C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT IN RIO DE JANEIRO MUNICIPALITY: EXPERIENCES WITH NEW NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND STANDARDS K. R. A. NUNES*, L. SCHEBEK* * Chair Industrial Material Cycle, Institute WAR, Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstrasse 13 - D-64287 - Darmstadt - Germany SUMMARY:

The purpose of this study is to investigate the present situation about C&D waste management and recycling in Brazil, with the focus on the Rio de Janeiro City. Based on interviews with professional of the sector and literature review, a diagnosis of the situation seven years after the publication of stricter nation C&D waste legislation, the successful and negative gained experiences of the public and private sectors will be presented and discussed. New strategies to incentive the use of recycled waste will be suggested.

1. INTRODUCTION In 2006 a national research about solid waste management was made by the Federal Urban Ministerium in 226 Brazilian municipacilities that include around 42% of the Brazilian population. It was verified by the research that in 215 municipalities the public collection of domestic waste covered more than 90% of the urban population. It was estimated an average of collected municipal solid waste approximately 0.93kg/hab daily and only 2.8 kg/hab yearly was recycled (Ministério das Cidades, 2008). Still based on the national research, around 40% of the collected domestic waste was disposed in waste dumps, without or just with some protections avoiding environmental impacts to the neighbourhood (Ministério das CIdades, 2008). There is still no detailed information about the total produced quantity of C&D (construction and demolition) waste in Brazil, but some large cities, as São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Salvador, have for it specific estimations. Among these three cities, the average C&D waste production was around 31% of the total collected domestic waste and the average C&D waste generation had a daily generation of 0.49kg per inhabitant. (Nunes, 2004)

In 2003 among the 5,507 Brazilian municipalities, only eleven (0.2%), apart from the Federal District, have C&D waste recycling centres. Thirteen centres (of which seven are operating, one is restarting the operation and five have stopped operating) were stationary plants and recycled part of the C&D waste produced in local communities. It could thus be concluded that a large part of the C&D waste produced in Brazil is not recycled. Nonetheless, this situation is changing. Since the publication of CONAMA (Brazilian Environmental Protection Agency) Resolution 307 in 2002, all Brazilian municipalities are obliged to prepare and implement strategies for the sustainable management of C&D waste (MMA, 2002). The purpose of this study is to investigate the present situation about C&D waste management and recycling in Brazil, with the focus on the Rio de Janeiro City. Based on interviews with professional of the sector and literature review, a diagnosis of the situation seven years after the publication of stricter nation C&D waste legislation, the successful and negative gained experiences of the public and private sectors will be presented and discussed. New strategies to incentive the use of recycled waste will be suggested.

2. METHODS

The feasibility of the production and use of C&D waste materials were mentioned as some of the justifications for this resolution. In 2003 only eleven (0.2%) of the 5,507 Brazilian municipalities, besides the Federal District, have C&D waste recycling centres. Thirteen centres (seven in operation, one restarting its operation and five have shut down) were stationary plants and recycled part of the C&D waste produced in local communities. 3. LEGISLATION 3.1. CONAMA Resolution 307 The CONAMA Resolution 307, that was published in July 2002, establishes that all Brazilian local governments are obliged to prepare and adopt strategies for sustainable management of C&D waste. The resolution has 14 articles and the main information is presented in articles 2, 3, 4, 5 and 9. The definitions of terms used in this resolution are resumed in Table 1. The classification of C&D waste (art. 3) and its respective destinations (art. 9), are showed in Table 2. The article 4 emphasizes that the main objective of the C&D producers must be no generation of waste and, secondly, reduction, reutilization, recycling and the final destination. The article also determines that after July 2004 no more C&D waste could be destinated to MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) landfills, water courses, hillsides and environmental protected areas.

The article 5 specifies as instrument for the implementation of the C&D waste managemnt the Integrated C&D Waste Management Plan, to be carried out by the municipal governmental authorities. The plan must contain: (a) Municipal C&D Waste Management Program; and (b) C&D Waste Management Plans. In the Municipal C&D Waste Management Program (a) should be defined information as: - Caracterization of small and large generators (according to amounts and origins); - Procedures and responsibilities for waste conditioning, collection, transport and destination, for small and large generators; - Available municipal services and facilities for small and large generators; - Register requirements to municipal licenced transport operators; - Prohibited practices and the imposed fines; - Actions (with description and period of time) to be implemented by the municipal governmental authorities to improve its services and facilities The large generators must elaborate and implement a C&D Waste Management Plan (b) for each demolition and construction sites. The plans must be submitted and approved by the local authorithies. Table 01. Definitions according to CONAMA Resolution 307 (MME, 2002)

ITEMS

DEFINITIONS

C&D waste

Wastes proceeding from services as constructions, renovations, repairs and demolitions of buildings and infrastructure facilities. Here are included wastes from preparation of the construction site. Legal, public or private, responsible people, physics or for activities or enterprises that generate the trashes defined in the resolution. Companies or persons, in charge for collection and transport of waste between the sources and destination areas. Granular material proceeding from the recycling of C&D waste with technical chracteristics adequated for its application in construction civil works. Management system that aims at reducing, reusing or recycling wastes, including planning, responsibilities, practices, procedures and resources to develop and to implement the necessary actions to the fulfilment of the phases planned in programs and plans. Process of reuse of a waste, without a processing. Process of use of a waste, after its procesing. Act to submit wastes to the operations and/or processes that aim at giving the wastes conditions that allow that they are used as raw material or product. Area where techniques of disposal of C&D waste Class A in the ground are used, aiming at the storage of the segregated materials in a such way that makes possible its future use and/or future use of the area, using engineering principles to confine them in smaller possible volume, without causing damages to the public health and the environment. Areas destined to the processing or the final disposal of waste.

Producers Transport operators Recycled aggregates Waste management Reuse Recycling Processing C&D waste landfill

Areas for waste destination

Table 2. Categorization and destination of C&D wastes according to CONAMA Resolution 307 (MME, 2002) C&D WASTE CATEGORY CLASS A

DEFINITION

EXAMPLES

MANDATORY DESTINATIONS

Reusable or - C&D waste from pavements and recyclable waste as from infrastructure cons-truction/ aggregates renovation services, including soil form earthworks; - C&D waste from buldings, ceramic components, mortar and concrete. Recyclable wastes - plastics; for other - paper/cardboard; destinations - metall; - glass; and - wood..

Reuse or recycling as aggregates, or destinated to inert landfills.

CLASS C

Wastes with technical or finantial rectrictions for the recycling

- products containing gips.

Storage, transport and final destination as specific technical norms.

CLASS D

Hazardous waste

- Paints, solvents, oils; Storage, transport and final - C&D waste from radiological faci- destination as specific technical lities, industrial sites, among others. norms.

CLASS B

Reuse or recycling or destination to temporary storage, in a way to make possible a future reuse or recycling of the disposed waste.

3.2 Additional legislation In the Rio de Janeiro Municipality two main legislation (municipal level) were published to implement the CONAMA Resolution 307 (national level) that are: (a) Resolution SMAC (Municipal Environmenal Management Secretary) 387 published in november 2006: It disciplines the apresentation of C&D Waste Management Plan by the large generators (construction sites of buildings with constructed area larger than 10.000 m², or excavated material larger than 5.000 m³ or demolition works of buildings larger than 10.000 m² or 5.000 m³); (b) Law 27078 instituted the Integrated C&D Waste Management Plan for the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The main information is available municipal services and facilities for small and large generators and additional requirements to C&D Waste Management Plan to be carried out by the large generator Register, requirements to municipal licenced transport operators, among others. Important aspect is the apresentation of municipality construction projects as potential consumers for recycled aggregates. In August 2006 the Rio de Janeiro State published the Law 4829 (state level) that establishes the politic of C&D waste recycling and other providences. The most important aspects are the promotion of the C&D recycling and the description of instruments to obtain it, as concession of benefits, incentives and tax facilities. A few Brazilian municipalities have already also published the Integrated C&D Waste Management Plan, as Curitiba, São Paulo, Diadema, São José do Rio Preto, Joinvile, Guarulhos.

3. THE BRAZILIAN NORMS FOR C&D WASTE In 2004 the ABNT (Brazilian Standard Organization) published five norms about the C&D waste. Three norms are about the temporary disposal, inert landfills and recycling facilities (design, construction and operation of these facilities). Two are about the use of recycled C&D waste in road sub-bases, pavements and concrete with no structural function. With the publication of these norms it was expected an additional impulse for the production and use of recycled products, but few recycling centres were built since 2003. A large part of the C&D waste produced in Brazil is still not recycled.

Table 03: Brazilian Norms for C&D waste

BRAZILIAN NORMS NBR 15112

NBR 15113

TITEL

OBJECTIVES

C&D Waste and Bulky Waste: Areas for Waste Transfer and Sorting Station: Directives for project, implantation and operation C&D Waste and Inert Waste: Landfills: Directives for project, implantation and operation

Fix the requirements for project, implantantion and operation of C&D Waste and Bulky Waste: Areas for Waste Transfer and Sorting Station

NBR 15114

C&D Waste: Recycling areas – Directives for project, implantation and operation

NBR 15115

Recycled aggregates from C&D Waste: Execution of pavement layers - Procedures

NBR 15116

Recycled aggregates from C&D Waste: Use in pavement and not structural concrete

Fix the mandatory minimum require-ments for project, implantation and operation of recycling areas, C&D waste landfills (Class A) and inert waste Fix the mandatory minimum requirements for project, implantation and operation of C&D waste landfills (Class A) and inert waste Set the criteria for the execution of reinforcement layers with recycled aggregates: Road bed, sub-base and base of pavements Set criteria for the use of recycled aggregates from C&D waste

There are some reasons for the low C&D waste recycling rates in Brazil, as the not separation of waste at the construction sites, insufficient control of the local authorities, intensive use of C&D waste as resource in the MSW landfills. Nevertheless, the main reason is the still not economical feasibility of the large-scale production of recycled C&D waste.

4. THE EXPERIENCE OF RIO DE JANEIRO MUNICIPALITY WITH C&D WASTE 4.1. The Rio de Janeiro Municipality Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. The city has many financial institutions and large Brazilian private corporations. It is also considered to be the oil capital of Brazil. The population of Rio de Janeiro is around six million inhabitants and 100% urban. The urban infrastructure is reasonable with regard to the water supply, street lighting and sewer systems. The number of homes in slums is 345,257 (around 20% of all residential units). Ninety-five percent of the homes are attended by the water supply and 69% sewage nets. The Rio de Janeiro Municipal Urban Garbage Collection Company provides public cleaning and waste management

services. These services supply around 96% of the commercial and residential units in Rio de Janeiro. The purpose of this study is to investigate the present situation about C&D waste management and recycling in Brazil, with the focus on the Rio de Janeiro City. Based on interviews with professional of the sector and literature review, a diagnosis of the situation seven years after the publication of stricter nation C&D waste legislation, the successful and negative gained experiences of the public and private sectors will be presented and discussed. New strategies to incentive the use of recycled waste will be suggested.

4.2. C&D Waste in Rio de Janeiro Specific detailed data about C&D waste in Brazilian cities are rare (Nunes, 2004). In 2004 the Rio de Janeiro Municipality estimated a collection of 1.000 ton of C&D waste daily (COMLURB 2004) and in 2008 this amount has incresead to --- (COMLURB, 2009). According to public authorities of São Paulo Municipality (IPT, 2000, p. 179), 4.000 ton of C&D waste were produced daily. Schneider (2003) estimated that São Paulo Landfill received in 2001 around 3.000 ton C&D waste per day, what represented 21% of all generated MSW. In 2002 it was estimated that São Paulo Landfill received 4.200 ton C&D waste per day (Schneider, 2003). However, it must be considered that, the presented amounts are based on the amounts of C&D waste destined to the MSW landfills. The actual amounts of generated waste must significanty larger, if illegal depositions in hillsides, environmental protected areas and in other areas were included. For the actual produced amount of this waste in Rio de Janeiro Municipality are estimations from 1.400 ton (Lucero, 2008) to 1.700 ton (Nunes 2004). It can be considered that CONAMA Resolution 307 was a juridical mark in the C&D waste management, in that environmental conciousness was definitively inserted to the public waste management. However, the results are still far away from the idealized in the context of the resolution, appearing several conflicts during its implementation (Lucero, 2008). The Integrated C&D Waste Plan, proposed by this resolution, has supported the local public authorities by distributing the responsabilities among all the agents involved in the generation of C&D waste, however to invest with priority in the diagnosis of the real situation of RCC in each municipal district is a primordial need, that precedes any other action. The incompatibility between the amount of collected C&D waste and the estimative of these residues demonstrates the fragility of the C&D waste management system in Rio de Janeiro, what it is also observed in other Brazilian cities. Despite the public efforts with publication of the waste management estimatives by the Ministry of Cities (2008), there is no detailed database that contains the necessary basic information for a wide public C&D waste management plan also for carryng out an adequated politics the C&D waste management in the municipality.

CONCLUSIONS The geographical influence in the Rio de Janeiro municipality has strong influence in the C&D waste management, what hinders the implementation of the CONAMA Resolution 307 as an incentive for the recycling. The practice of landfills in the city from its foundation to the current days - and probably the future - that uses intensively C&D waste, it is the larger power against the fulfilment of this resolution. It is relatively ease to obtain a licence for temporary inert landfill by the municipal environmental authorithies.

The areas of Barra of Tijuca, Recreio das Bandeirantes and Baia de Sepetiba are consuming a large amount of C&D waste produced in the city for their real estate expansion, and if it continues, it will take more 155 years approximately to deplete the capacity of the reception of these waste in humid areas and areas of low greide. Another geographical factor is that the hills, that surround the city. They are places of difficult access, many of them with a disordered occupation by population of low income, with little education level and environmental conciousess In these places, the collection pattern of C&D waste cannot be accomplished, passing like this to an opening to exist in thesystem for the irregular depositions of these residues. This display the necessity of delineating the economical and social reality of each place during the elaboration of the studies preliminaries for the creation of legislative actions. The prohibition of the C&D waste disposition in MSW landfills by the CONAMA Resolution 307 opens space for a controversial discussion, breaking of the need of use of inert materials that these landfills need for their daily operations: for the recovering of the cells of deposits of MSW and later its compacting, and for the maintenance and recovery of the accesses and areas of maneuvers necessary for the waste collection lorrys and construction machines. The prohibition of the use of these residues in the MSW landfills, in the way in that it is presented in the CONAMA, implicates in the search for other materials. The use of materials primaries is unviable for the high costs that it would cause o the landfill management (under public or private administration), that would contribute to a larger extraction in minings, increasing the environmental degradation. This would contradict the context of this resolution. However, the residues threads and earth that pass for the vibratory grill, more known as run waterspout, they can be used for these ends, with good compacting capacity and superficial regularity. For they have suffered improvement in a recycling plant, it can be considered them no more as residues, but as products. This work has as purpose of being just the tip of a giant iceberg in the subject of solid residues of the building site in the municipal district of Rio de Janeiro, among the ones which, just some are mentioned to proceed: - Knowledge of the real generation of C&D waste in the city of Rio de Janeiro, through new researches, including areas with dificult acesses; - Elaboration of a C&D waste mass balance in the city of Rio de Janeiro, specifying the destinations: collected versus irregularly disposed; - Technological innovations that reduce the generation of C&D waste in the construction sites; - Topographical analyse of the slope areas and decomissioned minings in the Rio de Janeiro city, of the caused impacts to the environment and of the possibilities of landfills and recuperation using C&D waste; - Study for new facilities for sorting and recycling of C&D waste in the city;

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Development of programs of social inclusion to the coachmen and other agents involved in the irregular C&D waste deposition, in exchange for an environmental understanding; - Planning of the industries of contruction materials, with more varied measures, being adapted to the Brazilian construction pattern; - Study of the impacts caused by the landfills in humid places, of low greide, responsible for the absorption of rain water, for the supply of the round water and for the ecological bilance; To create a politics that you attract the coachmen as partners, supplying their necessities and tends the warranty of serious return, since they are responsible for great part the illegal depositions in the city. Besides these proposals studied by COMLURB, an interesting option is the C&D waste recycling. The installation of a very larger amount of Ecopontos, mainly close to the slums, it would contribute strongly to inhibit the illegal depositions irregulars. Therea are many areas today no assisted by these Ecopontos, that certainly induce the inadequate discard. Another factor that can collaborate with the administration of RCC in Rio de Janeiro, is to require in some legal way, that in the contracts with contractors, terms specific referents be introduced about sortine of C&D waste at the construction site. That already happens in some companies in São Paulo, and in Recife, where this practice is being adopted the suppliers of plaster close to, a component highly harmful to the C&D waste recycling. (Lordsleem Junior) Difficulties and Particularities of the C&D waste management

The C&D waste collectors must follow the article 69 of the Law 3.273/2001, that requires the removal of the buckets for regular deposition, when these buckets are located in areas of heavy traffic and narrow streets, as Downtown and South Region, whose circumstances demand that the removal happens in special schedules, preferentially after 22 o'clock. The time that the entulheiro possesses to remove the bucket and to move until the correct final destiny, that is the Mission landfills located in the limits of the municipal district, without could use the expressed roads, it is insufficient to assist the exigencies of this landfills, whose operation waxes at the 23 hours. With the closed landfill and impossibility of collecting the buckets during the day, the most viable alternative found by these entulheiros is to discard in any area, preferably closer possible, so that there is enough time of collecting several buckets distributed through the city, atending s the article 69 of the Law 3273/2001. Sometimes, these entulheiros pay for this discharge in some estates that receive these wastes with the purpose of executing at the place an inert landfill. This payment is viable to them because of the fast discard and the possibility of removal of many buckets, beyond preventing that the entulheiros are sued for the permanence of buckets full of C&D waste for more than eight hours. There was a project so that the Missions landfill would work 24 hours, however for problems of safety, its continuity was restrained. In this operation period there were assaults in the place. …. a exigência destes reciclados e a ausência de usinas de producao dos mesmos formaram um paradoxo, posto que nem todas as obras poderao custear aparelhos para a reciclagem dentro de seus próprios cantieros.

Another aspect required by the Chapter VI of the Law 27078/2006, about preferential use of recycled aggregates in public works and services. Although the article 35 of this law has taken care of protecting the municipal district as for the absence of recycled attachés, the demand of these recycled and the absence of plants of production of the same ones they formed a paradox, position that nor all of the works will inside be able to finance apparel for the recycling of their own stonemasons. Another aspect of the difficulties of the C&D waste management in Rio de Janeiro is the unhappy combination among the geographical and social situations of the city. There are places where the removals of these residues are practically impossible for the action of criminals that command the located communities usually in areas of difficult access.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mrs. K. Nunes wish to thank Alexander von Humbolt for the supporting of this research through a Georg Forster Research Fellowship for postdoctoral researchers.

REFERENCES IBGE (Institute of Geography and Statistics).(2000) Nacional Research about Sanitation 2000. Available on: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/ estatistica. Access on 28.08.2005. Lucero, V. R. A. (2008). Um olhar sobre a questão de resíduos da construção civil no município do Rio de Janeiro. M.Sc. Thesis. State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Ministry of the Cities (2008). Sistema Nacional de Informações: Diagnóstico do Manejo de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos – 2006. MCIDADES. SNSA, Brasilia. MMA (Ministry of the Environment). (2002) Resolution CONAMA No. 307, dated 05/07/2002. Established directives, guidelines and procedures for the management of construction waste. Brasília, Brazil. Nunes, K. R. A., Mahler, C., Valle, R., Neves, C. (2007). Evaluation of investments in recycling Centres for Construction and Demolition Waste in Brazilian municipalities. In: Waste Management (International Journal of Integrated Waste Management, Science and Technology), Elsevier, USA. Volume 27, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 1531 – 1540.

RESUMED CURRICULUM K. R. A. Nunes Civil Engineer, M.Sc. D.Sc. in Industrial Engineering (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro/ Brazil) Post-PhD. Researcher in Darmstadt University of Technology (Germany) L. Schebek D.Sc. in Chemistry (Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry in Mainz/ Germany) Professor and Head of Industrial Material Cycles Chair Darmstadt University of Technology/ Germany