Development is a core shared responsibility...

What will be our role?

CAPE VERDE FISHING AND MIGRATIONS The other side of the coin: the impact of European Union policies in Cape Verde

This publication is co-financed by the European Union. The vieews expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Comission. This publication is part of the project “Enhancing Policy Coherence, Making Development Work Better”, implemented by Instituto Marquês de Valle Flôr (IMVF, Portugal), Evert Vermeer Foundation (EVF, The Netherlands), Glopolis (Czech Republic), People to People (PtP, Estonia) and the Capeverdian Platform of NGOs. Our main objective is to contribute to poverty reduction by enhancing Policy Coherence for Development through raising awareness among different stakeholders. More information on www.fairpolitics.eu, www.glopolis,org, www,coerencia.pt and http://www.ptpest.ee/enid51.html

Cape Verde Fishing and Migrations

1

COLOPHON

2

NOTE

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4

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

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6

7

8

9

10

CONTENTS Executive Summary

13

Introduction

15

Part I – The Context of Cape Verde and Relations with the European Union

17

1.1. Economy and Society in Cape Verde: from Least Developed Country (LDC) to Middle-Income Country (MIC)

19

1.2. Development Assistance

24

1.3. Relations with the European Union

28

Part II – Sectoral Policy Analysis 2.1. Fisheries

37 39

2.1.1. The EU Fisheries Policy in Third Countries

39

2.1.2. The Fisheries Sector in Cape Verde

44

2.1.3. The EU-Cape Verde Fisheries Agreement

49

2.2. Migrations

57

2.2.1. The European Migration Policy

57

2.2.2. Migrations in Cape Verde

60

2.2.3. Action by the European Union

66

Conclusions and Recommendations

75

Bibliography

83

Interviews conducted in Cape Verde

88

11

12

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

13

14

INTRODUCTION

15

1

16

Part I The Context of Cape Verde and its Relations with the European Union

17

491 875 people living in Cape Verde, of which 54.4% younger than 25 Highest GDP per capita in West Africa According to the World Bank, one of the 4 African countries able to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015 or earlier Among the 10 countries most reformers in the world in 2010 2nd place among countries with better governance in Africa 119th place in the Doing Business Ranking 2011 3rd Sub-Saharan graduating as a Middle-Income Country 7th country in the world most vulnerable to climate change 1st country establishing a Special Partnership with the European Union, the main trading partner, the main investor and the main multilateral donor of development aid in Cape Verde 1st African country to complete the first compact with the Millennium Challenge Corporation (USA aid programme) and the 1st in the world to be chosen for a second compact

18

1.1. Economy and Society in Cape Verde: from Least Developed Country (LDC) to Middle-Income Country (MIC)

19

2

3

4

5 6 7 8

Table 1: Human Development Index 2011 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) HDI 2011

Ranking

Cape Verde

0,568

133

Ghana

0.541

135

Nigeria

0.459

156

Senegal

0.459

155

Togo

0.435

162

Benin

0.427

167

Gambia

0.420

168

Ivory Coast

0.400

170

Mali

0.359

175

GuineaBissau

0.353

176

Guinea

0.344

178

Sierra Leone

0.336

180

Burkina Faso

0.331

181

Liberia

0.329

182

Niger

0.295

186

th th

Medium Human Development

th th

20

nd

th th th th

Low Human Development

th

th th st nd

th

Source: UNDP 2011

Chart 1: Growth of GDP and GDP per capita 2005-2012

Source: Cape Verde Economic Outlook, BES (based in data from the IMF)

21

9

10

11 12

22

13

14

15

16

17

23

18

1.2. Development Assistance

24

‑

19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

25

27

28

29

26

30

31

32

33

27

34

1.3. Relations with the European Union 1.3.1. Trade

28

35 36

Table 2: Trade by economic zones Exports

2009 Value

Africa

2010

Share (%)

Value

Evolution (%)

Share (%)

2

0.1

16

0.4

700.0

2,857

97.0

3,688

94.1

29.0

America

20

0.7

120

3.1

500.0

Asia

18

0.6

27

0.7

50.0

Rest of the World

49

1.7

71

1.8

44.9

2,946

100.0

3,921

100.0

33.1

Europe

Total Imports

2009 Value

Africa

2010

Share (%)

Value

Evolution (%)

Share (%)

1,522

2.7

1,158

1.9

-23.9

Europe

44,289

78.8

48,939

79.1

10.5

America

5,196

9.2

5,294

8.6

1.9

Asia

4,589

8.2

5,793

9.4

26.2

618

1.1

652

1.1

5.5

56,214

100.0

61,836

100.0

10.0

Rest of the World Total

29

Charts 2: Exports and imports, by region and product

30

31

37

38

39

40 41

1.3.2. Development Assistance and Special Partnership

32

42

43

33

44

45

46 47

34

48 49 50 51

35

36

Part II Sectorial Policy Analysis

37

The direct contribution of fisheries to the Cape Verdean GDP stands at 1-3%; if we include employment, exports, industry and customs, it can reach 8% of GDP. The export of fishing products represents 66% of total exports (2009), mostly to Spain. Artisanal and industrial fishing represent 8 to 10 thousand tonnes, which currently requires the import of fish, particularly from Europe, to supply the local cannery industry. The new fisheries agreement with the EU, in force since September 2011, fixing the fishing quota for tuna, assigned to Spain, France and Portugal, in a total of 74 vessels. Between 2007 and 2009, the agreement generated annual revenues of 4.4 million euros to the EU (90% of which from the Spanish fleet). To Cape Verde, the EU’s contribution represented 24% of budgeted investment expenditure on the sector from 2007 to 2010.

38

39

2.1. Fisheries 2.1.1. The EU Fisheries Policy in Third Countries

52 53

40

54 55 56

57 58 59

41

60 61 62

63 64

42

65 66 67

Table 3: Bilateral Fisheries Agreements between the EU and third countries Type of Agreement

Third Country

Duration

Yearly Financial Contribution from the EU

Greenland

31 Dec 2012

€ 14,307,244

Guinea-Bissau

15 Jun 2012

€ 7,500,000

Mauritania

31 Jul 2012

From € 86,000,000 (1 th year) to € 70,000,000 (4 year)

Morocco

27 Feb 2012

€ 36,100,000

Cape Verde

31 Aug 2012

€ 385,000

Gabon

2 Dec 2011

€ 860,000

Ivory Coast

30 Jun 2012

€ 595,000

S. Tome and Principe

End of 2013

€ 682,500

Comores

31 Dec 2013

€ 615,250

Tuna Agreements

Madagascar

31 Dec 2012

€ 1,197,000

(Indian Ocean)

Mozambique

31 Dec 2012

€ 11,900,000

Seicheles

17 Jan 2014

€ 5,600,000

Kiribati

15 Sep 2012

€ 478,000

Micronesia

25 Feb 2010 (new 5-year protocol to be ratified)

€ 559,000

Salomon Islands

8 Oct 2012

€ 400,000

Multispecies Agreements (“mixed”)

Tuna Agreements (West Africa)

Tuna Agreements (Paciífic)

st

Angola Gambia Suspended agreements

Equatorial Guinea Mauritius Senegal

Source: website http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/international/agreements/index_en.htm

68

43

2.1.2. Fisheries Sector in Cape Verde 2.1.2.1. Contribution to the country’s economy

44

Chart 3

Source: INDP73

69 70

71 72 73

45

74 75 76 77 78

46

2.1.2.2. Catches, exports and international agreements

79 80

81 82

Table 4: Potential and captures of fisheries resources in the EEZ of Cape Verde (estimates reviewed after the Fisheries Management Plan) Resources

Estimated Potential (tons)

Average Capture (2006-2008) (tons)

Availability (tons)

Tunas

25,000

2,719*

22,000

Small pelagics

6,500 – 8,300

4,529**

2,000 – 3,800

Demersal

3,700 – 9,300

1,095

2,700 – 8,300

Lobsters

90-120

7

Unknown

47 Other

N/A

691

Unknown

Deep Water Resources

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Total * Does not include captures by foreign vessels ** Most captures (75%) are made of mackerel Source: Oceanic Développement; MegaPesca Lda., 2010

83 84

85

48

Chart 4: Evolution of catches from artisanal and industrial fishing, 2005-2008

86

Table 5: Evolution of fishing licenses issued 2005-2011 Longliners

Tuna vessels with cane

Tuna seiners

2005

2011

2005

2011

2005

2011

Spain

41

26

7

7

12

16

Portugal

7

9 4

4

13

12

11

11

25

28

France EU Total

48

35

Japan (tuna)

11

18

49

Senegal Total

59

53

4

7

15

18

25

28

Source: Data provided by Carin GERARD and Daniel da Luz XAVIER on the report in process “Étude diagnostic des organisations professionnelles de la pêche au Cap Vert – Contexte de la pêche au Cap Vert”.

2.1.3. The EU-Cape Verde Fisheries Agreement

Table 6: Comparison between EU-Cape Verde Fisheries Agreements (2007-2011 and 2011-2014) Duration of the protocol:

4 years and 5 months

3 years

(30.03.2007-31.08.2011)

(01.11.2011- 31.08.2014)

Signed in

16 December 2005

22 December 2010

Nature of agreement

Tuna fising agreement

Tuna fising agreement

Financial compensation

385,000€

435,000€

60,000€ are allocated by the EU to support the Cape Verdean fisheries policy

110,000€ are allocated to support the fisheries policy in Cape Verde

Cape Verde has committed to increase this value to 100% of global compensation Taxes for shipowners

Payments in advance

Reference tonnage

35€ per tonne caught (tuna seiners and longliners)

35€ per tonne caught (tuna seiners and longliners)

25€ per tonne caught (tuna vessels with cane)

25€ per tonne caught (tuna vessels with cane)

- Tuna seiners: 3,950€ per year (reference catches: 110 t)

- Tuna seiners: 4,375€ per year (reference catches: 125 t)

- Surface lonliners: 2,900€ per year (reference catches: 80 t)

- Surface longliners: 3,150€ per year (reference catches: 90 t)

- Tuna vessels with cane: 500€ per year (reference catches:16 t)

- Tuna vessels with cane: 450€ per year (reference catches: 18 t)

5,000 tonnes per year

5,000 tonnes per year

Fishing Possibilities Member-state

Tuna seiners (20072011)

Tuna seiners (20112014)

Surface longliners (20072011)

Surface longliners (20112014)

Tuna vessels with cane (20072011)

Tuna vessels with cane (20112014)

SPAIN

12

16

41

26

7

7

FRANCE

13

12

0

0

4

4

PORTUGAL

0

0

7

9

-

-

TOTAL/vessels

25

28

48

35

11

11

Source: http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/international/agreements/cape_verde/index_pt.htm

87

50

51

88

89

90 91 92

52

93 94 95 96

97

Partnership Agreement?

53

Scientific data?

Impact on illegal fishing?

98 99 100

101

54

Impact on the local fisheries sector?

102

103 104

105

106

55

107

108

109

56

57

2.2. Migration 2.2.1. European Policy on Migration

110

111

58

112 113 114 115

116

117

59

118

119 120

121

60

2.2.2. Migration in Cape Verde 2.2.2.1. Emigration, immigration and the “Global Nation”

122

123

124

125

61

Table 7: Cape Verdean repatriated by country of emigration (1992-2008)

126

127 128 129 130

62

Table 8: Foreign population living in Cape Verde, 2010

131 132

63

2.2.2.2. Emigration and development: brain drain and remittances

133 134 135 136 137 138

Table 9: Drain brain rate of Cape Verdean migrants attending university, 2001-2006

64

139 140

141

142 143

Chart 5: Evolution of remittances from Cape Verdean migrants, 1999-2010

65

Table 10: Emigrants’ remittances by country of origin (foreign currency) million of Cape Verdean escudos

66

2.2.3. Action by the European Union

144 145 146 147 148

149

67

150

151

152 153

68

154 155 156 157 158

69

Box 1: Main projects linking migration-development in Cape Verde (European Union)

159 160 161 162 163

70

71

164

72

165

166

167 168

73

169 170 171

172 173

174

74

Conclusions and Recommendations

75

76

ON DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE

77

To the European Union and donors:

To Cape Verdean authorities:

ON THE RELATIONSHIP EU-CAPE VERDE

78 To the European Union:

To the Cape Verdean authorities:

ON FISHERIES POLICY

79

To the European Union:

To the Cape Verdean authorities:

ON THE MIGRATION POLICY

80

To the European Union:

To the Cape Verdean authorities:

81

82

BIBLIOGRAPHY

83

84

‑

85

86

87

INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED IN CAPE VERDE

88