Central Processing Unit (CPU) „ The brain of computer. „ Main function: to handle the information

processing based on task given. „ 3 Components: „ Control Unit „ Register „ Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Component of CPU „ Control Unit:

To handle CPU Operation based on control signal. „ Arithmetic and Logic Unit : „ Arithmetic Operation – addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and etc „ Logic Operation – AND, OR, NOT, NAND etc „ Register: „ Temporary memory space for keeping the processing result and controlling information. „ The are some important register for specific functions. „ Among them, the example of register such as: „ Programming counter register – keeping for next instruction. „ Information Register – keeping the current running instruction „

CPU, I/O Module and Main Memory Main Memory PC

MAR

IR

MBR I/O AR

Execution Unit

I/O BR

System Bus

. . . Instruction Instruction

. . . Data Data .

. I/O Module

Buffers

PC = Program Counter IR = Instruction Register MAR = Memory Address Register MBR = Memory Buffer Register I/O AR= I/O address register I/O BR = I/O buffer register

0 1 2 3 . . .

n-2 n-1

• Execution of Instruction

User

The Result for Execution of Instruction

Computer Instruction High Level Language

Translated Machine Language

• Execution of Instruction „ Read the instruction from Instruction Register „ Identify the instruction „ Identify the data placed in the memory „ Collect the data and put into the internal

register in CPU. „ Execute the instruction. „ Store the result into the suitable place (some related register) „ Read/Take the next instruction.

• Interrupt „ Interrupt is the external signal sent to CPU for immediate

treatment „ The processes that are being implemented by the CPU will be stopped immediately. „ 3 type of interrupt: „ External „ Usually from I/O Peripherals „ Internal „ From injustice or invalid data such as a number divided of zero. „ Software „ From the operating system such as switch mode to use operating system „ How to deal with multiple interrupts?

• Microprocessors „ It is small CPU which are in chip. „ It is also the engine for computer „ Can perform arithmetic and logic operations. „ The first instruction was received from the

BIOS (Basic Input Output System) in the ROM „ Then either accept the instruction from the BIOS or OS.

Major Producers of Microprocessors „ Intel

First product Intel 4004 „ Introduced the term of microprocessors „ Collaborated with MIcrosoft „ MIPS „ Subsidiary of Silicon Graphic Inc. „ Designer for RISC „ MOS Technology „ Designed 6502 – faster and cheaper „ Collaborated with Apple to produce Macintosh „

Other Major Producers for Microprocessors „ Motorola

„

„ NEC „ Ross Technology „ Sun Microsystems „ Texas Instruments „ Advanced Micro Devices

(AMD) „ AT&T „ Cyrix

„

„ „ „ „ „

Digital Equipment Corporation Fairchild Semiconductor Fujitsu Hewlett-Packard IBM Inmos Integrated Device Technology (IDT)

Microprocessors – 1970s 4004

8008

8080

8086

8088

Introduced 15/11/71

1/4/72

1/4/74

8/6/78

1/6/79

Speed Hours

108KHz

108KHz

2MHz

10MHz

8MHz

Width of Bus

4 bit

8 bit

8 bit

16 bit

8 bit

Number of Transistor

2300

3500

6000

29,000

29,000

Memory

640b

16Kb

64Kb

1Mb

1Mb

Microprocessors – 80an 80286

80386DX

80386SX

80486DX

Introduced

1/2/82

17/10/85

16/6/88

10/4/89

Speed Hours

12.5MHz

33MHz

33MHz

50MHz

Width of Bus

16bit

32bit

16bit

32bit

Number of Transistor

134,000

275,000

275,000

1.2million

Memory

16Mb

4Gb

4Gb

4Gb

Mikropemproses – 90an 486SX

Pentium

Pentium Pro

Pentium II

Introduced

22/4/91

22/3/93

01/11/95

07/5/97

Speed Hours

33MHz

166MHz

200MHz

300MHz

Width of Bus

32bit

32bit

64bit

64bit

Number of Transistor

1.185million

3.1million

5.5million

7.5million

Memory

4M

4G

64G

64G

Mikropemproses Intel „ Chip 4004 – 4 bit processor „ „ „

The first ever single chip Used in calculator 4-bit data processing and 8-bit instruction.

„ Chip 8008 „ „ „ „

It is the first chip used seriously. The enhancement from 4004. Using 8-bit data stream The memory size 16KB

Intel 4004

Intel Microprocessors „ 8080 „ „ „

The advancement of 8008 4 times more memory than 8008 10 times faster than 8008

„ „ „ „

8085 8086 8087 8088

Intel 8008

Intel 8086

Intel 8087 – Math Co Processors

Intel 80286 „ Replacing the 8088 microprocessor „ Have pins on 4 sides – 17 pins on each side „ The total of 68 pins. „ „ „ „

24 pin for addressing signal 16 pin for data 16 pin for controlling signal The rest is for reservation

„ 3 features of improvements: „ „ „

Execution of instruction simultaneously Can achieve 16-bit data The speed of processing

Intel 80286 „ Has 4 units functions „

Bus Unit „ „

„

Instruction Unit „ „

„

Hold the instruction received from the bus unit Send the instruction to execution units

Execution Unit „

„

Received the necessary instruction and data The instruction is sent to instruction unit

Execute the Instruction

Addressing Unit „

Implement the actual addressing and virtual memory

Intel 80286

Mikropemproses Intel 80286

Addressing Unit

Bus Unit

Execution Unit

Instruction Unit

Intel 80386 „ The first ever 32-bit chip from Intel „ It has 132 pin „ Containing 8 units of function – addressing unit and

execution unit broken down into units that function independently subunit „ 2 types „ 386SX „ Memory address 32 bit „ Size of data 16 bit „ 386DX „ Memory address and size of data 32 bit

Intel 80486 „ Used

1.2 million of transistor „ 168 pin „ Ada 2 jenis „ 486SX „ Without Math co-processors „ 486DX „ With Math Co-processors „

Intel 80486 DX

Pentium „ Initially introduced as P5 or Intel 80586 „ Some improvement in terms of:

Cache structure: „ For data „ For instruction „ Wider Data Bus „ Faster co-processors „ Two integer processors „ Use 237 pins on 2 sides only as found in 8088 „

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) „ PDP series. „ PDP-8 was the first successful commercial minicomputer in 1960s. „ Used diode-transistor logic. „ The size of a refrigerator. „ VAX „ VAX was an instruction set architecture (ISA). „ 32 bit complex instruction set computer ISA. „ To replace PDP.

PDP - 8

DEC – VAX 8350 – based on PDP-11