Canada’s Siberian Expedition A Documentary Film by Benjamin Isitt and Chris Kruger PORTFOLIO OF STILL IMAGES Topics

I. Why Siberia?

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II. Mobilization and Mutiny

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III. Life In Vladivostok

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IV. Up Country

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V. Evacuation

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VI. Location Scouting

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition

I. Why Siberia? What brought 4,200 Canadians to Vladivostok during one of the darkest moments in the city’s history? How did the social and geopolitical impulses of the First World War and the Russian Revolution culminate in the deployment of soldiers from Canada and a dozen other Allied countries to the Russian Far East?

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Vladivostok’s Golden Horn Bay, 1918. The picturesque harbour filled with foreign warships in the months following the November revolution. They lay at anchor until the Vladivostok Soviet was toppled by Allied forces in June 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Boris I. Mukhachev Collection, Vladivostok, Russia

Demonstration in support of overthrow of the Czar, Vladivostok, March 1917.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Boris I. Mukhachev Collection, Vladivostok, Russia

International Workers' Day demonstration, Vladivostok, 1 May 1917. The social upheaval that had uprooted Czarism spread rapidly from Petrograd to the Russian Far East over the course of 1917.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Boris I. Mukhachev Collection, Vladivostok, Russia

S.M. Goldbreicht, a Bolshevik military officer and first president of the Vladivostok Soviet, c. March 1917.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Albert Rhys Williams, Through the Russian Revolution (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921)

Vladimir Ilich Lenin, Bolshevik Party leader and Premier of Russia after the November 1917 Revolution. An intellectual who had spent years in exile, Lenin and his Marxist colleagues "studied revolution their whole lives," according to professor Boris Kolonitskii of the St-Petersburg Institute of History. They won over sections of the Russian masses with the slogans “Peace, Land, and Bread” and “All Power to the Soviets.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Albert Rhys Williams, Through the Russian Revolution (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921)

White troops moving forward in Siberia. In the attempt to strangle the Soviets a steel ring of bayonets, thousands of versts long, was thrown around Russia. The White Russian armies emerged first in the Don River Valley in European Russia and rapidly spread eastward through Siberia toward Vladivostok. An array of former Czarist officials, backed by the Allies, formed local administrations that they hoped would replace the renegade Bolshevik regime.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Albert Rhys Williams, Through the Russian Revolution (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921)

As American journalist Albert Rhys Williams wrote: "Chaos is necessary to the birth of a new star, said Nietzche. Out of Russian chaos rose the powerful Red Army — its emblem the five-pointed star, its commander Trotsky." Leon Trotsky, an intellectual like Lenin who had been living in exile in New York prior to the Revolution, was detained by British officials at Halifax in April 1917 and interned for one month at a prison camp at Amherst, Nova Scotia. Six months later, after sailing back to Russia, Trotsky served as chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet when it toppled the Provisional Government and capitulated the Bolsheviks into power.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Department of National Defence Collection

Pile of dead bodies with civilians looking on, after the Bolshevik seizure of Irkutsk, Siberia, Russia, 18 December 1918. Photographs such as these were widely circulated among the Allies as proof of Bolshevik atrocities and justification for foreign intervention.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: V.K. Arseniev State Museum of Primorsky Region, Vladivostok, Russia

Konstantin (Kostya) Sukhanov, future president of the Vladivostok Soviet (191718), then a university student in Petrograd where he joined the revolutionary movement. Photo taken in St. Petersburg, c. 1911-1916.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Railway sorting yard, packed with ordnance and supplies, Vladivostok, c. 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

A Japanese warship moored on the wharf at Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok, c. 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Robert McNay Collection, Katrine, Ontario

British warship HMS Kent moored on the wharf at Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok, c. 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Albert Rhys Williams, Through the Russian Revolution (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921), p. 256

The “Red Funeral” of Vladivostok, 4 July 1918. Coffins of longshore workers (gruzshchiki), killed during the Allied-Czech coup that toppled the local Soviet days earlier, are paraded through a crowd of 20,000 citizens.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: United States Library of Congress

Painting depicting the landing of Japanese troops at Vladivostok, c. August 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Albert Rhys Williams, Through the Russian Revolution (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921)

In the words of American journalist Albert Rhys Williams -- who was in Vladivostok at the time: "Intervention in Russia begins -- the Allied armies crush the Vladivostok Soviet. The Stars and Stripes, the French Tricolor, the Union Jack, and the Rising Sun of Japan flying from the Czech Building."

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Landing of Japanese General Otani Kikuzo, commander of Allied forces in the Russian Far East, at Vladivostok, 11 August 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Postcard of American Expeditionary Force marching down Svetlanskaya Street the day of their landing at Vladivostok, August 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Postcard of British troops landing at Vladivostok, August 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition I. Why Siberia?

Credit: Department of National Defence, Canadian Military Journal Collection

Canadian prime minister Sir Robert Borden joined by a young Sir Winston Churchill, London, July 1918. It was at meetings of the Imperial War Cabinet in the summer of 1918 where Canadian, British and other imperial leaders decided to send troops to Siberia to intervene in Russia’s civil war.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition

II. Mobilization and Mutiny The Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force was mobilized from every province. Formed by federal Order-in-Council in August 1918, it consisted of two infantry battalions in the 16th Canadian Infantry Brigade, as well as machine gun, artillery, and engineering companies and smaller units of bakers, butchers, medics, and other supporting troops. Two hundred Mounties from the Royal North West Mounted Police deployed to Vladivostok, along with 300 horses. One-third of Canada’s Siberian troops were conscripts, compelled to serve under the Military Service Act 1917. Their mobilization coincided with the Armistice that ended fighting on the Western Front, as well as the Spanish Flu that ravaged civilian and soldier populations across Canada and the globe. As the troops converged on barracks at Victoria, New Westminster, and Coquitlam, BC, dissent encouraged by local labour radicals erupted into mutiny.

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Five riflemen from 'A' Company 259th Battalion, bayonets drawn, at the Niagara Camp, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, c. October 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Imperial Oil Collection, 1972-026, IC-31

"Troops at Petawawa: Canadian Troops Marching Off to Siberia,” original drawing by C.W. Jefferys, 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

View from the Canadian Pacific Railway in the Rocky Mountains, October 1918. It was on these Siberia-bound troop trains that the Spanish Flu reached Canada’s west coast.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny and Mutiny

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

A Canadian soldier outside some wooden buildings in the mountains, British Columbia, October 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: John Skuce, CSEF: Canada's Soldiers in Siberia 1918-1919 (Ottawa: Access to Historical Publications, 1990)

Under canvas at Coquitlam, British Columbia, c. November 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Canadian Signal Unit (CEFS), in Coquitlam, British Columbia before deploying to Vladivostok, c. November 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Canadian soldiers in their bunkroom, Queens Park, New Westminster, BC, c. October 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Dorothy I. Perrin Collection, e010752824

Major-Gen. C.W. Leckie inspects soldiers of the 259th Battalion at the Willows Camp, Victoria, December 1918. As the Daily Times reported, “It may not have been the best time of year for troops to have been quartered in VictoriaI The latter part of their stay has been marked by an unusual amount of rain with an attendant sea of mud at the Willows."

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Major-Gen. C.W. Leckie inspects soldiers of the 259th Battalion at the Willows Camp, Victoria, December 1918. As the Daily Times reported, “It may not have been the best time of year for troops to have been quartered in VictoriaI The latter part of their stay has been marked by an unusual amount of rain with an attendant sea of mud at the Willows."

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit :Viateur Beaulieu Family Collection, Cacouna, Quebec

“D” Company of the 259th Battalion (Canadian Rifles) at the Willows Camp, Victoria, prior to their departure for Vladivostok, December 1918. This unit had been mobilized from the Quebec City military district and emerged as the locus of dissent. Several soldiers were later court-martialed in relation to the Victoria mutiny of 21 December 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Soldiers from the 259th Battalion on day leave in downtown Victoria, December 1918. Public gatherings had been banned by the city's health committee, in an attempt to curb the influenza epidemic. Once the ban was lifted, soldiers make full use of their leisure time.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

French-Canadian conscripts of the 259th Battalion at a “Hands Off Russia” mass meeting, Columbia Theatre, Victoria, 13 December 1918. Organized by the Victoria Trades and Labor Counci, this unique dialogue between Quebecois soldiers and British Columbia workers contributed to the mutiny of 21 December 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: British Columbia Archives, I-78248 / HP018921

Soldiers marching toward the SS Protesilaus at Victoria's Rithet's Wharf, 26 December 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

A Canadian soldier with two Russian women outside a shed, Rithet's Wharf, Victoria, c. December 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: L.S.W. Cockburn Collection, Victoria, British Columbia

Major L.S.W. Cockburn and an unidentified woman and officer, preparing to embark on the ship Protesilaus at Victoria's Rithet's Wharf, 26 December 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: British Columbia Archives, I-78247 / HP018920

Troopship SS Protesilaus prepares to leave Victoria, 26 December 1918. There is no record of a disturbance along the lines of the Teesta's departure days earlier. However, at sea, a soldier and a crewmember died in accidents and the ship lost its port propeller after getting stuck in ice in the north Pacific.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Canadian soldiers on the deck of the SS Protesilaus, January 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Japanese island of Hokkaido as seen from the deck of the SS Protesilaus, January 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

A Canadian troopship, aided by a tugboat, pulls into Vladivostok's Golden Horn Bay, c. January 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

A ship in the ice, Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok, January 1919. The SS Protesilaus had lost its port propeller in the frozen approaches to Vladivostok, and had to be towed to Golden Horn Bay by a Japanese warship.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition II. Mobilization and Mutiny

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Canadian troops on board the SS Protesilaus, preparing to land at Vladivostok, 15 January 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition

III. Life In Vladivostok Most of the 4,200 Canadians never left Vladivostok, an unruly port city that a Canadian Mountie described as “about 90 percent Bolshevik.” Lacking authorization to proceed “Up Country” to the Siberian interior, the Canadian troops “did nothing,” trying to keep busy with guard duty and routine drill at their barracks, as well as an array of recreational pursuits – hockey and soccer games, boxing matches, a large sports day, theatrical shows, hikes on the seashore and surrounding forest, and the publication of two brigade newspapers. The recollections and photographs of many of the soldiers offer rich insight into the social life of the military force and relations with Vladivostok’s civilian population, including a large number of Manchurian and Korean residents and refugees from the interior. Soldiers’ recollections also reveal the dark side of military interventions in diverse theatres of war – human suffering and the sex trade.

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Raymond Gibson Collection, 1977-157, C-91766

Brigadier-General H.C. Bickford, second-in-command of the Siberian force, disembarks with members of the 259th Battalion at Egersheld, Vladivostok, 15 January 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, Beaverbrook Collection of War Art, 19710261-0325

Unloading Stores, Eggerscheld, original oil painting by Louis Keene, 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, Beaverbrook Collection of War Art, 19710261-0316

Canadians Outside the Depot, Siberia, Russia, oil painting by Louis Keene, 1919. War artists Louis Keene and A.Y. Jackson were attached to the CSEF, a common practice in the day. Only Keene reached Vladivostok, as Jackson was awaiting transport in Vancouver when further sailings were cancelled by the Canadian government in February 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Bryant Family Collection, Nanton, Alberta

View of the Canadian Ordnance shed at Egersheld, Vladivostok, as seen from the deck of the SS Monteagle, 5 June 1919. As W.H. Byrant of RNWMP "B" Squadron wrote: "All the munitions are now in charge of the British Mission who are equipping the new Russian Army."

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Neis Family Collection, Didsbury, Alberta

Postcard of Vladivistok, c. 1918. "Birds Eye View of Vladivostok" taken from Tiger Hill. Showing view looking south toward Egersheld Wharf, with Russian Island in background, Golden Horn Bay to the left, and Amursky Bay to the right.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, War Diaries of the Force Headquarters (CEFS)

Vladivostok map, October 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, War Diaries of the Force Headquarters (CEFS)

Vladivostok map, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, 19980027-020 #10

Pushkinsky Theatre, Canadian force headquarters from 27 October 1918 to 5 June 1919. The eviction of the Vladivostok Cultural-Enlightenment Society, which had occupied the stately building, fueled resentment among Vladivostok businessmen, who organized a large protest meeting. The Canadians refused to vacate the premises.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Canadian officers and a medical truck in front of the Pushkinsky Threatre, Canadian force headquarters in Vladivostok, 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Postcard of the street scene on Svetlanskaya Street, Vladivostok, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Svetlanskaya Street adorned with national flags and motor cars, Vladivostok, c. spring 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

View of downtown Vladivostok, looking to the east, head of Golden Horn Bay in right rear, c. summer 1918.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Gornostai Bay barracks, east of Vladivostok, 1919. The main body of the Siberian force was quartered in these modern, Czarist-era quarters, build less than a decade earlier in the wake of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Canadian barracks at Gornostai Bay, east of Vladivostok, 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Hertzberg Family Collection, Ottawa, Ontario

"Gornostai Bay," drawing by C.S.L. Hertzberg, 15 April 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Raymond Gibson Collection, 1977-157, C-91757

Canadian barracks at Vtoraya Ryechka (Second River), north of Vladivostok, 1919. The officers of the RNWMP were quartered here, as well as White Russian civilians displaced by the revolution in the Siberian interior.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Canadian soldiers in Vladivostok's extensive military tunnel network, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, Beaverbrook Collection of War Art, 19710261-0326

RNWMP 16th Inf. Bdge. CEFS, showing a corporal in Vladivostok, c. 1919. Charcoal drawing by Louis Keene.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Raymond Gibson Collection, 1977-157, C-91717

Canadian soldiers at Gornostai barracks, 1919. According to one soldier, the modern Czarist-era buildings were "better than anything we had in Canada."

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

A Canadian soldier outside the Gornostai Bay barracks, Vladivostok, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Raymond Gibson Collection, 1977-157, C-91749

Canadian ordnance officers moving stores at Gornostai, outside Vladivostok, in spring 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Canadian supply officer and Manchurian labourers transporting firewood, Gornostai Road, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Canadian officers in their quarters at Gornostai Bay, east of Vladivostok, 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Canadian officers play cards in their mass at Gornostai Bay barracks, 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: L.S.W. Cockburn Collection, Victoria, British Columbia

Canadian and White Russian officers and civilians, Vladivostok, 1919. Major L.S.W. Cockburn, of the Base Training Depot, is seated second from right.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Dorothy I. Perrin Collection

Allied soldiers and Russian civilians in a park, with gazebo in rear, Vladivostok, Russia, February 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, Thomas Tubman album

Three women, probably White Russian, pose for the camera, Vladivostok, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, 2005110-009 p3

A rare photograph of Nursing Matron Grace Eldrida Potter, the lone women in Canada’s Siberian Expeditionary Force, taken in Vladivostok, c. 1919. Potter sailed from Vancouver in November 1918 aboard the SS Monteagle, along with her husband, Col. Jacob Leslie Potter. She served with the Canadian Red Cross Mission in Siberia. 69

Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Hertzberg Family Collection, Ottawa, Ontario

"What No. 11 needs to make it a real Hospital," drawing by C.S.L. Hertzberg, c. 1919. 70

Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Canadian soldiers and Manchurian fishers at Gornostai Bay, 1919. The Canadians seemed to interact more with Vladivostok's Manchurian and Korean population (which totalled one-third of local inhabitants at the time) than with European Russian, who were suspected of Bolshevik sympathies.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Manchurian men and a Canadian officer in a hut, Gornostai Bay, 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Manchurian children outside their sod home, near Gornostai Bay barracks, Vladivostok, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Manchurian man hauls large bundle on his back, Vladivostok, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Canadian soldiers and a Manchurian man outside a barrack building, probably Gornostai, 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Korean fishers near Gornostai Bay, outside Vladivostok, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Canadian soldiers and a child, at Gornostai Bay, near Vladivostok, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Russian boy with a guitar on a streetcorner, location unknown, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Two unidentified Russian girls, outside a building, location unknown, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Russian boys, note the one on right smoking a cigarette, Vladivostok, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Siberian Sapper newspaper, published by the 16th Field Company (Canadian Engineers). One of two Canadian newspapers in Vladivostok in 1919. 81

Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Program for "Instrumental Concert" by Austrian-Hungarian Prisoners of War, First River YMCA Hut, Vladivostok, 30 March 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Robert McNay Collection, Katrine, Ontario

Baseball team organized by the Canadians in Vladivostok, 1919. Other recreational pursuits included soccer, boxing, and hockey on frozen ponds.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, 2005110-009 p23

Gymkhana sports day, Vladivostok, 1 May 1919. Organized by the Canadians for the Allied contingents and White Russian dignitaries, the event concluded with a Bolshevik assassination attempt on General Horvath's car.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Raymond Gibson Collection, 1977-157, C-91725

Polo competition at the Gymkhana sport day, Vladivostok Exhibition grounds, 1 May 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

View of Gornostai Bay, near the Canadian barracks, about 15 kilometres east of Vladivostok, 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Collection, C-55396

Canadian soldiers, members of the RNWMP, relax in the woods, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Sidney Rodger and another soldier sitting on a horse-drawn cart (droshky) on a Vladivostok lane, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, 19980027-012 #27

A droshky (horse-drawn cart) carries Allied officers along Svetlanskaya, Vladivostok’s main street, 1919. Both officers and enlisted men travelled regularly from their barracks to the city centre.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, 19980027-012 #28

Canadian soldiers ride the tram into Vladivostok, 1919. Lacking authorization to proceed into the Siberian interior, most troops occupied themselves on routine drill, guard duty, athletic pursuits, and day-leave in the city.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Russian Orthodox funeral procession on a street in Vladivostok, c. spring 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, Thomas Tubman album

Chinese Market, Vladivostok, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Horvath government "Kopek," White Russian currency, Vladivostok, 1919. A dozen variations of scrip circulated in Vladivostok and the Russian Far East during the Allied occupation and civil war. Trade in rubles had been banned in all countries, in the effort to suffocate Bolshevism, with the exception of Russia, China, and Japan.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, 19980027-012 #25

A sex trade worker at Kopek Hill, Vladivostok, 1919. This seamy side of Vladivostok, a feature of all theatres of war, contributed to one-quarter of all hospital cases among the Canadians in 1918-1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Bryant Family Collection, Nanton, Alberta.

Sex trade workers at "Kopek Hill", Vladivostok, c. 1919. As RNWMP member W.H. Bryant wrote: "There are girls who love anyone with the price."

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Canadian hospital in Vladivostok, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Civilians and horses mingle in front of the Vladivostok central train station, c. 1919.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, Thomas Tubman album

Dead bodies piled in "The Morgue," Vladivostok, c. spring 1919. Canadian and other Allies soldiers would visit the building on a hill in a morbid form of entertainment.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, 2005110-009 p17

The Canadian ordnance shed at Egerscheld, Vladivostok, lay in ruins after a fire in February 1919. Sixteen motor-lorries, shipped from Canada to Russia, were destroyed.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition III. Life In Vladivostok

Credit: Canadian War Museum, Beaverbrook Collection of War Art, 19710261-0323

Infantryman in Full Kit, Vladivostok, c. 1919, painting by Louis Keene.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition

IV. Up Country Few of the Canadians ventured “Up Country,” to the Siberian interior, where the White Russian forces of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak battled the Red Army in the Ural Mountains. Divisions amongst the Allies, political tensions on the Canadian home front, and a growing “partisan” guerrilla movement convinced the Canadian government against a troop movement inland. In December 1918, an advance party of 55 Canadians had travelled along the Trans-Siberian Railroad to Kolchak’s capital city, Omsk, serving as administrative staff for 1500 British troops and preparing for the arrival of the main body of the Canadian force. Smaller groups of Canadians travelled the same route bringing supplies and munitions for Kolchak’s armies. Closer to Vladivostok, 200 Canadians participated in the closest thing to combat – the short-lived deployment to the town of Shkotovo to repel a partisan advance that threatened the Allies’ coal supply. “Up County” was an elusive place, a site of danger and mystery for the problemplagued Siberian Expedition.

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Collection

View of train and passengers at Vladivostok railroad station, spring 1919.

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IV. Up Country

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, War Diaries of the Force Headquarters (CEFS)

Map showing disposition of forces as for October 31, 1918.

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Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Raymond Gibson Collection, C-091761

Canadian soldiers boarding a train, Vladivostok, 1919.

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Source: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Members of the Canadian Advance Party proceed “Up Country” to Omsk. The promised reinforcements never arrived, as the Allies' failed to secure their line of communication: the Trans-Siberian Railroad.

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Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

A train rounds the rugged shore of Lake Baikal, the world's deepest lake, eastern Siberia, c. 1919.

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Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

View of Lake Baikal from the Trans-Siberian Railroad, 1919.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Town and hills as seen from a train in eastern Siberia, c. December 1918.

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Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Labourers dig out the railway tracks after a heavy snowfall, Siberia, c. 1919.

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Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Women and children clearing the snowy tracks, Primorsky Krai, 1919.

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Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Two Russian children standing in front of a railway car adorned with the Union Jack, Vladivostok, c. 1919.

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Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Collection

View of railcar being derailed by partisan bomb, Trans-Siberian Railroad, spring 1919.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Bridge destroyed by Bolsheviks in the Siberian interior. Dozens of attacks like this one in early 1919 paralyzed the Allies' line of communication and contributed to the evacuation of Siberia. This photograph was taken by Pte. Edwin Stephenson en route to Omsk.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Bridge destroyed by Bolsheviks in the Siberian interior. Dozens of attacks like this one in early 1919 paralyzed the Allies' line of communication and contibuted to the evacuation of Siberia. This photograph was taken by Pte. Edwin Stephenson en route to Omsk.

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Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Map of Europe & Northern Asia, 1918, showing movement and strength of Red, White and Partisan forces.

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V.K. Arseniev State Museum of Primorsky Region, Vladivostok, Russia

Admiral Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak, head of the White "All-Russian" Government based at Omsk, ally of Canada, and former commander of the Czar's Black Sea Fleet. Kolchak's government collapsed in autumn 1919 as the Red Army swept across Siberia and he was captured, tried, and executed by the pro-Bolshevik Political Centre at Irkutsk in February 1920. Photo taken in the Far East of Russia, c. 1918-1919.

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Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

View down a main street in Omsk, capital city of Admiral Kolchak's White Russian government, c. 1919.

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Credit: John Ward, With the "Die-Hards" in Siberia (London: Cassell, 1920)

British troops stand for inspection before the Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Omsk, c. February 1919.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

British soldiers in the 1/9th "Hants" Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, on a route march in 40-degree-below weather, Omsk, Siberia, 1919.

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Credit: John Ward, With the "Die-Hards" in Siberia (London: Cassell, 1920)

British soldiers in front of the headquarters of Kolchak's Omsk Duma, c. February 1919.

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Credit: Bryant Family Collection, Nanton, Alberta

Canadian soldiers, members of "B" Squadron RNWMP, stand with Russian children in a shanty-town of dug-out homes, Omsk, Siberia, Russia, c. 1919.

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Credit: www.transsib.ru

Damaged span of the Irtysh River bridge stuck in the ice, Omsk, c. January 1919.

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Albert Rhys Williams, Through the Russian Revolution (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921)

"One of the terrible Red Guards," wrote American journalist Albert Rhys Williams, who was in Vladivostok when the Allies toppled the local Soviet. "I spent several days with this band of 700 peasants fighting against the Whites 'For Land and Freedom.'"

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Credit: Boris I. Mukhachev Collection, Vladivostok, Russia

Sergey Lazo, partizan leader in Vladivostok and Primorsky Krai, c. 1919

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Credit: V.K. Arseniev State Museum of Primorsky Region, Vladivostok, Russia

Kim Pen Ha, commander of a company Korean partisans, operating around Shkotovo, Primorski Territory, c. 1921-1922.

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Credit: V.K. Arseniev State Museum of Primorsky Region, Vladivostok, Russia

Do Lin Tsoy, commander of the Chinese partisan group. Passport photo taken in Vladivostok, c. 1922.

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Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Barracks and surrounding countryside at Shkotovo, looking south toward Ussuriiski Bay, April 1919.

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Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Allied officers and enlisted men prepare to depart for Shkotovo, from the Vladivostok central railway station, 12 April 1919.

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Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

The inter-Allied force deployed to Shkotovo, April 1919. Two hundred Canadians joined Japanese, Czechoslovak, Italian, and French troops to repel a partisan attack that threatened the coal supply for Vladivostok and the Trans-Siberian Railroad. When they reached the town, the partisans had retreated and the Canadians were recalled to Vladivostok. 128

Canada’s Siberian Expedition IV. Up Country

Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Canadian soldiers in a railway boxcar near Shkotovo, Russia, c. 12 April 1919.

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Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Canadian soldiers unloading gear at Shkotovo, April 1919.

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Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Canadian “Lewis Gun” team from "A" Company, 259th Btn, at Shkotovo, April 1919. Rfn. Sidney Rodger is in the centre of the photograph holding the gun.

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Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Sidney Rodger in his infantryman's gear, 1919.

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Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Sidney Rodger's diary from Shkotovo, recording a Proclamation issued by the Partizan Detachments under the command of Gavrila Shevchenko, April 1919. The proclamation declared "war to death" on the Allies, conveying the confidence of the partizan forces and the vulnerability of the Allies in Vladivostok and the countryside of Primorsky Krai.

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Credit: V.K. Arseniev State Museum of Primorsky Region, Vladivostok, Russia

Gavrila Matveevich Shevchenko, commander of partisan detachments in Primorsky Krai (Russia's Maritime Province), c. 1920. Shevchenko commanded the partisan operations against the Allies and White Russians in and around Shotovo in April 1919.

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V. Evacuation The Canadians evacuated Vladivostok on four ships between May and June 1919. Before leaving, a memorial stone was commemorated at the Marine Cemetery, beside the graves of fourteen soldiers who died in Vladivostok. One of these soldiers was Private Edwin Stephenson, an Anglican priest in peacetime who served as a medic with the advance party to Omsk. Stephenson contracted small pox on his return to Vladivostok, dying at the Second River Hospital a week before his ship was scheduled to sail home. Back in British Columbia, two more soldiers died while in quarantine at the William Head Quarantine Station near Victoria. The Canadians returned to a country divided along the lines of social class, as general strikes paralyzed production from Victoria to Winnipeg to Amherst, Nova Scotia. The story of the Siberian Expedition was quietly forgotten.

Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Raymond Gibson Collection, 1977-157, C-91765

Canadian troopship at Egerscheld wharf, Vladivostok, 1919. A few kilometres south of the city centre, near the mouth of Golden Horn Bay, Egerscheld was the main docking facility and the site of the Canadian ordnance shed.

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Credit: Robert McNay Collection, Katrine, Ontario

Canadian Pacific ocean liner SS Empress of Russia in Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok, May 1919.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Canadian chaplains Harold McClausland and Jacques Oliviere, joined by other Canadian officers, at the dedication of the Canadian Memorial, Marine Cemetery, Vladivostok, Russia, 1 June 1919. Fourteen Canadians are buried at the site.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Two Canadian officers stand beside recently prepared graves at the Canadian and British plot in the Marine Cemetery outside of Vladivostok, 1 June 1919.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Edwin Stephenson, the day he was ordained as an Anglican Priest, Desboro, Ontario, 26 May 1918.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Private Edwin Stephenson, Canadian Army Medical Corps, c. autumn 1918.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Private Edwin Stephenson at the Vladivostok Chinese market, prior to his death from small pox.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Private Edwin Stephenson and an unidentified Canadian comrade, in Russia, possibly Omsk, c. 1919.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Private Edwin Stephenson’s grave, Vladivostok Marine Cemetery, 1919.

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Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, Thomas Tubman album

Canadian and British graves at the Vladivostok Marine Cemetery, 1 June 1919.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Chaplan Harold McCausland dedicates the Canadian memorial at Vladivostok Marine Cemetery, on the hilly Churkin peninsula outside the city, 1 June 1919. Fourteen Canadians are buried at the site.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Canadian officers at the dedication of the Canadian Memorial, Vladivostok Marine Cemetery, 1 June 1919. Brig-Gen H.C. Bickford, second in command of the Canadian force, is standing in front of the group on the right.

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Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario

Canadian officers at the dedication of the Canadian Memorial, Vladivostok Marine Cemetery, 1 June 1919.

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Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, Thomas Tubman album

French soldiers stand at attention during the commemoration of the Allied plot at the Vladivostok Marine Cemetery, 1 June 1919.

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Credit: Robert McNay Collection, Katrine, Ontario

Canadian soldiers boarding the SS Empress of Russia for the journey home from Vladivostok, 19 May 1919.

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Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Raymond Gibson Collection, C-091756

Canadian soldiers, officers and dignitaries embarking on the SS Monteagle, Vladivostok, 5 June 1919.

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Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Raymond Gibson Collection, C-091769

Canadian soldiers aboard the SS Monteagle, leaving Vladivostok for Victoria, 5 June 1919.

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Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection

Canadian soldiers aboard a ship, north Pacific ocean, c. May 1919.

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Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario

Sidney Rodger (standing in back) and another Canadian soldier from the 259th Battalion aboard a boat, North Pacific ocean, c. May 1919.

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Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia

Captain Aleksandr Ragosin and Canadian officers on the deck of the SS Empress of Russia, en route from Vladivostok to Victoria, May 1919.

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Credit: Canada's Visual History

The Canadians returned to a country divided along the lines of social class, with city’s from Victoria to Winnipeg to Amherst, Nova Scotia tied up in general strike. Here we see a speaker addressing a working-class crowd at Victoria Park, Winnipeg, c. May 1919. Every day during the city’s famous general strike, workers would gather for a midday rally. According to many contemporary observers, the city was atypically quiet and peaceful, as the strikers observed the credo "do nothing."

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Credit: Canada's Visual History

Strike permit card, Winnipeg, May 1919. The appearance of these cards on bread and milk trucks, and on the uniforms of city police, inflamed businessmen and political leaders, fuelling accusations that the strike leaders were usurping constituted authority and installing a Soviet form of government in Winnipeg.

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Credit: Canada's Visual History

Anti-OBU advertisement, published in the midst of the Winnipeg General Strike as the OBU sunk roots among Canadian workers and sympathy strikes erupted from Victoria to Amherst, Nova Scotia. c. May 1919.

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Credit: Canada's Visual History

An anti-strike rally organized by the Citizens Committee of 1000, linking the general strike with Bolshevism and the "enemy alien." Winnipeg, c. May 1919.

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Credit: Canada's Visual History

Members of the RNWMP charge down Main Street in Winnipeg on horseback, opening fire. Joined by regular Canadian soldiers in khaki, the authorities shot 50 strikers and killed two, breaking the back of the Winnipeg General Strike. "Bloody Saturday," 21 June 1919.

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Credit: Canada's Visual History

The Canadian military occupies Winnipeg, Canada's third largest city, bringing an end to one of the most forceful working-class challenges to the legitimacy of employers and the state in Canadian history. "Bloody Saturday," 21 June 1919.

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Credit: Saint-Épiphane 1870-1995 (Saint-Épiphane: Le Conseil de Pastorale, 1995)

Léonce Roy being recognized for his military service by Brigadier-General Paul Triquet, Quebec, 1970. A fellow soldier in the 259th Battalion, Edgar Lebel, is standing to Roy's right.

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VI. Location Scouting In preparation for on-location filming, detailed scouting has been completed in Vladivostok and elsewhere in the Russian Far East and Siberia. The following stills provide a feel for the locations where new footage will be shot in the production phase.

Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Canadian monument at the Vladivostok Marine Cemetery, 2008. Fourteen Canadians are buried on this quiet hillside outside the city.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Allied war graves at the Marine Cemetery, Vladivostok, Russia. The Canadians are buried alongside the graves of British, French, Czechoslovak, and Japanese troops

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Former Canadian barracks at Gornostai Bay (Shtovaya), east of Vladivostok.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Former Canadian quarters at the East Barracks, near the head of Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Former Canadian barracks near Second River (Vtoraya Reitchka), Vladivostok.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Pushkinsky Theatre, headquarters of the Canadians in Vladivostok from 27 October 1918 to 5 June 1919. Today, the ornate building houses a music hall and a museum dedicated to the Russian poet (and the building's namesake) Pushkin.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition VI. Location Scouting

Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Golden Horn Bay with Vladivostok's furnicular railroad in the foreground. The bustling industrial and military harbour is surrounded by rugged hillsides. In the words of the New York Times bureau chief, the port city has "the geography of San Francisco and the mood of Dodge City."

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition VI. Location Scouting

Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

View of Golden Horn Bay from Tiger Hill, Vladivostok.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition VI. Location Scouting

Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Egersheld Wharf, where the Canadians landed in 1919 and their principal wharf while stationed in Vladivostok.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Vladivostok central railway station, terminus of the world's longest railroad — the Trans-Siberian. 171

Canada’s Siberian Expedition VI. Location Scouting

Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Town of Shkotovo, fifty kilometres northeast of Vladivostok, where 200 Canadians were stationed in April 1919 as part of an inter-Allied force.

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Canada’s Siberian Expedition VI. Location Scouting

Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Coal train at Shkotovo, where Canadians participated in an the inter-Allied force deployed to repel a partisan advance that threatened the Allies' coal supply on the nearby Suchan River.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Former Canadian barracks at Shkotovo, 50 kilometres northeast of Vladivostok.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

View up the valley from Shkotovo toward the village of Novorossiskaya, route of the march of the 259th Battalion on 19 April 1919. The 200 soldiers marched 14 miles, only to find that the partisans had disappeared into the hills, sympomatic of the irregular guerrilla tactics of the insurgents during the Russian Civil War. The Canadians marched back to Shkotovo, all in one way, and soon returned to Vladivostok and Canada.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Interpreter Vladimir Urasov makes an inquiry at the gates to the prison where White Russian leader Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak was detained prior to his execution in 1920. Irkutsk, Siberia.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Siberian town on the banks of the Selenga River near Lake Baikal. Roughly two dozen Canadian trains travelled the 6000-kilometre distance from "Vlady" to Omsk, relaying munitions and supplies for Kolchak's White Russian forces.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Former headquarters of Admiral Kolchak's White Russian government, Omsk, Siberia. An advance party of 55 Canadians had travelled to Omsk, anticipating that the main body of the force would follow, but the Canadian government refused to permit a troop movement "up country."

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Statue commemorating the red partisans in Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia’s third largest city.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Maxim Yakovenko, historian, in Vladivostok.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Historian Boris Mukhachev at the Institute of History, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Current resident of former Canadian barracks (officers' quarters #6) at Gornostai Bay (Shtovaya), east of Vladivostok.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Students learning about the Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force at the Centre for Canadian-American Studies, Institute of History and Philosophy, Far Eastern National University, Vladivostok.

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Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Historian Boris Kolonitskii at the St Petersburg Institute of History, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia. 184

Canada’s Siberian Expedition VI. Location Scouting

Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt

Canadian war grave at William Head, outside Victoria, British Columbia. Two soldiers, Pte. Richard Massey and Pte. Peter McMillan, fell ill with small pox on the return crossing from Vladivostok and died at the Pacific Coast quarantine station at William Head in early June 1919. 185

Canada’s Siberian Expedition VI. Location Scouting

Credit: Photograph by Maxim Yakovenko

Historian Benjamin Isitt at the Canadian Memorial at the Marine Cemetery, Vladivostok, Russia, 1 October 2009. 186