electrons in covalent bonds). The elements with the lowest electronegativities are found in the _______ _______ region of the periodic table.
Ans. 11.
bottom left Who first assigned electronegativity values to many of the elements?
Ans. 12.
Pauling What do we call the three-dimensional arrangement of positive and negative ions in an ionic solid?
Ans. 13.
crystal lattice Predict the formula of the compound formed when ions of sodium and sulfur combine.
Ans. 14.
Na2S
Ans.
Ba3N2
Predict the formula of the compound formed when ions of barium and nitrogen combine.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 21
Chapter 4, Structure & Properties of Ionic & Covalent Compounds 15.
What is the name of Fe2+ in the Stock system?
Ans. 16.
iron(II) ion What does the suffix "-ous" on the common names of ions mean?
Ans. 17.
lower positive charge What is the term used for ions that are composed of two or more atoms bonded together?
Ans. 18.
polyatomic What is the formula of the sulfate ion?
Ans.
SO42-
19. Ans. 20.
What is the name of the ion HCO3-? hydrogen carbonate What is the name of the ion NH4+?
Ans. 21.
ammonium Provide the name of Na3PO4.
Ans. 22.
sodium phosphate What is the name of Cu2O in the Stock system?
Ans. 23.
copper(I) oxide Write the formula of sodium carbonate.
Ans. 24.
Na2CO3
Ans. 25.
covalent What kind of bonding exists in substances which consist of discrete molecules?
Ans. 26.
Covalent Provide the formula of sulfur trioxide.
Ans. 27.
SO3 Write the formula of ammonia.
Ans. 28.
NH3
Ans. 29.
carbon tetrachloride Provide the name of the compound whose formula is N2O5.
Ans. 30.
dinitrogen pentoxide At what temperature is a liquid converted into a gas?
Ans.
boiling point
What kind of compound results when two or more different nonmetals share electrons?
Provide the name of CCl4.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 22
Chapter 4, Structure & Properties of Ionic & Covalent Compounds 31.
What is the term that describes a solid with no regular structure?
Ans. 32.
amorphous What is the term that describes a compound that, when dissolved in water conducts an electric current?
Ans. 33.
electrolyte What is the term that describes a compound that, when dissolved in water does not conduct an electric current?
Ans. 34.
nonelectrolyte What kind of bonding is present in substances which are nonelectrolytes?
Ans. 35.
covalent How many bonding electrons are shown in the Lewis structure for the bicarbonate ion, HCO3-?
Ans. 36.
ten Draw the Lewis structure of methylamine, CH3NH2.
Ans. H
37. Ans. 38.
H
H
C
N
H
H
Draw the Lewis structure of hydrogen sulfide, H2S. H
S
H
What is wrong with the Lewis structure shown below for sulfur trioxide, SO3? O O
Ans. 39.
Ans. 40.
S
O
The structure shows 26 valence electrons, but there should only be 24. Ozone, O3, has two resonance forms. Draw them, given the skeletal arrangement O-O-O O
O
O
O
O
O
What is defined as the amount of energy needed to break a bond holding two atoms together?
Ans. 41.
bond energy What is defined as the distance of separation of two nuclei in a covalent bond?
Ans.
bond length
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 23
Chapter 4, Structure & Properties of Ionic & Covalent Compounds 42.
What do the letters VSEPR stand for?
Ans. 43.
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion If the shape of a molecule is trigonal planar, what are the values of the bond angles?
Ans. 44.
120° In the molecule AX2, the central atom A has two lone pairs of electrons in addition to the two bond pairs in the A-X bonds. What is the shape of this molecule?
Ans. 45.
bent or angular The ammonia molecule, NH3, is polar. Why does this fact suggest that its shape is trigonal pyramidal, rather than trigonal planar?
Ans.
If the molecule were trigonal planar, the symmetry would result in a nonpolar molecule. The centers of positive and negative charge would coincide. Which of the following Lewis structures of neutral atoms is correct?
46.
A. Ans. 47.
A.
O
B
C
D
E
B.
C.
B
D.
C
E.
D
E
Ca
2+
Sn
B
A
2+
N
C
B.
B
-
3-
I
D
C.
E
D.
C
D
E.
E
H
B.
Cl
C.
D.
O
F
E.
Na
E.
Br
D Which of the following has the greatest electronegativity?
A.
Si
B.
P
C.
Cl
D.
Ar
C In the compound CH3Cl the bond between carbon and chlorine is
A. C. Ans.
Sn
A
C Which of the following has the greatest electronegativity?
A.
Ans. 50.
Al
C Which of the following Lewis structures of ions is incorrect?
A
Ans. 49.
Ba
A
Na +
Ans. 48.
K
intermolecular nonpolar covalent
B. D.
ionic polar covalent
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 24
Chapter 4, Structure & Properties of Ionic & Covalent Compounds 51.
Which one of the following is NOT true about elements that form cations?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 52.
E Assuming reactions between the following pairs of elements, which pair is most likely to form an ionic compound?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 53.
54.
What is the old name of Cu+? cupric ion cuprous ion copper(I) ion copper(II) ion ferrous ion
B Give the name of FeSO4 in the Stock system.
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
ionic covalent nonpolar single double
A
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 55.
copper and tin chlorine and oxygen cesium and iodine carbon and chlorine fluorine and iodine
C What kind of bond results when electron transfer occurs between atoms of two different elements?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
The atoms lose electrons in forming ions. The elements are metals. They are located to the left of the periodic table. They have low ionization energies. They have high electron affinities.
iron monosulfuric acid iron(II) sulfate iron(III) sulfate ferrous sulfate ferric sulfate
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 25
Chapter 4, Structure & Properties of Ionic & Covalent Compounds 56.
Assuming reactions between the following pairs of elements, which pair is most likely to form a covalent compound?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 57.
E A double bond between two atoms, A and B
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 58.
C.
PCl5
D.
P2Cl5
E.
P5Cl
critical point flash point sublimation point melting point boiling point
amorphous solution an electrolyte solution a nonelectrolyte solution superconducting solution isoelectric solution
1
B.
2
C.
3
D.
4
E.
8
D.
3
E.
8
E How many nonbonding electrons are in CH4?
A. Ans.
PCl3
B How many bonding electrons are in CO2?
A. Ans. 62.
B.
D What term describes a solution of a compound in water that conducts an electric current?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 61.
PCl
C What term describes the temperature at which a solid is converted into a liquid?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 60.
is longer than a single bond between the same two atoms has a lower bond energy than a single bond between the same two atoms arises when two electrons are transferred from A to B consists of two electrons shared between A and B consists of four electrons shared between A and B
E What is the correct formula of phosphorus pentachloride?
A. Ans. 59.
lithium and iodine sodium and oxygen calcium and chlorine copper and tin carbon and oxygen
0
B.
1
C.
2
A
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 26
Chapter 4, Structure & Properties of Ionic & Covalent Compounds 63.
How many valence electrons are in SO42-?
A. Ans. 64.
64
C.
32
D.
E.
12
16
C According to VSEPR theory, if the valence electrons on a central atom are 3 bond pairs and one nonbonding (lone) pair, the geometry (shape) at this atom will be
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 65.
B.
2
D T
linear bent (angular) trigonal planar trigonal pyramidal tetrahedral
F
In Lewis structures, the chemical symbol of an element represents both the nucleus and the lower energy (nonvalence) electrons.
66.
Ans. T F
T The name of SnO2 is tin(I) oxide.
67.
Ans. T F
F The old name of iron(III) chloride is ferrous chloride.
68.
Ans. T F
F The are three atoms of iodine represented in the formula NaIO3.
69.
Ans. T F
F In solid NaCl, no molecules of NaCl exist.
70.
Ans. T F
T Ionic solids are amorphous.
71.
Ans. T F
F Molecular compounds usually involve ionic bonding.
72.
Ans. T F
F As a rule, ionic compounds tend to have lower melting and boiling points than covalent compounds consisting of small molecules.
73.
Ans. T F
F In the water molecule, the oxygen atom is an exception to the octet rule.
74.
Ans. T F
F The NO2 molecule can never satisfy the octet rule.
75.
Ans. T F
T Six electrons shared between two atoms corresponds to a bond order of three.
Ans.
T
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 27
Chapter 4, Structure & Properties of Ionic & Covalent Compounds 76.
T
F
77.
Ans. T F
T The existence of resonance makes a molecule less stable than would otherwise be the case.
78.
Ans. T F
F Because the C-H bond in methane is polar, the CH4 molecule will also be polar.
79.
Ans. T F
F Chemical bonds are intramolecular forces.
80.
Ans. T F
T In determining properties such as solubility, melting point and boiling point, intramolecular forces are more important than intermolecular forces.
81.
Ans. T F
F As a rule, a polar substance will be a good solvent for nonpolar solutes, and vice versa.
Ans.
F
Resonance occurs when two or more different, valid Lewis structures can be drawn for a molecule+.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 28
Chapter 5, Calculations and the Chemical Equation 1.
How many iron atoms are present in one mole of iron?
Ans. 2.
6.02 × 1023 atoms How many grams of sulfur are found in 0.150 mol of sulfur? [Use atomic weight: S, 32.06 amu]
Ans.
4.81 g
3.
How many moles of sulfur are found in 1.81 × 1024 atoms of sulfur? [Use atomic weight: S, 32.06 amu]
Ans. 4.
3.01 mol How many atoms are present in a 7.31 g sample of copper? [Use atomic weight: Cu, 63.55 amu]
Ans. 5.
6.93 × 1022 atoms What is the mass, in grams, of 1.79 mol of helium, the gas commonly used to fill party balloons and lighter-than-air ships? [Use atomic weight: He, 4.00 amu]
Ans.
7.16 g
6.
An iodine sample contains 2.91 × 1022 atoms of iodine. What is its mass in grams? [Use atomic weight: I, 126.9 amu]
Ans. 7.
6.13 g Give the symbol(s) needed to show the smallest unit of nitrogen as it is normally found in nature.
Ans. 8.
N2
Ans. 9.
The compound contains water molecules in its structure. What is the difference in meaning between "2O" and "O2" when they occur in chemical equations?
Ans.
2O means 2 separate atoms of oxygen, not combined in the form of a molecule. O2 means a molecule of oxygen, i.e. two atoms bonded to each other.
10.
When a solid compound is described as a "hydrate", what does this mean?
6.022 × 1023 molecules of a covalent compound is equal to how many moles of that compound?
Ans. 11.
1 mol What is the mass, in grams, of one mole of diatomic hydrogen? [Use molar mass: H, 1.0 g/mol]
Ans. 12.
2.0 g How many molecules of water are there in 5.00 mol of water?
Ans. 13.
3.01 × 1024 molecules If one atom of oxygen weighs 16.00 amu, what will one mole of oxygen (O2) weigh?
Ans.
32.00 g
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 29
Chapter 5, Calculations and the Chemical Equation 14.
Dinitrogen monoxide or laughing gas (N2O) is used as a dental anesthetic and as an aerosol propellant. How many moles of N2O are present in 12.6 g of the compound? [Use atomic weights: N, 14.01 amu, O, 16.00 amu]
Ans. 15.
0.286 mol Dinitrogen monoxide or laughing gas (N2O) is used as a dental anesthetic and as an aerosol propellant. How many molecules of N2O are present in 12.6 g of the compound? [Use atomic weights: N, 14.01 amu, O, 16.00 amu]
Ans. 16.
1.72 × 1023 molecules What law states that matter cannot be gained or lost during a chemical reaction?
Ans. 17.
law of conservation of mass What does the symbol "(aq)", often found in chemical equations, mean?
Ans.
The reactant or product to which this applies is aqueous, i.e. dissolved in water. In chemical equations, what are the meanings of the symbols s, l and g, used in parentheses?
18. Ans. 19.
s = solid; l = liquid; g = gas Balance the following equation: Ca(s) + HCl(g) → CaCl2(s) + H2(g)
Ans.
Ca(s) + 2HCl(g) → CaCl2(s) + H2(g)
20.
Ans. 21.
Balance the following equation: Mg(OH)2(s) H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s)
+
2HCl(g) → MgCl2(s)
+
+
HCl(g) → MgCl2(s)
+
2H2O(l)
Balance the following equation: Na(s) + Cl2(g) → NaCl(s)
Ans. 22.
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s) Balance the equation for the combustion of octane, a component of gasoline, using smallest whole number coefficients: C8H18(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Ans. 23.
25O2(g) → 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l) Balance the equation for the complete oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6), an important metabolic process: C6H12O6(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Ans. 24.
6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) How many moles of hydrogen gas are needed to react with oxygen to form two moles of water? 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
Ans. 25.
2 mol How many moles of oxygen gas are needed to react with hydrogen to form one mole of water? 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
Ans.
0.5 mol
2C8H18(l)
C6H12O6(l)
+
+
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 30
Chapter 5, Calculations and the Chemical Equation 26.
How many grams of sodium hydroxide will react with 73.00 g of aqueous HCl? [Use formula weights: NaOH, 39.99 amu; HCl, 36.45 amu] NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Ans. 27.
80.09 g Calculate the number of grams of oxygen that must react with 46.85 g of C3H8 to produce only carbon dioxide and water. [Use atomic weights: C, 12.01 amu; H, 1.01 amu; O, 16.00 amu]
Ans. 28.
169.9 g Iron reacts with oxygen to form iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3). How many grams of product will be formed from 5.00 grams of Fe? [Use atomic weights: Fe, 55.85 amu; O, 16.00 amu]
Ans. 29.
7.15 g Glucose (C6H12O6) is an important energy-rich compound, produced by photosynthesis: 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) → C6H12O6(l) + 6O2(g) What mass of glucose, in grams, can be produced from 2.61 mol of CO2 and the necessary water? [Use atomic weights: H, 1.01 amu; C, 12.01; 0, 16.00]
Ans. 30.
78.4 g Explain what is meant by the term "limiting reactant" in a chemical reaction.
Ans.
If the amount of one reactant at the start of reaction is less than that required to react completely with the other reactants, according to the balanced equation, it is the limiting reactant. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), as "Milk of Magnesia" can be used to neutralize excess stomach acid, represented by HCl(aq): Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) When 5.00 g each of Mg(OH)2 and HCl are combined, which is the limiting reactant, and what mass of MgCl2 can be produced? [Use atomic weights: H, 1.01 amu; O, 16.00 amu; Mg, 24.31 amu; Cl, 35.45 amu]
31.
Ans. 32.
HCl is limiting reactant; 6.53 g of MgCl2 can be produced. To convert a given number of moles into the number of atoms, you would multiply by which of the following factors?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
6.02 × 1023 atoms/1 mol 1 mol/6.02 × 1023 atoms 1.66 × 10-24 atoms/1 mol 1 mol/1.66 × 10-24 atoms molar mass
A
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 31
Chapter 5, Calculations and the Chemical Equation 33.
To convert from a given mass in grams to the number of moles, you would multiply by which of the following factors?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 34.
D To convert from a given number of atoms to the number of moles, you would multiply by which of the following factors?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 35.
55.85 55.85 55.85 55.85 55.85
centigrams g kg atoms formula units
B What is the weight, in grams, of one mole of hydrogen atoms? [Use atomic weight: H, 1.01 amu]
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
Avogadro's number/1 1/Avogadro's number 1/molar mass molar mass/1 Avogadro's number/molar mass
E The average mass of one atom of iron is 55.85 amu. What is the mass of Avogadro's number of atoms?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 37.
Avogadro's number/1 1/Avogadro's number 1/molar mass molar mass/1 Avogadro's number/molar mass
B To convert from a given number of grams to the number of atoms, you would multiply by which of the following factors?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 36.
1/Avogadro's number Avogadro's number/1 molar mass/l 1/molar mass Avogadro's number/molar mass
1.01 2.02 2.52 6.02 1.81
g g g × 1023 g × 1024 g
A
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 32
Chapter 5, Calculations and the Chemical Equation 38.
How many grams of sulfur make up 3.01 mol of sulfur? [Use atomic weight: S, 32.06 amu]
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 39.
E How many moles are there in one ounce (28.4 g) of pure gold? [Use atomic weight: Au, 197.0 amu]
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 40.
1024 1023 1023 1023 1023
atoms atoms atoms atoms atoms
× × × ×
1.81 6.02 3.01 1.81 58.5
1023 1023 1023 1024
D What is the formula weight of carbon dioxide? [Use atomic weights: C, 12.01 amu; O, 16.00 amu]
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
× × × × ×
2.91 6.02 3.01 2.91 2.01
A How many iron atoms are present in 3.01 mol of iron?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 42.
1.97 × 102 mol 6.94 mol 0.144 mol 0.0721 mol 5.08 × 10-3 mol
C How many atoms of sulfur are present in 155 g of sulfur? [Use atomic weight: S, 32.06 amu]
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 41.
1.81 × 1024 g 32.06 g 3.01 g 0.150 g 96.5 g
28.01 28.01 44.01 44.01 44.01
amu g amu g mol
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 33
Chapter 5, Calculations and the Chemical Equation 43.
Aspirin is the common name for acetyl salicylic acid, C9H8O4. A tablet has 0.325 g of aspirin. How many moles is this? [Use formula weight: aspirin, 180.2 amu]
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
B How many grams are there in 0.0200 mol of nicotine, a yellow liquid? [Use formula weight: nicotine, 162.2 amu]
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 45.
molecules 1022 molecules 1022 molecules 1023 molecules 1023 molecules
1.09 2.17 1.96 3.91 1.85
× × × × ×
1021 1021 1023 1023 1024
molecules molecules molecules molecules molecules
A What number will be found in front of "Al" when the following equation is balanced with smallest whole number coefficients? Al(s) + O2(g) → Al2O3(s)
A. Ans.
0.0400 1.20 × 2.41 × 6.02 × 1.20 ×
B How many molecules are their in 0.325 g of aspirin? [Use formula weight: aspirin, 180.2 amu]
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 47.
1.23 × 10-4 g 0.308 g 3.24 g 32.4 g 8.11 × 103 g
C How many molecules are there in 0.0200 mol of nicotine, a yellow liquid?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
1.80 × 10-6 mol 1.80 × 10-3 mol 0.554 mol 554 mol 1.96 × 1023 mol
1
B.
2
C.
3
D.
E.
4
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 34
8
Chapter 5, Calculations and the Chemical Equation 48.
How many moles of HCl can be formed when 2 mol of hydrogen gas react with chlorine? H2(g) + Cl2(g) → HCl(g) (unbalanced)
A. Ans. 49.
55.
D.
4 mol
E.
8 mol
C6H14(l) + 13O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 7H2O(l) C6H14(l) + 19O(g) → 6CO2(g) + 7H2O(l) C6H14(l) + 19O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 7H2O(l) 2C6H14(l) + 19O2(g) → 12CO2(g) + 14H2O(l) C12H28(l) + 38O(g) → 12CO2(g) + 14H2O(l)
0.5 mol
B.
1 mol
C.
2 mol
D.
4 mol
E.
6 mol
80.0 g
B.
32.00 g
C.
40.0 g
D.
320.0 g
E.
160.0 g
59.8 g 179.4 g 89.7 g 358.5 g 159.7 g
B Consider the hypothetical reaction: 3A2 + 2B → C + 2D How many moles of D can be formed from 5.0 mol of A2 and excess B?
A. Ans. 54.
2 mol
E Iron reacts with oxygen to form iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3). How many grams of product will be formed from 125.5 g of Fe? [Use atomic weights: Fe, 55.85 amu; O, 16.00 amu]
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 53.
C.
B Calculate the mass in grams of oxygen needed to react with 1.000 mol of C3H8 to form carbon dioxide and water. [Use atomic weight: O, 16.00 amu] C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) (unbalanced)
A. Ans. 52.
1 mol
D How many moles of hydrogen gas are needed to react with oxygen to form one mole of water? 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
A. Ans. 51.
B.
D Which of the choices is the correctly balanced form of the following equation? C6H14(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
0.5 mol
B T
1.7 mol
F
B.
3.3 mol
C.
6.7 mol
D.
7.5 mol
E.
One atomic mass unit is the same as one gram.
Ans. T F
F The smallest complete unit of iron is an atom of iron.
Ans.
T
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 35
10. mol
Chapter 5, Calculations and the Chemical Equation T
57.
Ans. T F
F The formula weight of a compound is calculated by adding together the number of atoms that make it up.
58.
Ans. T F
F Strictly speaking, it is incorrect to use the term "molecular weight" in referring to ionic compounds.
Ans.
T
T
One mole of Ca3(PO4)2 contains 6.02 × 1023 atoms of calcium.
59.
F
One mole of iron atoms contains 6.02 × 1023 molecules.
56.
F
Ans.
F
60.
T
One mole of oxygen gas contains 6.02 × 1023 molecules.
61.
Ans. T F
T The formula weight of water is equal to 18.02 g.
62.
Ans. T F
F If the atomic weight of hydrogen is 1.01 amu, a mole of H2 will weigh 1.01 g.
63.
Ans. T F
F One gram of gold (atomic weight 197 amu) contains more atoms than one gram of copper (atomic weight 63.55 amu).
Ans.
F
64.
T
One mole of H2O contains a total of 6.02 × 1023 atoms.
65.
Ans. T F
F The law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be gained or lost during a chemical reaction.
66.
Ans. T F
T The symbol ∆, above or below the reaction arrow in an equation, indicates that heating is needed for the reaction to take place.
67.
Ans. T F
T Counting the number of moles on both the reactant and product sides of an equation is the first step in balancing the equation.
68.
Ans. T F
F In a correctly balanced equation, the number of moles of reactants and the number of moles of products may differ.
69.
Ans. T F
T The term "dynamic equilibrium" is used to describe the condition of a reaction when one of the reactants has been completely used up.
Ans.
F
F
F
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 36
Chapter 5, Calculations and the Chemical Equation 70.
T
F
Ans.
0.5 mol of oxygen gas can react with hydrogen gas to form 1.0 mol of water. T
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 37
Chapter 6, States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids 1.
Which two states of matter are the least compressible?
Ans. 2.
solids and liquids What device is used to measure atmospheric pressure?
Ans. 3.
barometer The pascal (Pa) is a unit for expressing what quantity?
Ans. 4.
pressure What experimental quantity measures force per unit area?
Ans. 5.
pressure State Boyle's Law.
Ans.
The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure, if the number of moles (or mass) and the temperature of the gas are kept constant. State Charles's Law.
6. Ans.
7. Ans. 8.
The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature, if the number of moles (or mass) and the pressure of the gas are kept constant. State Avogadro's Law. Equal volumes of any ideal gas, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of moles. What law predicts the expansion of a balloon when helium is added?
Ans. 9.
Avogadro's Consider 1.00 L of air in a patient's lungs at 37.0°C and 1.00 atm pressure. What volume would this air occupy if it were at 25.0°C under a pressure of 5.00 × 102 atm (a typical pressure in a compressed air cylinder)?
Ans. 10.
19.2 × 10-3 L If a gas sample is at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), what are its temperature and pressure?
Ans. 11.
temperature = 0.0°C or 273 K, pressure = 1.00 atm. Calculate the density of oxygen gas (O2) at STP, in g/L. [Use molar mass: O2, 32.0 g/mol]
Ans. 12.
1.43 g/L What is the volume (L) occupied by a mole of an ideal gas, if the pressure is 626 mmHg and the temperature is 25.0°C?
Ans. 13.
29.7 L Who found that a mixture of gases exerts a total pressure that is the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if each were present alone under similar conditions?
Ans.
Dalton
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 38
Chapter 6, States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids 14.
An gas sample is prepared in which the components have the following partial pressures: nitrogen, 555 mmHg; oxygen, 149 mmHg; water vapor, 13 mmHg; argon, 7 mmHg. What is the total pressure of this mixture?
Ans. 15.
724 mmHg What is the name of the theory which deals with particle behavior in the gas phase?
Ans. 16.
kinetic molecular theory Choose the best one from each pair in the following sentence: The closest approach to ideal gas behavior will be shown by (NH3 or H2?) at (low or high?) pressure and (low or high?) temperature.
Ans. 17.
H2, low, high What is meant by viscosity?
Ans. 18.
It is the resistance of a liquid to flow. What experimental quantity is a measure of the attractive forces between molecules at the surface of a liquid?
Ans. 19.
surface tension What process is responsible for the formation of dew on the grass early in the morning?
Ans. 20.
condensation How can pure water be made to boil at a temperature above 100°C?
Ans. 21.
by raising the pressure to more than one atmosphere Who postulated the existence of temporary dipole attraction among nonpolar molecules?
Ans. 22.
Fritz London What are the general structural requirements for a compound to display hydrogen bonding?
Ans.
It must have hydrogen atoms bonded to small, electronegative atoms such as N, O or F. Why is hydrogen bonding more extensive in water than in hydrogen fluoride?
23.
Ans.
24. Ans.
Each water molecule has two δ+ sites and two δ- sites, all of which can be used for hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen fluoride has three δ- sites but only one δ+ site, and the shortage of the latter limits the number of hydrogen bonds which can form per molecule to half the number in water. Name the four main types of crystalline solid, and give an example of each. ionic solid, NaCl; covalent solid, diamond; molecular solid, ice; metallic solid, iron.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 39
Chapter 6, States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids 25.
A barometer measures
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 26.
D Who invented the first barometer?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 27.
14.7 mm Hg 380 mm Hg 760 mm Hg 0.333 mm Hg 30 mm Hg
C Which one of the following pressures is NOT equal to one atmosphere?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
Boyle Charles Dalton Gay-Lussac Torricelli
E Express one standard atmosphere of pressure in units of mm Hg.
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 28.
the pressure of a gas sample in a container the difference in pressure between two gas samples the difference in pressure between a gas sample and atmospheric pressure atmospheric pressure the pressure of an ideal gas
76 cm Hg 14.7 lb/in2 30 inches of Hg 101 kPa 76 torr
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 40
Chapter 6, States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids 29. A
B
E
C
D
0 0
Pressure (atm )
In the graph shown above, which line is the best representation of Boyle's Law behavior of a gas?
A. Ans. 30.
C
D.
E.
D
E
Boyle Charles Dalton Gay-Lussac Torricelli
3.00 L 1.50 L 0.667 L 0.500 L 0.333 L
E A given mass of oxygen at room temperature occupies a volume of 500.0 mL at 1.50 atm pressure. What pressure must be applied to compress the gas to a volume of only 150.0 mL?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
C.
A A sample of oxygen occupies 1.00 L. If the temperature remains constant, and the pressure on the oxygen is tripled, what is the new volume?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 32.
B
E Who formulated the relationship between the volume and the pressure of a gas?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 31.
B.
A
500 atm 150 atm 5.00 atm 1.50 atm 0.500 atm
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 41
Chapter 6, States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids 33.
Who formulated the relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 34.
B A balloon filled with helium has a volume of 1.00 × 103 L at 20°C. What would be the balloon's volume at 30°C, if the pressure surrounding the balloon remains constant?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 35.
Boyle Charles Dalton Gay-Lussac Torricelli
6.7 × 102 L 9.70 × 102 L 1.03 × 103 L 1.11 × 103 L 1.50 × 103 L
C
0 0
Temperature (K)
Who discovered the gas law represented in the figure above?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 36.
B What is the volume occupied by one mole of helium at 0°C and 1 atm pressure?
A. Ans.
Boyle Charles Dalton Gay-Lussac Torricelli
1.0 L
B.
22.4 L
C.
4.0 L
D.
40.0 L
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 42
E.
12.2 L
Chapter 6, States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids 37.
A helium-filled weather balloon is launched from the ground where the pressure is 752 mmHg and the temperature is 21°C. Under these conditions its volume is 75.0 L. When it has climbed to an altitude where the pressure is 89 mmHg and the temperature is 0°C, what is its volume?
A. Ans. 38.
C. D. E.
9.56 L
D.
588 L
E.
682 L
2.24 2.67 2.81 31.9 1.71
mol mol mol mol × 103 mol
absorbing visible radiation absorbing ultraviolet radiation absorbing infrared radiation storing solar energy trapping sunlight during photosynthesis
There are no forces between gas particles. Gas particles occupy a negligible volume compared with the volume of their container. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is proportional to the absolute temperature. Gas particles lose energy only when they collide with the walls of the container. Gas particles are in constant, random motion.
D What quantity is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of the particles in a gas?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
C.
C Which of the following statements conflicts with the kinetic molecular theory of gases?
A. B.
Ans. 41.
8.24 L
B Carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas by
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 40.
B.
D How many moles of gas are there in a gas-filled balloon which has a volume of 67.0 L at a pressure of 742 mmHg and a temperature of 25.0°C?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 39.
0.00 L
distance between molecules absolute temperature atomic mass formula mass volume of the individual particles.
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 43
Chapter 6, States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids 42.
Of the following gases, which will behave most like an ideal gas?
A. Ans. 43.
NH3
D.
CH3Cl
E.
CO
vapor pressure surface tension resistivity viscosity compressibility
equal proportional zero lower higher
increases with increasing temperature is unaffected by temperature is higher for nonpolar substances than for polar ones is lowered by surfactants is the same as viscosity
D What is the term that describes a liquid changing to a vapor at a temperature less than its boiling point?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
C.
E Surface tension
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
HF
D At the membrane barrier in lung tissue between the blood and the surrounding atmosphere, what is the relationship between the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen to that of the oxygen present in the blood?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 45.
B.
A What is the experimental quantity that serves as a measure of resistance to flow of a liquid?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
H2
evaporation sublimation dissociation condensation supercooling
A
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 44
Chapter 6, States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids 47.
Which one of the following substances with their structures shown, will NOT display hydrogen bonding? H
H O N
H
H
H
O
F H
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
C O
H
C
H
A. NH3
A. Ans. 48.
E T
B.
A
F
B. HF
B
C. H2O
C.
D. ethanol
C
H
H
H
E. diethyl ether
D.
E.
D
E
Gases and liquids are both highly compressible.
49.
Ans. T F
F The density of a gas is proportional to its molecular weight.
50.
Ans. T F
T Dalton's Law states that the volume of a gas varies directly with the absolute temperature.
51.
Ans. T F
F Approximately 99% of the total pressure of dry air is due to molecules of N2 and O2.
52.
Ans. T F
T The average energy of an ideal gas molecule depends on the molecular weight of the gas.
53.
Ans. T F
F Polar gases are more ideal than nonpolar ones.
54.
Ans. T F
F As temperature increases, so does viscosity.
55.
Ans. T F
F Glycerol has a lower viscosity than ethanol.
56.
Ans. T F
F The surface tension of water is reduced by the addition of soap.
57.
Ans. T F
T The boiling point of a liquid is dependent on the atmospheric pressure.
58.
Ans. T F
T The boiling point of a liquid increases with increasing altitude.
Ans.
F
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 45
Chapter 6, States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids 59.
T
F
60.
Ans. T F
T All compounds containing both oxygen and hydrogen will exhibit hydrogen bonding.
61.
Ans. T F
F Ionic compounds tend to have higher melting points than molecular compounds.
62.
Ans. T F
T Covalent solids are soft and readily soluble in many solvents.
63.
Ans. T F
F Metals conduct electricity well due to the mobility of the metal ions in the solid.
Ans.
F
Polar compounds generally have higher boiling points than nonpolar compounds of similar molecular weight.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 46
Chapter 7, Reactions and Solutions 1.
Classify the following reaction as precipitation, acid-base or oxidation-reduction: Ce4+(aq) + Fe2+(aq) → Ce3+(aq) + Fe3+(aq)
Ans. 2.
oxidation-reduction Classify the following reaction as precipitation, acid-base or oxidation-reduction: H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(aq)
Ans. 3.
acid-base Classify the following reaction as precipitation, acid-base or oxidation-reduction: Na2S(aq) + CuSO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + CuS(s)
Ans. 4.
precipitation Complete the products and balance the following equation for an acidbase reaction: HCl(aq) + KOH(aq)
Ans. 5.
HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) → KCl(aq) + H2O(l) Complete the products and balance the following equation for a precipitation reaction: FeSO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)
Ans. 6.
FeSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between zinc metal and iron(III) ions to form zinc(II) ions and iron(II) ions (Symbols: zinc = Zn; iron = Fe).
Ans. 7.
Zn(s) + 2Fe3+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) Name the two products formed when octane (C8H18) burns completely in excess oxygen gas.
Ans. 8.
carbon dioxide and water Classify the following reaction as decomposition, combination, singlereplacement or double-replacement: 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Ans. 9.
decomposition Classify the following reaction as decomposition, combination, singlereplacement or double-replacement: H2SO4(aq) Ba(OH)2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(g)
Ans. 10.
double-replacement Classify the following reaction as decomposition, combination, singlereplacement or double-replacement: Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(g) + H2(g)
Ans.
single-replacement
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 47
Chapter 7, Reactions and Solutions 11.
Classify the following reaction as decomposition, combination, singlereplacement or double-replacement: 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
Ans. 12.
combination What would you call a liquid that displayed the Tyndall effect?
Ans. 13.
colloidal suspension Outline a simple method to distinguish between a beaker containing a true solution and one containing a colloidal suspension.
Ans.
Direct a narrow beam of light horizontally through the two beakers. The colloidal suspension will scatter light (the Tyndall effect) making the beam visible as it passes through; the true solution will show no scattering. A solution contains 1.65 g of NaOH in a total volume of 150.0 mL. What is its concentration expressed as % (W/V)?
14. Ans. 15.
1.10% (W/V) How many grams of glucose are present in 250.0 mL of a 5.00% (W/V) solution?
Ans. 16.
12.5 g Define "molarity".
Ans.
It is the concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. How many moles of KNO3 are contained in one liter of 0.2 M KNO3 solution?
17.
Ans. 18.
0.2 mol How many moles of KCl are present in 50.0 mL of a 0.552 M solution?
Ans. 19.
0.0276 mol How many grams of KCl are present in 250.0 mL of a 0.125 M solution? [Use formula weight: KCl, 74.55 amu]
Ans. 20.
2.33 g If 5.20 g of HCl is added to enough distilled water to form 3.00 L of solution, what is the molarity of the solution? [Use molecular weight: HCl, 36.46 amu]
Ans. 21.
0.0473 M Calculate the molarity of a solution if 300.0 mL of it contains 16.8 g of KNO3. [Use formula weight: KNO3, 101.11 amu ]
Ans. 22.
0.533 M What is the molarity of 50.0 mL of a 0.660 M NaOH solution after it has been diluted to 450.0 mL?
Ans.
0.0733 M
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 48
Chapter 7, Reactions and Solutions 23. Ans. 24.
Ans.
25.
In one sentence, explain what is meant by a colligative property. It is a solution property which depends on the concentration of solute particles rather than on their identity. An aqueous solution is warmed from 20°C to 30°C. Does this change in temperature affect either the molarity or the molality of the solution? Explain. The volume of the solution is likely to increase, causing a decrease in the molarity. Since mass is not affected by temperature, the molality will stay the same. How much more will the freezing point of water be lowered by adding one mole of sodium chloride rather than one mole of glucose, C6H12O6?
Ans. 26.
twice as much What type of membranes allow solvent molecules to pass through but do not allow solute molecules to pass through?
Ans. 27.
semipermeable What happens when a hypotonic solution is separated from a hypertonic solution by an osmotic membrane?
Ans.
water molecules move from the hypotonic solution to the hypertonic solution What term do we use to describe a solution of lower osmolarity compared to one with a higher osmolarity?
28. Ans. 29.
hypotonic Describe what happens when red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution. Give the name of the process which occurs
Ans.
The cells lose water, by osmosis, to the hypertonic solution, and they collapse. The process is known as crenation. What happens to red blood cells that are placed in an isotonic solution?
30. Ans. 31.
Ans. 32.
they remain unchanged Calculate the osmolarity of a 2.0 × 10-3 M Na3PO4 solution. Na3PO4 is an ionic compound and produces an electrolytic solution. 8.0 × 10-3 Osm Calculate the osmotic pressure of a 6.0 × 10-2 M solution of NaCl at 20°C (293K).
Ans. 33.
2.9 atm What liquid is referred to as the "universal solvent"?
Ans.
Water
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 49
Chapter 7, Reactions and Solutions 34. Ans.
35. Ans. 36.
In what way are dialysis and osmosis similar? In what way are they different? Both involve the selective movement of small molecules through a membrane, from a solution of high concentration of those molecules to one of lower concentration. They differ in that osmosis involves only movement of solvent (water) molecules, whereas in dialysis, solute molecules can also pass through the membrane. Name two compounds which can move through the membrane used in hemodialysis. water, urea Choose the best classification of the reaction represented by the following equation: C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 37.
A Choose the best classification of the reaction represented by the following equation: HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) → KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 38.
combustion acid-base precipitation decomposition combination
B Choose the best classification of the reaction represented by the following equation: 2Fe3+(aq) + Fe(s) → 3Fe2+(aq)
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
combustion acid-base precipitation decomposition combination
combustion acid-base precipitation decomposition oxidation-reduction
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 50
Chapter 7, Reactions and Solutions 39.
Choose the best classification of the reaction represented by the following equation: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + CaCl2(aq) → PbCl2(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 40.
D Choose the best classification of the reaction represented by the following equation: MgO(s) + CO2(g) → MgCO3(s)
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 41.
single-replacement double-replacement combination decomposition acid-base
A Choose the best classification of the reaction represented by the following equation: BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
single-replacement double-replacement combination decomposition oxidation-reduction
D Choose the best classification of the reaction represented by the following equation: Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 43.
single-replacement double-replacement combination decomposition precipitation
C Choose the best classification of the reaction represented by the following equation: CuSO45H2O(s) → CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l)
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 42.
combustion acid-base decomposition precipitation oxidation-reduction
single-replacement double-replacement combination decomposition oxidation-reduction
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 51
Chapter 7, Reactions and Solutions 44.
Which one of the following processes cannot separate solute from solvent in a true solution?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 45.
B What term describes a solution in which the solute concentration exceeds its equilibrium concentration under the prevailing conditions?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
low temperature and low pressure low temperature and high pressure high temperature and low pressure high temperature and high pressure high pressure; temperature is immaterial
B The number of moles of a gas dissolved in a liquid at a given temperature is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. What is this law called?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
precipitating aqueous saturated unsaturated supersaturated
C The solubility of gases in liquids is highest at
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 48.
hypotonic hypertonic isotonic supersaturated saturated
D What term describes a solution which is in equilibrium with undissolved solute?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 47.
chromatography filtration boiling adsorption evaporation
Dalton's Law Henry's Law The Tyndall Law Raoult's Law Boyle's Law
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 52
Chapter 7, Reactions and Solutions 49.
Calculate the concentration (% W/V) of NaCl solution that was made by dissolving 15.0 g of sodium chloride in enough water to make 300.0 mL of solution.
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
E Calculate the mass in grams of NaCl that is present in 500.0 mL of a 0.900% (W/V) solution.
A. Ans. 51.
C.
5.00 g
D.
45.0 g
E.
4.50 g
22% (W/V) 47% (W/V) 53% (W/V) 78% (W/V) 114% (W/V)
40.0 M
B.
4.00 M
C.
0.250 M
D.
2.50 M
E.
25.0 M
20.50 mL
B.
26.95 mL
C.
25.00 mL
D.
1.500 mL
E.
250.0 mL
E How many milliliters of 12.0 M HCl are needed to prepare 250.0 mL of 2.50 M HCl solution?
A. Ans.
0.500 g
D How many milliliters of 0.1250 M KCl solution contain 2.330 g of KCl? [Use formula weight: KCl, 74.55 amu]
A. Ans. 54.
B.
A Calculate the molarity of 2.00 L of solution that contains 200.0 g of NaOH. [Use formula weight: NaOH, 40.0 amu]
A. Ans. 53.
50.0 g
E Assuming that air is a solution containing four molecules of N2 for every one molecule O2, what is the concentration of O2 in this solution, expressed as % (W/V)? [Use formula weights: N2, 28.02 amu; O2, 32.00 amu]
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 52.
50.0% (W/V) 0.0500% (W/V) 0.356% (W/V) 35.6% (W/V) 5.00% (W/V)
12.0 mL
B.
25.0 mL
C.
52.1 mL
D.
5.21 mL
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 53
E.
2.50 mL
Chapter 7, Reactions and Solutions 55.
Which one of the following is NOT a colligative property of a solution?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 56.
B What is the law which states that vapor pressure of the solvent decreases in proportion to the concentration of the solute?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 57.
59.
they they they they they
are are are are are
saturated hypotonic hypertonic isotonic supersaturated
D If the concentration of Mg2+ in solution is 3.0 × 10-3 M, what is its concentration expressed in meq/L?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 60.
normality osmolarity % (W/V) molarity molality
E What is the relationship among intracellular fluids, 0.9% (W/V) NaCl and 5.0% (W/V) glucose?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
Dalton's Law Henry's Law the Tyndall Law Raoult's Law Boyle's Law
D What concentration term is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent in a solution?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 58.
vapor pressure lowering density boiling point elevation freezing point depression osmotic pressure
A T
6.0 3.0 1.5 6.0 1.5
F
Ans.
meq/L meq/L meq/L × 10-6 meq/L × 10-6 meq/L
Sodium, potassium and ammonium compounds are generally insoluble. F
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 54
Chapter 7, Reactions and Solutions 61.
T
F
62.
Ans. T F
T Some double-replacement reactions are also precipitation reactions.
63.
Ans. T F
T The usual products of an acid-base reaction are a salt and water.
64.
Ans. T F
T Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon compound in oxygen produces carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
65.
Ans. T F
F An alloy, such as brass, is an example of a solution in the solid state.
66.
Ans. T F
T A solution in equilibrium with undissolved solute is said to be unsaturated.
67.
Ans. T F
F One liter of alcohol combined with one liter of water does NOT produce two liters of solution.
68.
Ans. T F
T In normal room lighting, the eye cannot distinguish a true solution from a colloidal one.
69.
Ans. T F
T If a solvent is colorless, all of its true solutions will also be colorless.
70.
Ans. T F
F Change in pressure has very little effect on the solubility of solids in liquids.
71.
Ans. T F
T The solid material that separates from solution when its solubility is exceeded, is called a precipitate.
72.
Ans. T F
T The solubility of solids in water usually increases with increasing temperature.
73.
Ans. T F
T The solubility of gases in liquids increases with increasing temperature.
74.
Ans. T F
F Both molarity and molality are affected by change in temperature.
Ans.
F
Nitrates and acetates are generally soluble.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 55
Chapter 7, Reactions and Solutions 75.
T
F
76.
Ans. T F
T An aqueous solution containing a nonvolatile solute will have a freezing point above 0°C.
77.
Ans. T F
F Colligative properties depend only on the concentration of solute particles, not on their identity.
78.
Ans. T F
T The heavier the solute molecule is, the greater the effect on the freezing point of a solution.
79.
Ans. T F
F Osmosis may be defined as the movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher solvent concentration to one of lower concentration.
80.
Ans. T F
T Osmosis is the process that regulates the sodium/potassium ratio in living cells.
Ans.
F
An aqueous solution containing a nonvolatile solute will boil above 100°C.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 56
Chapter 8, Chemical and Physical Change 1.
Complete in not more than ten words: Thermodynamics deals with ………………
Ans. 2.
energy changes in chemical reactions. Name, in order, the three thermodynamic quantities represented by H, S and G (as in ∆H°, ∆S° and ∆G°).
Ans. 3.
enthalpy, entropy, free energy Explain what is meant by "system" and "surroundings" in thermodynamics.
Ans.
The system is the reaction or process being studied; the surroundings are the remainder of the universe. What is another name for the first law of thermodynamics?
4. Ans. 5.
law of conservation of energy Circle the appropriate word in each of the underlined pairs: In an endothermic reaction, the products are initially formed hotter/colder than the reactants, and in returning to the temperature of the surroundings, the system gains/loses heat from/to the surroundings.
Ans. 6.
colder; gains What is the name and symbol of the thermodynamic quantity (function) which is equal to the heat absorbed or liberated in a chemical reaction at constant pressure?
Ans. 7.
enthalpy change, ∆H° Circle the appropriate word in each of the underlined pairs: A reaction will never be spontaneous if it is exothermic/endothermic and there is an/a increase/decrease in disorder of the system.
Ans. 8.
endothermic; decrease What is the name and symbol of the single thermodynamic quantity (function) which determines whether or not a reaction is spontaneous?
Ans. 9.
free energy change, ∆G° What is the name of the technique for measuring the heat energy absorbed or released in a chemical reaction?
Ans. 10.
calorimetry How many small calories are equivalent to one nutritional Calorie?
Ans. 11.
1000 cal Fill in the blanks: The specific heat of a substance is the number of _______ needed to raise the temperature of _______ of the substance by _______.
Ans. 12.
calories (or joules); one gram; 1°C What process is the main source of energy in the human body?
Ans.
combustion of carbohydrates
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 57
Chapter 8, Chemical and Physical Change 13.
A candy sample is completely combusted in a bomb calorimeter. The calorimeter contains 982 g of water, and the measured temperature increase is 2.62°C. What is the fuel value of the candy sample in nutritional Calories?
Ans. 14.
2.57 Calories A carbohydrate sample weighing 0.235 g was found to have a fuel value of 3.84 kJ. What is the fuel value of one gram of this carbohydrate, in nutritional Calories?
Ans. 15.
3.91 Calories Complete in not more than ten words: Kinetics deals with …………………
Ans. 16.
the rates (and mechanisms) of chemical reactions. What is the term used for the height of the energy barrier the reactants must overcome in order to form products in a reaction?
Ans. 17.
activation energy Complete the following potential energy diagram for a reaction, in order to clearly identify the activation energy, the activated complex and the energy absorbed or released in the reaction.
reactants
products Progress of reaction
Ans.
activated complex activation energy reactants
energy released products
Progress of reaction
18. Ans. 19.
In one sentence, define a catalyst. It is a substance which speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. What is the name given to a biological catalyst?
Ans. 20.
enzyme A reaction is first order in reactant A, first order in B and second order in C. Write down the rate equation for this reaction.
Ans.
rate = k[A][B][C]2
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 58
Chapter 8, Chemical and Physical Change 21. Ans. 22.
For any given reaction, list three different ways in which one might speed up the reaction rate. increase concentrations of reactants; increase temperature; add a catalyst Write the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction: 2NO(g)
+
K eq =
NO 2
Ans.
23.
O 2(g)
2NO 2(g)
2
NO 2 O 2 Write the equilibrium constant for the following reaction (think carefully!): MgCO 3(s)
Ans. 24.
MgO(s)
+
CO 2(g)
Keq = [CO2] In the industrial synthesis of ammonia, the equilibrium constant expression may be written as K eq =
NH 3 N2
2
H2
3
Calculate the value of this equilibrium constant, if the equilibrium concentrations in the reaction mixture at 600°C are: [N2] = 0.830 M; [H2] = 2.49 M; [NH3] = 7.62 M
Ans. 25.
4.53 State LeChatelier's principle.
Ans.
If a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift in such a way as to minimize that stress. When a cold-pack is activated, a chemical reaction occurs and the temperature of the pack contents drops sharply. Which of the following is a correct description of the reaction occurring in the pack?
26.
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 27.
C What is the measure of the randomness or disorder of a chemical system?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
The reaction is exothermic; ∆H° > 0 The reaction is exothermic; ∆H° < 0 The reaction is endothermic; ∆H° > 0 The reaction is endothermic; ∆H° < 0 None of the above statements is correct.
energy calorimetry entropy enthalpy free energy
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 59
Chapter 8, Chemical and Physical Change 28.
In general, which state of matter has the lowest entropy?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 29.
A Under normal conditions, which of the following would have the highest entropy?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 30.
1000 cal 100.0 cal 6.50 cal 1250 cal 650 cal
E Ethylene glycol has a specific heat of 0.578 cal/(g°C). If 23.2 g of ethylene glycol absorbs 75.6 cal of heat energy, what will the temperature increase be?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
7.74 × 10-1 kJ 4.42 × 10-2 kJ 442 kJ 774 kJ 1.85 105 kJ
D When a sample of aqueous hydrochloric acid was neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide in a calorimeter, the temperature of 100.0 g of water surrounding the reaction increased from 25.0°C to 31.5°C. If the specific heat of water is 1.00 cal/(g°C), calculate the quantity of energy in calories involved in this neutralization reaction.
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 32.
oxygen gas liquid water ice solid sodium chloride solid iron
A A granola bar contains 185 nutritional Calories. How many kilojoules is this?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 31.
solid liquid gas plasma supercritical fluid
0.177°C 1.88C 5.64C 1.01 × 103°C 3.03 × 103°C
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 60
Chapter 8, Chemical and Physical Change 33.
In the potential energy diagram for a chemical reaction, what is the name used for the unstable species corresponding to the top of the energy barrier separating reactants from products?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 34.
B Which one of the following actions can alter the activation energy of a reaction?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 35.
to increase the rate of collisions between reactants to slow down the rate of the reverse reaction to raise the temperature of the mixture to provide a new pathway for the reaction none of the above
is the inverse of the entropy of the system is measured experimentally can be deduced from the balanced equation for the reaction depends on the rate constant depends on the concentrations of reactants
B When a chemical reaction reaches equilibrium
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
the temperature the concentration of reactants the concentration of products the size of the reaction vessel catalyst
D In kinetics, the order of a reaction
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 37.
changing changing changing changing adding a
E One effect of a catalyst being added to a reaction mixture is
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 36.
catalyst activated complex intermediate free radical substrate
the the one the the
forward reaction stops reverse reaction stops of the reactants has been completely consumed equilibrium constant has reached its maximum value rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 61
Chapter 8, Chemical and Physical Change 38.
Consider the reversible reaction:
A(g)
2B(g)
At equilibrium, the concentration of A is 0.381 M and that of B is 0.154 M. What is the value of the equilibrium constant, Keq?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 39.
0.0622 0.404 1.06 2.47 16.1
A Consider the reversible reaction:
N 2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH 3(g)
What is the correct expression for the equilibrium constant, Keq, for this reaction?
A.
Ans. 40.
B.
2[ NH 3 ] [ N 2 ]3[H 2 ]
[ N 2 ][ H 2 ]
3
[ N 2 ][ H 2 ] 3 [ NH 3 ]
2
E.
[ N 2 ]3[ H 2 ] 2[ NH 3 ]
C The reaction below is at equilibrium. Use LeChatelier's principle to predict the effect of adding more hydrogen gas to the equilibrium reaction mixture.
A. B. C. D. E.
43.
D.
[ NH 3 ] 2
concentration of reactants concentration of the products temperature catalyst size of reaction vessel
N2(g) + 3H 2(g)
Ans. 42.
C.
C Which one of the following, if changed, would change the value of equilibrium constant, Keq, of a reaction?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 41.
[2NH 3 ] [ N 2 ][3H 2 ]
B T
The The The The All
F
2NH 3(g)
equilibrium position will remain unchanged. equilibrium position will shift to the right. equilibrium position will shift to the left. equilibrium constant will increase. of the nitrogen gas will be used up.
The driving force of a chemical reaction is to attain a state of higher potential energy.
Ans. T F
F Exothermic reactions are often, but not always, spontaneous.
Ans.
T
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 62
Chapter 8, Chemical and Physical Change 44.
T
F
45.
Ans. T F
F A reaction that leads to an in increase in the entropy of the system is always spontaneous.
46.
Ans. T F
F A reaction that leads to a decrease in the enthalpy of the system is always spontaneous.
47.
Ans. T F
F A reaction that leads to a decrease in the free energy of the system is always spontaneous.
48.
Ans. T F
T According to the second law of thermodynamics, a system and its surroundings spontaneously tend towards increasing order.
49.
Ans. T F
F In general, a liquid state will have a higher entropy than a solid state.
50.
Ans. T F
T A collision between reactant molecules which produces one or more product molecules is called an effective collision.
51.
Ans. T F
T Lowering the activation energy of a reaction will decrease its rate.
52.
Ans. T F
F The order of a reaction with respect to any reactant is shown in the rate equation.
53.
Ans. T F
T The equilibrium constant expression for a reaction can be written down if the balanced equation is known.
54.
Ans. T F
T Reactants and products which are solids or pure liquids do not appear in the equilibrium constant expression.
55.
Ans. T F
T Changing the temperature alters the value of the equilibrium constant for a reaction.
56.
Ans. T F
T LeChatelier's principle provides information about the rate of a reaction.
Ans.
F
Endothermic reactions are never spontaneous.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 63
Chapter 8, Chemical and Physical Change 57.
T
F
58.
Ans. T F
T A catalyst increases the equilibrium constant for a reaction.
Ans.
F
Removal of a gaseous product from an equilibrium reaction mixture shifts the equilibrium toward formation of more products.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 64
Chapter 9, Charge-Transfer Reactions: 1.
Which theory describes an acid as a proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor?
Ans. 2.
Brønsted-Lowry theory What is another name for a protonated water molecule?
Ans. 3.
hydronium ion Explain briefly what is meant by a "conjugate acid-base pair" in the Brønsted-Lowry theory. Give an example of such a pair.
Ans.
According to this theory, an acid donates a proton and in the process becomes a base. Thus, a conjugate acid-base pair is a pair of species which differ by one proton. e.g., H2O and OH-. What is the conjugate acid of NH3?
4. Ans. 5.
NH4+
Ans. 6.
NO3What is the fundamental difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?
Ans.
A strong acid dissociates completely in solution. A weak acid dissociates only partially, forming relatively fewer hydronium ions than a strong acid. Complete the following equation for the dissociation of acetic acid in water, so as to illustrate unambiguously that acetic acid is a weak acid: CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)
7.
Ans. 8. Ans. 9.
What is the conjugate base of HNO3?
CH3COOH(aq)
+
H 2O(l)
H 3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
What is meant by the "auto-ionization of water"? It is the transfer of a proton from one water molecule to another, producing a hydronium ion and a hydroxide ion. In a chemical context, what is meant by the term "neutralization"?
Ans. 10.
The reaction between an acid and a base. What do we call a substance which is used to show changes in pH by its change in color?
Ans. 11.
an indicator What is the name of the process in which we carefully measure the volume of a solution of known concentration needed to neutralize a solution of unknown concentration?
Ans. 12.
titration What is meant by a diprotic acid? Give an example.
Ans.
A diprotic acid is capable of donating two protons. e.g., H2SO4
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 65
Chapter 9, Charge-Transfer Reactions: 13.
Consider the following generalized buffer solution equilibrium: BH+(aq) + H 2O(l)
H 3O+(aq) + B(aq)
If a small amount of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide is added to the above buffer solution, which of the four species shown would increase in concentration? (Hint: Use LeChatelier's principle.)
Ans. 14.
B(aq) What is meant by the "buffer capacity" of a solution?
Ans.
Buffer capacity refers to the amount of added acid or base which the buffer solution can neutralize without undergoing a substantial change in pH. Given a particular buffer solution consisting of a weak acid and its salt, how would you modify it so as to increase its buffer capacity against base?
15.
Ans. 16.
increase the concentration of the weak acid A buffer solution contains carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), each at a concentration of 0.100 M. The relevant equilibrium is: H 3O+(aq) + HCO 3-(aq) with Ka = 4.5 × 10-7 H2CO3(aq) + H 2O(l) Calculate the pH of this solution.
Ans. 17.
6.35 What is the name of the condition in which the carbon dioxide level in the blood is lower than normal?
Ans. 18.
alkalosis What is the general term for the process in which a chemical species gains electrons?
Ans. 19.
reduction What is the general term for processes such as the conversion of sodium atoms to sodium ions?
Ans. 20.
oxidation Briefly explain what is meant by a "voltaic cell" and an "electrolytic cell", emphasizing how they relate to one another.
Ans.
A voltaic cell utilizes a spontaneous oxidation-reduction reaction to produce electrical energy; an electrolytic cell reverses this process, using electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous oxidation-reduction reaction. In a voltaic cell, oxidation occurs at the ______ while reduction occurs at the ______.
21. Ans.
anode, cathode
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 66
Chapter 9, Charge-Transfer Reactions: 22.
Who gave us the earliest definitions of acids and bases?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 23.
A Which one of the following is NOT generally true of a base?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 24.
Ans. 25.
A.
H2O, O-
B.
H3O+, OH-
C. D. E.
HCO3-, CO32HCl, Cl NaOH, Na+
C What is the hydronium ion concentration of pure water at 25°C? 7.0 7.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
× × × × ×
107 10-7 107 10-7 10-14
D If the hydronium ion concentration of an aqueous solution at 25°C is 5 × 10-6 M, what is the hydroxide ion concentration?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
tastes bitter feels slippery increases [H+] in water is corrosive causes many metal ions to precipitate
C Which one of the following pairs is a conjugate acid-base pair?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 26.
Arrhenius Brønsted Lewis Lowry LeChatelier
2 2 2 2 2
× × × × ×
10-10 10-9 10-8 107 1019
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 67
Chapter 9, Charge-Transfer Reactions: 27.
What is the hydronium ion concentration of a solution with a pH of 6.0?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 28.
29.
6.00
C.
7.00
D.
10.00
E.
14.00
What is the pH of a solution that has [H3O+] = 6.0 × 10-3 M? 1.7 × 10-12 2.22 3.60 5.12 11.78
B If 14.8 mL of 0.100 M NaOH solution are needed to react with 25.0 mL of an unknown HCl solution, what is the molar concentration of the HCl solution? 0.592 M 5.87 M 0.0592 M 0.0692 M 1.25 M
C The reaction of an acid with a base will produce a salt. What is the other product?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
B.
4.00
D
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 31.
106 10-6 101 10-1 10-14
What is the pH of a 1.0 × 10-4 M solution of KOH?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 30.
× × × × ×
B
A. Ans.
1 1 6 6 6
a hydronium ion water a buffer a metal a hydroxide ion
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 68
Chapter 9, Charge-Transfer Reactions: 32.
What word is used to describe a solution that contains a conjugate acid-base pair and is resistant to large changes in pH?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 33.
C What particle is transferred from one reactant to another in oxidationreduction reactions?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 34.
Ans. 36.
oxidizing agent reducing agent buffer base anode
A Identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent, respectively, in the following reaction: Cl2(aq) + 2I-(aq) → 2Cl-(aq) + I2(aq)
A.
Cl2 and I-
B.
I- and Cl2
C.
Cl- and I2
D.
I2 and Cl-
E.
Cl2 and Cl-
A Which one of the following substances is not a good oxidizing agent?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
proton electron hydronium ion hydrogen ion hydride ion
B What term describes a reactant that removes electrons from another reactant?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 35.
indicator saturated buffer standard resistive
hydrogen peroxide sodium hypochlorite chlorine ozone carbon dioxide
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 69
Chapter 9, Charge-Transfer Reactions: 37.
Which of the following words best describes the general type of process occurring at the cathode of a voltaic cell?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 38.
D T
corrosion combustion electrolysis reduction oxidation
F
According to Arrhenius's theory, all acids increase the hydrogen ion concentration in water.
39.
Ans. T F
T All Brønsted-Lowry acids must contain hydrogen.
40.
Ans. T F
T All Brønsted-Lowry bases must contain hydroxide
41.
Ans. T F
F In any conjugate acid-base pair, at least one of the species must carry a charge.
42.
Ans. T F
T Acetic acid dissociates completely when dissolved in water.
43.
Ans. T F
F Strong acids are almost completely dissociated in water.
44.
Ans. T F
T All strong bases are metal hydroxides.
45.
Ans. T F
T The concentration of a weak acid or base does NOT affect the degree of dissociation.
46.
Ans. T F
F The ion-product of water is NOT affected by a change in temperature.
47.
Ans. T F
F A pH of 0 is considered neutral.
48.
Ans. T F
F A standard solution is a solution whose concentration is accurately known.
49.
Ans. T F
T Carbonic acid and the bicarbonate ion form the main buffer system found in blood.
Ans.
T
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 70
Chapter 9, Charge-Transfer Reactions: 50.
T
F
51.
Ans. T F
F All buffer solutions operate at a pH close to 7.
52.
Ans. T F
F Emphysema can cause blood acidosis.
53.
Ans. T F
T The reducing agent is oxidized during a oxidation-reduction reaction.
54.
Ans. T F
T The conversion of ferrous ion to ferric ion is a reduction reaction.
Ans.
F
55.
T
The conversion of Fe2+ to Fe3+ is a reduction reaction.
56.
Ans. T F
F Metals such as sodium are good reducing agents.
57.
Ans. T F
T A rechargeable battery can operate either as a voltaic cell or as an electrolytic cell.
58.
Ans. T F
T In electrolysis, electrical energy is used to drive a nonspontaneous chemical reaction.
Ans.
T
F
A weak acid plus the salt of a strong acid, in water, will form a buffer solution.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 71
Chapter 10, The Nucleus, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Medicine 1.
In the general symbol ZA X for a nucleus, which of the three letters represents the atomic number?
Ans. 2.
Z What is the mass number of an alpha particle?
Ans. 3.
4 What is the mass number of a beta particle?
Ans. 4.
0
Ans.
0 -1 e
Write the complete symbol for a beta particle, in the form ZA X.
5.
Which type of radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei is similar in mass to a helium atom?
Ans. 6.
alpha particle Which type of radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei is negatively charged?
Ans. 7.
beta particle Which type of radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei is a form of electromagnetic radiation?
Ans. 8.
gamma ray Which type of radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei has no mass?
Ans. 9.
gamma ray Which type of radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei is the most penetrating?
Ans. 10.
gamma ray Which type of radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei is the slowest moving and least penetrating?
Ans. 11.
alpha particle What may happen to a molecule if it is hit by gamma radiation?
Ans. 12.
loss of electrons, or ionization What product nucleus would result from the alpha decay of radium-226?
Ans. 13.
radon-222
Ans. 14.
alpha particle
Ans.
beta particle
222 The isotope 226 88Ra decays to 86Rn by emitting radiation. Name the type of radiation.
63 The isotope 63 28 Ni decays to 29 Cu by emitting radiation. Name the type of radiation.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 72
Chapter 10, The Nucleus, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Medicine 15.
99 The isotope 99m 43Tc decays to 43 Tc by emitting radiation. Name the type of radiation.
Ans. 16.
gamma ray Give the complete nuclear symbol for the isotope formed when the isotope 167 N undergoes beta decay.
Ans. 17. Ans. 18.
16 8O
Give the complete nuclear symbol for X in the following equation for radioactive decay. 14 6C
→
19.
+
X
Give the complete nuclear symbol for X in the following equation for radioactive decay. 238 92U
Ans.
14 7N
→
X
+
4 2He
234 90Th
What term is used to describe a radioactive isotope which decays by emitting only a gamma ray?
Ans. 20.
metastable isotope What is meant by the "binding energy" of a nucleus?
Ans.
It is the energy responsible for holding the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. What fraction of the initial amount of a radioactive isotope still remains after four half-lives?
21. Ans. 22.
one sixteenth (0.061)
Ans.
36 years
23.
e j
The half-life of tritium 3 How long does it take for 1 H is 12 years. 16.0 ng of tritium to decay to the point where 2.0 ng remains?
In Einstein's equation, E = mc2, what do E, m and c represent?
Ans. 24.
E = energy; m = mass; c = speed of light What is the nuclear process that produces energy in commercial nuclear power plants?
Ans. 25.
fission What kind of reactor produces its own fuel in the process of providing electrical energy?
Ans.
breeder reactor
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 73
Chapter 10, The Nucleus, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Medicine 26.
What is the identity of the radioactive isotope involved in radiocarbon dating?
Ans. 27.
C-14 or carbon-14 In what important way do cancer cells differ from normal cells?
Ans. 28.
They undergo much more rapid cell division. What term is used to describe radioactive substances which are used as probes to study internal organs?
Ans. 29.
tracers or radioactive tracers In what part of the body does iodine tend to concentrate?
Ans. 30.
thyroid gland Name any two radioactive isotopes commonly used in nuclear medicine.
Ans.
(from) iodine-131, technetium-99m, thallium-201, xenon-133, barium-131, chromium-51 What type of disease can be conveniently studied using xenon-133 as a tracer?
31. Ans. 32.
pulmonary disease What device uses magnetic and electric fields to create high-energy charged particles?
Ans. 33.
particle accelerator What is the term that describes the amount of radiation attributable to our everyday surroundings?
Ans. 34.
background level of radiation What is a film badge?
Ans.
It is a badge worn by radiation workers, containing a film which measures their cumulative radiation dose. Which radioactive element is found in some indoor air?
35. Ans. 36.
radon What term represents the dosage of toxic material needed to kill 50% of the exposed population in 30 days?
Ans. 37.
LD50 Who discovered, in 1896, that uranium ore emits radiation?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 38.
B Which of the following isotopes has no neutrons?
A. Ans.
Curie Becquerel Geiger Rutherford Roentgen
H-1
B.
H-2
C.
H-3
D.
He-4
A
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 74
E.
C-12
Chapter 10, The Nucleus, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Medicine 39.
Which nuclear particle is the same as an He2+ ion?
A. Ans. 40.
proton
E.
electron
B.
0
1
C.
2
D.
4
E.
6
B.
0
1
C.
2
D.
4
E.
6
an alpha particle a beta particle a gamma ray a positron a deuteron
alpha
B.
beta
C.
gamma
D.
proton
E.
electron
A 0 The symbol -1 e represents
an alpha particle a beta particle a gamma ray a positron a deuteron
B Which of the following particles or rays requires barriers of lead and/or concrete for protection?
A. Ans.
D.
A Which radioactive emission is stopped by a few sheets of paper?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 45.
gamma
The symbol 4 2 He represents
A. Ans. 44.
C.
C
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 43.
beta
C How many neutrons are contained in an alpha particle?
A. Ans. 42.
B.
A How many protons are contained in one alpha particle?
A. Ans. 41.
alpha
alpha
B.
beta
C.
gamma
D.
proton
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 75
E.
electron
Chapter 10, The Nucleus, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Medicine 46.
What particle or nucleus X is needed to complete the following equation: 210 86 Rn
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 47.
X?
hydrogen-3 carbon-14 argon-40 potassium-41 calcium-40
212 81 Tl
B.
212 79 Au
C.
214 84 Po
D.
210 81 Tl
E.
214m 83 Bi
When the isotope 214 83Bi undergoes beta decay, the product isotope is 215 84 Po
B.
212 79 Au
C.
214 84 Po
D.
210 81 Tl
E.
214m 83 Bi
C What information is conveyed by the m in 99mTc? The mass of the isotope is 99. The isotope is metastable. The isotope is man-made. There are multiple isotopes for this element. This is the most abundant isotope for this element.
B How many half-lives are needed for a 400.0 ng sample of a radioactive isotope to decay to 12.5 ng?
A. Ans.
+
D
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 51.
0 -1 e
→
When the isotope 214 83Bi undergoes alpha decay, the product isotope is
A.
50.
X?
E
A.
Ans.
+
C What particle or nucleus X is needed to complete the following equation:
A. B. C. D. E.
Ans. 49.
206 84Po
proton uranium-235 alpha beta gamma
40 19 K
Ans. 48.
→
4
B.
5
C.
10
D.
E.
16
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 76
32
Chapter 10, The Nucleus, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Medicine 52.
It has been stated that ten half-lives are sufficient for a radioactive isotope sample to decay to background levels. What fraction of the initial amount of an isotope actually does remain after ten half-lives?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 53.
D A 50. mg sample of iodine-131 was placed in a container 32.4 days ago. If its half-life is 8.1 days, how many milligrams of iodine-131 are now present?
A. Ans. 54.
3.1 mg
C.
3.24 mg
D.
0.81 mg
E.
6.2 mg
gamma decay beta decay breeding fission fusion
chemical combustion oxidation-reduction decomposition fission fusion
E What fissionable isotope or element is produced from U-238 in a breeder reactor?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
B.
D What is the process responsible for energy production in the sun?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 56.
47.3 mg
B What is the name of the nuclear process in which heavy nuclei split into two lighter nuclei?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 55.
0.100 0.0500 0.0100 9.77 × 10-4 1.00 × 10-10
U-235 U-238 Pu He H-3
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 77
Chapter 10, The Nucleus, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Medicine 57.
From which of the following isotopes is carbon-14 formed by cosmic ray bombardment in the upper atmosphere?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 58.
E Which one of the following radioactive isotopes is used to diagnose coronary disease?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 59.
63.
carbon atoms hydrogen atoms water molecules radioactive isotopes magnetic particles
B Which of the following measures of radioactivity takes into account the relative biological effect (RBE) of the radiation involved?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 62.
heart lung liver thyroid kidney
D Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depends on the presence in tissue of
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 61.
thallium-201 xenon-133 carbon-14 iodine-131 uranium-238
A The isotope iodine-131 is used in studies of the
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 60.
Li-5 U-238 O-16 O-18 N-14
A T
rem rad roentgen curie half-life
F
The mass of an alpha particle is equal to that of four protons.
Ans. T F
F Beta particles are a form of electromagnetic energy.
Ans.
F
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 78
Chapter 10, The Nucleus, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Medicine 64.
T
F
65.
Ans. T F
T Gamma rays are fast moving electrons.
66.
Ans. T F
F A metastable isotope decays by emitting a gamma ray.
67.
Ans. T F
T Compared to the energy of chemical bonds, nuclear binding energy is very weak.
68.
Ans. T F
F Nuclei with 84 or more protons are radioactive.
69.
Ans. T F
T Isotopes with even numbers of protons and neutrons are generally more stable than those with odd numbers of these particles.
70.
Ans. T F
T A radioactive sample will decay completely in two half-lives.
71.
Ans. T F
F After four half-lives, the fraction of a radioactive isotope remaining is one eighth of the initial amount.
72.
Ans. T F
F The sun's source of energy is nuclear fission.
73.
Ans. T F
F Commercial nuclear power plants use the fusion process to generate electrical energy.
74.
Ans. T F
F When an atom is hit by gamma radiation, it may become ionized.
75.
Ans. T F
T Doubling the distance from a source of radioactivity will halve the radiation intensity.
76.
Ans. T F
F When the strength of a radioactive source is specified in curies, it provides no information on the biological effects of the radiation.
77.
Ans. T F
T The term LD50 means the dose of toxic material that will be needed to kill 50% of the exposed population within 30 days.
Ans.
T
Gamma rays move at the speed of light.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 79
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1.
Draw the structural formula of urea.
Ans. H
2.
H
O
H
N
C
N
H
What term is used to describe the different forms in which a single element can exist?
Ans. 3.
allotropic forms Name three allotropic forms of carbon.
Ans. 4.
buckminsterfullerene, graphite, and diamond What allotrope of carbon has a 3-dimensional network structure?
Ans. 5.
diamond What are the three families of aliphatic hydrocarbons?
Ans. 6.
alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes What two types of carbon-carbon bonds are never found in a saturated hydrocarbon?
Ans. 7.
double and triple bonds What is the term for an atom or group of atoms in an organic compound that is primarily responsible for the chemical and physical properties of that compound?
Ans. 8.
functional group Name the functional group found in all alcohols.
Ans. 9.
hydroxyl Name the functional group found in all aldehydes.
Ans. 10.
carbonyl group Name the major family of organic compounds that contain a benzene structure.
Ans. 11.
aromatic compounds Name the family of organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group.
Ans. 12.
alcohols Name the family of organic compounds that contain an alkoxy group.
Ans. 13.
ethers Name the two families of organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group.
Ans. 14.
aldehydes and ketones Draw the structure of the alkoxy functional group found in ethers.
Ans. C
O
R
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 80
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 15.
Draw the structure of the carboxyl functional group found in carboxylic acids.
Ans.
O C
16.
C
OH
Name the main functional group present in acetone (propanone): O H3C
Ans. 17.
C
carbonyl group Name the functional groups shown below.
C
Ans. 18.
CH3
O
C
N
carbonyl; amino Name the functional groups shown below.
C
O
C
OH
OH
Ans. 19.
carboxyl; hydroxyl A waxy alkane consists of molecules containing 23 carbon atoms each. How many hydrogen atoms are in one of these molecules?
Ans. 20.
48 What is the molecular formula of butane?
Ans. 21.
C4H10
Ans. 22.
structural formula Which linear alkane contains five carbon atoms?
Ans. 23.
pentane In one word, describe the geometry around a carbon atom which has four single bonds to neighboring atoms. What is the angle between any two of these bond directions?
Ans. 24.
tetrahedral; 109.5° Write the condensed structural formula of 3-methylheptane.
Ans.
CH2CH2CHCH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Which kind of formula for organic compounds explicitly shows all of the atoms and bonds in a molecule?
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 81
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 25.
Write the structural formula of 2,3-dimethylhexane.
Ans. H
26.
H
CH3
CH3
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
How does an alkyl group differ from its parent alkane?
Ans. 27.
The alkyl group has one less hydrogen atom. What is meant by a "secondary" alkyl group?
Ans.
The carbon atom which is the point of attachment of the alkyl group is bonded to two other carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom. What is the I.U.P.A.C. name for CCl4?
28. Ans. 29.
tetrachloromethane What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound?
H
Ans. 30.
H
Cl
H
C
C
C
H
CH3
H
H
2-chloro-2-methylpropane What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound?
H
H
CH3
H
CH3
H
C
C
C
C
C
H
CH3
H
H
H
H
Ans. 31.
2,2,4-trimethylpentane What is the molecular formula of trichloromethane?
Ans. 32.
CHCl3
Ans.
H
H
CH3
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
Draw the structure of 1-chloro-3-methylbutane.
Cl
33. Ans.
H
What is the molecular formula of the simplest alkane capable of having constitutional isomers? C4H10
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 82
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 34.
Draw carbon skeletons to show the three isomers of pentane, C5H12.
Ans.
C
C C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
35.
Which of the following are isomers with the formula C5H12? (Give letter(s) as your answers.) A. CH3CH2CH2CH3 B. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 C. CH3CHCH3CH2CH3 D. CH3CH2C(CH3)3 E. CH3 CH3
C
CH3
CH3
Ans. 36.
B, C, and E What is the term for compounds that have the same molecular formula but have different structures?
Ans. 37.
(constitutional) isomers A cycloalkane molecule contains 8 carbon atoms. How many hydrogen atoms are in the molecule?
Ans. 38.
16 How does the formula of a cycloalkane differ from that of the corresponding alkane?
Ans. 39.
The cycloalkane has two fewer hydrogen atoms in its formula. Name the compound CH3
Ans. 40.
methylcyclohexane Name the compound CH3
CH3
Ans. 41.
trans-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane Draw the structure of trans-1,3-dibromocyclopentane.
Ans.
Br
Br
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 83
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 42.
Draw all three isomers of dichlorocyclopropane.
Ans. Cl
43.
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
What is the term used to describe the various arrangements of a molecule that are capable of rapid interconversions by simple rotation about a bond?
Ans. 44.
conformations or conformers How do the different conformations of an alkane molecule arise?
Ans. 45.
through rotation about C-C single bonds Draw line formulas to show the chair and boat conformations of cyclohexane. Which conformation is more stable, and why?
Ans.
46. Ans.
47.
The chair conformation is more stable. In this arrangement, the hydrogen atoms are all staggered, and the bond angles at the carbon atoms achieve the ideal tetrahedral values of 109.5. Explain what is meant by "staggered" hydrogen atoms, when describing the conformation of an alkane molecule. When rotation around a carbon-carbon single bond takes the hydrogen atoms on the two carbons as far away from each other as possible, the conformation is "staggered". This conformation is more stable than when the hydrogens are closer together. How many moles of water are produced by the complete combustion of one mole of methane?
Ans. 48.
2 Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of cyclooctane, C8H16.
Ans. 49.
C8H16 + 2O2 → 8CO2 + 8H2O What conditions are necessary in order for methane to react with chlorine?
Ans. 50.
light or high temperature What is the term used to describe organic reactions in which an atom in a molecule is replaced by a new atom?
Ans. 51.
substitution Write a balanced equation for the monochlorination of butane, C4H10.
Ans.
C4H10 + Cl2
→
C4H9Cl + HCl
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 84
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 52.
What important synthesis did Friedrich Wöhler carry out in 1828?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 53.
high boiling point flammable water-soluble rapid reactions high melting point
alkene alkyne alkane benzene cycloalkane
D Which major family of organic compounds contains a benzene ring?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
methane trees petroleum natural gas coal
B Which of the following is not an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 56.
cyanate chloride cyanide
C Which of the following is not a typical property of inorganic compounds?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 55.
bicarbonate
B What is the source of most of the synthetic organic compounds that are used today?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 54.
ammonium urea ammonium ammonium ammonium
alcohol alkyne aliphatic heterocyclic aromatic
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 85
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 57.
Which functional group is found in alcohols?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 58.
alkoxy ether amino carbonyl hydroxyl
E Identify the functional group present in the molecule shown below. O H3C
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 59.
C
CH2CH3
acyl hydroxyl carboxyl carbonyl alkoxy
D Identify the functional group present in the molecule shown below. O CH3CH2 C OH
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 60.
acyl hydroxyl carboxyl carbonyl alkoxy
C Identify the functional group present in the molecule shown below. OH CH3
C
CH3
CH3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
acyl hydroxyl carboxyl carbonyl alkoxy
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 86
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 61.
Identify the functional group present in the molecule shown below. CH3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 62.
B.
C6H6
C6H12
C.
C5H12
D.
C3H6
nonane > hexane > methane > ethane hexane > nonane > ethane > methane nonane > hexane > ethane > methane nonane > ethane > hexane > methane methane > ethane > hexane > nonane
C Name the structure shown below.
H
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
tetrahedral planar regular linear unsaturated
E.
C3H8
A Which is the correct order of melting points of the following alkanes, from highest temperature to lowest temperature?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 65.
amido nitrido amyl amino acyl
A Which of the following molecular formulas is not that of an alkane or cycloalkane?
A. Ans. 64.
NH2
D What word best describes the geometry (shape) around a carbon atom that has four single bonds to neighboring atoms?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 63.
CH2
H
H
C
C
H
H
ethane ether ethereal ethanyl ethyl
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 87
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 66.
What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound? Br CH 3CHCH3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 67.
2-bromomethane 2-bromopropane 1-methyl-1-bromoethane 1,1-bromomethylethane 2-bromoethane
B What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound? CH2CH3 CH3CHCH2CH3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 68.
2-ethylbutane 2-methyl-2-ethylpropane 3-methylpentane trimethylpropane 2-methyl-diethylmethane
C What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound? CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 69.
3-ethylpentane 3-methylheptane 1,4-dimethylpentane 3-ethylheptane 2-methyl-2-ethylbutane
D What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound? Br
Br
CH3CHCH2CH2CHCH3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
dibromopentane 2,4-dibromopentane 2,4-dibromohexane 2,5-dibromohexane 1-bromo-2,5-methylbromopentane
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 88
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 70.
What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound? H CH3 C CH2CH3 CH3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 71.
2,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylbutane dimethylbutane 3-methylbutane 3-methylpropane
B What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound? CH3 CH3 C
CH3
CH3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 72.
A What term describes molecules that have the same molecular formula but have different structures?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 73.
allotropes isotopes conformers isomers alkanes
D Which of the following is a correctly-named isomer of 2-methylpropane?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
2,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylbutane dimethylbutane tetramethylethane 2,2,2-trimethylmethane
1-methylpropane 2,2-dimethylpropane propane cyclobutane butane
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 89
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 74.
Which of the following compounds is a correctly-named isomer of pentane?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 75.
2-ethylpentane isobutylethane 2-methylbutane 2-methyloctane 3-methylbutane
C Which of the following is an isomer of 1,1-dibromoethane?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 76.
Br2CHCH3 CH2BrCH2Br CH3CHBr2 CHBr2CHBr2 CH3BrCH3Br
B Which of the following is an isomer of butane?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 77.
cyclobutane CH3CH(CH3)2 benzene CH3CHBrCH2CH3 2, 2-dimethylpropane
B Of the structures shown below, which two are isomers?
2
1
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
1 1 1 2 3
and and and and and
3
4
2 3 4 4 4
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 90
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 78.
Of the structures shown below, which of the sets are not isomers?
2
1
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 79.
1 and 2 1 and 3 1 and 4 1, 3 and 4 3 and 4
B.
2
4
C.
8
D.
E.
17
26
C Which equation correctly represents the complete combustion of propane, C3H8?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 81.
4
A How many moles of carbon dioxide are formed in the complete combustion of one mole of octane, C8H18?
A. Ans. 80.
3
B T
C3H8 + 7O2 → 3CO2 C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 C3H8 + 10O → 3CO2 C3H8 + 7O → 3CO + 2C3H8 + 7O2 → 6CO
F
+ 8H2O + 4H2O + 4H2O 4H2O + 8H2O
Urea is an isomer of ammonium cyanate.
82.
Ans. T F
T In solution in water, inorganic compounds tend to be better conductors of electricity than are organic compounds.
83.
Ans. T F
T Organic compounds tend to have higher boiling points than inorganic compounds.
84.
Ans. T F
F Organic compounds tend to be more soluble in water than are inorganic compounds.
85.
Ans. T F
F The carbonyl functional group is found in all ketones.
86.
Ans. T F
T Alkanes are more soluble in water than in nonpolar solvents.
Ans.
F
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 91
Chapter 11, An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 87.
T
F
88.
Ans. T F
T The propyl group is CH3CH2
89.
Ans. T F
F There is only one stable alkane of formula C4H10.
90.
Ans. T F
F 2-Methylhexane is an isomer of hexane.
91.
Ans. T F
F The chair and boat conformations of cyclohexane are two different compounds.
92.
Ans. T F
F The chair conformation of cyclohexane is more stable than the boat conformation.
93.
Ans. T F
T Carbon monoxide may be produced in the partial (incomplete) combustion of methane.
94.
Ans. T F
T All polyhalogenated compounds are environmentally safe as they break down rapidly to harmless products.
95.
Ans. T F
F The common name of trichloromethane is chloroform.
Ans.
T
The condensed formula of a compound conveys the same information as the structural formula, but in a more concise form.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 92
Chapter 12, The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 1. Ans.
2. Ans.
Explain what is meant by a conjugated system of double bonds. Use a line formula to illustrate this structural feature. A conjugated system consists of a chain of alternating single and double bonds.
Can an alkene have the same formula as a cycloalkane? Explain. Yes. In forming either a ring or a double bond, two hydrogen atoms are lost from the parent alkane. Cycloalkanes and alkenes both have the general formula CnH2n.
3.
Describe the geometry (shape) around a carbon atom which has one double bond and two single bonds to its neighboring atoms. What is the approximate angle between any two of these bond directions?
Ans. 4.
geometry is planar; bond angle is 120º Describe the geometry (shape) around a carbon atom which has one triple bond and one single bond to its neighboring atoms. What is the angle between these two bond directions?
Ans. 5.
geometry is linear; bond angle is 180º What is the common name of ethyne?
Ans. 6.
acetylene Draw the structural formula of 2-butyne.
Ans. 7.
CH3-C≡C-CH3 What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the three carbon alkene?
Ans. 8.
propene What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the three carbon alkyne?
Ans. 9.
propyne Provide the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound: CH3
CH3
H
CH3
Ans. 10.
2-methyl-2-butene Provide the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound: CH3C≡CCH2CH2CH2CH3
Ans.
2-heptyne
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 93
Chapter 12, The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 11.
Provide the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound: CH3
H C
C
H
Ans. 12.
CH3
trans-2-butene Provide the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound: CH3 CHCH2CH 2C
CH
CH3
Ans. 13.
5-methyl-1-hexyne Which alkene contains three carbon atoms?
Ans. 14.
propene or propylene Draw the structural formula of 3-hexyne.
Ans.
CH3CH2C≡CCH2CH3
15. Ans. 16.
Why can alkenes exhibit cis-/trans-isomerism (geometric isomerism), while alkanes cannot? The carbon-carbon double bonds in alkenes do not permit rotation whereas the single bonds in alkanes do allow free rotation. Provide the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound: CH3
Br C
Br
Ans. 17.
C H
trans-1,2-dibromopropene Draw line formulas of all four non-cyclic isomers of formula C4H8.
Ans.
18.
What is the characteristic general type of reaction of alkenes?
Ans. 19.
addition What catalysts are often used in the hydrogenation of alkenes?
Ans. 20.
platinum, palladium, and nickel In the food industry, what substances are hydrogenated to produce margarine?
Ans.
vegetable oils
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 94
Chapter 12, The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 21.
Give the structure and name of the product of the following reaction: CH3 CH2CH
CH2
+ H2
Pd, heat
?
Ans. 22.
CH3CH2CH2CH3; butane
Ans.
Bromine will add to the double bond. Thus, a small amount of bromine reagent (reddish brown color) is added to the organic compound. If the bromine color disappears, the indication is that a double bond was present and that the bromine has added to it. Give the structure and name of the product of the following reaction:
23.
Explain how a simple experiment using bromine (Br2) as a reagent can be used to test for the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds in an organic compound.
CH3CH=CHCH2CH2CH3 + Br2
Ans. 24.
→
?
CH3CHBrCHBrCH2CH2CH3; 2,3-dibromohexane Give the structure and name of the product of the following reaction: CH2
CH2
+ H2O
acid catalyst
?
Ans. 25.
CH3CH2OH; ethanol
Ans.
Markovnikov; when H2O or HX adds to a double bond, the hydrogen atom attaches to the carbon which already has the greater number of hydrogens attached to it. Name the major product of the following reaction: CH3CH2CH=CH2 + H2O → ?
26.
Who developed the rule that predicts the major product in the hydration of an asymmetric alkene? State the rule.
Ans. 27.
2-butanol Give the structure and name of the major product of the following reaction: CH3CH=CH2 + HBr → ?
Ans. 28.
CH3CHBrCH3; 2-bromopropane Name the major product of the following reaction: CH3 CH2CH
CCH3 + HCl
?
CH3
Ans.
2-chloro-2-methylpentane
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 95
Chapter 12, The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 29.
Draw the structure of the organic product formed in the following oxidation reaction: CH 3 CH=CH 2
Ans.
KMnO 4
?
OH
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is formed by addition polymerization of vinyl chloride (chloroethene), CH2=CHCl. Draw a representative section of the PVC structure.
Ans.
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
Cl
Cl
31.
H O
2 →
CH 2
CH3CH OH
30.
+
A polymer formed by addition polymerization of an alkene has the following structure: CH2
CH
CH2
R
CH R
CH2
CH R
Draw the structural formula of the monomer from which the polymer is made.
Ans.
CH
H2C
R
32.
What is the name of the compound shown below?
OH
Ans. 33.
phenol Draw a complete structural formula (showing all atoms and bonds) corresponding to the commonly-used structure shown below:
Ans.
H
H C
H
C
C
C C
H
H
C H
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 96
Chapter 12, The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 34.
What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of para-dichlorobenzene?
Ans. 35.
1,4-dichlorobenzene What is the characteristic general type of reaction undergone by aromatic compounds?
Ans. 36.
substitution Predict both products of the following reaction:
+
Ans.
FeCl3
Cl2
? + ?
catalyst
Cl and HCl
37.
Which of the following words best describes the geometry around a carbon which is connected to three neighboring atoms by a double bond and two single bonds?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 38.
D What is the molecular formula of the simplest alkene?
A. Ans. 39.
CH4
C.
C2H6
D.
C4H8
E.
C4H6
C2H4
B.
CH4
C.
C4H8
D.
C2H2
E.
C4H6
0.5
B.
1
C.
2
D.
E.
3
8
B How many moles of hydrogen gas (H2) are needed to convert one mole of ethyne to ethane?
A. Ans.
B.
D How many moles of hydrogen gas (H2) are needed to convert one mole of ethene to ethane?
A. Ans. 41.
C2H4
A What is the molecular formula of the simplest alkyne?
A. Ans. 40.
tetrahedral straight saturated planar cyclic
1
B.
2
C.
3
D.
4
E.
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 97
8
Chapter 12, The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 42.
Provide the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound: CH3CH 2CH 2CHC
CCH 3
CH 3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 43.
4-methyl-2-heptyne 4-methyl-5-heptyne 4-ethyl-4-methylbutane 4-propyl-2-pentyne 2-propyl-3-butyne
A Provide the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound: H3C-C≡C-H propene ethane propyne acetylene butyne
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
C Provide the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound: H
H C
C
H3C
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 45.
B.
C4H8
C5H8
C.
C5H12
D.
C5H10
E.
C5H6
D Which of the following is the correct molecular formula of 1-pentyne?
A. Ans.
butene cis-2-butene trans-2-butene propene cis-1,2-butene
B Which of the following is the correct molecular formula of 1-pentene?
A. Ans. 46.
CH3
C5H10
B.
C5H12
C.
C12H24
D.
C8H14
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 98
E.
C5H8
Chapter 12, The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 47.
How many different compounds of formula C4H8 are represented in the following line formulas?
A. Ans. 48.
D.
E.
4
5
substitution addition elimination combination decomposition
hydrohalogenation substitution hydrogenation hydration hydrocarbonation
alkyne phenol alcohol aldehyde ketone
C What product is formed in the reaction between an alkene and a hydrogen halide?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
3
C Which of the following types of compounds is produced by the hydration of an alkene?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 51.
C.
B Which of the following reactions is used to convert alkenes to alkanes?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
2
E Which of the following reaction types is most characteristic of alkenes?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 49.
B.
1
alcohol alkyl halide triol aldehyde ketone
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 99
Chapter 12, The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 52.
The reaction in which propene is converted to 2-chloropropane is a/an:
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 53.
hydrogenation hydration halogenation hydrohalogenation oxidation
D The polymer shown below was formed by the addition polymerization of an alkene. H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
Cl
H
Cl
H
Cl
H
What is the molecular formula of the alkene which formed the polymer?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 54.
C2H2Cl2 C2H3Cl C3H5Cl C3H7Cl C4H6Cl2
B What is the correct I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound? CH3
CH3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 55.
E Which of the following reaction types is most characteristic of aromatic compounds?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
toluene phenol para-dimethylbenzene 1,6-dimethylbenzene 1,2-dimethylbenzene
substitution addition elimination combination decomposition
A
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 100
Chapter 12, The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 56.
Identify the molecular formula of the organic product of the following reaction:
+
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 57.
A T
Cl2
FeCl3
?
C6H5Cl C6H4Cl2 C6H7Cl C6H6Cl2 C6H6FeCl
F
Alkenes contain only double bonds.
58.
Ans. T F
F The molecular formula of 3-octene is C8H16.
59.
Ans. T F
T The common name of ethyne is acetylene.
60.
Ans. T F
T Both 1-butene and 2-butene have cis- and trans-isomers.
61.
Ans. T F
F Margarine is made by the hydrogenation of vegetable oils.
62.
Ans. T F
T Palladium is a catalyst that may be used in hydrogenation.
63.
Ans. T F
T Hydration of an alkene produces an alcohol.
64.
Ans. T F
T Polyethylene contains no double bonds.
65.
Ans. T F
T The names para-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene refer to the same compound.
66.
Ans. T F
T Aromatic compounds undergo addition reactions more readily than substitution reactions.
Ans.
F
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 101
Chapter 13, Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers 1.
What class of compounds is represented by the general formula ROH?
Ans. 2.
alcohol What is the general formula of all ethers?
Ans. 3.
ROR What class of compounds is represented by the general formula RSH?
Ans. 4.
thiol What is the common name of the simplest alcohol?
Ans. 5.
methyl alcohol What is the common name of the simplest ether?
Ans. 6.
dimethyl ether What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the compound, CH3CH2CH2OH?
Ans. 7.
1-propanol What is the common name of 1,2,3-propanetriol?
Ans. 8.
glycerol Draw the structure of cylcopropanol.
Ans.
H
OH
H
H
H
9.
H
What is the I.U.P.A.C name for the alcohol produced by the fermentation of sugars and starches?
Ans. 10.
ethanol How many R groups are bonded to the carbinol carbon of a tertiary alcohol?
Ans. 11.
3 Draw three general structures, depicting primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, respectively.
Ans.
R3 R
CH2
OH
R1
CH
OH
R2
primary
secondary
R1
C
OH
R2
tertiary
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 102
Chapter 13, Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers 12.
Classify the alcohol shown below as primary, secondary or tertiary, and briefly explain your reasoning. H C
H3C
CH2CH3
OH
Ans. 13.
secondary, since the carbinol carbon is attached to two other carbons (alkyl groups). Write the I.U.P.A.C. name for the product of the following hydration reaction: CH2=CH2 + H2O → ?
Ans. 14.
ethanol What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the reduced form of methanal?
Ans. 15.
methanol Draw the structure of the product obtained in the following reaction, the catalyzed hydrogenation of 2-butanone. Name the product O +
H2
catalyst ?
CH3 CCH2CH3
Ans.
OH CH3CHCH2CH3
16.
The product is 2-butanol. What class of organic compound is produced by the dehydration of an alcohol?
Ans. 17.
alkene Draw structures of two alkenes which can be formed in the dehydration of 2-butanol, CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3.
Ans. 18.
CH3CH=CHCH3 and CH3CH2CH=CH2 What type (class) of alcohol will not undergo oxidation under normal conditions?
Ans. 19.
tertiary What is the general type (classification) of the reaction occurring between potassium permanganate (or potassium dichromate) and an alcohol?
Ans. 20.
oxidation Which product of the oxidation of ethanol causes many of the symptoms of the "morning-after hangover"?
Ans.
ethanal or acetaldehyde
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 103
Chapter 13, Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers 21.
What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the first possible oxidized form of ethanol?
Ans. 22.
ethanal Name the two types (classes) of compound formed in the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols, respectively.
Ans. 23.
aldehydes and ketones What are the common uses of phenol derivatives in health care?
Ans. 24.
antiseptics/disinfectants Why do alcohols boil at higher temperatures than hydrocarbons or ethers of similar molecular weights?
Ans. 25.
they are polar and can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds What is the medical use for the following compounds? H H
C
O
H
F
Cl
C
C
F
Cl
F H
H
C F
O
F
F
C
C
F
Cl
H
Ans. 26.
anesthetics Name the following ether using any acceptable naming system: CH3CH2CH2–O–CH2CH3
Ans. 27.
ethyl propyl ether or 1-ethoxypropane Draw the structure of the ether, 3-ethoxyhexane.
Ans.
CH2CH3
H
28.
H
H
O
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Draw the structure of the ether formed when dehydration of the following two alcohols occurs: CH3CH2OH + CH3CH2CH2OH → ? How many different ethers can be formed by dehydration of a mix of the two alcohols shown?
Ans. 29.
CH3CH2-O-CH2CH2CH3
Ans. 30.
thiols Draw the structure of 1,3-propanedithiol
Ans. 31.
HS-CH2CH2CH2-SH
Ans.
disulfide bond
Three different ethers are possible.
Which class of compounds with a strong odor is found in garlic?
What important type of bond, formed between two sulfhydryl (-SH) groups, plays a key role in the shapes of many proteins?
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 104
Chapter 13, Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers 32. Ans. 33.
What role does coenzyme A perform in biochemical reactions? It serves as a carrier of acetyl groups. Which of the following functional groups is found in all carbohydrates?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 34.
C What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the simplest alcohol?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 35.
methyl alcohol methanal methanol ethanol ethyl alcohol
C What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the compound, CH3CHOHCH3?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 36.
carbon-carbon double bonds carbon-carbon triple bonds hydroxyl group aromatic rings thiol group
propanol 2-propanol isopropyl alcohol 2-butanol 1-propanol
B What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound? CH3 CH3CH2CH2CHCHCH3 OH
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 37.
C What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the compound, HOCH2CH2OH?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
2-methyl-3-hexanol 5-methyl-4-hexanol 3-methyl-2-hexanol 2-methyl-3-pentanol 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanol
methanol glycerol 1,2-ethandiol 1,2-ethanediol 1,1-diethanol
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 105
Chapter 13, Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers 38.
What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of ethylene glycol?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 39.
E What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the alcohol that can cause blindness and perhaps death when it is consumed?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 40.
45.0
C.
95.6
D.
15.0
E.
22.5
1-butanol 2-butanol 2-methyl-1-butanol 2-methyl-2-butanol 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol
ethanol ethanal methanal methanol 1,2,3-propanetriol
A What type of compound is produced by the hydration of an alkene?
A. Ans.
B.
D Provide the I.U.P.A.C. name for the product of the following reaction, which requires acid as a catalyst: CH2=CH2 + H2O → ?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 43.
90.0
A Which of the following butanols is a tertiary alcohol?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 42.
ethanal ethanol methanal methanol 1,2,3-propanetriol
D If the alcohol concentration of a beverage is 45.0% (V/V) what is the proof?
A. Ans. 41.
ethane phenol propanol 1,2,3-propanetriol 1,2-ethanediol
aldehyde
B.
phenol
C.
alcohol
D.
diol
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 106
E.
acid
Chapter 13, Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers 44.
What type of compound is produced by the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 45.
E When an alcohol is heated with concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which of the following reaction types is likely to occur?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
alkane alkene ketone aldehyde carboxylic acid
D A dehydration reaction occurring between two primary alcohol molecules will produce a/an
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
methanoic acid ethanol ethanal methanol methanal
D The first stage in the oxidation of a primary alcohol produces a/an
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 48.
hydration dehydration dehydrogenation oxidation substitution
B Which of the following is the starting material used to prepare formaldehyde?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 47.
alkene phenol alkane carboxylic acid alcohol
alkene alkyne carboxylic acid aldehyde ether
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 107
Chapter 13, Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers 49.
Which one of the following biochemical species contains a thioester bond which plays a key role in its function?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
D T
NAD+ NADH DNA acetyl CoA ADP
F
Glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol) is a by-product of the hydrolysis of fats.
51.
Ans. T F
T A primary alcohol has two alkyl groups attached to the carbinol carbon.
52.
Ans. T F
F Dehydration of a primary alcohol produces a mixture of alkenes.
53.
Ans. T F
F The oxidation of a tertiary alcohol produces a ketone.
54.
Ans. T F
F Acetic acid can be produced by the oxidation of ethanol.
55.
Ans. T F
T Stepwise oxidation of a primary alcohol produces first an aldehyde and then a carboxylic acid.
56.
Ans. T F
T The gain of an electron by an atom is called reduction.
57.
Ans. T F
T A phenol is a compound that contains a carbonyl group attached to a benzene ring.
58.
Ans. T F
F William Morton was the first to use ether as an anesthetic compound.
59.
Ans. T F
T Liquid diethyl ether contains an extensive network of hydrogen bonds.
60.
Ans. T F
F The formation of a disulfide bond (-S-S-) between two sulfhydryl groups (-SH) is an oxidation process.
Ans.
T
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 108
Chapter 14, Aldehydes and Ketones 1.
What aldehyde forms chains from which the sugar ribose is easily formed?
Ans. 2.
formaldehyde In one sentence, explain the structural difference(s) between aldehydes and ketones.
Ans.
Both compound types have a carbonyl (C=O) group; in aldehydes the carbonyl carbon is a terminal carbon and is bonded to at least one hydrogen, while in ketones it is not. Which two types (classes) of organic compounds contain the carbonyl functional group?
3. Ans. 4.
aldehydes and ketones What is the general formula of all ketones?
Ans. 5.
RCOR What polar functional group causes aldehydes and ketones to be moderately polar?
Ans. 6.
carbonyl group What is the common name of the simplest aldehyde?
Ans. 7.
formaldehyde What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the two carbon aldehyde?
Ans. 8.
ethanal What is the common name of the following compound? O H3C
C
CH3
Ans. 9.
acetone Write the condensed structural formula of ethyl isopropyl ketone and give its I.U.P.A.C. name.
Ans. 10.
CH3CH2COCH(CH3)2; name is 2-methyl-3-pentanone
Ans. 11.
the liver What compound is produced in the liver by the oxidation of methanol? Provide both the common and I.U.P.A.C. names.
Ans. 12.
formaldehyde; methanal What is the name of the aqueous solution of formaldehyde that is available commercially as tissue preservative?
Ans.
formalin
Where in the body is ethanol oxidized to produce ethanal?
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 109
Chapter 14, Aldehydes and Ketones 13.
Give the I.U.P.A.C. name of the product of the following partial oxidation reaction: [O]
CH3 CH2 OH
?
Ans. 14.
ethanal Name the alcohol which can be oxidized to produce propanone.
Ans. 15.
2-propanol What class of compounds can easily be formed by oxidation of aldehydes?
Ans. 16.
carboxylic acids What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the organic acid produced by oxidation of ethanol?
Ans. 17.
ethanoic acid What is the common name of ethanoic acid?
Ans. 18.
acetic acid What compound is produced by the oxidation of benzaldehyde?
Ans. 19.
benzoic acid Name two common laboratory tests used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.
Ans. 20.
Tollens' test and Benedict's test What type of compound is produced in the reaction of a ketone molecule with a single alcohol molecule in the presence of a trace of acid?
Ans. 21.
a hemiketal Name the type (class) of compound formed in the reaction below. OH R
C
O
R
ROH
+
H+
?
R
Ans. 22.
ketal Name the type (class) of compound formed in the reaction below. OH R
C
O
R
+
ROH
H+
?
H
Ans.
acetal
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 110
Chapter 14, Aldehydes and Ketones 23.
Draw the structure of the hemiacetal produced in the following reaction: CH3 CHO
Ans.
H+
+ CH3CH2OH
?
OH H3C
C
O
CH2
CH3
H
24.
Draw the structure of the ketal produced in the following reaction: H+
CH3 CH2 CH2 COCH3 + 2CH3CH2OH
Ans.
?
OCH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH2
C
OCH2CH3
CH3
25.
Draw structures of both the keto and the enol forms of butanal.
Ans. H
26. Ans. 27. Ans.
28.
H
H
H
O
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
OH
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
keto form enol form What is the chemical meaning of the word "enol", as used in "keto-enol tautomerism"? The structure contains a carbon-carbon double bond (-ene) and a hydroxyl group (-ol). What does the term "gluconeogenesis" mean, and under what circumstances does it become important? It is the production of glucose from smaller molecules. This occurs when the blood sugar level falls to excessively low levels as a result of strenuous exercise or starvation. Draw the condensed structural formula of the reaction product of the aldol condensation reaction between two molecules of propanal: O
O OH -
+ CH3 CH2
C
H
CH3CH2
C
H
?
What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of this product?
Ans. CH3CH2
OH
H
O
C
C
C
H
CH3
H
2-methyl-3-hydroxy pentanal
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 111
Chapter 14, Aldehydes and Ketones 29.
When by β-carotene is cleaved, what vitamin is produced?
Ans. 30.
vitamin A What vitamin is converted in the body to 11-cis-retinal?
Ans. 31.
vitamin A The sugar ribose is easily produced from
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 32.
A What class of compounds is represented by the general formula RCHO?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 33.
ketones carboxylic acids alkenes alcohols aldehydes
E What class of compounds is represented by the general formula RCOR?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 34.
formaldehyde methanol acetone acetaldehyde ethanol
alcohols diols ethers aldehydes ketones
E What is the correct I.U.P.A.C. name of the compound shown? O CH3 CH2
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
C
H
formaldehyde acetone propanone propanal ethanal
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 112
Chapter 14, Aldehydes and Ketones 35.
What is the correct I.U.P.A.C. name of the compound shown? O CH3CH2
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 36.
C
CH3
2-methylpropanone butanal 2-butanone butanone 2-methyl-1-propanol
D What is the correct I.U.P.A.C. name of the compound shown? O CH3 CH2CH2
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 37.
4-octanone 1-propyl butanal 4-heptanone dipropyl ether 4-heptanal
propanone butanal acetone benzanal butanone
C What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the compound produced in the liver that is responsible for the symptoms of a hangover?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
CH2 CH2CH3
C What is the common name of the ketone that is a common, versatile solvent?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 38.
C
acetone acetic acid ethanol ethanal 2-propanol
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 113
Chapter 14, Aldehydes and Ketones 39.
What is the correct I.U.P.A.C. name for the product of the partial oxidation reaction shown? CH3 OH
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 40.
carboxylic acid alcohol alkane hemiacetal acetone
2-pentanone propanone pentanal 1-pentanol 2-pentanol
C What is the name organic product formed when the compound, CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO is reduced by addition of H2?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
ethanol methanal ethanoic acid butanoic acid propanone
B Which of the following will give a silver mirror when treated with Tollens' reagent?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 42.
?
B What kind of compound is produced by the hydrogenation of an aldehyde or a ketone?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 41.
[O]
pentane 1-pentanol 1-pentanone pentanal pentanoic acid
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 114
Chapter 14, Aldehydes and Ketones 43.
What is the name of the organic product formed when the compound shown below is oxidized? CH3 CH 2CHCH 3
[O]
?
OH
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
B Which of the following is a hemiacetal?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 45.
a ketone and an aldehyde a ketone and an alcohol an aldehyde and an alcohol two ketones two aldehydes
C Which of the following sets of reactant molecules can react in the presence of a trace of acid to give a ketal molecule?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
ether ketone carboxylic acid hemiacetal alkyne
D Which of the following pairs of reactant molecules can react in the presence of a trace of acid to give a hemiacetal molecule?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 47.
butanal butanol cyclic glucose butanone a protein
C What kind of compound is produced by the reaction of an aldehyde with an alcohol in the presence of a**trace of acid?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
2-butanol butanone butanal 2-butanoic acid methyl ethyl ether
one one one one one
ketone molecule and two aldehyde molecules ketone molecule and two alcohol molecules ketone molecule and one aldehyde molecule ketone molecule and one alcohol molecule alcohol molecule and two ketone molecules
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 115
Chapter 14, Aldehydes and Ketones 48.
Which of the following pairs of molecules can together undergo the aldol condensation reaction?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 49.
E Rhodopsin is composed of
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
vitamin A and β-carotene vitamin A and a protein 11-cis-retinal and a protein 11-trans-retinal and a protein β-carotene and a protein
C When light enters the eye and strikes rhodopsin, the immediate chemical change involves
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 51.
an aldehyde and an alcohol a ketone and an alcohol an alkene and an alcohol an aldehyde and water two aldehydes
C T
reduction of retinal oxidation of retinal conversion of 11-cis-retinal to 11-trans-retinal dissociation of retinal decomposition of opsin
F
Small (low molecular weight) aldehyde molecules are generally more water-soluble than large ones.
52.
Ans. T F
T Pure formaldehyde is a liquid at room temperature.
53.
Ans. T F
F Formaldehyde is used to kill viruses without damaging their genetic information.
54.
Ans. T F
F The oxidation of isopropyl alcohol produces propanone.
55.
Ans. T F
T The most oxidized organic form of a secondary alcohol is a ketone.
56.
Ans. T F
T Benedict's test can be used to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone.
Ans.
T
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 116
Chapter 14, Aldehydes and Ketones 57.
T
F
58.
Ans. T F
F Ketones are easily oxidized to carboxylic acids.
59.
Ans. T F
F Aldehydes are easily oxidized to carboxylic acids.
60.
Ans. T F
T A hemiacetal contains two ether functional groups.
61.
Ans. T F
F A ketal contains two ether functional groups.
62.
Ans. T F
T In any pair of keto-enol tautomers, the enol form is generally more stable than the keto form.
63.
Ans. T F
F When a β-carotene molecule is cleaved, two molecules of vitamin A are produced.
Ans.
T
A ketone will react with Tollens' reagent to produce a silver mirror, but an aldehyde will not.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 117
Chapter 15, Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 1.
Name the functional group found in all carboxylic acids.
Ans. 2.
carboxyl group Write the condensed formula representing the structure of a carboxylic acid, using an R to represent any alkyl or aryl group.
Ans. 3.
RCOOH What name is given to the following group? R(Ar)
C
O
Ans. 4.
acyl group Write the condensed formula for propanoic acid.
Ans. 5.
CH3CH2COOH
Ans.
The propanoic acid molecule is polar and can hydrogen bond with other molecules; hexane is non-polar and has no hydrogen bonding between molecules. Give both the I.U.P.A.C. name and the common name of the simplest carboxylic acid.
6.
Why does propanoic acid (M.W. = 74) boil at a much higher temperature than hexane (M.W. = 86)?
Ans. 7.
methanoic acid; formic acid Give both the I.U.P.A.C. name and the common name of the two carbon carboxylic acid.
Ans. 8.
ethanoic acid; acetic acid What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound? O CH3CHCH2
C
OH
CH3
Ans. 9.
3-methylbutanoic acid What is the common name for the following compound? O CH3CH
C
OH
OH
Ans. 10.
α-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid What carboxylic acid is produced in muscle cells during strenuous exercise?
Ans. 11.
lactic acid What type of reaction results in the conversion of an alcohol to a carboxylic acid?
Ans.
oxidation
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 118
Chapter 15, Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 12.
What is the common name of the acid formed in the following reaction? [O]
?
ethanol
Ans. 13.
acetic acid Write the condensed formula for the product of the following reaction. O [O] H3C
Ans.
C
OH
Draw the structure of the carboxylic acid produced by the oxidation reaction shown. H2CrO4
CH3 CH2CH2OH
Ans.
?
O CH3CH2C
15.
?
H
O H3C
14.
C
OH
What two ions are formed when a carboxylic acid is added to water?
Ans. 16.
carboxylate ion and hydrogen (or hydronium) ion Write an equation to represent the dissociation of acetic acid (CH3COOH) in water.
Ans. 17.
CH3COOH → CH3COO- + H+ Name the missing product in the reaction below. acetic acid + sodium hydroxide → ? + water
Ans. 18.
sodium acetate Complete the following equation for the neutralization of benzoic acid, showing all products. O C
OH
+
Ans.
O C
O- Na +
+
19. Ans.
?
NaOH
H2 O
What suffix is used in the names of organic esters? -ate
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 15, Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 20.
Name the type (class) of organic compound produced in the reaction shown. H+, heat
carboxylic acid + alcohol
Ans. 21.
ester What is the I.U.P.A.C. name for the missing product in the following equation? H+, heat
ethanoic acid + methanol
Ans. 22.
H2O + ?
H2O + ?
methyl ethanoate What is the I.U.P.A.C. name for the missing product in the following equation? H+, heat
butanoic acid + ethanol
H2 O + ?
Ans. 23.
ethyl butanoate Name the two compounds that will react to produce ethyl acetate when they are heated together in the presence of a trace of acid.
Ans. 24.
ethanol and acetic acid The ester shown below can be produced by heating together a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of a trace of acid. Draw the structures of the acid and alcohol needed.
H3C
H
O
C
C
O
CH3
O
H
CH3
Ans. H3C
H
O
C
C
+
CH3
OH
CH3
25.
What is the term used to describe the hydrolysis of an ester by an aqueous base?
Ans. 26.
saponification What product, in addition to methanol, is produced by the hydrolysis of methyl ethanoate?
Ans. 27.
ethanoic acid Write the I.U.P.A.C. name of the missing product in the following reaction. O H3C
Ans.
C
O
CH2CH2CH2CH3
+ H2O
H+, heat
CH3 COOH + ?
1-butanol
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 15, Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 28.
Hydrolysis of an ester produced the two organic products shown below. Draw the structure of the original ester. O H
Ans.
O
+
H
CH3CH2CH2
OH
O H
29.
C
C
O
CH2CH2CH3
What compounds are known as "fatty acids"?
Ans. 30.
long chain carboxylic acids What adjective expresses the affinity of the carboxylate part of a soap molecule for water?
Ans. 31.
hydrophilic What is the name of the particles formed in solution when specks of oil or grease are surrounded by soap molecules?
Ans. 32.
micelles Explain what is meant by the word "micelle".
Ans.
It is the word for the negatively charged particle formed in water when a particle of dirt or grease is surrounded by anionic soap particles. The non-polar "tails" of the soap molecules attach to the grease while the charged carboxylate "heads" are in the water. Acid chlorides are named by dropping the -ic acid ending of the common name or the -oic acid ending of the I.U.P.A.C. name. What suffix and word are used to replace the carboxylic acid suffix?
33.
Ans. 34.
-oyl chloride Name the compound whose structure is shown below. O CH3CH2
Ans. 35.
C
Cl
propanoyl chloride Write the formula of the missing reactant in the following reaction. O CH3 CH2CH2COOH + ?
Ans.
CH3CH2CH2
C
Cl
SOCl2 or PCl3 or PCl5
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 15, Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 36.
Write the structure of the organic product of the following reaction.
H3C
H
O
C
C
PCl3
OH
? + inorganic products
CH3
Ans. H3C
H
O
C
C
Cl
CH3
37.
What is the common name of the following compound? O H3C
O
C
O
C
CH3
Ans. 38.
acetic anhydride Name the type of product formed in the reaction of an acid chloride with a carboxylate anion.
Ans. 39.
acid anhydride What is the type of product of the reaction between an alcohol and phosphoric acid?
Ans. 40.
phosphate ester or phosphoester What is the name for the class of compounds having the following general structure? O R1
S
C
R2
Ans. 41.
thioesters What role does acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) play in the body?
Ans. 42.
It carries acetyl groups between reaction sites. What is the name of the -COOH functional group?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
carboxyl carbonyl ester ether hemiacetal
A
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 15, Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 43.
What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound? O CH3 CH2
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
ethanoic acid lactic acid pyruvic acid butyric acid propanoic acid
stearic acid palmitic acid lactic acid butyric acid oleic acid
D What is the common name of the carboxylic acid obtainable from beef tallow?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
OH
E What is the common name of the carboxylic acid found in rancid butter?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 45.
C
lauric acid benzoic acid stearic acid palmitic acid butyric acid
C What is a common name of the following compound? OH CH3
C
COOH
H
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
pyruvic acid lactic acid oxalic acid formic acid citric acid
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 15, Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 47.
What class of compounds is mostly responsible for the pleasant smell of many fruits?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 48.
B Which one of the following types of compounds can react with a carboxylic acid to form an ester?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 49.
stearic acid citric acid butyric acid benzoic acid soap
A Which of the following is a suitable word for the sodium salt of a longchain fatty acid?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
two carboxylic acids soap two alcohols an alcohol and an ether a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
E Which of the following is a fatty acid?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 51.
acyl chloride acetate alcohol ether aldehyde
C Which of the following most accurately describes the product(s) when an ester reacts with water upon heating in the presence of NaOH?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
carboxylic acids esters carboxylate salts acid chlorides alcohols
esterate ester soap triglyceride bile salt
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 15, Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 52.
What is the name of the organic product of the reaction shown below? PCl3
CH3 CH2CH2COOH
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 53.
E What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the organic product of the reaction between acetyl chloride and water?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 54.
R1COOR2
C.
HCl
D.
RCOO-
E.
NaOH
alcohol
B.
water
C.
ester
D.
HCl
E.
hydrogen
pheromone polyacetate prostaglandin glycoprotein glycolactate
A Which of the following is the term that means any compound that acts as a pain killer?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
B.
B What is the term for a chemical signal secreted by an animal to attract a mate?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 57.
ROH
D What other product is released when an anhydride is formed by the combination of two carboxylic acids?
A. Ans. 56.
ethanoic acid propanoic acid methanoic acid ethanol butanol
A What species or compound is often reacted with an acid chloride to produce an acid anhydride?
A. Ans. 55.
ethyl acid chloride propyl acid chloride butyl acid chloride diacetyl acid chloride butanoyl chloride
analpheric analgesic prostaglandin hydrophilic pheromone
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 15, Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 58.
Which of the following types of substance is not a polymer?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 59.
B A phosphate ester is formed when phosphoric acid reacts with a/an
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 60.
ester base alcohol carboxylic acid thio compound
C The first step in the biochemical breakdown of sugars is the formation of
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 61.
protein triglyceride DNA cellulose polyester
A T
a phosphate ester a thioester a conventional ester glycogen DNA
F
Acetic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid.
62.
Ans. T F
F A single carboxylic acid molecule may contain more than one carboxyl functional group.
63.
Ans. T F
T Most carboxylic acids are strong acids.
64.
Ans. T F
F Carboxylic acids are too weak to neutralize strong bases such as NaOH.
65.
Ans. T F
F The oxidation of formaldehyde produces acetic acid.
Ans.
F
66.
T
Traces of H+ can catalyze both the formation of an ester and its hydrolysis.
67.
Ans. T F
T Fats and oils are triesters of glycerol.
68.
Ans. T F
T Soap is a triglyceride.
Ans.
F
F
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 15, Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 69.
T
F
70.
Ans. T F
F The carboxyl group is found in all fatty acids.
71.
Ans. T F
T The potassium salts of the carboxylic acids are more soluble in water than the sodium salts of carboxylic acids.
72.
Ans. T F
T The nonpolar part of a soap is called the hydrophobic end.
73.
Ans. T F
T In forming an acid chloride from a carboxylic acid, the acidic hydrogen atom is replaced by a chlorine atom.
74.
Ans. T F
F ATP is the universal "energy currency" of all living cells.
Ans.
T
Saponification is hydrogenation of an ester under basic conditions.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 16, Amines and Amides 1.
What inorganic compound, when appropriately substituted, would produce an amine?
Ans. 2.
ammonia Amines are classified according to the number of alkyl or aryl groups directly attached to a certain atom in the molecule. What atom is this?
Ans. 3.
nitrogen What is meant by the term "primary amine"?
Ans.
an amine with only one R group, and therefore two hydrogens, attached to the nitrogen atom. Draw a general structure of a secondary amine, using R to represent an alkyl or aryl group.
4. Ans.
R1
N
H
R2
5.
How many R-groups are directly attached to the nitrogen atom of a tertiary amine?
Ans. 6.
three In naming a primary amine (RNH2, where R is an alkyl group), how are the Chemical Abstracts name and the common name obtained?
Ans.
The C.A. name is obtained by replacing the –e of the parent alkane with the suffix -amine. The common name is obtained by replacing the –ane of the parent alkane with –ylamine. Give the Chemical Abstracts name, the common name and the I.U.P.A.C. name of the simplest (one carbon) amine.
7. Ans. 8.
methanamine; methylamine; aminomethane What are the Chemical Abstracts name and the I.U.P.A.C. name of ethylamine?
Ans. 9.
ethanamine; aminoethane What are the common name and the I.U.P.A.C. name of 2-propanamine?
Ans. 10.
sec-propylamine; 2-aminopropane What is the Chemical Abstracts name of the compound CH3CH2CH2NHCH3?
Ans. 11.
N-methyl-1-propanamine What are the names of CH3CH2NH2 in each of the three naming systems?
Ans. 12.
ethanamine; ethylamine; aminoethane What are the names of the compound shown,**in each of the three naming systems? CH2 CH3 CH3CH2
Ans.
N
CH2CH3
N,N-diethylethanamine; triethylamine; N,N-diethylaminoethane
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 16, Amines and Amides 13. Ans. 14.
List two important medical uses of amphetamines. appetite suppressants (diet pills); treatment of depression; treatment of epilepsy What is the Chemical Abstracts name of the product formed by the reduction of ethanamide?
Ans. 15.
ethanamine What is the general name of the product of the neutralization reaction between an alkylamine and an acid?
Ans. 16.
an alkylammonium salt Name the compound that is produced when methylamine neutralizes HCl.
Ans. 17.
methylammonium chloride Draw the structure of the amine produced by reduction of the amide compound shown below.
CH3 CH2
Ans. CH3 CH2
O
H
C
N
H
H
C
N
CH3
CH3
H
18.
When the amine RNH2 (where R is a 12-carbon alkyl chain) is neutralized with aqueous HCl, the compound RNH3+Cl- forms. Briefly predict, with reasons, the solubilities of RNH2 and RNH3+Cl- in water.
Ans.
19.
The amine, RNH2, will have a low solubility, due to the nonpolar, hydrophobic, R chain. The salt, RNH3+Cl- will be more soluble, since the ionic part of the molecule has a high affinity for water. What name is given to the class of compounds represented by the formula R4N+X-, where R is an alkyl or aryl group and X- is a halide ion (e.g., Cl-)?
Ans. 20.
quaternary ammonium salts What is the term for a substance that can cause cancer?
Ans. 21.
carcinogen What biological molecules contain the heterocyclic purines and pyrimidines?
Ans. 22.
nucleic acids or DNA and RNA To what group of naturally occurring compounds having heterocyclic nitrogen containing rings do the compounds cocaine, nicotine, quinine, morphine, and LSD belong?
Ans.
alkaloids
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 16, Amines and Amides 23. Ans. 24.
What functional group is composed of a portion from a carboxylic acid and a portion from an amine? amide What class of organic compounds contains the functional group shown below? O
H
C
N
Ans. 25.
amides What is the physical state of most amides at room temperature?
Ans. 26.
solid What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the compound shown below? O CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2
C
N
CH2 CH2CH3
H
Ans. 27.
N-propylhexanamide What is the common name of the compound shown below? O C
CH3
Ans. 28.
NH2
acetamide What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the compound shown below? O CH3
C
NH2
Ans. 29.
ethanamide Name two important neurotransmitters in the human body.
Ans. 30.
serotonin and acetylcholine What term refers to the brain and spinal cord and all of the nerves that radiate from the spinal cord?
Ans. 31.
central nervous system What type of organic compound is formed in the reaction between an acid chloride and an amine?
Ans. 32.
amide What are the two products formed when an acid chloride reacts with two molar equivalents of ammonia?
Ans.
an amide and ammonium chloride
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 16, Amines and Amides 33.
Draw the structures of the acid chloride and amine required to react together and form N-pentylpropanamide.
Ans.
O CH3CH2
C
Cl
and CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2
34. Ans. 35.
What other type of organic product is formed along with an amine (or ammonia) when an amide is hydrolyzed by a strong base? carboxylic acid salt Draw the structures of the two products formed in the hydrolysis of the amide shown. O CH3
Ans.
+
NHCH2CH3
NaOH
?
+
?
O CH3
36.
C
C
O- Na +
+
NH2CH2CH3
What class of biological compounds contain amide bonds as the central feature in their structure?
Ans. 37.
proteins or peptides What is another name for the amide bond between amino acids in a protein?
Ans. 38.
peptide bond Why is the bond between N and H in amines a polar bond?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 39.
hydrogen nitrogen nitrogen hydrogen nitrogen
is is is is is
more electronegative more electropositive more electronegative electrophilic electrophilic
C What term best describes the following compound? CH2CH3 CH3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
N
H
primary amine secondary amine tertiary amine amide alkaloid
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 16, Amines and Amides 40.
Ammonia is
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 41.
E For compounds of similar molecular weight, which of the following types would have the highest boiling point?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 42.
a primary amine a secondary amine a tertiary amine a quaternary amine none of the above
alkane ether primary amine secondary amine tertiary amine
C What is the Chemical Abstracts name of the following compound? CH3 CH3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 43.
N
CH3
dimethylmethanamine dimethylaminomethane N-methylethanamine trimethylamine N,N-dimethylmethanamine
E What is the Chemical Abstracts name of the following compound? CH2CH3 CH3CH2
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
N
CH2CH3
dimethylmethanamine N,N-diethylethanamine methylammoniumethane N-methylethanamine N,N-dimethylethanamine
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 16, Amines and Amides 44.
What is the common name of the following compound? CH2CH3 CH3CH2
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 45.
amides and purines nitrosoamines and amides phenylamines and phenylnitro compounds amides and nitro compounds amides and aldehydes
1-hexanamine 2-hexanamine hydroxylaminopentane methylpentanal methylpentanamine
A What product, in addition to a hydroxide ion, is formed when an amine reacts with water?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
nitrates serotonins epinephrines amphetamines barbiturates
D What is the Chemical Abstracts name of the compound produced by the reduction of hexanamide?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 48.
triethylamine N,N-diethylethanamine diethylaminoethane N-methylethanamine N,N-dimethylethanamine
D What two kinds of organic compounds can be reduced in the laboratory to prepare amines?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 47.
CH2CH3
A Which synthetic amine compounds stimulate the central nervous system and are often used in diet pills?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
N
hydronium ion alkylammonium ion alkylammonium salt quaternary ammonium ion amide
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 16, Amines and Amides 49.
When dissolved in water, amines behave as
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
D What is the charge usually found on a quaternary ammonium ion?
A. Ans. 51.
C.
+4
D.
-1
E.
-4
a quaternary ammonium salt an alkaloid an amine an alkylammonium salt a porphyrin
nitric acid phenol nitrate nitrite nitrosamine N,N-dialkylamide
D What preservative(s) in bacon and ham can react with stomach acid to form nitrous acid? sodium benzoate nitrite compounds benzoic acid sodium acetate citrate compounds
B Which class of naturally occurring compounds has one or more nitrogen containing heterocyclic rings and includes many compounds that have medicinal and physiological effects?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
+2
A What type of compound is produced when a secondary amine reacts with nitrous acid?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 54.
B.
The species represented by the structure R4N+Cl- (where R = alkyl) is
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 53.
+1
A
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 52.
strong acids weak acids strong bases weak bases neutral compounds
analgesics alkaloids pheromones nitrosamines carcinogens
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 134
Chapter 16, Amines and Amides 55.
What subclass of amines contains at least one nitrogen atom in a ring structure?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 56.
E Which of the following is not a general characteristic of amides?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 57.
cyclic aliphatic secondary tertiary heterocylic
high boiling points intermolecular hydrogen bonds are present solutions in water are basic most are solids at room temperature C=O and C-N bonds involve resonance
C What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound? O CH3
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 58.
C
ethanamide acetamide methanamide formamide N-methanamide
A What is the I.U.P.A.C. name of the following compound?
CH3 CH2CH2
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 59.
O
H
C
N
CH2 CH3
N-ethylpropanamide N-butylethanamide N-ethylbutylamine N-ethylbutanamide N-ethylbutyramide
D A link has been found between mental depression and a deficiency of
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
NH2
acetylcholine choline serotonin cholesterol protein
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 135
Chapter 16, Amines and Amides 60.
Which of the following amines is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses that control the contraction of muscles?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 61.
E What disease results from a deficiency of dopamine?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 62.
epinephrine serotonin cephalin sphingomyelin cortisone
A Which synthetic amide compounds are used as sedatives and as anticonvulsants?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 64.
Wilson's disease K-Factor disease Parkinson's disease cancer mental depression
C Which of the following amines is involved in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 63.
epinephrine alkaloid amide aminoethane acetylcholine
amides serotonins epinephrines amphetamines barbiturates
E What type of compound is the missing product in the amide hydrolysis reaction represented below? amide + strong base → carboxylic acid salt +
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
?
amine alkylammonium ion acid chloride amino acid nitro compound
A
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 136
Chapter 16, Amines and Amides 65.
Which of the following types of compound always contains amide bonds?
A. Ans. 66.
E T
sugars
F
B.
glycogen
C.
DNA
D.
starches
E.
proteins
Amines are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the number of carbons directly attached to the main nitrogen atom.
Ans. T F
T
67.
68.
Ans. T F
T Aniline is another acceptable name for benzenamine.
69.
Ans. T F
T Amines react with water to form alkylammonium salts.
70.
Ans. T F
F Hydrolysis of an amine produces an amide.
71.
Ans. T F
F Nitrites will react with hydrochloric acid to form nitrous acid.
72.
Ans. T F
T The pyrimidines are found in DNA.
73.
Ans. T F
T Morphine is an analgesic.
74.
Ans. T F
T In solid amides, the oxygen atom of the C=O group can form strong hydrogen bonds with the hydrogen of the N-H group on a neighboring molecule.
75.
Ans. T F
T Amides behave as bases when dissolved in water.
76.
Ans. T F
F Serotonin is a neurotransmitter.
77.
Ans. T F
T Barbiturates are used as anticonvulsants.
Ans.
T
N-methyl-1-propanamine contains a methyl group, hydrogen, and a propyl group attached to a nitrogen atom.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 17, Carbohydrates 1.
What is the simplest type of carbohydrate?
Ans. 2.
monosaccharide What is the most complex type of carbohydrate?
Ans. 3.
polysaccharide What is the name of the polysaccharide which forms part of the plaque on tooth enamel?
Ans. 4.
dextran What substances can be either polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones?
Ans. 5.
carbohydrates or monosaccharides What is the structural difference between an aldose and a ketose?
Ans.
Both contain the carbonyl group; in an aldose it is an aldehyde, in a ketose it is a ketone. What two functional groups are present in all monosaccharides?
6. Ans. 7.
hydroxyl and carbonyl Which enantiomer of glyceraldehyde is represented in the following structure? O
HO
C
H
C
H
CH2OH
Ans. 8.
L-glyceraldehyde Clearly state the requirement for a pair of molecules to be enantiomers.
Ans. 9.
they must be non-superimposable mirror images of each other What is the term for a carbon atom that has four different groups bonded to it?
Ans. 10.
chiral or asymmetric carbon What is the term for the study of the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules?
Ans. 11.
stereochemistry How are the symbols D- or L- assigned in naming a sugar?
Ans.
In the normal structural formula, one looks at the orientation of the hydroxyl group on the chiral carbon furthest from the most oxidized end of the molecule. If the OH group is on the right, the molecule has a Dconfiguration, if on the left, it has an L-configuration. Which monosaccharide found in the blood has its concentration regulated by the hormones insulin and glucagon?
12. Ans.
glucose
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 138
Chapter 17, Carbohydrates 13.
To what class of carbonyl containing compounds does glucose belong?
Ans. 14.
aldehydes In the Haworth projection of the ring configuration of D-glucose, how do the α and β forms differ?
Ans.
In the β form, the –OH group on carbon-1 is above the ring; in the α form it is below the ring. What type of compound is produced in the reaction between an alcohol and a ketone?
15. Ans. 16.
hemiketal Which carbohydrate is found in RNA?
Ans. 17.
ribose or D-ribose What is the molecular formula of ribose and how does the formula of deoxyribose relate to it?
Ans. 18.
C5H10O5; deoxyribose has one less oxygen The open chain structure of D-fructose is shown below. Draw the Haworth projections, and label as α or β, the two five-membered ring forms of the compound, α-D-fructose and β-D-fructose. CH2OH C
O
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
HO
CH2OH
Ans.
CH2 OH O H
H OH
CH2OH OH OH H
α-D-fructose
CH2OH O H
OH
H
OH CH2 OH
OH
H
β-D-fructose
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 17, Carbohydrates 19.
Complete the following equation for the reaction of a monosaccharide with Benedict's reagent, by providing the structure of the missing product. O
HO
C
H
C
H
+
2Cu 2+ (buffer) + 5OH-
? + 3H2O + Cu 2O
CH2OH
Ans.
O
HO
C
O-
C
H
CH2OH
20. Ans. 21.
What important interconversion of carbohydrates occurs via the enediol reaction? conversion of a ketose to an aldose The enediol shown below is an intermediate which allows D-glucose to convert to another sugar. What is the other sugar? CHOH C
OH
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
HO
CH2OH
Ans. 22.
D-fructose What is the term used to describe carbohydrates that can be oxidized by Benedict's reagent?
Ans. 23.
reducing sugars What term us used to describe an excess of glucose in a urine sample?
Ans. 24.
glucosuria What test might be used to distinguish between a reducing sugar and a nonreducing sugar?
Ans. 25.
Benedict's What type of bond holds the two monosaccharides together in a disaccharide?
Ans. 26.
ether or glycosidic bond What two monosaccharides combine to form maltose?
Ans.
two glucose molecules
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 140
Chapter 17, Carbohydrates 27.
What two monosaccharides combine to form lactose?
Ans. 28.
glucose and galactose What two monosaccharides combine to form sucrose?
Ans. 29.
glucose and fructose Name the two polysaccharides that make up starch.
Ans. 30.
amylose and amylopectin What structural feature do amylose and amylopectin have in common, and how do they differ?
Ans.
They both have chains of glucose units linked by α(1→4) glycosidic bonds; amylose is a linear polysaccharide, but amylopectin is highly branched, via α(1→6) glycosidic bonds. What are the major sites of glycogen storage in the human body?
31. Ans. 32.
liver and muscle What enzyme allows termites, cows, and goats to digest cellulose?
Ans. 33.
cellulase What is the most abundant carbohydrate on earth?
Ans. 34.
cellulose What do the structures of amylose and cellulose have in common and how do they differ?
Ans.
They are both linear polysaccharides made up of glucose units connected by (1→4) glycosidic bonds. In amylose the linkage is α, while in cellulose it is β. What is the function of the monosaccharide derivative, α-D-glucuronate, in the liver?
35. Ans. 36.
It bonds to steroids and thereby increases their solubility. One complex carbohydrate in a healthy diet is cellulose. What is another one?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 37.
A Which one of the following processes does not depend on the oxidation of hexoses for an energy source?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
starch glucose lactose monosaccharides sucrose
glycogen synthesis photosynthesis protein synthesis cellulose synthesis fat synthesis
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 17, Carbohydrates 38.
What is the term for carbohydrates consisting of two to ten monosaccharide units bonded together?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 39.
disaccharide polysaccharide oligosaccharide glycogen starch
C What functional group, in addition to the hydroxyl group, characterizes all monosaccharides?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 40.
ester carbonyl alkene aldehyde diol
B Which of the words provided best describes the molecule drawn below? CH2OH C
O
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
HO
CH2OH
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 41.
B What term refers specifically to a pair of D- and L-isomers?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
aldohexose ketohexose aldopentose ketopentose D-glucose
geometric isomers chiral enantiomers stereoisomers structural isomers
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 17, Carbohydrates 42.
Which enantiomer of glyceraldehyde is represented in the following structure? O
H
C
H
C
OH
CH2OH
A. Ans. 43.
β-
D.
D-
E.
L-
C6H12O5 C6H12O6 C6H10O5 C5H10O5 C9H18O9
glucose fructose mannose dihydroxyaldehyde glyceraldehyde
above the ring below the ring to the right of carbon-1 to the left of carbon-1
A Which form of D-glucose in the ring configuration has the -OH at carbon1 below the ring, in the Haworth projection?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
C.
E What is the position of the -OH at carbon-1 in the Haworth projection of β-D-glucose?
A. B. C. D. Ans. 46.
α-
B Which of the following is the simplest aldose?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 45.
B.
D Which of the following is the molecular formula of fructose?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
trans-
hemiketal hemiacetal αβγ-
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 17, Carbohydrates 47.
Glucose and galactose have identical structures except for the configuration of the H- and HO- at one particular carbon atom. Which atom is this?
A. Ans. 48.
hemiketal hemiketal hemiacetal hemiacetal
A
B.
B
C.
AB
D.
O
glucose mannose fructose sucrose galactose
glucose
B.
maltose
C.
mannose
D.
lactose
E.
sucrose
mannose
B.
maltose
C.
sucrose
D.
lactose
E.
ribose
C Which of the following types of bonds holds one monosaccharide to the next one in a polysaccharide.
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
intramolecular intermolecular intramolecular intermolecular stereoisomer
D Which of the following is a nonreducing disaccharide?
A. Ans. 53.
5
E Which of the following is the principal carbohydrate in milk?
A. Ans. 52.
E.
4
D What other monosaccharide combines with glucose to form lactose?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 51.
D.
3
C In which blood type do the red blood cells carry no antigens?
A. Ans. 50.
C.
2
D What is the product in the reaction between the aldehyde portion of a glucose molecule and the C-5 hydroxyl group?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 49.
B.
1
glycosidic carbonyl diol ester aldehyde
A
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 17, Carbohydrates 54.
Which of the following is a highly branched polymer of glucose?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 55.
D What polysaccharide found in animals has a structure very similar to amylopectin?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 56.
starch cellulose glycogen amylose amylopectin
C The major component of bacterial cell walls consists of
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
muscle kidney gall bladder fat cells liver
E The main glucose storage molecule in animals is
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 58.
glucose glycogen starch amylose cellulose
B Which organ releases glucose, produced by the degradation of glycogen, into the bloodstream?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 57.
starch cellulose amylose amylopectin peptidoglycan
cellulose collagen triglycerides starch peptidoglycan
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 17, Carbohydrates 59.
Which of the following polysaccharides cannot be digested by humans?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 60.
B In cellulose the type of glycosidic linkage between glucose units is
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 61.
α(1→4) β(1→4) α(1→6) β(1→6) a mixture of α(1→4) and α(1→6)
B What heteropolysaccharide is a component of cartilage and may relieve symptoms of osteoarthritis?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 62.
glycogen cellulose amylose amylopectin sucrose
A T
chondroitin sulfate hyaluronic acid heparin D-glucosamine α-D-glucuronate
F
Enantiomers are always mirror images of each other.
63.
Ans. T F
T The molecular formula of deoxyribose is C5H10O4.
64.
Ans. T F
T All monosaccharides will give a positive result with Benedict's reagent.
65.
Ans. T F
T When a glycosidic linkage is formed between two monosaccharides, each with the formula C6H12O6, the resulting disaccharide will have the formula C12H22O12.
66.
Ans. T F
F The glycosidic linkage found in some carbohydrates is actually an ether bond.
67.
Ans. T F
T The principal carbohydrate in milk is lactose.
68.
Ans. T F
T If left untreated, galactosemia leads to mental retardation.
Ans.
T
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 17, Carbohydrates 69.
T
F
70.
Ans. T F
F Humans can digest glucose polymers containing α(1→4) glycosidic linkages, but not those with β(1→4) linkages.
71.
Ans. T F
T A termite's digestive organs produce a cellulase that allows it to break down wood fibers.
Ans.
F
Cellulose molecules are all unbranched, while starch contains only branched molecules.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 18, Lipids and Their Functions in Biochemical Systems 1.
Name the fatty acid that has the formula C17H35COOH.
Ans. 2.
stearic acid What two products are formed in the reaction between a fatty acid and an alcohol?
Ans. 3.
ester and water Name the product in the following reaction. Oleic acid + H2
Ni
?
Ans. 4.
stearic acid What products, used in the food industry, are formed by the hydrogenation of polyunsaturated vegetable oils?
Ans. 5.
saturated solid fats Name the two essential fatty acids.
Ans. 6.
linoleic acid and linolenic acid List the three different kinds of eicosanoids.
Ans. 7.
prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromoboxanes What response is caused by the prostaglandins produced in the kidneys?
Ans. 8.
dilation of renal blood vessels Which eicosanoid produced by white blood cells can cause bronchial constriction?
Ans. 9.
leukotriene What products are formed from the complete hydrolysis of a triglyceride?
Ans. 10.
glycerol and 3 fatty acids What are the two major properties of neutral glycerides?
Ans. 11.
They are nonionic and nonpolar. Describe what is meant by a "mixed" triglyceride.
Ans. 12.
It is a triglyceride in which the three acyl groups are all different. Phosphoglyceride molecules have two regions which interact very differently with water. What two words summarize the properties of these two regions?
Ans. 13.
polar and nonpolar What functional group characterizes the phospholipids?
Ans. 14.
phosphoryl group What is the most abundant class of membrane lipids?
Ans. 15.
phosphoglycerides Which lipid is found in egg yolks and soybeans and is used as an emulsifying agent in ice cream?
Ans.
lecithin
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 18, Lipids and Their Functions in Biochemical Systems 16.
What nitrogen-containing alcohol is found in the sphingolipids?
Ans. 17.
sphingosine Absence of compounds of a certain type can lead to excessive accumulation of sphingolipids. In these diseases, what is the type of compound which is deficient?
Ans. 18.
enzyme What compound is the precursor of the steroids found in the human body?
Ans. 19.
cholesterol Which steroid is used to suppress the inflammatory response in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?
Ans. 20.
cortisone What is the name of a synthetic steroid hormone that can be taken orally for birth control?
Ans. 21.
norlutin How many fused rings are present in steroid molecules?
Ans. 22.
4 List three negative side-effects of anabolic steroid usage.
Ans.
(from) kidney and liver damage; stroke; impotence and infertility; cardiovascular disease; aggressive behavior What products are formed in the hydrolysis of a wax?
23. Ans. 24.
a long chain alcohol + a long chain fatty acid What type of lipid is formed in the reaction between a long-chain alcohol and a long-chain fatty acid?
Ans. 25.
a wax Which class of human plasma lipoproteins carries triglycerides from the intestine to other tissues?
Ans. 26.
chylomicrons Which class of human plasma lipoproteins binds triglycerides synthesized in the liver and carries them to adipose for storage?
Ans. 27.
very low density lipoproteins Which class of lipoprotein carries cholesterol to peripheral tissues and helps regulate cholesterol levels in those tissues?
Ans. 28.
low density lipoproteins Which class of lipoprotein is bound to plasma cholesterol and transports it from the peripheral tissues to the liver?
Ans. 29.
high density lipoproteins What two words summarize the structure and composition of biological membranes?
Ans.
lipid bilayer
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 18, Lipids and Their Functions in Biochemical Systems 30. Ans.
31. Ans.
32.
Briefly describe the two types of movement of lipid molecules which can occur within lipid bilayer membranes. Which type is more frequent? "Flip-flop" is when a lipid molecule crosses from layer to the other; lateral movement is when a lipid molecule moves within the same layer, and is more frequent. Explain how, and why, the percentage of unsaturated fats in membrane lipids affects the fluidity of the membrane. More unsaturation in the fats increases the fluidity of the membrane. This is because the presence of cis- double bonds causes a bend in the fatty acid hydrocarbon chain, and prevents it from packing efficiently with neighboring chains. List three substances capable of "passive diffusion" across lipid bilayer membranes.
Ans. 33.
water, carbon dioxide, oxygen (i.e. small molecules) Briefly explain how "facilitated diffusion" across a membrane occurs.
Ans.
The diffusing molecule is recognized by a large protein molecule in the membrane, fits into it and diffuses through within the protein molecule. Why does a 0.30 M sodium chloride solution have a different osmotic pressure from a 0.30 M glucose solution?
34. Ans.
35. Ans.
36.
Osmotic pressure depends on the concentration of dissolved particles in solution. A sodium chloride solution will have twice as many particles (Na+ and Cl- ions) as a glucose solution of the same molarity. Some substances cross membranes by diffusion, others by active transport. What are the key differences between these two processes? Diffusion is a spontaneous process, occurring from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration, and requiring no energy. Active transport occurs from a region of low concentration**to one of higher concentration of the species being transported; this process requires an input of energy. Which of the following fatty acids is "essential"?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 37.
A Fatty acids generally contain how many carbon atoms?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
linoleic oleic stearic palmitic myristic
12 8 6 an odd number an even number
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 18, Lipids and Their Functions in Biochemical Systems 38.
What type of fatty acid is represented by the formula CnH2n+1COOH?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 39.
A What process may be used to convert an unsaturated fatty acid into a saturated fatty acid?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 40.
stearic acid linolenic acid stearic acid arachidonic acid palmitoleic acid
D Which of the following hormone-like molecules are NOT produced from arachidonic acid?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
linolenic acid wax arachidonic acid an ester stearic acid
E What highly unsaturated fatty acid is synthesized from the fatty acid linoleic acid in the body?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 42.
addition combustion esterification hydrolysis hydrogenation
E What is the product of the complete hydrogenation of linoleic acid?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 41.
saturated unsaturated even odd prostaglandins
prostaglandins eicosanoids leukotrienes thromoboxanes steroids
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 18, Lipids and Their Functions in Biochemical Systems 43.
Which kind of eicosanoids is thought to promote certain aspects of the inflammatory response?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
B There is strong evidence that painful menstruation may be the result of an excess of which of the following**eicosanoids?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 45.
testosterone aspirin progesterone norlutin cortisone
B What is the major energy storage form found in fat cells?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
leukotrienes thromoboxanes prostaglandins steroids phospholipids
C Cylooxygenase catalyzes the conversion of arachidonate into PGH2. What drug inhibits this enzyme?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
leukotrienes prostaglandins thromoboxanes steroids fatty acids
waxes phospholipids acetylcholines triglycerides low density lipids
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 18, Lipids and Their Functions in Biochemical Systems 47.
Identify the following structure: H
O
H
O
H
OH
H
OH
C
R
H
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 48.
A What is another name for phosphatidylcholine?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 49.
steroids lipoproteins enzymes arachidonates prostaglandins
A Which steroid is responsible for both the successful initiation and completion of pregnancy?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
phospholipid-D sphingosine cholesterol lecithin chylomicron
D Which lipid hormones allow tissues of the body to communicate with one another?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
monoglyceride diglyceride triglyceride glycerol fatty acid
cholesterol sphingosine chylomicron progesterone cortisone
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 18, Lipids and Their Functions in Biochemical Systems 51.
What is the general term for lipids synthesized from isoprene units?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 52.
D Which of the following substances do not occur in lipoproteins?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 53.
C5H10O5 (ribose) C6H12O6 (glucose) C12H22O11 (sucrose) NaCl CaCl2
E When solutes cross a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration, the process is referred to as
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
D Which of the following 0.1 M solutions will have the highest osmolarity?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 55.
phospholipids cholesterol starch proteins triglycerides
C High levels of one class of human plasma lipoprotein are thought to reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis. Which class is this?
A. B. C. D. Ans. 54.
cholesterol waxes chylomicrons terpenes high density lipoproteins
diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport osmosis electrophoresis
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 18, Lipids and Their Functions in Biochemical Systems 56.
Which of the following substances do not contribute to the structure of biological membranes?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 57.
E T
phospholipids glycolipids cholesterol globular proteins cellulose
F
There appears to be a correlation between large quantities of saturated fats in the diet and several forms of cancer.
58.
Ans. T F
T All lipid molecules have a polar "head" and a nonpolar "tail".
59.
Ans. T F
F Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds in their R groups.
60.
Ans. T F
T One mole of oleic acid will react with two moles of hydrogen to form a mole of stearic acid.
61.
Ans. T F
F The two essential fatty acids are oleic and linoleic acid.
62.
Ans. T F
F Prostaglandins produced in the kidneys cause renal blood vessels to dilate.
63.
Ans. T F
T Phospholipids have a polar "head" and a nonpolar "tail".
64.
Ans. T F
T The most abundant lipid found in membranes is the phosphoglycerides.
65.
Ans. T F
T There is a strong correlation between the concentration of cholesterol found in the blood plasma and heart disease.
66.
Ans. T F
T Bile salts are steroid molecules.
67.
Ans. T F
T Fatty acids react with large alcohols to produce waxes.
68.
Ans. T F
T Organisms which live at high temperatures tend to have higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes.
Ans.
F
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 18, Lipids and Their Functions in Biochemical Systems 69.
T
F
70.
Ans. T F
T Facilitated diffusion refers to diffusion of a solute across a membrane via a protein carrier, or permease.
Ans.
T
The cell membrane controls the flow of metabolites into and out of a cell.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 156
Chapter 19, Protein Structure and Function 1.
What is the term for proteins that carry materials from one place to another in the body?
Ans. 2.
transport proteins What is the acidic functional group that characterizes amino acids?
Ans. 3.
carboxyl group What is the term used to describe the molecule formed by condensing only two amino acids?
Ans. 4.
dipeptide In a peptide, what do we call the last amino acid that has a free carboxylate group?
Ans. 5.
C-terminal amino acid What determines the primary structure of a protein?
Ans.
The information contained in the gene for the protein, or the DNA nucleotide sequence in the gene. What is meant by the "primary structure" of a protein?
6. Ans. 7.
It is the sequence of amino acid residues which make up the protein. What type of attractive force is responsible for maintaining the secondary structure of a protein?
Ans. 8.
hydrogen bonding between carbonyl and amine groups of peptide bonds In the α-helical structure of proteins, what is the minimum whole number of amino acid residues needed to complete one full turn of the helix? What force, and between what atoms, maintains the shape of the helix?
Ans.
four; hydrogen bonding between each carbonyl oxygen and the amide nitrogen four amino acid residues away. What are the names of the two most common types of secondary structure found in proteins?
9.
Ans. 10.
α-helices and β-pleated sheets What is the term for the type of β-pleated sheet in which both peptides are aligned from amino terminus to carboxy terminus.
Ans. 11.
parallel β-pleated sheet Which structural protein is found in bone, tendon, and skin?
Ans. 12.
collagen What disease results from a deficiency of vitamin C?
Ans. 13.
scurvy Name the two unusual amino acids found in collagen.
Ans. 14.
4-hydroxyproline and 5-hydroxylysine What general type of interactions are responsible for creating and maintaining the globular tertiary structure of proteins?
Ans.
R group interactions
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 19, Protein Structure and Function 15. Ans.
16. Ans. 17. Ans. 18.
List the R group interactions responsible for the tertiary structure of a protein. hydrogen bonding between polar R groups, van der Waals attractions between hydrophobic R groups, disulfide bridges between cysteines, ionic bridges between positively and negatively charged amino acid R groups What is meant by the "tertiary structure" of a protein? It is the overall shape of the molecule, including the way that the α-helices and β-pleated sheets fold on themselves. What is meant by a prosthetic group on a protein? It refers to a non-protein group to which the protein is bonded in order to create a functional unit. What is the term used to describe a protein bound to a prosthetic group? Give an example of such a compound.
Ans. 19.
conjugated protein; hemoglobin, glycoproteins What level of protein structure involves more than a single peptide aggregated together to form the functional protein?
Ans. 20.
quaternary What is meant by the "quaternary structure" of a protein? Give an example of a protein with quaternary structure.
Ans.
It refers to the situation where several individual peptides bind with each other to form a functional protein unit, as in hemoglobin. What conjugated protein is the major protein component of red blood cells? What protein is the oxygen storage protein of the skeletal muscles?
21.
Ans. 22.
hemoglobin; myoglobin How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule bind?
Ans. 23.
four Compare fetal and adult hemoglobin with respect to their affinities for oxygen.
Ans.
fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin Compare the inheritance of sickle cell anemia with that of sickle cell trait.
24. Ans.
25. Ans.
Individuals who suffer from sickle cell anemia inherited two genes for sickle cell hemoglobin, one from each parent. Individuals with sickle cell trait have inherited only one copy of the gene for sickle cell hemoglobin and one for normal hemoglobin. How do the primary structures of normal hemoglobin and sickle cell hemoglobin differ? The proteins differ by a single amino acid residue. A glutamic acid residue in normal hemoglobin is replaced by a valine residue in sickle cell hemoglobin.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 158
Chapter 19, Protein Structure and Function 26.
What is the term for the state of a protein when the organized structures of that protein become completely disorganized?
Ans. 27.
denatured List three ways in which proteins may be denatured.
Ans.
high temperature, large changes in pH, organic solvents, heavy metals, detergents, mechanical stress What sorts of changes occur in the structure of a protein molecule when it becomes denatured?
28.
Ans. 29. Ans. 30.
It loses its secondary structure (α-helices and β-pleated sheets) and tertiary structure (folding). What is the term for the process by which the peptide bonds in proteins are broken by the addition of water? hydrolysis Which of the following pairs of elements are present in proteins but not in most carbohydrates?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 31.
A Which of the following kinds of proteins are biochemical catalysts?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 32.
hemoglobin myosin collagen myoglobin keratin
B Which of the following is a nutrient protein?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
nutrient proteins hormones transport proteins enzymes antigens
D Which of the following proteins is involved in muscle contractions?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 33.
nitrogen and sulfur carbon and hydrogen carbon and oxygen sulfur and oxygen nitrogen and oxygen
hemoglobin myoglobin albumin myosin insulin
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 159
Chapter 19, Protein Structure and Function 34.
What is the minimum number of different amino acids needed to synthesize most proteins?
A. Ans. 35.
22
E.
42
amino amino amino amide amide
and and and and and
carboxyl carbonyl ether carboxyl carbonyl
glycine alanine lysine valine tyrosine
lysine alanine glycine tyrosine valine
quaternary β-pleated sheet primary secondary tertiary
C What is the most common type of secondary structure in a protein?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
D.
A What level of protein structure specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 39.
20
B Which amino acid has a -CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 as its R group?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 38.
C.
A Which amino acid has a methyl group as its R group?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 37.
19
C What two functional groups are found in all amino acids?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 36.
B.
16
random coil β-pleated sheet double helix α-helix globular
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 160
Chapter 19, Protein Structure and Function 40.
What force of attraction gives rise to the α-helix?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 41.
C Which of the following amino acids is found in large amounts in collagen?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 42.
hydration hydrolysis hydrogenation hydroxylation peptidation
B What level of protein structure is created by the binding of several peptides to produce a functional protein?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
immunoglobulins enzymes hemoglobin myoglobin collagen
E What essential type of reaction of collagen requires the presence of vitamin C before it will occur?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
alanine lysine glycine aspartate phenylalanine
C Which protein accounts for about a third of the total protein content in the human body?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 43.
covalent bonding disulfide bonding hydrogen bonding coordinate bonding London bonding
helical primary secondary tertiary quaternary
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 161
Chapter 19, Protein Structure and Function 45.
What level(s) of protein structure is/are created in part by disulfide bridges?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
C Which of the following ions or molecules stimulates release of oxygen by hemoglobin?
A. Ans. 47.
C.
CO2
D.
HCO3-
E.
Fe2+
a lowering of pH an increase in pH a lowering of the partial pressure of oxygen an increase in the partial pressure of oxygen poor circulation
primary secondary tertiary quaternary more than one of the above
beans
B.
rice
C.
peanuts
D.
wheat
E.
chicken
E Humans do not require amino acids or their component elements for incorporation into
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
OH-
E Which of the following is a source of complete protein?
A. Ans. 50.
B.
B When a protein is denatured, which of the following levels of structure is/are affected?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 49.
H+
A Blood proteins will become denatured when they develop an overall negative charge as a result of
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 48.
primary secondary tertiary quaternary all of the above
new cellular proteins the bases in DNA hemoglobin glycogen myoglobin
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 162
Chapter 19, Protein Structure and Function 51.
T
F
52.
Ans. T F
T Condensation of a molecule of glycine with one of valine can produce two possible dipeptide molecules.
53.
Ans. T F
T Similarities and differences in the primary structures of a protein isolated from two different organisms can provide an estimate of the evolutionary relationship between the two organisms.
54.
Ans. T F
T Hydrogen bonding is responsible for the primary structure of proteins.
55.
Ans. T F
F Hydroxyapatite is a polymer of collagen and minerals.
56.
Ans. T F
F Glycoproteins are often found as receptors on the surface of cells.
57.
Ans. T F
T If the pH of a protein solution becomes very low, the protein molecules will become polyanions.
58.
Ans. T F
F Compared to a protein molecule which has no electrical charge, a negatively charged protein will be less soluble in water.
59.
Ans. T F
F A fully vegetarian diet cannot provide a complete source of protein.
60.
Ans. T F
F Our body cells can synthesize nonessential amino acids, but not essential ones.
61.
Ans. T F
T Protein digestion begins in the small intestine through the action of the enzyme pepsin.
Ans.
F
Proteins are an important nutrient because they provide the elements nitrogen and sulfur, which are not provided by dietary carbohydrates and lipids.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 163
Chapter 20, Enzymes 1.
Name the six different classes of enzymes.
Ans. 2.
oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases To which class of enzymes would you assign an enzyme that carries out the dehydrogenation of its substrate?
Ans. 3.
oxidoreductases To which class of enzymes does an enzyme belong if it catalyzes the rearrangement of functional groups within a molecule?
Ans. 4.
isomerases To which class of enzymes do lipases belong?
Ans. 5.
hydrolases How does an enzyme increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
Ans. 6.
by lowering the activation energy The diagram below shows the energy pathway of an uncatalyzed reaction. Using the same diagram, show the pathway of the same reaction when it is catalyzed by an enzyme.
Reactants Products Progress of reaction
Ans. catalyzed reaction Reactants Products Progress of reaction
7. Ans. 8. Ans.
For enzyme-catalyzed reactions, what happens as the concentration of the substrate is increased? the rate of reaction increases until, at a certain substrate concentration, it reaches a maximum, constant value Why does the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction not continue increasing indefinitely as the concentration of substrate is increased? The rate will increase until all active sites of all the enzyme molecules in solution are occupied by substrate molecules; it cannot go any faster than this, its maximum rate.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 164
Chapter 20, Enzymes 9.
What is the first step in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
Ans. 10.
formation of an enzyme-substrate complex Name the portion of an enzyme that is in direct contact with the substrate.
Ans. 11.
the active site What type of specificity is exhibited by an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of only one substrate?
Ans. 12.
absolute specificity What adjective describes an enzyme that is able to catalyze a reaction of D-glucose, but not L-glucose?
Ans. 13.
stereospecific The pancreatic enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase all hydrolyze peptide bonds on the carbonyl side of several different amino acids in a protein. What is the term for these enzymes which describes their specificity?
Ans. 14.
group specific List three different ways in which an enzyme can affect the transition state in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
Ans.
placing stress on a bond in the substrate, making it easier to break; bringing to reactants together in a suitable orientation for reaction; modifying the local pH by accepting or donating H+
15.
What is the water-soluble vitamin from which NAD+ is made?
Ans. 16.
niacin What is the term for the pH at which an enzyme functions best?
Ans. 17.
pH optimum At extremes of pH an enzyme will lose its biologically active conformation. What word describes the state of the enzyme under these conditions?
Ans. 18.
denatured What adjective describes an enzyme whose activity is regulated by the binding of a small effector molecule?
Ans. 19.
allosteric In feedback inhibition of an enzyme-catalyzed biosynthetic pathway, what substance frequently serves as the negative allosteric effector?
Ans. 20.
the final product of the pathway Proteolytic digestive enzymes are often produced in an inactive form. What is the name of the inactive form of an enzyme?
Ans. 21.
zymogen What is the name of the zymogen form of pepsin?
Ans.
pepsinogen
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 20, Enzymes 22.
Describe the binding between an irreversible inhibitor, such as arsenic, and an enzyme.
Ans. 23.
very tight or covalent Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that transmits a signal from a nerve cell to a muscle cell, causing the muscle to contract. How is the neurotransmitter inactivated so that the muscle can relax?
Ans. 24.
acetylcholine is hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase Name the three products formed when acetylcholine undergoes hydrolysis, catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase?
Ans. 25.
acetate, choline, hydrogen ions What is the term for an enzyme that hydrolyzes the bonds between amino acids in a protein?
Ans. 26.
protease or proteolytic enzyme What three pancreatic serine proteases have very similar primary and tertiary structures?
Ans. 27.
trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase Chymotrypsin cleaves peptide bonds on the carbonyl side of what type of amino acids?
Ans. 28.
aromatic amino acids Trypsin cleaves peptide bonds on the carbonyl side of what kind of amino acids?
Ans. 29.
basic amino acids Elastase cleaves peptide bonds on the carbonyl side of which two amino acids?
Ans. 30.
glycine and alanine What are isoenzymes?
Ans.
different forms of the same enzyme which have slightly different amino acid sequences How can appropriate analysis confirm that elevated levels of an enzyme such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood are due to a recent heart attack and not another disease?
31.
Ans. 32.
Isoenzyme analysis can reveal which type of tissue (heart or other) released the enzyme. What is the name of the enzyme that can convert 40 million molecules of hydrogen peroxide to harmless water and oxygen every second?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
lipase chymotrypsin trypsin papain catalase
E
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 20, Enzymes 33.
What is the classification of an enzyme that catalyzes the joining of two molecules?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 34.
B An enzyme catalyzes the removal of an amino group from one substrate and its addition to another compound. To what class of enzymes does it belong?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 35.
elastases oxireductases lyases catalases isomerases
C In a biochemical reaction, the effect of an enzyme catalyst is to
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
hydrogenase catalase isomerase elastase lipase
E Which class of enzymes catalyzes reactions involving the formation of double bonds?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 37.
kinase hydrolase transferase oxidoreductase lyase
C What is the classification of an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 36.
kinase ligase oxidoreductase transferase hydrolase
increase decrease increase decrease increase
the the the the the
activation energy of the reaction activation energy of the reaction equilibrium constant of the reaction equilibrium constant of the reaction reaction rate without participating in the reaction
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 20, Enzymes 38.
The graph below shows how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction depends on the variable x. Which of the following quantities could x most likely represent?
x
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 39.
D Of the following types of molecular interactions, which one would NOT be involved in the binding of an enzyme to a substrate?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 40.
apoenzyme cofactor effector coenzyme analog
D Some enzymes require an additional nonprotein prosthetic group in order to function. What do we call the protein part of this combination?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
covalent linkage hydrogen bonds van der Waals attractions polar-polar attractions ionic attractions
A Which of the following is the term used to describe an organic molecule that binds transiently to an enzyme and participates in the reaction by either accepting or donating a chemical group?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 41.
temperature pH energy substrate concentration progress of reaction
substrate apoenzyme effector cofactor neuroplastic
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 20, Enzymes 42.
Some enzymes require an additional nonprotein prosthetic group in order to function. What do we call the nonprotein part of this combination?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 43.
D In 1956, Christian de Duve discovered organelles in the cytoplasm of certain cells that have hydrolytic enzymes that destroy bacteria and viruses. What are these organelles called?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
apoenzyme effector mineral cofactor vitamin
lysosomes mitochondria endosomes ribosomes nucleosomes
A The graph below shows how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction depends on the variable x. Which of the following quantities could x most likely represent?
x
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
enzyme concentration pH energy substrate concentration progress of reaction
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 20, Enzymes 45.
The graph below shows how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction depends on the variable x. Which of the following quantities could x most likely represent?
x
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
C Many enzymes are regulated by having more than one binding site. What is the term used to describe these enzymes?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 47.
structural analog binding site effector binding site feedback binding site coenzyme binding site cofactor binding site
B What type of enzyme regulation occurs when the final product of a pathway shuts off the entire pathway for its own synthesis?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
allosteric enzymes lipases zymogens lyases isomerases
A A second binding site on an allosteric enzyme has the ability to bind to a molecule that alters the shape of the active site. What is this second site called?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 48.
enzyme concentration energy temperature substrate concentration progress of reaction
irreversible inhibition competitive inhibition feedback inhibition poisoning noncompetitive inhibition
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 20, Enzymes 49.
Penicillin inhibits several enzymes involved in the synthesis of what bacterial structure?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
C What is the term for a molecule that is similar to the substrate for an enzyme in structure and charge distribution?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 51.
calcium sodium potassium bicarbonate phosphate
A What is the name of the technique commonly used to separate different isoenzymes from one another?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 53.
effector transition state structural analog irreversible inhibitor noncompetitive inhibitor
C The arrival of a nerve impulse at the end plate of the nerve axon results in an influx of what ion?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 52.
nucleus DNA cell wall lysosome nuclear membrane
E T
gas chromatography liquid chromatography spectroscopy ELISA gel electrophoresis
F
All enzymes are rapidly denatured at the temperature of boiling water.
54.
Ans. T F
F Isomerases rearrange the functional groups within a molecule.
55.
Ans. T F
T The presence of an enzyme catalyst does not affect the time taken for a reaction to reach equilibrium.
56.
Ans. T F
F The vitamin biotin is a component of a coenzyme.
Ans.
T
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 20, Enzymes 57.
T
F
58.
Ans. T F
F Binding of a negative effector can convert an active site into the active configuration.
59.
Ans. T F
F A zymogen is an inactive form of an enzyme.
60.
Ans. T F
T Irreversible inhibitors bind very tightly, and sometimes covalently, to enzymes.
61.
Ans. T F
T Chymotrypsin catalyses the hydrolysis of dietary carbohydrates.
Ans.
F
The rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions increase with increasing pH.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 172
Chapter 21, Carbohydrate Metabolism 1.
Of the three classes of food molecules, which one is the most readily used by the human body?
Ans. 2.
carbohydrates Which pathway of carbohydrate degradation**is thought to have been the first successful energy-harvesting pathway on earth?
Ans. 3.
glycolysis What is meant by the terms "catabolism" and "anabolism"?
Ans.
catabolism refers to the degradation (breakdown) of fuel molecules to provide cellular energy; anabolism refers to the biosynthesis (buildup) of molecules What compound, when hydrolyzed, produces ADP, inorganic phosphate and energy?
4. Ans. 5.
ATP In catabolic pathways some of the energy of a food source is released as chemical bond energy. In what other form is some of the energy be released?
Ans. 6.
heat Of the several high-energy compounds produced in cells, which one is the principal energy storage compound?
Ans. 7.
adenosine triphosphate or ATP Which nucleotide is composed of the nitrogenous base adenine bonded to carbon-1 of ribose and a diphosphate group bonded to carbon-5 of ribose?
Ans. 8.
adenosine diphosphate or ADP Name the missing product in the following important enzyme-catalyzed reaction: ATP + water → ADP + 7 kcal/mol + ?
Ans. 9.
an inorganic phosphate group or Pi Name the missing product in the following important enzyme-catalyzed reaction: glucose + Pi + 3 kcal/mol → water +
?
Ans. 10.
glucose-6-phosphate The primary function of catabolic pathways is the generation of a certain compound. What compound is this?
Ans. 11.
adenosine triphosphate or ATP Which enzyme begins the hydrolysis of starch in the mouth?
Ans. 12.
amylase Which enzyme hydrolyzes milk sugar?
Ans.
lactase
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 21, Carbohydrate Metabolism 13.
Which enzyme in the stomach begins the hydrolysis of proteins?
Ans. 14.
pepsin Which pancreatic enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides?
Ans. 15.
lipase What hydrolysis product of fats is converted into glyceraldehyde-3phosphate so that it may enter the glycolysis pathway?
Ans. 16.
glycerol Name the pathway that produces ATP under anaerobic conditions.
Ans. 17.
glycolysis What is the main starting material for the glycolysis pathway?
Ans. 18.
glucose What is the first reaction in glycolysis, which traps glucose within the cell?
Ans. 19.
phosphorylation of glucose What substrate is converted into fructose-1,6-biphosphate by phosphofructokinase?
Ans. 20.
fructose-6-phosphate Aldolase splits fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two compounds. One is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. What is the other product of this reaction?
Ans. 21.
dihydroxyacetone phosphate When one molecule of glucose undergoes alcohol fermentation, what products, and how many molecules of each of them, account for the 6 carbon atoms?
Ans. 22.
2 molecules of ethanol; 2 molecules of carbon dioxide When one molecule of glucose undergoes glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, what happens to the number of NAD+ and NADH molecules?
Ans. 23.
no change in either In the pentose phosphate pathway, 3 molecules of glucose produce 2 molecules of fructose-6-phosphate and 1 of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. How many carbon atoms are unaccounted for in the above statement, and what is their fate?
Ans. 24.
3; they are converted to carbon dioxide What is meant by the term "gluconeogenesis"?
Ans. 25.
the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources Which organ is the main site of gluconeogenesis?
Ans. 26.
liver What two hormones control glycogenolysis?
Ans.
glucagon and epinephrine
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 21, Carbohydrate Metabolism 27.
The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase acts on glycogen to produce glucose-1phosphate. What must happen to this product before it can enter the glycolysis pathway?
Ans. 28.
It must be converted to glucose-6-phosphate What three features are common to all types of fermentation process?
Ans.
they use pyruvate produced by glycolysis; they reoxidize NADH produced in glycolysis; they are self-limiting, since the stable end product is toxic to the cell that produces it What hormone is responsible for stimulating glycogenesis?
29. Ans. 30.
insulin What hormone is released in response to low blood glucose levels?
Ans. 31.
glucagon How much energy, in kilocalories, is released by one mole of ATP in the reaction below? ATP + water → ADP + Pi + energy
A. Ans. 32.
D.
686
E.
778
glycogenesis Krebs Cycle glycolysis pentose phosphate pathway lactate fermentation
B.
2
4
C.
8
D.
16
B.
PPi
ATP
C.
AMP
D.
A
B What is the missing product in the reaction below? phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → ATP + ?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
32.0
E.
686
E.
GDP
A What is the missing product in the reaction below? 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP → 3-phosphoglycerate + ?
A. Ans. 35.
C.
C What is the net yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule undergoing glycolysis?
A. Ans. 34.
14.8
A Which pathway is thought to be the first successful pathway for harvesting energy to have evolved on earth?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 33.
B.
7
lactate AMP glycogen pyruvate glycerol
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 21, Carbohydrate Metabolism 36.
How many NADH are produced for each glucose that enters glycolysis?
A. Ans. 37.
E.
6
8
B.
2
6
C.
12
D.
14
E.
36
NADP+
B.
NADH
C.
NADPH
D.
FADH
E.
FADH2
fructose glycogen glucose pyruvate lactate
glucose-1,6-bisphosphate pyruvate lactate glycerol glucose-6-phosphate
E The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase catalyzes the isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate. What is the product of this reaction?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
D.
C What substance is converted into fructose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 41.
4
B What substrate is converted into glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme hexokinase?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 40.
C.
A Which coenzyme form must be reoxidized so that glycolysis can continue to produce ATP for the cell?
A. Ans. 39.
2
B At the end of glycolysis, how many pyruvate molecules have been produced from each glucose molecule?
A. Ans. 38.
B.
1
lactate pyruvate fructose-6-bisphosphate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glucose-1,6-bisphosphate
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 21, Carbohydrate Metabolism 42.
In the first substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis, a phosphoryl group is transferred from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, thus producing ATP. What is the other product of this reaction?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 43.
A Into what final product is glucose converted at the end of glycolysis?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
C.
NADH
D.
FAD
E.
glucose pyruvate oxaloacetate acetyl CoA glycogen
B What is the missing organic reactant in the equation below, representing the final reaction in the alcohol fermentation? ?
alcohol dehydrogenase NADH
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
NADPH
B.
NAD+
FADH2
C The liver takes up excess lactate from the blood. Into what product is the lactate first converted?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
lactate phosphoenolpyruvate starch glycogen pyruvate
E What is the reducing agent for the conversion of pyruvate into lactate in muscle tissue?
A. Ans. 45.
3-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate pyruvate lactate
NAD
ethanol
+
acetone acetaldehyde pyruvate glycerol glycerate
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 21, Carbohydrate Metabolism 47.
What key reducing agent is formed in the pentose phosphate pathway for glucose oxidation?
A. Ans. 48.
53.
NADH
D.
NADP+
E.
NADPH
a fatty acid glycerol glycerate pyruvate oxaloacetate
brain red blood cells adipose tissue skeletal muscles kidneys
glycogen phosphorylase phosphoglucomutase α(1,6) glycosidase glucokinase glycogen synthase
C In glycogen synthesis, glycogen synthase catalyses the linking of glucose units to the growing glycogen chain by the formation of α(1,4) glycosidic bonds. What is the immediate source of glucose for this reaction?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 52.
C.
D In glycogen degradation, what enzyme is responsible for releasing a glucose molecule attached to the main glucose chain at a branch point?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 51.
NAD+
A Glycogen is stored as granules in the the liver and
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
B.
E Which of the following could be a starting material in gluconeogenesis?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 49.
ATP
D T
ATP-glucose ADP-glucose UTP-glucose UDP-glucose glucose-6-phosphate
F
Glucose must be converted into acetyl CoA before it can be used in the citric acid cycle.
Ans. T F
T In glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is converted into 2 molecules of lactate.
Ans.
F
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 178
Chapter 21, Carbohydrate Metabolism 54.
T
F
55.
Ans. T F
F In alcohol fermentation, a yeast converts ethanol into acetaldehyde.
56.
Ans. T F
F In the pentose phosphate pathway, 3 molecules of glucose-6phosphate produce 6 molecules of ATP.
57.
Ans. T F
F Gluconeogenesis means the production of glycogen from a noncarbohydrate source.
58.
Ans. T F
F In the Cori Cycle, lactate produced in muscles is transported to the liver where it is converted to glucose and returned to the muscles.
59.
Ans. T F
T Skeletal muscle cannot contribute to blood glucose as it lacks the enzyme necessary to convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose.
60.
Ans. T F
T Red blood cells rely exclusively on glucose as their energy source.
61.
Ans. T F
T The formation of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose in a liver cell effectively traps the glucose within the cell.
Ans.
T
The tangy flavor of yogurt is due to propionic acid.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 179
Chapter 22, Aerobic Respiration and Energy Production 1.
The oxidative reactions of metabolism provide for most ATP production. In what specific part of the cell do these reactions occur?
Ans. 2.
mitochondria What is the term for the folded ridges in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
Ans. 3.
cristae List the three types of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Ans.
nutrient transport channels, carriers of the electron transport system, and ATP synthase Which organelle produces the majority of the ATP for our cells and probably evolved from captured bacteria?
4. Ans. 5.
mitochondria In what way is the reaction shown below a key one in carbohydrate catabolism? pyruvate + coenzyme A → acetyl coenzyme A + CO2
Ans.
The reaction allows pyruvate, produced from glucose by glycolysis, to enter the citric acid cycle (as acetyl), where it can be completely oxidized to CO2.
6.
How many cycles of the citric acid cycle are required to completely oxidize all the pyruvate formed when a molecule of glucose undergoes glycolysis?
Ans. 7.
2 What is the location in the mitochondrion of the protein complexes responsible for oxidative phosphorylation?
Ans. 8.
inner mitochondrial membrane What alternative name of the citric acid cycle is used in honor of the scientist who first proposed the steps of the cycle?
Ans. 9.
Krebs Cycle What cyclic metabolic pathway is the final stage of the degradation of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids released from dietary proteins?
Ans. 10.
citric acid cycle To what molecule is the acetyl group of acetyl CoA transferred in the first step of the citric acid cycle?
Ans. 11.
oxaloacetate What compound is produced by the transfer of the acetyl group of acetyl CoA to oxaloacetate?
Ans. 12.
citrate Fill in the missing intermediates A and B in the scheme below which represents a portion of the citric acid cycle. citrate → A → isocitrate → B
Ans.
A = cis-aconitate; B = α-ketoglutarate General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 180
Chapter 22, Aerobic Respiration and Energy Production 13.
Name the enzyme that catalyzes the first oxidative step of the citric acid cycle.
Ans. 14.
isocitrate dehydrogenase The enzyme dinucleotide diphosphokinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from GTP. What compound receives the phosphoryl group?
Ans. 15.
ADP The enzyme succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of succinate. What is the product of this reaction?
Ans. 16.
fumarate The enzyme fumarase catalyzes the addition of water to fumarate. What is the product of this reaction?
Ans. 17.
malate In the final step of the citric acid cycle, malate dehydrogenase reduces NAD+ to NADH. Into what product is malate converted in this reaction?
Ans. 18.
oxaloacetate In the complete oxidation of an acetyl group in the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of each of the following are produced? (a) CO2
(b) NADH
(c) FADH2
Ans. 19.
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 In oxidative phosphorylation, how many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of NADH in the mitochondrion?
Ans. 20.
3 Each molecule of NADH in the mitochondria can produce 3 molecules of ATP, yet NADH in the cell cytoplasm can only produce 2 molecules of ATP. Briefly explain why there is a difference.
Ans.
Some of the energy of NADH in the cytoplasm must be expended to shuttle electrons to FADH2 in the mitochondrion, leaving less energy for ATP production. How does ATP play a role in controlling the citric acid cycle?
21. Ans. 22.
High levels of ATP inhibit reactions in, and leading into, the cycle. What molecule acts as a positive allosteric effector of the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate in the citric acid cycle?
Ans. 23.
ADP Which enzyme in the mitochondria is responsible for phosphorylation of ADP?
Ans. 24.
ATP synthase In oxidative phosphorylation, either of two molecules may be oxidized, and another molecule is phosphorylated. What are these three molecules?
Ans.
NADH or FADH2 may be oxidized; ADP is phosphorylated.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 181
Chapter 22, Aerobic Respiration and Energy Production 25.
Ans. 26. Ans. 27.
FADH2 is a less powerful reducing agent (electron donor) than NADH. What is the consequence of this in oxidative phosphorylation? A molecule of NADH produces 3 molecules of ATP, whereas a molecule of FADH2 is only capable of producing 2. In the F0F1 complex, what is the role of F0? It provides a channel for protons to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane. When amino acids undergo degradation in the liver, what is the first step of the process?
Ans. 28.
removal of the α-amino group What is the role of pyridoxal phosphate in transamination reactions?
Ans. 29.
it is a required coenzyme for all transaminases When an amino acid is degraded in humans, what is the usual fate of the α-amino group?
Ans. 30.
It ends up as urea which is excreted in urine. What key role does the urea cycle play in the degradation of amino acids?
Ans.
It removes ammonium ions (NH4+), which are highly toxic, from the blood and converts them to urea. What is the term for the region of a mitochondrion that is enclosed by the inner membrane?
31.
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 32.
A Which of the following structures, groups or units does not form a part of acetyl CoA?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
matrix space intermembrane space cristae lumen synthase space
acetyl group protein unit β-mercaptoethylamine group pantothenate unit phosphorylated ADP
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 22, Aerobic Respiration and Energy Production 33.
What type of bond in acetyl CoA links the acetyl group to the rest of the molecule?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 34.
D Which of the following substances serves as an intermediate through which all cellular energy sources are interconvertible?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 35.
2
C.
4
D.
E.
6
12
B.
1
2
C.
3
D.
E.
6
18
C Which of the following compounds inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
B.
1
A How many molecules of ATP are produced by oxidative phosphorylation for each molecule of NADH produced in the citric acid cycle?
A. Ans. 38.
trans-isocitrate cis-isocitrate cis-aconitate α-ketoglutarate succinyl CoA
C How many molecules of FADH2 are produced by the complete oxidation of one acetyl group by the citric acid cycle?
A. Ans. 37.
acetyl CoA glucose ATP pyruvate citrate
A Which of the following compounds is produced when the enzyme aconitase catalyzes the dehydration of citrate?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 36.
ester amide thiol thioester phosphoryl
acetyl CoA ADP GTP NAD+ FAD
A
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 183
Chapter 22, Aerobic Respiration and Energy Production 39.
Which of the following compounds is the negative effector of the enzyme citrate synthase?
A. Ans. 40.
D.
NADH
E.
FAD
ATP
B.
FAD
C.
GTP
D.
ADP
E.
NADH
succinyl CoA NAD+ FAD Pi AMP
NADH mitochondria cristae transport proteins ATP synthase
cytochrome electron transport carriers F0F1 NADH dehydrogenase porin
C When a molecule of glucose undergoes complete oxidation in the body, what percentage of its potential energy is harvested in the form of ATP molecules?
A. Ans.
ATP
E What protein complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane allows protons to return to the matrix?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
C.
A What is another name for the F0F1 complex involved in oxidative phosphorylation?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 43.
GTP
D Which of the following substances, when present in high concentrations, inhibits the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 42.
B.
C Which of the following compounds is a positive effector of the allosteric enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase?
A. Ans. 41.
ADP
20
B.
40
C.
60
D.
80
B
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 184
E.
90
Chapter 22, Aerobic Respiration and Energy Production 45.
Where in the body does the degradation of amino acids occur?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
C Which of the following accepts an α-amino group from many amino acids, in a transamination reaction?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 47.
lactate aspartate pyruvate ATP citrulline
B What toxic species, resulting from amino acid degradation, is converted to a less toxic substance in the urea cycle?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
acetyl CoA lactate glycerol oxaloacetate pyruvate
E In addition to α-ketoglutarate, what other compound is produced in the transamination reaction in which oxaloacetate and glutamate react?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 49.
glutamate pyruvate coenzyme A acetyl CoA α-ketoglutarate
E What compound, in addition to glutamate, is produced in the transamination reaction in which alanine and α-ketoglutarate react?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 48.
stomach small intestine liver adipose tissue cytoplasm
urea carbon dioxide uric acid ammonium ion methylamine
D
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
Page 185
Chapter 22, Aerobic Respiration and Energy Production 50.
In addition to carbon dioxide, ATP, and water, what other reactant is involved in the first step of the urea cycle?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 51.
D What word is used to describe a pathway that functions in both degradative and biosynthetic reactions?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 52.
urea citrulline NAD+ NH4+ Pi
D T
catabolic anabolic metabolic amphibolic diabolic
F
The mitochondria are aerobic.
53.
Ans. T F
T The inner mitochondrial membrane is porous and permeable to substances of molecular weight less than 10,000.
54.
Ans. T F
F The ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells allow the mitochondria to synthesize some of their own proteins.
55.
Ans. T F
T Cells in fast twitch muscle fibers contain more mitochondria than do cells in slow twitch fibers.
56.
Ans. T F
F Pyruvate is the key intermediate through which carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids degrade and enter into the citric acid cycle.
57.
Ans. T F
F The acetyl group of acetyl CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate by the enzyme citrate synthase.
58.
Ans. T F
T The protein complexes responsible for oxidative phosphorylation are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
59.
Ans. T F
T ATP synthase is a very large multilipid complex.
Ans.
F
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Chapter 22, Aerobic Respiration and Energy Production 60.
T
F
In the first stage of amino acid degradation, the carboxylate group is removed as carbon dioxide.
61.
Ans. T F
F A deficiency of urea cycle enzymes causes an elevation of the ammonium ion concentration.
Ans.
T
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Chapter 23, Fatty Acid Metabolism 1.
What compound serves as the starting material for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and is also a key intermediate in fatty acid metabolism?
Ans. 2.
acetyl CoA What is the general name given to enzymes which hydrolyze triglycerides?
Ans. 3.
lipases What substance is secreted by the gallbladder in response to the presence of fat globules in the duodenum?
Ans. 4.
bile List six substances usually found in bile.
Ans.
lecithin, cholesterol, protein, bile salts, inorganic ions, and bile pigments Describe the structure of a spherical micelle in water.
5. Ans.
6.
It is an assembly of molecules which have both polar and nonpolar regions. The nonpolar (hydrophobic) regions of the molecules collect together in the center of the sphere while the polar (hydrophilic) regions are on the surface of the sphere and in contact with the surrounding water. Which protein binds to the surface of a lipid droplet and helps pancreatic lipases to adhere to the surface and hydrolyze triglycerides?
Ans. 7.
colipase What class of plasma lipoproteins are formed in intestinal cells when triglycerides are combined with protein?
Ans. 8.
chylomicrons Name the two major bile salts in humans.
Ans. 9.
cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid What is the function of bile salts in fatty acid metabolism?
Ans.
They emulsify fat particles to make them more easily hydrolysable by lipases. What tissue of the body provides storage for most triglyceride molecules?
10. Ans. 11.
adipose What compound is produced in the first step of β-oxidation of fatty acids?
Ans. 12.
fatty acyl CoA What compound is released in the final step of β-oxidation of fatty acids?
Ans.
acetyl CoA
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Chapter 23, Fatty Acid Metabolism 13.
Fill in the products of the complete -oxidation of the fatty acid shown, 10-phenyldodecanoic acid. Make sure that all the carbon atoms in the reactant are accounted for. OCH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
C
?
+
?
O
Ans.
O-
OCH2
+
C
4
H3C
O
14.
C O
The structure below shows a fatty acyl CoA, formed in the first step of β-oxidation of a fatty acid. Name the type of bond represented by a wavy line, and explain the significance (meaning) of representing it in this way rather than by a straight line. O CH3
(CH2)n
CH2
CH
S
CoA
Ans. 15.
thioester bond; the wavy line indicates a high-energy bond What class of compounds is produced from acetyl CoA when there is insufficient oxaloacetate to allow all the acetyl CoA to enter the citric acid cycle?
Ans. 16.
ketone bodies List the names of three ketone bodies.
Ans. 17.
β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, acetone What condition may be caused by starvation, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, or a diet that is extremely low in carbohydrates?
Ans. 18.
ketosis The pathway for the production of ketone bodies begins with a reversal of the last step of another pathway. Name the pathway.
Ans. 19.
β-oxidation What other compound is produced when acetoacetate forms acetone?
Ans. 20.
carbon dioxide The pathways of β-oxidation of fatty acids and fatty acid biosynthesis are not simply the reverse of one another. Identify any two of the four key differences between the two pathways.
Ans.
Two of: 1. Location: β-oxidation occurs in mitochondria while biosynthesis occurs in cell cytoplasm. 2. Acyl group carriers: In β-oxidation the carrier is coenzyme A; in biosynthesis it is acyl carrier protein (ACP). 3. Different enzymes are involved. 4. Electron carriers: β-oxidation produces NADH and FADH2; biosynthesis requires NADPH.
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Chapter 23, Fatty Acid Metabolism 21.
Name the multienzyme complex that carries out the seven steps of fatty acid biosynthesis.
Ans. 22.
fatty acid synthase In the disease, diabetes mellitus, what is the meaning and relevance of the word "mellitus"?
Ans.
It means sweetened with honey, and refers to the high sugar content in the urine of diabetics. Which type of lipoprotein complex transports triglycerides made by the liver to adipose tissue?
23. Ans. 24.
VLDL or very low density lipoproteins Which lipoprotein complexes provide adipose tissue with its major source of fatty acids?
Ans. 25.
VLDL or very low density lipoproteins What class of compounds are the major storage form of fatty acids?
Ans. 26.
triglycerides Under what conditions does muscle tissue produce lactate?
Ans. 27.
anaerobic What process generally supplies the energy requirements of resting muscle?
Ans. 28.
β-oxidation of fatty acids Insulin acts only on those cells that have insulin receptor protein in their plasma membranes. What are these cells called?
Ans. 29.
target cells Name the three major target cells for insulin.
Ans. 30.
liver, adipose, and muscle cells Insulin stimulates glycogen formation while it simultaneously inhibits two other processes. Name the processes.
Ans. 31.
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis Which substances are stored in the gallbladder and act as detergents?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
bile salts enzymes fatty acids amino acids lipoproteins
A
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Chapter 23, Fatty Acid Metabolism 32.
Where in the cell are the enzymes responsible for the degradation of fatty acids located?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 33.
B In an ω-labeled fatty acid, to which carbon atom in the chain is the label attached?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 34.
3
C.
4
D.
E.
5
4
B.
36
C.
64
D.
106
NADH and NADPH NADH and FAD NAD+ and FAD NADH and FADH2 NADPH and FADH2
D Which one of the following is a "ketone body"?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
B.
10
E.
129
E Which two electron carriers are produced in each cycle of β-oxidation?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 37.
2
D How many molecules of ATP are produced by the complete oxidation of palmitate?
A. Ans. 36.
C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 the terminal carbon
E How many molecules of acetyl CoA will be formed during the β-oxidation of a fatty acid containing a chain of ten carbon atoms?
A. Ans. 35.
endosomes mitochondria liposomes cytoplasm nucleus
pyruvate citrate oxaloacetate acetyl CoA β-hydroxybutyrate
E
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Chapter 23, Fatty Acid Metabolism 38.
What is the name of the molecule shown below? O CH3
O-
C
CH2
C O
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 39.
C Where in the cell are the enzymes responsible for fatty acid biosynthesis located?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 40.
coenzyme A acyl carrier protein VLDL LDL fatty acid synthase
B Where in the body are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate primarily produced?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
NAD+ NADH NADPH FADH2 FAD
C During fatty acid biosynthesis, to what substance are the activated intermediates bound?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 42.
endosomes mitochondria liposomes cytoplasm nucleus
D Which coenzyme form is the reducing agent for fatty acid biosynthesis?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 41.
butyrate β-hydroxybutyrate acetoacetate oxaloacetate citrate
stomach gallbladder muscle brain liver
E
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Chapter 23, Fatty Acid Metabolism 43.
The acetyl CoA that is metabolized in the morning before breakfast is mostly derived from the catabolism of what types of molecules?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 44.
E Which organ provides a steady supply of glucose for muscle and brain tissues and plays a major role in the regulation of blood glucose levels?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 45.
heart brain liver muscle adipose
B Which of the following processes is inhibited by insulin?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
fructose acetyl CoA acetone amino acids glycogen
E What organ accounts for about 60% of the free glucose usage when the body is in the resting state?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 47.
liver stomach small intestine islets of Langerhans gallbladder
A What compound stored in working muscles is degraded when the muscles require energy?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 46.
proteins carbohydrates amino acids glycogen fatty acids
glycogenolysis citric acid cycle glycolysis pyruvate synthesis glycogenesis
A
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Chapter 23, Fatty Acid Metabolism 48.
Which of the following terms means the formation and storage of triglycerides?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 49.
B Which of the following hormones inhibits the breakdown of lipids?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
cortisone insulin glucagon adrenalin epinephrine
C Which of the following hormones increases blood glucose levels by inducing the breakdown of glycogen and the production of glucose by gluconeogenesis?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 52.
glucagon insulin progesterone prostaglandins cholesterol
B Which of the following hormones is secreted by the -cells of the islets of Langerhans in response to decreased blood glucose levels?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 51.
lipolysis lipogenesis biosynthesis gluconeogenesis lipoglyceresis
A T
glucagon insulin cortisone adrenalin epinephrine
F
Lipases hydrolyze triglycerides.
53.
Ans. T F
T Cholesterol is one component of human bile.
54.
Ans. T F
T Chylomicrons are composed of amino acids and lipids.
55.
Ans. T F
F Triacylglycerols and triglycerides are two names for the same type of compounds.
Ans.
T
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 23, Fatty Acid Metabolism F
The final step in β-oxidation of fatty acids is the release of acetoacetic acid.
56.
T
57.
Ans. T F
F In each cycle of β-oxidation, the carbon chain of a fatty acid is shortened by two carbon atoms.
58.
Ans. T F
T Complete oxidation of glucose yields more energy than complete oxidation of an equal mass of fatty acids.
59.
Ans. T F
F β-Hydroxybutyrate is a ketone body.
60.
Ans. T F
T Biosynthesis of fatty acids takes place in the mitochondria.
61.
Ans. T F
F NADPH serves as a reducing agent in the biosynthesis of fatty acids.
62.
Ans. T F
T Muscle tissues produce lactic acid under anaerobic conditions.
63.
Ans. T F
T One of insulin's effects is to inhibit biosynthesis of lipids.
Ans.
F
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Chapter 24, Introduction to Molecular Genetics 1.
What are the three types of unit needed to make up a single nucleotide?
Ans. 2.
a five carbon sugar; a nitrogenous base; a phosphoryl group or groups What important discovery about DNA was made by Irwin Chargaff and later assisted Crick and Watson in deciphering the double helix structure of DNA?
Ans.
Chargaff established that in all DNA samples, the amounts of adenine and thymine were equal to each other, and the amounts of guanine and cytosine were also equal to each other. Which three bases are common to both DNA and RNA?
3. Ans. 4.
adenine, guanine, cytosine Who described the structure of DNA in 1953?
Ans. 5.
Watson and Crick Name the major purine bases found in DNA.
Ans. 6.
adenine and guanine Name the major pyrimidine bases found in DNA.
Ans. 7.
thymine and cytosine Which nitrogenous base is normally found in DNA but not in RNA?
Ans. 8.
thymine In numbering carbon atoms in a nucleotide, what designation is used to distinguish the atoms of the pentose from the atoms of the nitrogenous base?
Ans. 9.
a prime mark Name the nucleotide formed from deoxyribose, cytosine and a phosphoryl group.
Ans. 10.
2'-deoxycytidine monophosphate What type of bonding holds the two strands of DNA together as a double helix?
Ans. 11.
hydrogen bonding Which base in one strand of DNA is always hydrogen bonded to adenine in the other strand?
Ans. 12.
thymine One strand of the DNA molecule advances in the 3' → 5' direction. In what direction does the complementary strand advance?
Ans. 13.
5' → 3' What is the term used to describe the relationship between the nucleotide sequences on the two strands of DNA?
Ans. 14.
they are complementary DNA replication in E. coli begins at a unique sequence on the circular chromosome. What is the term used to describe this unique sequence?
Ans.
replication origin
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 24, Introduction to Molecular Genetics 15.
What term is used to describe the point at which new deoxyribonucleotides are added to the growing daughter strand during DNA replication?
Ans. 16.
replication fork What are the two major functions of DNA polymerase?
Ans.
DNA polymerase reads the sequence of nucleotides on the parental strand of DNA and catalyzes the polymerization of a complementary daughter DNA strand. It also proofreads the newly synthesized DNA strand and removes and replaces any incorrectly inserted nucleotides. What enzyme is responsible for reading a parental strand of DNA and catalyzing the polymerization of a complementary daughter strand?
17. Ans. 18.
DNA polymerase What is the adjective used to describe the mechanism of DNA replication?
Ans. 19.
semiconservative What directional flow of information is referred to as the "central dogma of molecular biology"?
Ans. 20.
DNA → RNA → protein Which form of RNA carries the needed amino acids to the ribosomes for use in protein synthesis?
Ans. 21.
transfer RNA or tRNA Name the three classes of RNA molecules and describe their roles.
Ans.
Messenger RNA carries the genetic code for a protein. Ribosomal RNA is a structural and function component of the ribosome. Transfer RNA translates the genetic code of the messenger RNA into the primary structure of a protein. Name the enzyme that catalyzes the transcription of DNA.
22. Ans. 23.
RNA polymerase What sequence on a DNA molecule indicates where RNA polymerase should begin transcription?
Ans. 24.
promoter What are the key differences between the product(s) of DNA replication and the product(s) of DNA transcription?
Ans.
Replication produces complementary daughter strands to both strands of DNA; transcription produces a single strand of RNA complementary to one DNA strand. In gene sequences, what is meant by the terms exons and introns?
25. Ans. 26. Ans.
exons are sequences which code for a protein; introns are sequences which do not code What was George Gamow's major contribution to solving the genetic code? He was the first person to propose that the code is a triplet.
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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Chapter 24, Introduction to Molecular Genetics 27.
The genetic code is made up of triplets using four different bases. How many different codons (triplets) are there?
Ans. 28.
64 What is meant by the term "degenerate" as applied to the genetic code?
Ans.
There are more codons than amino acids, so that most amino acids have more than one codon. Who first proposed that a single amino acid may have more than one triplet codon?
29. Ans. 30.
Francis Crick Which two amino acids are encoded by only a single codon each?
Ans. 31.
methionine and tryptophan Name the structures on which protein synthesis occurs.
Ans. 32.
ribosomes What molecule carries the codon sequence complementary to the anticodon sequence on the transfer RNA?
Ans. 33.
messenger RNA What kind of mutation results in the loss of one or more nucleotides from a DNA sequence.
Ans. 34.
deletion What type of mutation involves the substitution of a single base in a codon?
Ans. 35.
point mutation What is the term used to describe a mutation that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by a gene?
Ans. 36.
a silent mutation What type of product commonly forms when DNA is damaged by ultraviolet light?
Ans. 37.
thymine dimers What term is used to describe bacterial enzymes that are used to "cut" the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences?
Ans. 38.
restriction enzymes What is accomplished by the use of gel electrophoresis in DNA analysis?
Ans. 39.
DNA fragments are separated according to their size. What is the requirement for a labeled DNA or RNA molecule (i.e. a probe) to hybridize to a section of DNA?
Ans. 40.
It will hybridize if the two strands have complementary sequences. What type of bonding exists between two DNA fragments when they hybridize?
Ans.
hydrogen bonding
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Chapter 24, Introduction to Molecular Genetics 41.
What is the name of the enzyme used to catalyze the formation of phosphoester bonds between two fragments of DNA?
Ans. 42.
DNA ligase A DNA copy of eukaryotic mRNA can be made using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. What is the name of the class of viruses that produce the enzyme reverse transcriptase?
Ans. 43.
retroviruses List three products of recombinant DNA technology that are used clinically.
Ans. 44.
human insulin, human growth hormone, human factor VIII What is the key function of a DNA primer, used in the polymerase chain reaction?
Ans.
It hybridizes to the beginning of a gene, creating a site for DNA polymerase to initiate DNA synthesis of the selected gene. What key role does the bacterium Thermus aquaticus play in the polymerase chain reaction?
45. Ans. 46.
It is the source of a heat-stable DNA polymerase used in this process. Which pyrimidine base is normally found in RNA but not in DNA?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 47.
D Which pyrimidine base is normally found in DNA but not in RNA?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 48.
thymine adenine guanine uracil cytosine
A Which of the following is composed of a pentose, a nitrogenous base, and at least one phosphoryl group?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
thymine adenine guanine uracil cytosine
RNA nucleotide mRNA DNA nucleoside
B
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Chapter 24, Introduction to Molecular Genetics 49.
Phosphate groups can be esterified at any hydroxyl group on a pentose nucleotide. What position is the most common?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 50.
B Which of the following components is bonded to the backbone chain of DNA by N-glycosidic bonds?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 51.
two six ten eighteen twenty
C In what form does a retrovirus carry its genetic material?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
thymine guanine cytosine uracil adenine
A How many base pairs are there in one turn of the DNA double helix?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 53.
phosphoryl groups nucleotides pentoses nitrogenous bases riboses
D Which base in one strand of DNA is always hydrogen bonded to adenine in the other strand?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 52.
3' 5' 5' and 3' 2' 4'
double-stranded single-stranded double-stranded single-stranded circular DNA
DNA DNA RNA RNA
D
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Chapter 24, Introduction to Molecular Genetics 54.
Meselson and Stahl (1958) reported experimental results, involving nitrogen-labeling, relevant to
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 55.
tRNA
C.
rRNA
D.
DNA
E.
B.
mRNA
tRNA
C.
rRNA
D.
DNA
E.
C Which of the following is the term used to describe the three nucleotides at the base of the cloverleaf of a tRNA?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans.
B.
mRNA
ATP
A Which of the following is a structural and functional component of the ribosome?
A. Ans. 59.
translation transcription initiation elongation translocation
A Which of the following molecules carries the genetic information for a protein from DNA to the ribosome?
A. Ans. 58.
translation transcription initiation elongation translocation
B Which of the following terms is used to describe the process by which a message from DNA in the form a mRNA is converted into the primary sequence of amino acids in a protein?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 57.
helical structure of DNA role of RNA in DNA transcription basis for DNA fingerprinting mechanism of the polymerase chain reaction semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication
E Which of the following terms describes the process by which a single strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 56.
the the the the the
codon promoter P-site anticodon A-site
D
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ATP
Chapter 24, Introduction to Molecular Genetics 60.
What is the term used to describe complexes of many ribosomes all simultaneously translating a single mRNA?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 61.
C Approximately how many human genetic diseases have been described?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 62.
a test for the presence of the HIV virus a test for mutagenic effects of compounds another name for DNA fingerprinting a test for carriers of genetic diseases a test for the presence of DNA in a sample
B How many different steps (temperatures) are involved in each cycle of the polymerase chain reaction?
A. Ans.
a deletion mutation formation of a thymine dimer changing the first base in a triplet changing the second base in a triplet changing the third base in a triplet
E The Ames test is
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 65.
alpha beta c-chain gamma chain fetal globin
B Which of the following changes in a DNA molecule may have no effect on the protein for which the DNA codes?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 64.
2000 4000 8000 12000 20000
B An individual with sickle cell anemia carries a mutation in the gene for one of the peptide chains in hemoglobin. Which peptide chain is mutant?
A. B. C. D. E. Ans. 63.
nucleotides promoters polysomes codons mutagens
1
B.
2
C.
3
D.
E.
4
C
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3/e
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5
Chapter 24, Introduction to Molecular Genetics 66.
T
F
67.
Ans. T F
T E. coli contains a single circular piece of DNA as its genetic material.
68.
Ans. T F
T Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a complementary copy of a gene on DNA.
69.
Ans. T F
F All tRNA molecules have a CCA sequence at their 3' ends.
70.
Ans. T F
T Point mutations always result in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene.
71.
Ans. T F
F The peptidyl tRNA binding site holds a tRNA molecule bound to the growing peptide chain.
72.
Ans. T F
T In eukaryotes, the initiator tRNA is bonded to methionine.
73.
Ans. T F
T In protein synthesis, new amino acids are attached to the Nterminus of the growing peptide chain.
74.
Ans. T F
F Xeroderma pigmentosum is a genetic disease of DNA repair that results in a high incidence of skin cancer.
75.
Ans. T F
T The only important requirement for hybridization of DNA fragments is the presence of complementary nucleic acid sequences.
76.
Ans. T F
T RNA can hybridize both to DNA and to other RNA molecules.
77.
Ans. T F
T The protein α1-antitrypsin is a protease inhibitor.
Ans.
T
The two strands of the DNA molecule are antiparallel to one another.
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