CALCIUM ALUMINATES
This volume includes recent work on all aspects of calcium aluminates, starting from their mineralogy, hydration and physical performance through to their durability in various environments, including the ongoing evolution of calcium aluminate technology. Attention is also given to their applications, including: admixtures, building chemistry formulations, refractory applications, civil engineering and architectural uses and continued developments for biogenic corrosion resistance applications.
Concrete usage in the London 2012 Olympic Park and the Olympic and Paralympic Village and its embodied carbon content FB 49, 2012 HANDBOOK FOR THE STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT OF LARGE PANEL SYSTEM (lps) DWELLING BLOCKS FOR ACCIDENTAL LOADING BR 511, 2012 STRUCTURAL APPRAISAL OF EXISTING BUILDINGS, INCLUDING FOR A MATERIAL CHANGE OF USE DG 366 (4-part set), 2012 CONCRETE REPAIRS EP 81, 2007 CONCRETE structures in fire Performance, design and analysis BR 490, 2007 CONCRETE IN AGGRESSIVE GROUND BRE Special Digest 1, 3rd edition, 2005 ISBN 978-1-84806-316-7
IHS BRE Press, Willoughby Road Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 8FB www.brebookshop.com EP 104 9 781848 063167
Fentiman, Mangabhai and Scrivener
ALSO AVAILABLE FROM IHS BRE PRESS
Calcium Aluminates
In fact, calcium aluminate cement is often “an enabling technology” that allows solutions to be found for difficult applications where the alternatives may be more costly and environmentally unfriendly. The papers included in these proceedings of the international conference held in Avignon, France, in 2014, demonstrate continuing research and development in academia and industry, with new products and uses regularly coming on stream.
Proceedings of the International Conference 2014
Since its invention in 1908 calcium aluminate cement has been the subject of much research and because of its unique attributes has found its way into many applications. While it is still used to make mortars and concretes in the same way as Portland cements but for challenging environments (heat, abrasion, rapid hardening, chemical resistance, etc.), the last decades have seen its steady growth in a wide range of blended cements systems sold as “dry-mixes”, like tile adhesives and self-levelling underlayments. Another growing field of application is for waste water infrastructures as it demonstrates exceptional resistance to microbiologically induced corrosion.
calcium aluminates
Proceedings of the International Conference 2014 Edited by Charles Fentiman, Raman Mangabhai and Karen Scrivener
CALCIUM ALUMINATES Proceedings of the International Conference 2014
ALSO AVAILABLE FROM IHS BRE PRESS
CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENTS Proceedings of the Centenary Conference 2008 EP94, 608pp, 2008 FIRE PERFORMANCE OF EXTERNAL THERMAL INSULATION FOR WALLS OF MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS BR135, 3rd edition, 32pp, 2013 CONCRETE USAGE IN THE LONDON 2012 OLYMPIC PARK AND THE OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC VILLAGE AND ITS EMBODIED CARBON CONTENT FB49, 36pp, 2012 EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROCESSES ON CONCRETE DG527, 12pp, 2012 HANDBOOK FOR THE STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT OF LARGE PANEL SYSTEM (LPS) DWELLING BLOCKS FOR ACCIDENTAL LOADING BR511, 236pp, 2012 STRUCTURAL APPRAISAL OF EXISTING BUILDINGS, INCLUDING FOR A MATERIAL CHANGE OF USE DG366, 4-part set, 60pp, 2012 CONCRETE REPAIRS EP81, 2 volumes, 146pp, 2007 CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN FIRE: Performance, design and analysis BR490, 80pp, 2007 CONCRETE IN AGGRESSIVE GROUND BRE Special Digest 1, 3rd edition, 68pp, 2005
Visit www.brebookshop.com for details of these and over 1700 other titles for construction professionals.
CALCIUM ALUMINATES Proceedings of the International Conference 2014 Palais des Papes, Avignon, France, 18–21 May 2014
Principal Supporter Kerneos Aluminate Technologies Co-supporters Calucem, Cementos Molins, Çimsa Cement and Górka Cement Meeting organised by Cement and Concrete Science Edited by C. H. Fentiman, R. J. Mangabhai and K. L. Scrivener
iv
IHS (NYSE: IHS) is the leading source of information, insight and analytics in critical areas that shape today’s business landscape. Businesses and governments in more than 165 countries around the globe rely on the comprehensive content, expert independent analysis and flexible delivery methods of IHS to make high-impact decisions and develop strategies with speed and confidence. IHS Global Ltd is a private limited company registered in England and Wales (no. 00788737). Registered office: Willoughby Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 8FB. www.ihs.com Details of all publications from IHS BRE Press are available from: www.brebookshop.com or IHS BRE Press, Willoughby Road, Bracknell RG12 8FB, UK Tel: +44 (0) 344 328038, Fax: +44 (0) 344 328005, Email:
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[email protected] Printed using FSC or PEFC material from sustainable forests. EP 104 ISBN 978-1-84806-316-7 First published 2014 Cover photos: Left: The crystal structure of monocalcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) produced by Dr Bruno Touzo, Kerneos Aluminate Technologies, for these Proceedings using VESTA software. For more information see Momma K. and Izumi F. VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data. J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2011, 44, 1272–1276. Top right: The entrance to the Tunnel des Valois photographed in 2013 – Paper 48, page 535 by F. Sorrentino and D. Damidot. Centre right: Scanning electron microscope image of fresh self-levelling underlayment blend after ageing at 35 °C and 90 % RH for 3 days – Paper 37, page 412, by J. Plank, E. Dubina and M. R. Meier. Bottom right: Biodeterioration phenomenon in sewer networks – Paper 56, page 632, by J. Herisson, E. D. van Hullebusch, M. Guéguen-Minerbe and T. Chaussadent. All URLs accessed January 2014. Any third-party URLs are given for information and reference purposes only and the Editors and IHS do not control or warrant the accuracy, relevance, availability, timeliness or completeness of the information contained on any third-party website. Inclusion of any third-party details or website is not intended to reflect their importance, nor is it intended to endorse any views expressed, products or services offered, nor the companies or organisations in question. Any views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Editors or IHS. The Editors and IHS have made every effort to ensure that the information and guidance in this publication were accurate when published, but can take no responsibility for the subsequent use of this information, nor for any errors or omissions it may contain. To the extent permitted by law, the Editors and IHS shall not be liable for any loss, damage or expense incurred by reliance on the information or any statement contained herein.
v
PREFACE
Calcium Aluminates constitute the primary components of Calcium Aluminate Cements (CACs), also known as high-alumina cements (HAC) and sometimes also aluminous cements. In fact they are a range of cements in which calcium aluminates are the principal constituents. Since the last International Conference (the Centenary Conference) in 2008, we have seen an increase in the use of these cements as a component to make blended cements, with different hydration products. These can be in binary systems, for instance with ground granulated blast-furnace slag or in ternary systems, usually with calcium sulfate and a source of lime (such as Portland cement). Manufacturers of CACs have also introduced new grades of milled calcium aluminates destined for use as components in such blended formulations so having considered this we have dropped the ‘cement’ part of the title. By doing this we are also recognising papers that feature the use with CACs of calcium aluminate aggregate. This is now the fourth open International Conference on calcium aluminate cements with previous meetings in London in 1990, Edinburgh in 2001 and more recently the Centenary Conference in Avignon in 2008. The Proceedings of three previous meetings are still widely used as standard texts on CACs, and we anticipate that the same will be true of these Proceedings. The response to the call for papers has been excellent, and these Proceedings demonstrate a growing interest and real progression in the knowledge and understanding about this class of cement. Not only do we see a continued drive to better understanding of alternative hydratable aluminates but also further exploration in the use of the already mentioned blended systems with papers covering issues such as ageing and effective admixtures for formulated systems, destined for building chemistry and also refractory use. CACs have always found their way into a wide range of applications and this range seems to be expanding with papers on new areas, such as for dental cements and also use as an admixture, including as an admixture to improve lime based architectural mortars. Their merit in architectural applications is shown by papers dealing with fungal and bacterial attack on concretes. Resistance to biological attack is demonstrated by an excellent set of papers related to biogenic attack consistent with increasing use worldwide as the cement of choice for sewer pipes, especially in warm climates. It is sometimes difficult to select the best sequence for papers but for this meeting it has been a relatively simple choice as the environmental aspects of CACs are of common interest for all. The opening paper demonstrates the role of CACs as an enabling technology to improving the life cycle analysis (LCA) of drymix formulations. We would like to thank all the authors for their hard work in preparing their contributions and for meeting the rather tight deadlines that have enabled these Proceedings to be ready in time for the conference. The papers included in these Proceedings have all been reviewed by members of the Scientific Review Panel who have willingly given up their time to read the manuscripts carefully and offer the authors
vi
valuable assistance in refining their papers. We are profoundly grateful to them all as we are to our Scientific Advisors who have provided constant support throughout. The Editors would like to thank Kerneos Aluminate Technologies, Calucem, Cementos Molins, Çimsa Cement and Górka Cement for their unfailing financial and practical support for this meeting – without their assistance the Conference would not have been possible. In particular, we acknowledge Francois Saucier (Kerneos), Frank Michael Kindler (Calucem), Antonio Bedmar (Cementos Molins), Tuğhan Delibaş (Çimsa Cement) and Piotr Palichleb (Górka Cement), who have been of particular help with the practicalities of organising this event. We also wish to thank the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) for their support and assistance in various ways and in particular for promoting the meeting on their website. Finally, but certainly not least, the Editors would like to extend particular thanks to Jonathan Silver and Yvonne Wilder of IHS BRE Press for all their hard work in the production of these Proceedings. The Editors express the wish, on behalf of all authors, that readers find the volume topical and useful in their work: also, that it stimulates further work on this interesting and useful class of materials. Charles Fentiman Raman Mangabhai Karen Scrivener May 2014
Cement and Concrete Science, Horsham, UK Cement and Concrete Science, London, UK EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
vii
Organising committee Prof. Karen Scrivener Raman Mangabhai Dr Charles Fentiman Steve Brooks
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland Cement and Concrete Science, UK Cement and Concrete Science, UK Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3), UK
Scientific Advisors Prof. Mark Alexander Prof. John Bensted Dr Anjan K Chatterjee Stefano Carrà Dr Jerzy Czechowksi Dr Christophe Eychenne-Baron Dr Charlotte Famy Prof. Lucía Fernández-Carrasco Prof. Dr. Robert J. Flatt Prof. Kevin Folliard Prof. Jason Ideker Ferdinand Leopolder Prof. Dr Ing. Marcela Muntean Prof. Dr Juergen Neubauer Prof. Dr Rüdiger Oberste-Padtberg Prof. Dr Johann Plank Prof. Dr Dr Herbert Pöllmann Prof. Etsuo Sakai Dr Markus Schmid Prof. Michael Thomas Prof. Dr. Mustafa Tokyay Robert Viles Prof. Dr İsmail Özgür Yaman
University of Cape Town, South Africa University of London, UK Conmat Technologies Private Ltd, India Mapei SpA, Italy Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Poland Kerneos SA, France Saint-Gobain Weber, France Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain Institute for Building Materials (IfB), Switzerland University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA Oregon State University, USA Drymix.info, Germany University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania University of Erlangen, Germany Ardex GmbH, Germany Technical University of Munich, Germany University of Halle, Germany Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Calucem Technical Centre, Mannheim, Germany University of New Brunswick, USA Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey Fosroc International, UK Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Scientific Review Panel Prof. Mark Alexander Dr Mar M. Alonso Professor Phil Banfill Dr Paul Barnes Steve Brooks Bob Cather Dr Anjan K Chatterjee Dr Yunbo Chen Dr Alison Crumbie Dr Tuğhan Delibaş Dr Andrew Dunster Dr Christophe Eychenne-Baron Dr Charlotte Famy Prof. Lucía Fernández-Carrasco Dr Herve Fryda Dr Ellis Gartner Dr Valerie Geoffrey Dr Christophe Gosselin Dr Tina Hjellström Dr Alsbeta Hutlova
Prof. Jason Ideker Prof. Marc Jolin Dr Barbara Lothenbach Dr Thomas Matschei Peter Mills Ron Montgomery Prof. Marcela Muntean Prof. Dr Juergen Neubauer Tony Newton Dr Kunle Onabolu Prof. Dr Dr Herbert Pöllmann Prof. Etsuo Sakai Dr Markus Schmid Dr Francois Sorrentino Prof. Mike Thomas Dr Neven Ukrainczyk Bob Viles Stewart Whiteley Dr Hong Wong Dr Renhe Yang
viii
Glossary of terms and abbreviations Cement chemists’ shorthand is widely used in these proceedings wherein the following abbreviations are used: C S A F Š and $
CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 SO3
Some examples: CA C4AF C3A∙CŠ∙H12 AH3 CAH10 CŠH2
mono calcium aluminate (CaO∙Al2O3) tetracalcium aluminoferrite (4CaO∙Al2 O3∙Fe2O3) calcium monosulfoaluminate (4CaO∙Al2O3∙SO3∙12H2O), also called AFm or monosulfate gibbsite (Al2O3∙3H2O) monocalcium aluminate deca hydrate (CaO∙Al2O3∙10H2O) calcium sulfate di hydrate (CaO∙SO3∙2H2O), also called gypsum
Some commonly used abbreviations related to cement(s): AFm AFt CA CAC HAC CH C4AF ggbs LCC LOI OPC pfa w/c w/s
monosulfate ettringite mono calcium aluminate calcium aluminate cement high alumina cement calcium hydroxide tetracalcium aluminoferrite (ferrite) ground granulated blast-furnace slag low cement castables loss on ignition ordinary Portland cement pulverised-fuel ash water/cement ratio water/solid ratio
ix
CONTENTS
Preface Organising Committee, Scientific Advisors and Scientific Review Panel
v vii
PART ONE – INTRODUCTION
1
1
Environmental footprint of Calcium Aluminate Cements (CAC) E. Henry-Lanier, B. Espinosa and C. Eychenne-Baron
3
2
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of CAC and its hydrate products S. Ng and T. Hjellström
17
PART TWO – CALCIUM ALUMINATES AND THEIR HYDRATION
31
3
Mineral composition and hydration of a C12A7 rich binder B. Touzo and P. A. Andreani
33
4
Ultra fast hydration opening new application fields: a comparison of different calcium aluminate technologies H. Fryda, J. Estival, S. Berger, F. Bordet, P. A. Andreani, A. Martinet and P. Brigandat
42
5
Kinetics of CA and CA2 dissolution determined by QXRD and corresponding enthalpies of reactions F. Goetz-Neunhoeffer, S. R. Klaus and J. Neubauer
54
6
Application of heat flow calculation to synthetic calcium aluminate cement mixes S. R. Klaus, J. Neubauer, F. Goetz-Neunhoeffer, A. Buhr and D. Schmidtmeier
65
7
Crystal structures and XRD data of new calcium aluminate cement hydrates H. Pöllmann, R. Kaden and S. Stöber
75
PART THREE – RELATED PHASES AND THEIR STRUCTURES
87
8
Synthesis and crystal chemistry of strontium aluminates H. Pöllmann, S. Stöber, P. Mohr and R. Kaden
89
9
Mono- (strontium-, calcium-) aluminate based cements H. Pöllmann and R. Kaden
99
10
Synthesis and crystal chemistry of manganese containing perovskites: phases with perovskite structures S. Stöber, H. Pöllmann, G. Redhammer and S. Schorr
109
11
Hydraulic phases in the system BaO-Al2O3 R. Kaden and H. Pöllmann
120
12
Hydration and properties of calcium magnesium aluminate cement J. M. Auvray, H. Fryda, C. Zetterstrom, C. Wöhrmeyer and C. Parr
130
x
13
Contents
Investigations on the hydratable compounds in the CaO-Al2O3-ZrO2 system D. Madej, J. Szczerba and W. Kagan
140
PART FOUR – BLENDED CEMENT SYSTEMS
151
14
Thermodynamic modelling of effect of time and silica on the conversion process B. Lothenbach
153
15
Hydration study of a calcium aluminate cement blended with anhydrite G. Le Saout, B. Lothenbach, F. Winnefeld, P. Taquet and H. Fryda
165
16
Impact of different calcium sulfate sources on the early hydration of two different grades of calcium aluminate cement C. Stabler, C. Breunig, F. Goetz-Neunhoeffer, J. Neubauer, H. Fryda and R. Kwasny-Echterhagen
177
17
Hydration of calcium aluminate cement based systems with calcium sulfate and limestone J. Bizzozero and K. L. Scrivener
189
18
Impact of calcium sulfate type on hydration and properties of ettringite systems S. Berger, H. Fryda, D. Niepmann, D. Tourlakis and F. Bordet
197
19
Parametric study of binary and ternary ettringite-based systems I. Martin, C. Patapy and M. Cyr
210
20
Course of hydration of ferrite phase in a ternary binder model mix J. Neubauer, D. Ectors and F. Goetz-Neunhoeffer
222
21
Hydration and microstructure of rapid-strength binders based on OPC accelerated by early ettringite formation J. Bizzozero and K. L. Scrivener
231
22
Long-term hydration and mechanical behaviour of Portland cement, calcium aluminate cement and calcium sulfate blends D. Torrens-Martín and L. Fernández-Carrasco
242
PART FIVE – VOLUME STABILITY
251
23
Ultra high early strength shotcrete: new binder composition approach J.-D. Lemay, M. Jolin and R. Gagné
253
24
Effect of temperature on length change of cementitious material using Portland cement – calcium aluminate cement - anhydrite - blast furnace slag system H. Mori, E. Maruya, A. Sasaki and T. Takahashi
265
25
Volume stability of CAC-CaSO4-CaCO3-H2O systems during drying L. Baquerizo, T. Matschei and K. L. Scrivener
274
26
Expansion mechanisms in ettringite systems J. Bizzozero, C. Gosselin and K. L. Scrivener
284
27
Volume stability of calcium aluminate cement and calcium sulfoaluminate cement systems M. P. Adams and J. H. Ideker
295
PART SIX – ADMIXTURES
307
28
309
Rheology of calcium aluminate cement based concrete: controlling the “pot life” M. Jolin, J.-D. Lemay, B. Bissonnette and É. Crépault
Contents
xi
29
A new setting accelerator upon lithium sulfate technology for calcium aluminates based materials J. Estival, J. Mahiaoui, V. Watt, P. Taquet and J. F. Colombet
321
30
Polycarboxylate ether based superplasticiser for calcium aluminate cement mortars N. Ukrainczyk, J. Sipusic and N. Vrbos
333
31
Effect of PCE admixtures on fluidity, hydration and microstructure of calcium aluminate cement pastes M. M. Alonso, F. Puertas and M. Palacios
341
32
Formation of organo-mineral phases in calcium aluminate cement involving polycarboxylate superplasticizers O. Storcheva, S. Ng, J. Plank, I. Dekany, E. Metwalli and P. Müller-Buschbaum
352
33
The influence of mineralogical composition of high alumina cement on its physical mechanical properties C. Stancu, N. Angelescu and M. Muntean
364
34
Action mechanism of admixtures in ettringite systems J. Pommay, H. Fryda, F. Bordet and D. Tourlakis
371
35
Latex-modified calcium aluminate cement A. F. Bentivegna, J. H. Ideker and K. J. Folliard
383
36
Alkaline earth glycolates and their application as CAC admixtures R. Kaden and H. Pöllmann
396
PART SEVEN – AGEING OF FORMULATIONS
405
37
Ageing behaviour of SLU mortar formulations based on a ternary binder system comprising OPC/CAC/AH exposed to elevated moisture and atmospheric CO2 J. Plank, E. Dubina and M. R. Meier
407
38
Ageing of cement and drymix: consequences and solutions J. Mahiaoui, J. Estival and H. Fryda
422
PART EIGHT – CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENTS IN REFRACTORY APPLICATIONS
435
39
Testing of calcium aluminate cement bonded castables and influence of curing conditions on the strength development A. Buhr, D. Schmidtmeier, G. Wams, S. Kuiper and S. Klaus
437
40
Mixing optimization of an alumina based LC-castable by applying variable power inputs J. Kasper and O. Krause
450
PART NINE – CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENTS IN WIDE RANGING APPLICATIONS
457
41
Influence of sulfate on physical properties of quick-hardening cement compounds H. Hara, T. Higuchi, M. Morioka, T. Hurnaus, J. Plank and E. Sakai
459
42
Push-out bond strength of new calcium aluminate cement (endobinder) R. C. Morais, L. F. R. Garcia, F. C. P. Pires-de-Souza and H. L. Rossetto
470
43
The use of calcium aluminate cement in terrazzo type floor tiles T. Delibaş, Ö. Kirca and İ. Ö. Yaman
479
xii
Contents
44
Durability of rapid-strength concrete produced with ettringite-based binders E. G. Moffatt and M. D. A. Thomas
488
45
Calcium aluminate cement application in lime binders proposed for architecture restoration A. Defus
498
PART TEN – DURABILITY
509
46
Development of an accelerated test of fungal biodeterioration: application to calcium aluminate cements A. Govin, I. Albuquerque and P. Grosseau
511
47
Influence of the chemical composition of mortars on algal biofouling E. Dalod, A. Govin, R. Guyonnet, P. Grosseau, C. Lors and D. Damidot
523
48
Mineralogy of a 90 years old structure “le tunnel des Valois” F. Sorrentino and D. Damidot
535
49
10 year exposure of Ciment Fondu mortars in a marine environment P. F. G. Banfill
545
50
The performance of CAC concrete in an aggressive marine environment H. Yi and M. D. A. Thomas
556
PART ELEVEN – DURABILITY IN BIOGENIC APPLICATIONS
571
51
Performance of various concretes in the Virginia experimental sewer over 20 years A. M. Goyns and M. G. Alexander
573
52
The impact of calcium aluminate cement and aggregates on conversion and on field performance in sewers M. Valix, A. W. H. Cheung, J. Sunarho and H. Bustamante
585
53
The influence of water/powder ratio on the resistance to sulfuric acid on hardened calcium aluminate cement containing blast furnace slag T. Sugiyama, K. Tabara, M. Morioka and E. Sakai
600
54
Acid resistance of calcium aluminate cement concrete blended with supplementary cementitious materials for application in sewer pipes N. Motsieloa, M. G. Alexander and H. Beushausen
608
55
A new method for evaluation of cement-based material resistance against biogenic attacks in sewer-like environments: comparison between CAC and BFSC linings M. Peyre Lavigne, J. N. Foussard, A. Cockx, E. Paul, A. Bertron and G. Escadeillas
621
56
Biogenic corrosion mechanism: study of parameters explaining calcium aluminate cement durability J. Herisson, E. D. van Hullebusch, M. Guéguen-Minerbe and T Chaussadent
633
57
Development of a reproducible, representative and accelerated biogenic corrosion test to deliver durable structures in sewer networks J. Herisson, M. Guéguen-Minerbe, T. Chaussadent and E. D. van Hullebusch
645
Author Index
659
Subject Index
661
CALCIUM ALUMINATES
This volume includes recent work on all aspects of calcium aluminates, starting from their mineralogy, hydration and physical performance through to their durability in various environments, including the ongoing evolution of calcium aluminate technology. Attention is also given to their applications, including: admixtures, building chemistry formulations, refractory applications, civil engineering and architectural uses and continued developments for biogenic corrosion resistance applications.
Concrete usage in the London 2012 Olympic Park and the Olympic and Paralympic Village and its embodied carbon content FB 49, 2012 HANDBOOK FOR THE STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT OF LARGE PANEL SYSTEM (lps) DWELLING BLOCKS FOR ACCIDENTAL LOADING BR 511, 2012 STRUCTURAL APPRAISAL OF EXISTING BUILDINGS, INCLUDING FOR A MATERIAL CHANGE OF USE DG 366 (4-part set), 2012 CONCRETE REPAIRS EP 81, 2007 CONCRETE structures in fire Performance, design and analysis BR 490, 2007 CONCRETE IN AGGRESSIVE GROUND BRE Special Digest 1, 3rd edition, 2005 ISBN 978-1-84806-316-7
IHS BRE Press, Willoughby Road Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 8FB www.brebookshop.com EP 104 9 781848 063167
Fentiman, Mangabhai and Scrivener
ALSO AVAILABLE FROM IHS BRE PRESS
Calcium Aluminates
In fact, calcium aluminate cement is often “an enabling technology” that allows solutions to be found for difficult applications where the alternatives may be more costly and environmentally unfriendly. The papers included in these proceedings of the international conference held in Avignon, France, in 2014, demonstrate continuing research and development in academia and industry, with new products and uses regularly coming on stream.
Proceedings of the International Conference 2014
Since its invention in 1908 calcium aluminate cement has been the subject of much research and because of its unique attributes has found its way into many applications. While it is still used to make mortars and concretes in the same way as Portland cements but for challenging environments (heat, abrasion, rapid hardening, chemical resistance, etc.), the last decades have seen its steady growth in a wide range of blended cements systems sold as “dry-mixes”, like tile adhesives and self-levelling underlayments. Another growing field of application is for waste water infrastructures as it demonstrates exceptional resistance to microbiologically induced corrosion.
calcium aluminates
Proceedings of the International Conference 2014 Edited by Charles Fentiman, Raman Mangabhai and Karen Scrivener