Oxford Medicine Online

You are looking at 1-10 of 113 items for: Acute Kidney Injury MED00800

Burns Shamim H. Nejad, Amelia Dubovsky, Kelly Irwin, Shawn Fagan, and Jeremy Goverman Print Publication Year: 2015 Published Online: Aug 2015 Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 9780199731855 eISBN: 9780190213381 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199731855.003.0075 Item type: chapter

The traditional role of the psychiatric consultant in the care of the burn patient has been to diagnose and treat discrete psychiatric disorders when called upon to do so by the burn physicians. However, a psychiatrist’s training and clinical background provides a unique set of skills that may be useful to the burn team in the treatment of every patient. Medical psychiatrists are trained to view patients and their conditions from existential, social, and developmental perspectives, as well as the purely physiological one. This chapter addresses the medical-psychiatric issues pertinent to patients in the acute, intermediate, and rehabilitative phases of burn injury.

Medical emergencies Patrick Callaghan Print Publication Year: 2012 Published Online: Oct 2012 ISBN: 9780199561414 eISBN: 9780191740794 Item type: chapter

Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199561414.003.0004

Needlestick injuries 50 Shock 52 Diabetes mellitus 56 Respiratory difficulties 58 Head injury 60 Infections 62 Collapse and seizures 64 Needlestick injuries are skin punctures mainly caused by hypodermic needles, or other sharp instruments, including lancets, scalpels, or broken glass. A needlestick injury allows the transmission of blood or other potentially infectious material resulting in potential exposure to blood-borne pathogens, such as the following viruses:...

Transplantation Thomas W. Heinrich, Michael Marcangelo, and Heidi Christianson Print Publication Year: 2015 Published Online: Aug 2015 Publisher: Oxford University Press Page 1 of 5 PRINTED FROM OXFORD MEDICINE ONLINE (www.oxfordmedicine.com). © Oxford University Press, 2015. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a title in Oxford Medicine Online for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy). date: 23 January 2017

ISBN: 9780199731855 eISBN: 9780190213381 Item type: chapter

DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199731855.003.0074

The psychiatric care of patients facing the possibility of organ transplantation, along with those who have already received a transplant, is an important field of study for clinicians engaged in the practice of psychosomatic medicine. Psychiatric consultation in the context of organ transplantation differs in many respects from psychiatric consultations in other patient populations suffering from medical and surgical conditions. These complex patients are often suffering from a variety of unique co-occurring medical illnesses, and undergo a number of procedures during the course of their illness and treatment. Transplant patients are also commonly exposed to significant polypharmacy, including the immunosuppressant class of medications, which predisposes them to drug interactions and the potential of medical and neuropsychiatric adverse medication effects. The interface of medicine and psychiatry is very evident in the care of these patients.

Psychopharmacology in the General Medical Setting Robert H. Howland and Kurt D. Ackerman Print Publication Year: 2015 Published Online: Sep 2015 ISBN: 9780199329311 eISBN: 9780190246228 Item type: chapter

Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199329311.003.0006

The principles and practice of clinical psychopharmacology in the medical setting are highly complex. Knowledge about the side-effect profile and pharmacology of various psychotropic drugs is necessary, but not sufficient, for appropriate clinical management. Understanding the effect of psychotropic drugs on different end-organ systems and how end-organ dysfunction will influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes is essential. This chapter reviews general pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in relevant psychotropic drug use in medical patients, including drug-drug interactions and routes of drug administration. Special considerations with psychopharmacology in the medical setting are also reviewed, including liver injury, pancreatitis and hyperammonemia, hepatic insufficiency, gastric bypass, renal insufficiency, cardiovascular toxicity, hematologic effects, and falls risks.

Traumatic Brain InjuryEvaluation and Management for the Psychiatric Physician Gregory J. O’Shanick, George T. Moses, and Nils R. Varney Print Publication Year: 2015 Published Online: Aug 2015 Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 9780199731855 eISBN: 9780190213381 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199731855.003.0045 Item type: chapter

Given the known epidemiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI), it is certain that individuals with a history of TBI will be evaluated by the practicing psychiatrist. A past history of TBI may influence treatment response to conventional interventions; TBI may be misclassified as a primary psychiatric disorder, denial or treatment resistance; or erroneously be labeled as noncompliance or malingering. This chapter highlights the relevant clinical aspects Page 2 of 5 PRINTED FROM OXFORD MEDICINE ONLINE (www.oxfordmedicine.com). © Oxford University Press, 2015. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a title in Oxford Medicine Online for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy). date: 23 January 2017

of TBI commonly encountered, but less commonly diagnosed, by physicians. Accurate identification of subtle clinical features of TBI with specific reference to “neurobehavioral” aspects will prevent the needless increase in morbidity and mortality for this underrecognized population.

Sexual and Psychological Aspects of Rehabilitation after Spinal Cord Injury Robert M. Kohut, Allen D. Seftel, Stanley H. Ducharme, Barry S. Fogel, and Donald R. Bodner Print Publication Year: 2015 Published Online: Aug 2015 Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 9780199731855 eISBN: 9780190213381 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199731855.003.0078 Item type: chapter

The estimated annual incidence of spinal cord injury (SCI), excluding those who die at the scene of an accident, is approximately 40 cases per million population in the United States, or approximately 12,000 new cases each year. Although short-term mortality has drastically declined, average life expectancy still does not equal that of those without SCI. Intuitively, as the level of neurological lesion and overall patient impairment increases, life expectancy declines. Following the initial insult, it is of utmost importance for the rehabilitative team to integrate the patient back into society. As most patients with SCI are young males with long life expectancies, quality of life becomes an important factor to consider in the management of this group. Sexual and psychological well-being are components that must not be overlooked and are issues that should be addressed in every patient. This chapter describes the sexual and psychological dysfunctions that occur, as well as the clinical management of patients who have undergone spinal cord injury and are rehabilitating.

Psychiatric Presentations Associated with Organ Failure and Systemic Illness Pierre N. Azzam, Priya Gopalan, Abhishek Jain, Francis E. Lotrich, and Kevin R. Patterson Print Publication Year: 2015 Published Online: Sep 2015 ISBN: 9780199329311 eISBN: 9780190246228 Item type: chapter

Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199329311.003.0013

The interface between medicine and psychiatry hosts a complex interplay between psychological and physiological processes, requiring vigilance on the part of the general hospital psychiatrist. Cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, metabolic, autoimmune, and infectious disorders present often with psychiatric comorbidities, which in turn have implications on quality of life, adherence, and treatment course. Additionally, impaired organ function may influence use of psychotropic medications, whether by dose adjustment, slower titration, or avoidance altogether. Knowledge of such areas—including the effects of coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure on depression, psychiatric and cognitive manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy, and medication management in the setting of renal impairment, liver disease, or HIV infection—enables the psychiatrist to provide comprehensive care to medically ill patients.

Page 3 of 5 PRINTED FROM OXFORD MEDICINE ONLINE (www.oxfordmedicine.com). © Oxford University Press, 2015. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a title in Oxford Medicine Online for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy). date: 23 January 2017

Marijuana and Other Cannabinoids Darius A. Rastegar and Michael I. Fingerhood Print Publication Year: 2015 Published Online: Sep 2015 ISBN: 9780190214647 eISBN: 9780190270797 Item type: chapter

Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190214647.003.0010

Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. Tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) is the psychoactive agent in the leaves of marijuana plants; a number of synthetic cannabinoids have also been recently developed which are more potent. Marijuana users may experience relaxation, euphoria, and mild hallucinogenic effects. Some may experience nausea and vomiting after using marijuana; synthetic cannabinoids have been associated with more serious complications. Regular users may experience drug craving, insomnia, anorexia, and restlessness with cessation of use. Serious medical complications are uncommon; the most concerning are neuropsychological problems among adolescent users, and acute cognitive and motor impairment. Psychosocial modalities appear to help those who wish to stop or cut down on use. There are no medications that have been shown to be effective for cannabinoid use disorders.

Introduction to clinical neuropsychiatry Andrew Hodgkiss Print Publication Year: 2016 Published Online: Nov 2016 Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 9780198759911 eISBN: 9780191838439 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0003 Item type: chapter

This short introduction to clinical neuropsychiatry is intended for oncology and palliative medicine clinicians. The emphasis is on the clinical examination of higher function (bedside cognitive testing). Assessment of global cognitive function, then simple, lobe-by-lobe bedside tests, are described. Delirium and dementia are defined, and distinguished from one another. The chapter closes with simple examples of how various brain diseases—be they degenerative, infective, vascular, endocrine, or toxic—can manifest as psychopathology (neuropsychiatric disorders).

Psychological aspects of specific physical conditions Jeremy Turk, Philip Graham, and Frank C. Verhulst Print Publication Year: 2007 Published Online: Feb 2013 ISBN: 9780199216697 eISBN: 9780191754333 Item type: chapter

Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199216697.003.0008

This chapter on the psychological aspects of specific physical conditions covers perinatal loss, sudden infant death syndrome (cot death), injuries to children, infections and immunodeficiency disorders, physical malformations, the psychosocial aspects of metabolic and endocrine disorders, blood disorders, leukaemia and other childhood cancers, respiratory disorders, genitourinary disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, congenital heart disease, skin disorders, and juvenile chronic arthritis. Page 4 of 5 PRINTED FROM OXFORD MEDICINE ONLINE (www.oxfordmedicine.com). © Oxford University Press, 2015. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a title in Oxford Medicine Online for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy). date: 23 January 2017

Page 5 of 5 PRINTED FROM OXFORD MEDICINE ONLINE (www.oxfordmedicine.com). © Oxford University Press, 2015. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a title in Oxford Medicine Online for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy). date: 23 January 2017