Session 9
Case Study India, Country Experience, Status and Lessons Learnt Debajit Palit
Rural Electrification Workshop February 23-25, 2005 Bangkok
Indian Power Sector ¾
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Power in Concurrent list Both Central and State Governments have jurisdiction Power Sector in States Vertically integrated State Electricity Boards (being restructured) Generating capacity has grown manifold from 1712 MW in 1950 to more than 112 581 MW today. The growth in the transmission lines has been from 2708 ckm in 1950 to more than 200,000 ckm today Central PSUs own 30% of the capacity Mostly thermal generation 2
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Generating capacity
Source: Min of Power, GoI 2004 3
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Generating capacity
Source: Min of Power, GoI 2004 4
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Rural access to electricity
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Year Total number of villages Villages electrified, number Villages electrified, %
1971 567027 104900 18.5
1991 2004 587258 587258 481100 494587 81.9 84.2
Source: TEDDY Seems successful,...... But • Electrified ≡ if electricity is used in the inhabited locality, within
the revenue boundary of a village for any purpose whatsoever • Many villages have hamlets at a distance of about 1-3 km from the main village with populations ranging between 50-200 are often not officially listed as villages and are so not electrified • Per capita electricity consumption only 567 kWh ( 2002-03)
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Rural access to electricity Total no. of households
138.27 million
Households electrified
60.18 million (43.5%)
Households yet to be electrified
78.09 million (56.5%)
Six states having more than 75% HH electrification constitute about 6% of country’s total rural households Six states having more than 80% unelectrified HH constitute 43% of country’s total rural households •Source: Min of Power, GOI 7
Source of lighting
Electricty Kerosene solar Other oil
← All households
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Any other No lighting
Electricty
Rural households →
Kerosene solar Other oil Any other No lighting
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Levels of deprivation • One who cannot afford the electricity services that come to it at a higher price than its neighbors due to its non
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existence as per revenue records • Where the consumers pay for what they do not get • Geographical barriers, provision of grid electricity is techno-commercially unviable, and in some cases, prohibited by forestry and biodiversity law • Population is eager to procure alternate technologies, but supply is inadequate • Problems with respect to repair and maintenance 9
Shortcomings in rural electrification • Poor financial health of the power utilities restricted the reach of electricity to rural areas • Often electricity is supplied at one corner of a village and the e7 / UNEP Rural Electrification Workshop Bangkok
whole village is considered as electrified • Rural electrification stressed subsidies for agricultural production instead of emphasizing on providing good service • Importance to centralized generation, high T&D losses • Low & fluctuation voltage due to overloading of grid system • Inadequate attention towards renewable, though the country has a dedicated ministry in the central sector and agencies in the states for promotion of renewables • Small hydro was not given its due importance 10
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Installed capacity of renewables Technology
Potential (MW)
Achievement (MW)
Wind
45 000
2483.0
Solar PV
20 MW/km2
2.54
Biomass power
19 500
613.43
Biomass Gasifier
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SHP
15 000
1603.0
Waste to Energy
2 500
41.5
Source: TEDDY
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Barriers in RET development P Dissemination approach −
Top down approach
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leading to faulty identification of beneficiaries
Absence of adequate database e7 / UNEP Rural Electrification Workshop Bangkok
−Limited
resource assessment conducted availability of weather data for longer periods −Absence of authentic information eg. no of unelectrified villages, surplus biomass etc −Non
Technological barriers Mismatch between technologies and user’s needs and resource availability Lack of adequate maintenance infrastructure
Financial and Institutional barriers Distortions in energy market on account of subsidized conventional electricity 12
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Strengths India has a private sector and NGO driven initiative in promoting renewables eg SELCO, RKM, TERI etc e7 / UNEP Rural Electrification Workshop Bangkok
Rural Electric Cooperative Societies operating in India for rural grid extensions Good manufacturing base Renewables contribute about 4.5% of the total installed capacity in the country
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Sagar deep islands, West Bengal
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Profile • 90 km from Calcutta, 300 sq km area • 0.15 million population, 16 villages • WBSEB supplied electricity from 300 kW DG set to 650 HH for 4 hours per day • Solar lighting introduced by WBREDA in the island in 1994 through solar home systems and solar lantern • Subsequently during the period 1996 – 1999 five solar power plant was installed, each of 25 kWp capacity supplying electricity to total of 475 consumers • Tariff: IRs 70/- (~$1.7) for three points and IRs 120/- (~$3) for five points 14
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Sagar deep islands, West Bengal Results • 61% favored solar power compared to diesel power though it is costly
• Despite higher cost of power, the people irrespective of their income e7 / UNEP Rural Electrification Workshop Bangkok
level are demanding more power for entertainment, comfort and developmental work • Markets have developed with new activities such as small battery charging, servicing of solar products, video shops etc • Supply of solar power has been a great boon to the students as they are getting an extra 2.25 hours/day for study • Illumination by solar light has facilitated indoor work, cooking hours has reduced by 1.5 hours and the saved time is used by the women for productive work. •Source: Chakrabarty et al. ISI Kolkata 15
The Ladakh Solar Project •
Rugged terrain, remote inaccessible villages, inclement – 40 degrees Celsius weather and a total absence of grid electricity.
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• Project initiated in 2000 by LREDA for electrification of 80 remote and mountainous villages • Solar Energy was the natural choice, since Ladakh is blessed with sunshine for more than 300 days in a year, low ambient temp ensures PV modules operating at optimum efficiency and the mountainous terrain makes other forms of energy unviable • 8700 Home Lighting Systems were installed and 6000 lanterns distributed to 80 villages in the districts of Leh and Kargil • Fee For Service Concept model followed for implementation 16
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Biomass power project, Gosaba • Capacity 5 x 100 kW • Commissioned in June 1997 to electrify
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5 villages (population of 10000 persons) • Cost: IRs: 10 million (~ $ 0.25 million) • Consumers increased from 25 in 1997 to more than 600 in 2003 • Plant managed by a local cooperative • Tariff: Domestic connections ~ IRs.3.25 /unit Commercial connections ~ IRs.3.75/unit 17
Biomass power project, Gosaba Results
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• Has
generated more than 10 lakh kWh of electricity • Electricity supply from the wood-based power plant motivated households having electricity connection to conserve wood fuel through adoption of improved stoves • Growth of commercial establishments, availability of credit from financial institutions and rise in employment • Annual growth rate of commercial establishments has increased from 1.8% in 1995–1996 to 7.2% in 1998 –1999. • Employment generation of the order of 28000 man-days during the plantation period • The success of the Gosaba plant motivated WBREDA to install another 4x125 kW power plant in Chhotomollakhali •Source: Ghosh et al. Jadavpur University 18
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Solar Electrification, Assam Electrification of 36 villages in South Assam Households covered: 850
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Technology ~ 37Wp module, 40Ah battery 2 nos CFL 9W Project cost ~ IRs. 11 million (~ $ 0.275 million) Cost Sharing: MNES - 77%; User - 20%; MPLAD - 3% Success factors • Strong maintenance infrastructure created • Project linked with the employment & income opportunities • Cohesive nature of the community • Users manage lighting hours by economizing use of lights during rainy days 19
Lessons Learnt • Lighting is not the most important thing the villagers want • Drinking water followed by irrigation water occupies the
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pride of place in the lives of villagers • Along with lights people also prefer entertainment like TV and music system • Employment and power partnership, lighting for extended working hours and not for 3-4 hours • Strong maintenance infrastructure is a prerequisite for success of a project • Bottom up approach facilitates better results 20
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Lessons Learnt • Renewable energy solution to rural electrification should be resource and need driven rather than based on specific
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technology/application. • Administrative system need to match local circumstances • Focus pilot projects in areas, where there is a local support • Be objective and neutral in evaluating & presenting options; let the local participate & select the appropriate solutions • Geographical focus, concentrated deployment of technology • Women from electrified households lead a more balanced life between work and leisure activities 21
Rural electrification New definition
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“ A village would be declared as electrified if i. Basic infrastructure such as Distribution Transformer and Distribution lines are provided in the inhabited locality/hamlet where it exists. ii. Electricity is provided to public places like Schools, Panchayat Office, Health Centres, Dispensaries, Community centers etc. and iii. the number of households electrified should be at least 10% of the total number of households in the village. iv. MNES considers a village to be electrified if 60% of the households are covered 22
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REST Mission ¾Accelerating completion of electrification
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of all villages by 2007, all households by 2012 •
through - Technology options - Innovative financing - Grass root institutional arrangements
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Electricity Act 2003
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Rural Electrification
Reforms
Renewables
Rural electrification as the goal, Reforms as the facilitator and Renewables as a means 24
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Electricity Act 2003 …….what does it imply •
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Promotion of rural electrification through a competitive and deregulated environment Rural power generation, transmission, distribution sectors have been thrown open for private and public initiatives Opens up opportunities like funding of stand alone systems including those based on renewables, and other appropriate delivery mechanisms to the rural households
…..what does it say Act obligates ‘Appropriate Government shall endeavor to supply electricity to all areas including villages and hamlets’ (Section 6) An enabling environment for the discharge of the above obligations in rural areas is envisaged to be created vide sections 4 & 5 of the Act, which outline the RE delivery mechanism 25
Target: power from renewables
• Out of the total unelectrified villages, 25000 remote
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villages are proposed to be electrified through renewables • New Renewable Energy Policy stipulates that by the year 2012, 10% of the total addition to generation capacity will be from renewable sources.
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Why renewables? •
Many of the unelectrified villages and hamlets are in remote areas where grid extension will be economically
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daunting • Electricity need of most of rural areas is in kilowatts and not megawatts • Return on investments being a critical evaluation parameter for electrification projects under reforms, poorest and most underprivileged sections of rural society may be entirely excluded from electrification plans • Energy security concerns 27
TERI’s Experience Four Stages of Interaction for success of a project Stage I • Rapport building with the villagers so that all the issues e7 / UNEP Rural Electrification Workshop Bangkok
connected with the village are understood. • The people are associated with the village surveys, which ensures the involvement right from the beginning. Stage II: Technology development and demonstration, constitution of Village Energy Development Committee and motivation of the villagers to participate in the process of induction of a new technology. Stage III: Capacity building among the villagers Stage IV: Dissemination of technologies 28
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THANK YOU
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