Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomy
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy • Describes the structures of the body: – what they are made of – where they are located...
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy • Describes the structures of the body: – what they are made of – where they are located
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Physiology • Is the study of: – functions of anatomical structures – individual and cooperative functions
KEY CONCEPT • All physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures • These functions follow standard physical and mechanical principles
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Specialties of Anatomy (1 of 2) • Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy examines large, visible structures: – surface anatomy: • exterior features
– regional anatomy: • body areas
Specialties of Anatomy (2 of 2) • Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules: – cytology: • cells and their structures • cyt = cell
– histology: • tissues and their structures
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Specialties of Physiology • Cell physiology: – processes within and between cells
• Special physiology: – functions of specific organs
• Systemic physiology: – functions of an organ system
• Pathological physiology: – effects of diseases
How are living things organized?
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From Simple to Complex (1 of 3) • Atoms: – are the smallest chemical units
• Molecules: – are a group of atoms working together
• Organelles: – are a group of molecules working together
From Simple to Complex (2 of 3) • Cells: – are a group of organelles working together
• Tissues: – are a group of similar cells working together
• Organs: – are a group of different tissues working together
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From Simple to Complex (3 of 2) • Organ systems: – are a group of organs working together
• Organism: – is an individual
Organizing a Muscle • • • • •
Protein molecules (chemical level) Protein filaments (organelle level) Muscle cells (cellular level) Cardiac muscle tissue (tissue level) Heart (organ level)
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KEY CONCEPT • The body is divided into 11 organ systems • All organ systems work together • Many organs work in more than 1 organ system
KEY CONCEPT • Homeostasis: All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment • Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)
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Mechanisms of Regulation • Autoregulation (intrinsic): – automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
• Extrinsic regulation: – responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
Maintaining Normal Limits
Figure 1–3
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Maintaining Normal Limits • Receptor: – receives the stimulus
• Control center: – processes the signal and sends instructions
• Effector: – carries out instructions
Negative Feedback • The response of the effector negates the stimulus
Figure 1–4
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Positive Feedback • The response of the effector reinforces the stimulus
Figure 1–5
Working Together
Table 1–1
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KEY CONCEPT • Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium: – opposing forces are in balance
• Physiological systems work to restore balance • Failure results in disease or death
What are the anatomical terms used to describe body sections, regions, and relative positions?
Quadrants and Regions (1 of 3) • 4 abdominopelvic quadrants around umbilicus
Figure 1–7a
Quadrants and Regions (2 of 3) • 9 abdominopelvic regions
Figure 1–7b
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Quadrants and Regions (3 of 3) • Internal organs associated with abdominopelvic regions
Figure 1–7c
Which Direction?
Figure 1–8
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Which Direction? • Lateral: – side view
• Frontal: – front view
• Anatomical direction: – refers to the patient’s left or right
3 Dimensions
Figure 1–9
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3 Dimensions • Plane: – a 3-dimensional axis
• Section: – a slice parallel to a plane
What are the major body cavities and their subdivisions?
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The Ventral Body Cavity • Coelom: – divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
Figure 1–10a
Isolating the Organs • Serous membranes: – consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
Figure 1–10b
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Dividing the Cavities • Thoracic cavity: – divided by the mediastinum into 2 pleural cavities
Figure 1–10c
SUMMARY • Structure and function in anatomy and physiology • Vocabulary and anatomical terms • Levels of physical organization • Homeostasis and feedback • Systems integration and equilibrium • Dividing and describing the body • Locations and functions of major organ systems
