S1258710 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S1. 中世纪城堡（历史类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

BUILD A MEDIEVAL CASTLE A Michel Guyot, owner and restorer of Saint Fargeau castle in France, first had the idea of building a 13th-century style fortress following the discovery that the 15th-century red bricks of his castle obscured the stone walls JUHredicting of a much older stronghold. His dream was to build a castle just as it would have been in the Middle Ages, an idea which some found mildly amusing and others dismissed as outright folly. However, Maryline Martin - project director - was inspired by the exciting potential for the venture to regenerate the region. It took several months to bring together and mobilise all the various different partners: architects, archaeologists and financial backers. A site in the heart of Guédelon forest was found: a site which offered not only all the resources required for building a castle - a stone quarry, an oak forest and a water supply - but in sufficient quantities to satisfy the demands of this gigantic site. The first team started work and on June 20th 1997 the first stone was laid.

B Unlike any other present-day building site, Michel Guyot's purpose is clear, he warmly welcomes members of the public to participate. The workers' role is to demonstrate and explain, to a wide audience, the skills of our forefathers. Stone quarrying, the building of vaulted ceilings, the blacksmith's work and the

raising of roof timbers are just some of the activities which visitors can witness during a visit to Guédelon. The workers are always on hand to talk about their craft and the progress of the castle. Each year 60,000 children visit Guédelon with their schools. The site is an excellent educational resource, bringing to life the history of the Middle Ages. Guided tours are tailored to the school curriculum and according to age groups: activity trails for primary school children and interactive guided tours for secondary school children. Pupils of all ages have the opportunity to follow in the footsteps of medieval stonemasons by taking part in a stone carving workshop or discover the secrets of the medieval master-builders at the geometry workshop.

C Workers in the Burgundy region of France are building a 13th century castle. They're not restoring an old castle. They're actually building a new old castle. See the builders are constructing it from scratch. The craftsmen have been working for nearly ten years now but they're not even halfway done yet. That's because they're using only medieval tools and techniques. The World's Gerry Hadden takes us to the site of what will be the Guédelon Castle. Another reason said by Jean Francois, a member of Guédelon stone cutter's guild, for eight hours a day he bangs on a 13th century chisel with a 13th century iron mallet.

D The progress of construction has to give way to tourists side for their visits. The visitors from 2010, however unsightly they may be, are vital to the project. The initial funding came not from pillaging the local peasantry but from regional councils, the European Union and large companies. For the last 10 years, Guédelon, 100 miles southeast of Paris, has funded itself from its entrance fees. Last year it had a record 300,000 visitors, who paid almost €2.5m, making it the second most-visited site in Burgundy. The most-visited site was the Hospice de Beaune, a beautiful 15th-century almshouse built 600 years before, or, if you prefer, 200 years "after", Guédelon.

E Limestone is found in the construction of various local buildings, from the great and prestigious edifice of Ratilly castle to the more modest poyaudines houses. This stone contains 30-40% iron oxide; this can make it extremely hard to extract and dress. Having studied the block in order to determine and anticipate the natural fault lines of the stone, the quarrymen first carve a series of rectilinear holes into the block. Iron wedges are then hammered into this line of holes. The shockwaves produced by the quarrymen's sledgehammers cause

the stone to split along a straight line. The highest quality blocks are dressed to produce lintels, voussoirs, corbels, ashlars etc. The medium quality blocks are roughly shaped by the stonecutters and used on the uncoursed curtain walls, and as facing stones on the castle's inner walls. There are water-filled clay pits in the forest. Clay is taken from these pits, cleaned and pugged. It is then shaped in wooden moulds to form bricks. After the bricks have been left to air-dry, they are fired in a wood fired kiln for about 12 hours, at roughly 1000℃.

F The mortar is the "glue" used to bind the castle's stones. It is made up of precise doses of lime, sand and water. The people working there wear the tunics, skirts and headgear that they might have worn then, but they wear these over jeans and shoes with reinforced toes. They mix their mortar primarily as they would have done then, using sand they dig themselves, but they are not allowed to use the extremely effective hot lime from medieval days, because of its toxicity, and so they add a modem chemical ingredient instead, to achieve the same effect. Workers in the Mid Age obviously were unaware of it and some died earlier by inhaling toxic gas. And so, we met many wonderful people who do not pretend to be anything but modern human beings practicing an old technique and finding out what it would have felt like, as much as possible, to do it with only the resources of an older time.

G We also learned that even if there is a straight lintel across a doorway, you will usually find an arch of stones built into the wall differently. Because of the physics of an arch, which channels the weight above it down into whatever is supporting it at each side instead of pressing down in the middle, this helps to take a lot of the weight off of the lintel itself, whether it is free standing or buried in the wall against the impact of warfare. The arch is the strongest element for spanning space in stone architecture. This is why, in ancient ruins, you will often find the entire wall missing, and the arched windows and doorways still standing, in beautiful patterns against the sky.

Questions 1-4 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE

if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN

if there is no information on this

1

The French people would not abandon his idea in favor of realistic one.

2

One aim of the castle is to show the ancestral achievement to public.

3

Short lifespan of workers was due to overdue heating.

4

Stones were laid not in a straight line arrangement to avoid damaging or collapsing.

Questions 5-10 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using A-L from the following options for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.

Limestone Processing When 5..................... found suitable block, they began to cut lines of 6....................... into it 7........................ were used and knocked into and generated shockwaves to make stone 8...................... . Different qualities of blocks would be used in different place of castle. On the other hand, 9........................ were shaped from clay in a mould and went through a process of 10........................ for about 12 hours.

A metal wedges

B hammer handle

C lift

D masons

E patterns

F heating

G bricks

H wood

I experts

J split

K walls

L holes

Questions 11-13 Choose THREE correct letters, A-F. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

Why does the castle building project last 10 years for just half progress A They lack of enough funds. B

Guédelon castle needs a time-consuming design.

C Workers obeyed modern working hours. D Their progress were delayed by unpredictable weather. E

Guédelon castle need to receive valuable visitors.

F They used old techniques and skills. G Stone processing need more labour and time.

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S1258710 & Related Question Answers 1

NOT GIVEN

2

TRUE

3

FALSE

4

TRUE

5

masons

6

holes

7

metal/iron

8

split

12

E

wedges 9

bricks

13

F

10

heating

11

C

S1260503 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S1. 鸟类迁徙（动物类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

PART1：MIGRATION: the birds

Birds are forced to migrate for a number of reasons, including seasonal climate cycles, a scarcity of food or of appropriate nesting sites. Established routes are followed, many involving punishing distances over land and sea. The longest migration of any known animal is that of the Arctic tern, which travels more than 15,000 miles from north to south and back again.

A What are some of the main 'cues' that research has indicated birds use in order to navigate successfully during migration? As the question suggests, there is no single answer; Keeton concluded that bird navigation is characterised by considerable redundancy of information' whereby birds appear to draw on more than one method. This would seem to be essential, given changeable weather conditions, the need to overfly a variable landscape and/or seascape, and the fact that some birds manage to navigate at night.

B Rabol suggested that a bird is born with its migratory track imprinted as part of its DNA, but his ideas have been rejected by a number of experts, including Wiltschko and Wiltschko, who suggest instead that navigation techniques are an integral part of parenting. Of course, this

does not account for the cuckoo, which does not remain with its parents (cuckoos lay their eggs in the nest of another bird).

C There is no doubt that major topographical features, such as hills and rivers, can provide birds with important landmarks. The fact that some birds, such as the swallow, return to the same nest year after year after a journey of thousands of miles suggests the ability to recognise key sites. Moreover, birds may use sight to orientate themselves in relation to the sun, perhaps using its relative height in the sky to determine latitude. However, an experiment by Schlicte and Schmidt-Koenig, whereby pigeons were fitted with frosted lenses, may indicate that sight is less important in birds than in humans, for these birds could still use the sun for orientation.

D It is thought that, unlike human eyes, birds' eyes can detect ultra-violet light in adverse weather conditions. Matthews suggested that birds use the sun's arc to establish longitude. The sun appears to be used by a number of birds as a compass and they seem able to adjust their biological clock to compensate for shifting through time zones from east to west.

E At night, the stars and moon provide an alternative source of observable data for birds. There is evidence that some birds memorise constellations (for example, Emlen's work with indigo buntings in 1967 and Wallraffs 1969 experiment with caged

ducks).

If

these

constellations

provide a reliable and little-changing map in a clear night sky, the moon on the other hand is too random to be helpful, changing its position in the sky night after night.

F Just as birds' vision is more sensitive than our own, there is evidence to suggest that many birds can detect sounds outside our own range of hearing. Yodlowskietal discovered that homing pigeons were sensitive to sounds below 10 Hz, known as 'infra-sound', and could employ this for orientation purposes and in the crucial early detection of severe thunderstorms, with a consequent adjustment of flight path.

G Most birds don't have a good sense of smell, but fish- eaters such as petrels and shearwaters are significant exceptions. These birds probably act on olfactory cues given that they only reach their nesting sites during the hours of darkness. However, this area of research is inconclusive: two experiments conducted by Papi, where the olfactory nerve of pigeons was cut, leading to a loss of navigation skills, gave inconsistent results; Baker and Mather regarded them as flawed, and suggested that the confusion may have been induced by the trauma of the experiments, or through loss of magnetic awareness.

H Geomagnetism was suggested as a possible cue for bird navigation as early as 1859 and much research has been done in this area. The Earth's magnetic field is not of uniform intensity, being at its weakest at the equator; homing pigeons are thought to exploit magnetic anomalies for orientation (Gould 1980). In earlier research, Walcott and Green (1974) fitted pigeons with electric caps to produce a magnetic field. Under overcast skies, reversing the magnetic field by reversing the electric current caused the birds to fly in the opposite direction to their original course. This and other work suggests that magnetism does indeed play an important part in navigation for many birds.

PART2：The migration of the Monarch butterfly

A It's fall in North America, and millions of Monarch butterflies are migrating to warmer climates for the winter, heading either to the Californian coast or to certain mountains in Mexico. These butterflies recognise the arrival of fall in the same way that we do: they feel the chill in the air. While we adapt by putting on a sweater, the situation is much more serious for the Monarchs. Temperatures below 55 ° F make it impossible for them to take to the air; temperatures below 40°F paralyse them. The Monarchs originated in the tropics and can't live for long at temperatures below freezing. At the same time that the air is cooling, the nectar supply in flowers that feeds the butterflies is dwindling. To survive, they begin migrating in late summer, flying with the wind to reach their winter homes.

B Up to 100 million Monarch butterflies migrate either to California or to Mexico each year. This isn't the entire population because some never make the migration. There are more than 25 winter roosting sites along the Californian coast and about a dozen known sites in the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains of Mexico. In both regions, butterflies depend upon trees for their survival. They cluster in pine and eucalyptus trees along the California coast and in ovamel trees in Mexico.

C Wintering Monarchs stay together. The end result looks like massive clumps of feathery orange-and-black grapes. Each butterfly hangs with its wings over the butterfly beneath it, creating a shingle effect that buffers them from the rain and creates warmth. The weight of the cluster also prevents the butterflies from being blown away. Butterflies stay in their winter homes until about March, when they begin the return journey to their summer homes, travelling as fast as 30mph at times.

D Monarch butterflies are in danger of losing both their summer and winter habitats. Summer habitats are being destroyed as more roads and new housing developments and business complexes encroach upon open space in North America (a phenomenon known as urban sprawl). As land is developed, the milkweed plant is killed. This is disastrous for the Monarch species, because once the butterfly larvae hatch from their eggs, they feed on this plant alone. Milkweed plants are also vulnerable to herbicides used by farmers, homeowners, landscapers, and gardeners. The butterflies don't have it easy in Mexico, either. The ovamel trees that they winter in also serve as a lumber source for local communities and big logging companies. Logging not only removes the trees, it opens up the forest canopy as well, and in creating these overhead holes, the butterflies are potentially exposed to the life-threatening elements. Each wintering site in Mexico contains millions of butterflies, and so damage to even one site could be a catastrophe for the Monarch butterfly population. Recent findings report that 44% of the ovamel forest has already been damaged or destroyed by logging.

Read the passage PART1 again and answer questions 1 - 8. Questions 1 - 2 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1 According to Wiltschko and Wiltschko A Cuckoo behavior supports a genetic explanation for navigation. B

Rabol's ideas on imprinting are worthy of further investigation.

C Adult birds train their young to react to navigational cues. D More studies are needed on the role of parenting in navigation.

2 What does the text suggest about the role of sight in bird navigation A Birds are unlikely to take notice of many physical landmarks. B

It provides essential information for revisiting breeding locations.

C Birds find it impossible to look directly at the sun when it is high. D It is without doubt the most important sense that a bird has.

Question 3 - 8 Look at the following statements about research and the list of people below. Match each statement to the correct person or people. Write the correct letter, A - J.

List of people A Baker and Mather

F Papi

B

G Rabol

Emlen

C Gould

H Schlicte and Schmidt-Koening

D Keeton

I Walcott and Green

E

J Yodlowski et al

Matthews

3

proved that some birds navigate by the stars.

4

raised the possibility of genetic programming.

5

dismissed someone's ideas about disorientation.

6

demonstrated that birds do not need perfect vision.

7

argued that birds rely on a combination of cues.

8

suggested that birds may use their sense of hearing to forecast bad weather.

Read the passage PART2 again answer questions 9 - 14. Questions 9 - 14 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 9 - 14 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE

if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN

if there is no information on this

9

The Monarch butterfly's ability to fly is affected by cool atmospheric conditions.

10

The Monarch's migratory track changes according to wind direction.

11

Monarchs that spend the winter in California favour one type of tree.

12

One reason why Monarchs collect in groups is to protect themselves from the wind.

13

Because of climate change, Monarch butterflies now spend less time at winter locations than they used to.

14

Man-made adjustments to the Mexican habitat have led to higher mortality rates.

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S1260503 & Related Question Answers 1

C

2

B

3

B

4

G

5

A

6

H

7

D

8

J

9

TRUE

10

TRUE

11

FALSE

12

TRUE

13

NOT GIVEN

14

NOT GIVEN

S1269505 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S1. 顺势疗法（医疗类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

Questions 1 - 7 The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A - G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A - G from the list below. Write the correct number, i - ix, in boxes 1 - 7 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings i

The definition of three laws

1

Paragraph

A

ii

Quoting three laws to against the homeopathy

2

Paragraph

B

iii

There are many methods of avoiding answering ambiguous

3

Paragraph

C

questions.

4

Paragraph

D

iv

The purpose of illustrating the symptoms of homeopathy

5

Paragraph

E

v

The constant booming of homeopathy

6

Paragraph

F

vi

Some differences between homeopathy and placebo

7

Paragraph

G

vii

Placebo is better than homeopathy

viii A example of further demonstrating the negative effect of homeopathy ix

The purpose of staging an demonstration to against homeopathy

Homeopathy A An international protest against homeopathy this week aims to demonstrate the truth about homeopathy - that there is literally nothing in it, says Martin Robbins at 10.23 am on 30 January, and more than 300 activists in the UK, Canada, Australia and the US will take part in a mass homeopathic "overdose". Skeptics will publicly swallow an entire bottle of homeopathic pills to demonstrate to the public that homeopathic remedies, the product of a scientifically unfounded 18th-century ritual, are simply sugar pills. Many of the skeptics will swallow 84 pills of arsenicum album, a homeopathic remedy based on arsenic which is used to treat a range of symptoms, including food poisoning and insomnia. The aim of the "10:23" campaign, led by the Merseyside Skeptics Society, based in Liverpool, UK, is to raise public awareness of just exactly what homeopathy is, and to put pressure on the UK's leading pharmacist, Boots, to remove the remedies from sale. The campaign is called 10:23 in honor of the Avogadro constant (approximately 6 x 1023, the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance), of which more later.

B That such a protest is even necessary in 2010 and is remarkable, but somehow the homeopathic industry has not only survived into the 21st century, but prospered. In the UK alone more than £40 million is spent annually on homeopathic treatments, with £4 million of this being sucked from the National Health Service budget. Yet the basis for homeopathy defies the laws of physics, and high-quality clinical trials have never been able to demonstrate that it works beyond the placebo effect.

C The discipline is based on three "laws"; the law of similars, the law of infinitesimals and the law of succession. The law of similars states that something which causes your symptoms will cure your symptoms, so that, for example, as caffeine keeps you awake, it can also be a cure for insomnia. Of course, that makes little sense, since drinking caffeine,

well, keeps you awake. Next is the law of infinitesimals, which claims that diluting a substance makes it more potent. Homeopaths start by diluting one volume of their remedy - arsenic oxide, in the case of

arsenicum album - in 99 volumes of distilled water or

alcohol to create a "centesimal". They then dilute one volume of the centesimal in 99 volumes of water or alcohol, and so on, up to 30 times. Application of Avogadro's constant tells you that a dose of such a "30C" recipe is vanishingly unlikely to contain even a single molecule of the active ingredient. The third pillar of homeopathy is the law of succession. This states - and I'm not making this up - that by tapping the liquid in a special way during the dilution process, a memory of the active ingredient is somehow imprinted on it. This explains how water is able to carry a memory of arsenic oxide, but apparently not of the contents of your local sewer network.

D The final preparation is generally dropped onto a sugar pill which the patient swallows. Homeopaths claim that the application of these three laws results in a remedy that, even though it contains not a single molecule of the original ingredient, somehow carries an "energy signature" of it that nobody can measure or detect. Unsurprisingly, when tested under rigorous scientific conditions, in randomized, controlled and double-blind trials, homeopathic remedies have consistently been shown to be no better than a placebo. Of course, the placebo effect is quite powerful, but it's a bit like justifying building a car without any wheels on the basis that you can still enjoy the comfy leather seats and play with the gear shift.

E Even some retailers who sell the treatments have admitted there is no evidence that they work. In November, Paul Bennett, the superintendent pharmacist at Boots, appeared before the UK parliament's Commons Science and Technology Committee's "evidence check" on homeopathy. He was questioned by Member of Parliament Phil Willis, who asked: "Do they work beyond the placebo effect?" "I have no evidence before me to suggest that they are efficacious," Bennett replied. He defended Boots's decision to sell homeopathic remedies

on the grounds of consumer choice. "A large number of our consumers actually do believe they are efficacious, but they are licensed medicinal products and, therefore, we believe it is right to make them available," he said.

F You might agree. You might also argue that homeopathy is harmless: if people want to part with their money for sugar pills and nobody is breaking the law, why not let them? To some extent that's true - there's only so much damage you can do with sugar pills short of feeding them to a diabetic or dropping a large crate of them on someone's head. However, we believe there is a risk in perpetuating the notion that homeopathy is equivalent to modem medicine. People may delay seeking appropriate treatment for themselves or their children.

G We accept that we are unlikely to convince the true believers. Homeopathy has many ways to sidestep awkward questions, such as rejecting the validity of randomized controlled trials, or claiming that homeopathic remedies only work if you have symptoms of the malady they purport to cure. Our aim is to reach out to the general public with our simple message: "There is nothing in it". Boots and other retailers are perfectly entitled to continue selling homeopathic remedies if they so wish and consumers are perfectly entitled to keep on buying them. But hopefully the 10:23 campaign will ram home our message to the public. In the 21st century, with decades of progress behind us, it is surreal that governments are prepared to spend millions of tax pounds on homeopathy. There really is nothing in it.

Questions 8 - 14 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In boxes 8 - 14 on your answer sheet write

8

TRUE

if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

FALSE

if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN

if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about it

Skeptics planning to hold a demonstration in "10.23" campaign is to against UK's leading pharmacist, Boots.

9

National Health Service budget gained a small portion of homeopathic industry

10

The example of Caffeine is to present that homeopathy resists the laws of similars.

11 Instilling the idea to people that homeopathy is equal to modern medicine poses danger. 12

Paul Bennett claimed effectiveness of taking the homeopathic medicine is proved.

13

The adoption of homeopathy mainly contributes to the delay of seeking appropriate treatment for themselves or their children.

14

The campaign has exerted pressure on Boots and other retailers.

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S1269505 & Related Question Answers 1

ix

2

v

3

i

4

vii

5

iv

6

viii

7

iii

8

TRUE

9

FALSE

10

TRUE

11

TRUE

12

FALSE

13

FALSE

14

NOT GIVEN

S1280308 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S1. 蝴蝶颜色（动物类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

Copy Your Neighbour A There's no animal that symbolises rainforest diversity quite as spectacularly as the tropical butterfly. Anyone lucky enough to see these creatures flitting between patches of sunlight cannot fail to be impressed by the variety of their patterns. But why do they display such colourful exuberance? Until recently, this was almost as pertinent a question as it had been when the 19th-century naturalists, armed only with butterfly nets and insatiable curiosity, battled through the rainforests. These early explorers soon realised that although some of the butterflies' bright colours are there to attract a mate, others are warning signals. They send out a message to any predators: "Keep off, we're poisonous." And because wearing certain patterns affords protection, other species copy them. Biologists use the term "mimicry rings" for these clusters of impostors and their evolutionary idol. B But here's the conundrum. "Classical mimicry theory says that only a single ring should be found in any one area," explains George Beccaloni of the Natural History Museum,

London. The idea is that in each locality there should be just the one pattern that best protects its wearers. Predators would quickly learn to avoid it and eventually all mimetic species in a region should converge upon it. "The fact that this is patently not the case has been one of the major problems in mimicry research," says Beccaloni. In pursuit of a solution to the mystery of mimetic exuberance, Beccaloni set off for one of the megacentres for butterfly diversity, the point where the western edge of the Amazon basin meets the foothills of the Andes in Ecuador. "It's exceptionally rich, but comparatively well collected, so I pretty much knew what was there," says Beccaloni. "The trick was to work out how all the butterflies were organised and how this related to mimicry." C Working at the Jatun Sacha Biological Research Station on the banks of the Rio Napo, Beccaloni focused his attention on a group of butterflies called ithomiines. These distant relatives of Britain's Camberwell Beauty are abundant throughout Central and South America and the Caribbean. They are famous for their bright colours, toxic bodies and complex mimetic relationships. "they can comprise up to 85 per cent of the individuals in a mimicry ring and their patterns are mimicked not just by butterflies, but by other insects as diverse as damselflies and true bugs," says Philip DeVries of the Milwaukee Public Museum's Center for Biodiversity Studies. D Even though all ithomiines are poisonous, it is in their interests to evolve to look like one another because predators that learn to avoid one species will also avoid others that resemble it. This is known as Mullerian mimicry. Mimicry rings may also contain insects that are not toxic, but gain protection by looking likes a model species that is: an adaptation called Batesian mimicry. So strong is an experienced predator's avoidance response that even quite inept resemblance gives some protection. "Often there will be a whole series of species that mimic, with varying degrees of verisimilitude, a focal or model

species," says John Turner from the University of Leeds. "The results of these deceptions are some of the most exquisite examples of evolution known to science." In addition to colour, many mimics copy behaviours and even the flight pattern of their model species. E But why are there so many different mimicry rings? One idea is that species flying at the same height in the forest canopy evolve to look like one another. "It had been suggested since the 1970s that mimicry complexes were stratified by flight height," says DeVries. The idea is that wing colour patterns are camouflaged against the different patterns of light and shadow at each level in the canopy, providing a first line of defence against predators. "But the light patterns and wing patterns don't match very well," he says. And observations show that the insects do not shift in height as the day progresses and the light patterns change. Worse still, according to DeVries, this theory doesn't explain why the model species is flying at that particular height in the first place. F "When I first went out to Ecuador, I didn't believe the flight height hypothesis and set out to test it," says Beccaloni. "A few weeks with the collecting net convinced me otherwise. They really flew that way." What he didn't accept, however, was the explanation about light patterns. "I thought, if this idea really is true, and I can work out why, it could help explain why there are so many different warning patterns in any one place. Then we might finally understand how they could evolve in such a complex way." The job was complicated by the sheer diversity of species involved at Jatun Sacha. Not only were there 56 ithomiine butterfly species divided among eight mimicry rings, there were also 69 other insect species, including 34 day-flying moths and a damselfly, all in a 200-hectare study area. Like many entomologists before him, Beccaloni used a large bag-like net to capture his prey. This allowed him to sample the 2.5 metres immediately above the forest floor. Unlike many previous workers, he kept very precise notes on exactly where he caught his specimens.

G The attention to detail paid off. Beccaloni found that the mimicry rings were flying at two quite separate altitudes. "Their use of the forest was quite distinctive," he recalls. "For example, most members of the clear-winged mimicry ring would fly close to the forest floor, while the majority of the 12 species in the tiger-winged ring fly high up." Each mimicry ring had its own characteristic flight height. H However, this being practice rather than theory, things were a bit fuzzy. "They'd spend the majority of their time flying at a certain height. But they'd also spend a smaller proportion of their time flying at other heights," Beccaloni admits. Species weren't stacked rigidly like passenger jets waiting to land, but they did appear to have a preferred airspace in the forest. So far, so good, but he still hadn't explained what causes the various groups of ithomiines and their chromatic consorts to fly in formations at these particular heights. I Then Beccaloni had a bright idea. "I started looking at the distribution of ithomiine larval food plants within the canopy," he says. "For each one I'd record the height to which the host plant grew and the height above the ground at which the eggs or larvae were found. Once I got them back to the field station's lab, it was just a matter of keeping them alive until they pupated and then hatched into adults which I could identify."

Questions 1 - 5 The reading Passage has nine paragraphs, A - I. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A - I, in boxes 1 - 5 on your answer sheet. NB

You may use any letter more than once.

1

criticism against flight height theory of butterfly

2

explained why Beccaloni earned out research in Ecuador

3

different mimicry ring flies at different height

4

the method of catching butterfly by Beccaloni

5

not all Mimicry patterns arc toxic information sent out from insects

Question 6 - 11 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 6 - 11 on your answer sheet, write TRUE

if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN

if there is no information on this

6

All butterflies' colours of wings reflect the sense of warning to other predators.

7

Insects may imitate butterflies' wing pattern as well.

8

Flying Altitude of butterfly is determined by their food.

9

Beccaloni agreed with flight height hypothesis and decided to reassure its validity.

10 Jatun Sacha has the richest diversity of breeds in the world. 11 Beccaloni has more detailed records on the location of butterfly collection than others.

Questions 12 - 13 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 12 - 13 on your answer sheet.

12 Which is correct about butterflies flight altitude A

Flight height theory already established.

B

Butterfly always flies at a certain height.

C It is like the airplane's flying phenomenon. D Each butterfly has its own favorable height.

13 Which is correct about Beccaloni next investigation after flight height A Some certain statistics have already been collected. B Try to find connections between larval height and adult ones. C It's very difficult to raise butterfly larval. D Different larval favors different kinds of trees.

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S1280308 & Related Question Answers 1

E

2

B

3

G

4

F

5

D

6

FALSE

7

TRUE

8

NOT GIVEN

9

FALSE

10

NOT GIVEN

11

TRUE

12

D

13

B

S1286212 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S1. 笑的演进发展（社会类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

What are you laughing at? A We like to think that laughing is the height of human sophistication. Our big brains let us see the humour in a strategically positioned pun, an unexpected plot twist or a clever piece of word play. But while joking and wit are uniquely human inventions, laughter certainly is not. Other creatures, including chimpanzees, gorillas and even rats, chuckle. Obviously, they don't crack up at Homer Simpson or titter at the boss's dreadful jokes, but the fact that they laugh in the first place suggests that sniggers and chortles have been around for a lot longer than we have. It points the way to the origins of laughter, suggesting a much more practical purpose than you might think.

B There is no doubt that laughing typical involves groups of people. 'Laughter evolved as a signal to others - it almost disappears when we are alone,' says Robert Provine, a neuroscientist at the University of Maryland. Provine found that most laughter comes as a polite reaction to everyday remarks such as 'see you later', rather than anything particularly funny. And the way we laugh depends on the company we're keeping. Men tend to laugh longer and harder when they are with other men, perhaps as a way of bonding. Women tend to laugh more and at a higher pitch when men are present, possibly indicating flirtation or even submission.

C To find the origins of laughter, Provine believes we need to look at play. He points out that the masters of laughing are children, and nowhere is their talent more obvious than in the boisterous antics, and the original context is play, he say. Well-known primate watchers, including Dian Fossey and Jane Goodall, have long argued that chimps laugh while at play. The sound they produce is known as a pant laugh. It seems obvious when you watch their behavior - they even have the same ticklish spots as we do. But remove the context, and the parallel between human laughter and a chimp's characteristic pant laugh is not so clear. When Provine played a tape of the pant laughs to 119 of his students, for example, only two guessed correctly what it was.

D These findings underline how chimp and human laughter vary. When we laugh the sound is usually produced by chopping up a single exhalation into a series of shorter with one sound produced on each inward and outward breath. The question is: does this pant laughter have the same source as our own laughter? New research lends weight to the idea that it does. The findings come from Elke Zimmerman, head of the Institute for Zoology in Germany, who compared the sounds made by babies and chimpanzees in response to tickling during the first year of their life. Using sound spectrographs to reveal the pitch and intensity of vocalizations, she discovered that chimp and human baby laughter follow broadly the same pattern. Zimmerman believes the closeness of baby laughter to chimp laughter supports the idea that laughter was around long before humans arrived on the scene. What started simply as a modification of breathing associated with enjoyable and playful interactions has acquired a symbolic meaning as an indicator of pleasure.

E Pinpointing when laughter developed is another matter. Humans and chimps share a common ancestor that lived perhaps 8 million years ago, but animals might have been laughing long before that. More distantly related primates, including gorillas, laugh, and anecdotal evidence suggests that other social mammals nay do too. Scientists are currently testing such stories with a comparative analysis of just how common laughter is among animals. So far, though, the most compelling evidence for laughter beyond primates comes from research done by Jaak Panksepp from Bowling Green State University, Ohio, into the ultrasonic chirps produced by rats during play and in response to tickling.

F All this still doesn't answer the question of why we laugh at all. One idea is that laughter and tickling originated as a way of sealing the relationship between mother and child. Another is that the reflex response to tickling is protective, alerting us to the presence of crawling creatures that might harm us or compelling us to defend the parts of our bodies that are most vulnerable in hand-to-hand combat. But the idea that has gained most popularity in recent years is that laughter in response to tickling is a way for two individuals to signal and test their trust in one another. This hypothesis starts from the observation that although a little tickle can be enjoyable, if it goes on too long it can be torture. By engaging in a bout of tickling, we put ourselves at the mercy of another individual, and laughing is a signal that we laughter is what makes it a reliable signal of trust according to Tom Flamson, a laughter researcher at the University of California, Los Angels. 'Even in rats, laughter, tickle, play and trust are linked. Rats chirp a lot when they play,' says Flamson. 'These chirps can be aroused by tickling. And they get bonded to us as a result, which certainly seems like a show of trust.'

G We'll never know which animal laughed the first laugh, or why. But we can be sure it wasn't in response to a prehistoric joke. The funny thing is that while the origins of laughter are probably quite serious, we owe human laughter and our language-based humor to the same unique skill. While other animals pant, we alone can control our breath well enough to produce the sound of laughter. Without that control there would also be no Speech and no jokes to endure.

Questions 1 - 6 Look at the following research findings (questions 1 - 6) and the list of people below. Match each finding with the correct person, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 1 - 6 on your answer sheet. NB

You may use any letter more than once.

A

Tom Flamson

B

Elke Zimmerman

C

Robert Provine

D

Jaak Panksepp

1

Babies and chimps produce similar sounds of laughter.

2

Primates are not the only animals who produce laughter Pan

3

Laughter also suggests that we feel safe and easy with others.

4

Laughter is a response to polite situation instead of humour.

5

Animal laughter evolved before human laughter

6

Laughter is a social activity.

Questions 7 - 10 Complete the summary using the list of words, A - K, below. Write the correct letter, A - K, in boxes 7 - 10 on your answer sheet.

Some researchers believe that laughter first evolved out of 7......................... Investigation has revealed that human and chimp laughter may have the same 8......................... Besides, scientists have been aware that 9........................ laugh, however, it now seems that laughter might be more widespread than once we thought. Although the reasons why humans started to laugh are still unknown, it seems that laughter may result from the 10........................ we feel with another person.

A evolution

B chirps

C origins

D voice

E confidence

F rats

G primates

H response

I play

J children

K tickling

Questions 11 - 13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 11 - 13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE

if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN

if there is no information on this

11

Both men and women laugh more when they are with members of the same sex.

12

Primates lack sufficient breath control to be able to produce laughs the way humans do

13

Chimpanzees produce laughter in a wider range of situations than rats do.

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S1286212 & Related Question Answers 1

B

2

D

3

A

4

C

5

B

6

C

7

I

8

C

9

G

10

E

11

NOT GIVEN

12

TRUE

13

NOT GIVEN

S1313308 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S1. 新型超市（科技类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

The Innovation of Grocery Stores A At the beginning of the 20th century, grocery stores in the United States were full-service. A customer would ask a clerk behind the counter for specific items and the clerk would package the items, which were limited to dry goods. If they want to save some time, they have to ask a delivery boy or by themselves to send the note of what they want to buy to the grocery store first and then go to pay for the goods later. These grocery stores usually carried only one brand of each good. There were early chain stores, such as the A&P Stores, but these were all entirely full-service and very time-consuming.

B In 1885, a Virginia boy named Clarence Saunders began working part-time as a clerk in a grocery store when he was 14 years old, and quit school when the shopkeeper offered him full time work with room and board. Later he worked in an Alabama coke plant and in a Tennessee sawmill before he returned to the grocery business. By 1900, when he was nineteen years old, he was earning $30 a month as a salesman for a wholesale grocer. During his years working in the grocery stores, he found that it was very inconvenient and inefficient for people to buy things because more than a century ago, long before there were computers, shopping was done quite differently than it is today. Entering a store, the customer would approach the counter (or wait for a clerk to become available) and place an order, either verbally or, as was often the case for boys running errands, in the form of a note or list. While the customer waited, the clerk would move behind the counter and throughout the store, select the items on the list -

some form shelves so high that long-handled grasping device had to be used - and bring them back to the counter to be tallied and bagged or boxed. The process might be expedited by the customer calling or sending in the order beforehand, or by the order being handled by a delivery boy on a bike, but otherwise it did not vary greatly. Saunders, a flamboyant and innovative man, noticed that this method resulted in wasted time and expense, so he came up with an unheard-of solution that would revolutionize the entire grocery industry: he developed a way for shoppers to serve themselves.

C So in 1902 he moved to Memphis where he developed his concept to form a grocery wholesale cooperative and a full-service grocery store. For his new "cafeteria grocery", Saunders divided his grocery into three distinct areas: 1) A front "lobby" forming an entrance and exit and checkouts at the front. 2) A sales department, which was specially designed to allow customers to roam the aisles and select their own groceries. Removing unnecessary clerks, creating elaborate aisle displays, and rearranging the store to force customers to view all of the merchandise and over the shelving and cabinets units of sales department were "galleries" where supervisors were allowed to keep an eye on the customers while not disturbing them. 3) And another section of his store is the room only allowed for the clerks which was called the "stockroom" or "storage room" where large refrigerators were situated to keep fresh products from being perishable. The new format allowed multiple customers to shop at the same time, and led to the previously unknown phenomenon of impulse shopping. Though this format of grocery market was drastically different from its competitors, the style became the standard for the modern grocery store and later supermarket.

D On September 6, 1916, Saunders launched the self-service revolution in the USA by opening the first self-service Piggly Wiggly store, at 79 Jefferson Street in Memphis, Tennessee, with its characteristic turnstile at the entrance. Customers paid cash and selected their own goods from the shelves. It was unlike any other grocery store of that time. Inside a Piggly Wiggly, shoppers were not at the mercy of shop clerks. They were free to roam the store, check out the merchandise and get what they needed with their own two hands and feet. Prices on items at Piggly Wiggly were clearly marked. No one pressured customers to buy milk or pickles. And the biggest benefit at the Piggly Wiggly was that shoppers saved money. Self-service was a positive all around. "It's good for both the consumer and retailer because it cuts costs," noted George T. Haley, a professor at the University of New Haven and director of the Center for International Industry Competitiveness. "If you looked at the way grocery stores were run previous to Piggly Wiggly and Alpha Beta, what you find is that there was a tremendous amount of labor involved, and labor is a major expense." Piggly Wiggly cut the fat.

E Piggly Wiggly and the self-service concept took off. Saunders opened nine stores in the Memphis area within the first year of business. Consumers embraced the efficiency, the simplicity and most of all the lower food prices. Saunders soon patented his self-service concept, and began franchising Piggly Wiggly stores. Thanks to the benefits of self-service and franchising, Piggly Wiggly ballooned to nearly 1,300 stores by 1923. Piggly Wiggly sold $100 million - worth $1.3 billion today - in groceries, making it the third-biggest grocery retailer in the nation. The company's stock was even listed on the New York Stock Exchange, doubling from late 1922 to March 1923. Saunders had his hands all over Piggly Wiggly. He was instrumental in design and layout of his stores. He even invented the turnstile.

F However Saunders was forced into bankruptcy in 1923 after a dramatic spat with the New York Stock Exchange and he went on to create the "Clarence Saunders sole-owner-of-my-name" chain, which went into bankruptcy.

G Until the time of his death in October 1953, Saunders was developing plans for another automatic store system called the Foodelectric. But the store, which was to be located two blocks from the first Piggly Wiggly store, never opened. But his name was well-remembered along with the name Piggly Wiggly.

Questions 1-5 The reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. NB

You may use any letter more than once.

1

How Clarence Saunders' new idea had been carried out.

2

Introducing the modes and patterns of groceries before his age.

3

Clarence Saunders declared bankruptcy a few years later.

4

Descriptions of Clarence Saunders' new conception.

5

The booming development of his business.

Questions 6-10 Answer the questions below. Write ONLY ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

·When Clarence Saunders was an adolescent, he took a job as a 6........................ in a grocery store. ·In the new innovation of grocery store, most of the clerks' work before was done by 7........................ . ·In Saunders' new grocery store, the section where customers finish the payment was called 8........................ .

·Another area in his store which behind the public area was called the 9........................ where only internal staff could access.

·At 10........................ where customers were under surveillance.

Questions 11-13 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

11

Why did Clarence Saunders want to propel the innovation of grocery stores at his age A Because he was an enthusiastic and creative man. B Because his boss wanted to reform the grocery industry. C Because he wanted to develop its efficiency and make great profit as well. D Because he worried about the future competition from the industry.

12

What happened to Clarence Saunders' first store of Piggly Wiggly A Customers complained about its impracticality and inconvenience. B It enjoyed a great business and was updated in the first twelve months. C It expanded to more than a thousand franchised stores during the first year. D Saunders were required to have his new idea patented and open more stores.

13

What left to Clarence Saunders after his death in 1953 A A fully automatic store system opened soon near his first store. B The name of his store the Piggly Wiggly was very popular at that time. C

His name was usually connected with his famous shop the Piggly Wiggly in the following several years.

D His name was painted together with the name of his famous store.

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S1313308 & Related Question Answers 1

D

2

A

3

F

4

C

5

E

6

clerk

7

customers/shoppers

8

lobby

9

stockroom

10

galleries

11

C

12

B

13

C

S2253905 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S2. 教育的定量研究（科技类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

Quantitative Research in Education The first area of criticism concerns the extent to which the results of 'scientific' educational research are valid. It has often been argued that, although the numerical evidence produced by such research has the appearance of being 'hard data' of the kind used in the natural sciences, there are, in fact, fundamental doubts about its validity; About whether it represents accurately what it claims to represent. We can get a sense of these criticisms by looking briefly at the work of Piaget, mentioned earlier. Interestingly, this was not strongly quantitative in character, and it has been criticized by some for being insufficiently rigorous from an experimental point of view; reflecting, at least in part, a difference between Piaget and commentators on his work about the requirements of scientific research. This highlights the point we made earlier: that although it is convenient to refer to the 'scientific method', there is, in fact, a variety of interpretations of what is involved in a scientific approach to research and of how it should be applied to the study of human beings and their behaviour.

A Piaget carried out a number of experiments on the basis of which he developed the idea that children go through different stages of development, and that only when they have reached the necessary stage of development can they carry out the most advanced forms of cognitive operation. A famous experiment of his required children to compare the amount of liquid held by different shaped containers. The containers had the same capacity, and even when young children were shown that the same amount of liquid could be poured between the two containers , many claimed that one was larger than the other. Piaget's interpretation of this was that the children were unable to perform the logical task involved in recognizing that the two containers, while different in shape, were the same in capacity; this being because their cognitive development had not reached the necessary stage. Critics of his work have questioned this conclusion, for instance, Donaldson. They raise the possibility that the children were simply unwilling to play the experimenter's game, or that the children misunderstood what the experimenter was asking. These criticisms point to the fact, obvious enough, but important in its implications, that experiments are social situations in which interpersonal interactions take place. The implication is that Piaget's work and attempts to replicate it are not only measuring the children's capacities for logical thinking, but also the extent to which they have understood what was required, their willingness

to

comply

with

these

requirements,

the

experimenters'

success

in

communicating what was required, in motivating the children, etc.

B Similar criticisms have been applied to psychological and educational tests. For example, Mehan points out how test questions may be interpreted in ways different from those intended by the researcher: In all language development test, children are presented with a picture of a medieval fortress, complete with moat, drawbridge, and parapets, and three initial consonants: D, C, and G. The child is supposed to circle the correct initial consonant. C for 'castle' is correct, but many children choose D. After the test, when I asked those children what the name of the building was, they responded 'Disneyland'. These children used the same line of reasoning intended by the tester, but they arrived at the wrong

substantive answer. The score sheet showing a wrong answer does not document a child's lack of reasoning ability; it only documents that the child indicated an answer different from the one the tester expected.

C Here we have questions being raised about the validity of the sort of measurements on which the findings of quantitative research are typically based. Some, including for example Donaldson, regard these as technical problems that can be overcome by more rigorous experimentation. Others, however, including Mehan, believe them to be not simply problems with particular experiments or tests, but serious threats to validity that potentially affect all research of this kind.

D At the same time questions have also been raised about the assumption built into the 'logic' of quantitative educational research that causes can be identified by physical and/or statistical manipulation of variables. Critics suggest that this fails to take account of the very nature of human social life, assuming it to consist of fixed, mechanical causal relationships, whereas in fact it involves complex processes of interpretation and negotiation that do not have determinate outcomes. From this point of view, it is not clear that we can understand why people do what they do in terms of the simple sorts of causal relationships on which quantitative research focuses. Social life, it is suggested, is much more contextually variable and complex.

E Such criticisms of quantitative educational research have been the stimulus for an increasing number of educational researchers, over the past thirty or forty years, to adopt more qualitative approaches. These researchers have generally rejected attempts to measure and control variables experimentally or statistically. Qualitative research can take many forms, loosely indicated by such terms as 'ethnography', 'case study', 'participant observation', 'life history', 'unstructured interviewing', 'discourse analysis', etc. In general, though, it has the following characteristics:

F A strong emphasis on exploring the nature of particular educational phenomena, rather than setting out to test hypotheses about them. A tendency to work with 'unstructured data': that is, data that have not been coded at the point of collection in terms of a closed set of analytical categories. When engaging in observation, qualitative researchers therefore audio- or video-record what happens or write detailed open-ended field-notes, rather than coding behaviour in terms of a predefined set of categories, as would a quantitative researcher employing 'systematic observation'. Similarly, when interviewing, open-ended questions will be asked rather than questions requiring predefined answers of the kind typical, for example, of postal questionnaires. In fact, qualitative interviews are often designed to be close in character to casual conversations.

G Typically, a small number of cases will be investigated in detail, rather than any attempt being made to cover a large number, as would be the case in most quantitative research, such as systematic observational studies or social surveys. The analysis of the data involves explicit interpretations of the meanings and functions of human actions, and mainly takes the form of verbal descriptions and explanations. Quantification and statistical analysis play a subordinate role at most. The two areas of educational research where criticism of quantitative research and the development of qualitative approaches initially emerged most strongly were the sociology of education and evaluation studies. The trend towards qualitative research in the sociology of education began in the UK in the 1960s with studies of a boys' grammar school, a boys' secondary modern school, and a girls' grammar school by Lacey, Hargreaves and Lambart. They employed an ethnographic or participant observation approach, though they also collected some quantitative data on, for example, friendship patterns among the pupils. These researchers observed lessons, interviewed teachers and pupils, and drew on school records. They studied the schools for relatively long periods, spending many months collecting data and tracing changes over time.

Questions 14 - 17 Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with experiment or explanation below. Write the appropriate letters, A - C, in boxes 14 - 17 on your answer sheet.

A Piaget B

Mehan

C Donaldn

14

Wrong answer indicate more of a child's different perspective than incompetence in reasoning.

15

Logical reasoning involving in the experiments is beyond children's cognitive development.

16

Children's reluctance to comply with game rules or miscommunication may be another explanation.

17

Kinds of experiments or tests are flawed essentially and will not justify by a more rigorous approach.

Questions 18 - 21 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 18 - 21 on your answer sheet.

Quantitative research in education has sparked debate that whether it is 18........................in scientific area. Piaget's experiment involved on children's steps on development, which used equal amount of 19........................in a couple of containers, to test if student would be able to judge the their size. Another quantitative research was carried out by Mehan, he showed children a 20........................, and requested children to make answers, but ultimately most of them failed. In 1960s, another method emerged along with quantitative research; and in the UK, 21........................were taken as experiment sites in application of the combined approach.

Questions 22 - 24 Choose the correct letter, A to F Write your answers in boxes 22 - 24 on your answer sheet. Choose THREE correct statements of “qualitative research " features below.

A work with well-organized data in a closed set of analytical categories B

record researching situations and apply note taking

C

design the interview to be in an atmosphere like easy conversation

D

questionnaires full with details instead of loads of data

E

questionnaires full of requiring open-ended answers

F

code behaviour in terms of a predefined set of categories

Questions 25 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 25 on your answer sheet. What is the main idea of this passage A To educate children that quantitative research are most applicable. B To illustrate the society lack of deep comprehension of educational approach. C To explain that quantitative research ideas, characteristics from related criticisms. D To imply that qualitative research is a flawless method compared with quantitative one.

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S2253905 & Related Question Answers 14

B

15

A

16

C

17

B

18

valid

19

liquid

20

picture

21

schools

22

B

23

C

24

F

25

C

S2311711 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S2. 左右手习惯（研究类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

Left-handed or Right-handed Section A The probability that two right-handed people would have a left-handed child is only about 9.5 percent. The chance rises to 19.5 percent if one parent is a lefty and 26 percent if both parents are left-handed: The preference, however, could also stem from an imitation of his parents. To test genetic influence, starting in the 1970s British biologist Marian Annett of the University of Leicester hypothesized that no single gene determines handedness. Rather, during fetal development, a certain molecular factor helps to strengthen the brain's left hemisphere, which increases the probability that the right hand will be dominant, because the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. Among the minority of people who lack this factor, handedness develops entirely by chance. Research conducted on twins complicates the theory, however. One in five sets of identical twins involves one right-handed and one left-handed person, despite the fact that their genetic material is the same. Genes, therefore, are not solely responsible for handedness. Section B Genetic theory is also undermined by results from Peter Hepper and his team at Queen's University in Belfast, Ireland. In 2004 the psychologists used ultra sound to show that by the 15th week of pregnancy, fetuses already have a preference as to which thumb they suck. In most cases, the preference continued

after birth. At 15 weeks, though, the brain does not yet have control over the body's limbs. Hepper speculates that fetuses tend to prefer whichever side of the body is developing quicker and that their movements, in turn, influence the brain's development. Whether this early preference is temporary or holds up throughout development and infancy is unknown. Genetic predetermination is also contradicted by the widespread observation that children do not settle on either their right or left hand until they are two or three years old. Section C But even if these correlations were true, they did not explain what actually causes left-handedness. Furthermore, specialization on either side of the body is common among animals. Cats will favor one paw over another when fishing toys out from under the couch. Horses stomp more frequently with one hoof than the other. Certain crabs motion predominantly with the left or right claw. In evolutionary terms, focusing power and dexterity in one limb is more efficient than having to train two, four or even eight limbs equally. Yet for most animals, the preference for one side or the other is seemingly random. The overwhelming dominance of the right hand is associated only with humans. That fact directs attention toward the brain's two hemi-spheres and perhaps toward language. Section D Interest in hemispheres dates back to at least 1836. That year, at a medical conference, French physician Marc Dax reported on an unusual commonality among his patients. During his many years as a country doctor, Dax had encountered more than 40 men and women for whom speech was difficult, the result of some kind of brain damage. What was unique was that every individual suffered damage to the left side of the brain. At the conference, Dax elaborated on his theory, stating that each half of the brain was responsible for certain functions and that the left hemisphere controlled speech. Other experts showed little interest in the Frenchman's ideas. Over time, however, scientists found more and more evidence of people experiencing speech difficulties following injury to the left brain. Patients with damage to the right hemisphere most often displayed disruptions in perception or concentration. Major advancements in understanding the brain's asymmetry were made in the 1960s as a result of so-called split-brain surgery, developed to help patients with epilepsy. During this operation, doctors severed the corpus callosum - the nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres. The surgical cut also stopped almost all normal communication between the two hemispheres, which offered researchers the opportunity to investigate each side's activity.

Section E In 1949 neurosurgeon Juhn Wada devised the first test to provide access to the brain's functional organization of language. By injecting an anesthetic into the right or left carotid artery, Wada temporarily paralyzed one side of a healthy brain, enabling him to more closely study the other side's capabilities. Based on this approach, Brenda Milner and the late Theodore Rasmussen of the Montreal Neurological Institute published a major study in 1975 that confirmed the theory that country doctor Dax had formulated nearly 140 years earlier: in 96 percent of right-handed people, language is processed much more intensely in the left hemisphere. The correlation is not as clear in lefties, however. For two thirds of them, the left hemisphere is still the most active language processor. But for the remaining third, either the right side is dominant or both sides work equally, controlling different language functions. That last statistic has slowed acceptance of the notion that the predominance of right-handedness is driven by left-hemisphere dominance in language processing. It is not at all clear why language control should somehow have dragged the control of body movement with it. Some experts think one reason the left hemisphere reigns over language is because the organs of speech processing - the larynx and tongue are positioned on the body's symmetry axis. Because these structures were centered, it may have been unclear, in evolutionary terms, which side of the brain should control them, and it seems unlikely that shared operation would result in smooth motor activity. Language and handedness could have developed preferentially for very different reasons as well. For example, some researchers, including evolutionary psychologist Michael C. Corballis of the University of Auckland in New Zealand, think that the origin of human speech lies in gestures. Gestures predated words and helped language emerge. If the left hemisphere began to dominate speech, it would have dominated gestures, too, and because the left brain controls the right side of the body, the right hand developed more strongly. Section

F

Perhaps we will know more soon. In the meantime, we can revel in what, if any, differences handedness brings to our human talents. Popular wisdom says right-handed, left-brained people excel at logical, analytical thinking. Left-handed, right-brained individuals are thought to possess more creative skills and may be better at combining the functional features emergent in both sides of the brain. Yet some neuroscientists see such claims as pure speculation. Fewer scientists are ready to claim that left-handedness means greater creative potential. Yet lefties are prevalent among artists, composers and the generally acknowledged great political thinkers. Possibly if these individuals are among the lefties whose language abilities are evenly distributed between hemispheres, the intense interplay required could lead to unusual mental capabilities.

Section

G

Or perhaps some lefties become highly creative simply because they must be more clever to get by in our right-handed world. This battle, which begins during the very early stages of childhood, may lay the groundwork for exceptional achievements.

Questions 14-18 The reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet. NB

You may use any letter more than once.

14

phenomenon of using one side of their body for animals

15

statistics on rate of one-handedness born

16

the age when the preference of using one hand is fixed

17

great talents of occupations in left-handed population

18

earliest record of researching hemisphere's function

Questions 19-22 Look at the following researchers (Questions 19-22) and the list of findings below. Match each researcher with the correct finding. 19

Ancient language evolution is connected to body gesture and therefore influences handedness.

20

A child handedness is not determined by just biological factors.

21

Language process is generally undergoing in the left-hemisphere of the brain.

22

The rate of development of one side of the body has influence on hemisphere preference in fetus.

A

Brenda Milner

B

Marian Annett

C

Peter Hepper

D

Michale Corballis

Questions 23-26 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet write YES

if the statement is true

NO

if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN

if the information is not given in the passage

23

The study of twins shows that genetic determination is not the only factor for left Handedness.

24

The number of men with left-handedness is more than that of women.

25

Marc Dax's report was widely recognized in his time.

26

Juhn Wada based his findings on his research of people with language problems.

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S2311711 & Related Question Answers 14

C

15

A

16

B

17

F

18

D

19

D

20

B

21

A

22

C

23

YES

24

NOT GIVEN

25

NO

26

NOT GIVEN

S2320012 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S2. 植物净化水（植物类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

Water Treatment 2: Reed Bed A Nowadays subsurface flow wetlands are a common alternative in Europe for the treatment of wastewater in rural areas. Mainly in the last 10 to 12 years there has been a significant growth in the number and size of the systems in use. Compared to common treatment facilities, wetlands are lower in cost investment, lesser to maintain, and are ideal for densely populated rural or suburban areas rather than urban areas.

B The Common Reed has the ability to transfer oxygen from its leaves, down through its stem and rhizomes, and out via its root system. As a result of this action, a very high population of micro-organisms occurs in the root system, with zones of aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions. Therefore with the waste water moving very slowly and carefully through the mass of Reed roots, this liquid can be successfully treated.

C A straightforward definition of a reed bed is if you have dirty water in your pool or water, which is heavily polluted, Reed Beds will be planted to make the water clean again. This is good for ecology and living organisms and fish in the water. Reed Beds have a wide range of qualities and

are acceptable for cleaning everything from secondary to tertiary treatment of mild domestic effluent, to rural waste and even heavy industrial contaminants. The reason why they're so effective is often because within the bed's root sector, natural biological, physical and chemical processes interact with one another to degrade or remove a good range of pollutants. Reed beds can be built in a number of variants, but mainly they are of the horizontal flow or vertical (down) flow configuration where water flows through the beds horizontally or vertically.

HORIZONTAL FLOW REED BED SYSTEMS D Horizontal-flow wetlands may be of two types: free-water surface-flow (FWF) or sub-surface water-flow (SSF). In the former the effluent flows freely above the sand/gravel bed in which the reeds etc. are planted; in the latter effluent passes through the sand/gravel bed. In FWF-type wetlands, effluent is treated by plant stems, leaves and rhizomes. Such FWF wetlands are densely planted and typically have water-depths of less than 0.4m. However, dense planting can limit oxygen diffusion into the water. These systems work particularly well for low strength effluents or effluents that have undergone some form of pretreatment and play an invaluable role in tertiary treatment and the polishing of effluents. The horizontal reed flow system uses a long reed bed, where the liquid slowly flows horizontally through. The length of the reed bed is about 100 meters. The downside of the horizontal reed beds is that they use up lots of land space and they do take quite a long time to produce clean water.

VERTICAL FLOW REED BED SYSTEMS E A vertical flow reed bed is a sealed, gravel filled trench with reeds growing in it (see the picture below). The common reed oxygenates the water, which helps to create the right environment for colonies of bacteria to break down unwanted organic matter and pollutants. The reeds also make the bed attractive to wildlife.

How a vertical flow reed bed works? F In vertical flow (downflow) reed beds, the wastewater is applied on top of the reed bed, flows

down through a rhizome zone with sludge as substrate, then the root zone with sand as substrate and followed by a layer of gravel for drainage, and is collected in an under drainage system of large stones. The effluent flows onto the surface of the bed and percolates slowly through the different layers into an outlet pipe, which leads to a horizontal flow bed and is cleaned by millions of bacteria, algae, fungi, and microorganisms that digest the waste, including sewage. There is no standing water so there should be no unpleasant smells.

G Vertical flow reed bed systems are much more effective than horizontal flow reed-beds not only in reducing biochemical oxygen demanded (BOD) and suspended solids (SS) levels but also in reducing ammonia levels and eliminating smells. Usually considerably smaller than horizontal flow beds, but they are capable of handling much stronger effluents which contain heavily polluted matters and have a longer lifetime value. A vertical Reed bed system works more efficiently than a horizontal reed bed system, but it requires more management, and its reed beds are often operated for a few days then rested, so several beds and a distribution systems are needed.

H There are several advantages of Reed Bed Systems over traditional forms of water treatment: first, they have low construction and running costs; second, they are easy management; third, they have an excellent reduction of biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids; last, they have a potential for efficient removal of a wide range of pollutants.

I Reed beds are natural habitats found in floodplains, waterlogged depressions and estuaries. The natural bed systems are a biologically proved, an environmentally friendly and visually unobtrusive way of treating wastewater, and have the extra virtue of frequently been better than mechanical wastewater treatment systems. In the medium to long term reed bed systems are, in most cases, more cost effective in installment than any other wastewater treatment. They are robust and require little maintenance. They are naturally environmentally sound protecting groundwater, dams, creeks, rivers and estuaries.

Questions 14-16 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 14-16 on your answer sheet, write TURE

if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN

if there is no information on this

14

The Reed bed system is a conventional method for water treatment in urban area.

15

In the reed roots, there's a series of process that help breakdown the pollutants.

16

Escherichia coli is the most difficult bacteria to be dismissed.

Questions 17-19 Complete the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

17........................... as subtracted 18............................ 19......................... for drainage

Questions 20-24 Use the information in the passage to match the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems: horizontal flow system and down-flow system (listed A-H) below. Write the appropriate letters, A-H, in boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet.

20........................, which is the advantage of the down-flow system. However, 21....................... and 22........................ are the disadvantages of the down-flow system. 23....................... and 24........................ are the two benefits of the horizontal flow system. However it's less effective and efficient.

A It can deal with a more seriously polluted effluent. B It requires more beds than one compared to the other. C It needs less control and doesn't need to be taken care of all the time. D It requires a lot of guidance. E It can't work all the time because the pool needs time to rest and recover after a certain period. F It's a lot more complicated to build the system. G The system is easy to be built which does not need auxiliary system H It consumes less water.

Questions 25-26 Choose TWO correct letters, from the following A, B, C, D or E. Write your answers in boxes 25-26 on your answer sheet.

What are the two benefits of natural bed systems when compared to the conventional systems? A Operation does not require electricity or fuel supply. B They're visually good and environmental friendly. C No mechanical systems are involved. D They're to be set up and used in less cost. E They do not break down.

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S2320012 & Question Answers

14

FALSE

15 TRUE

16

NOT GIVEN

17

sludge

18

sand

19 gravel

20

A

21

B

22

E

23 C

24

G

25

B

26

D

S3248504 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S3. 以史为鉴（历史类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

LEARNING LESSONS FROM THE PAST A Many past societies collapsed or vanished, leaving behind monumental ruins such as those that the poet Shelley imagined in his sonnet, Ozymandias. By collapse, I mean a drastic decrease in human population size and/or political/economic/social complexity, over a considerable area, for an extended time. By those standards, most people would consider the following past societies to have been famous victims of full-fledged collapses rather than of just minor declines: the Anasazi and Cahokia within the boundaries of the modern US, the Maya cities in Central America, Moche and Tiwanaku societies in South America, Norse Greenland, Mycenean Greece and Minoan Crete in Europe, Great Zimbabwe in Africa, Angkor Wat and the Harappan Indus Valley cities in Asia, and Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean.

B The monumental ruins left behind by those past societies hold a fascination for all of us. We marvel at them when as children we first learn of them through pictures. When we grow up, many of us plan vacations in order to experience them at first hand. We feel drawn to

their often spectacular and haunting beauty, and also to the mysteries that they pose. The scales of the ruins testify to the former wealth and power of their builders. Yet these builders vanished, abandoning the great structures that they had created at such effort. How could a society that was once so mighty end up collapsing?

C It has long been suspected that many of those mysterious abandonments were at least partly triggered by ecological problems: people inadvertently destroying the environmental resources on which their societies depended. This suspicion of unintended ecological suicide (ecocide) has been confirmed by discoveries made in recent decades by archaeologists, climatologists, historians, paleontologists, and palynologists (pollen scientists). The processes through which past societies have undermined themselves by damaging their environments fall into eight categories, whose relative importance differs from case to case: deforestation and habitat destruction, soil problems, water management problems, overhunting, overfishing, effects of introduced species on native species, human population growth, and increased impact of people.

D Those past collapses tended to follow somewhat similar courses constituting variations on a theme. Writers find it tempting to draw analogies between the course of human societies and the course of individual human lives - to talk of a society's birth, growth, peak, old age and eventual death. But that metaphor proves erroneous for many past societies: they declined rapidly after reaching peak numbers and power, and those rapid declines must have come as a surprise and shock to their citizens. Obviously, too, this trajectory is not one that all past societies followed unvaryingly to completion: different societies collapsed to different degrees and in somewhat different ways, while many societies did not collapse at all.

E Today many people feel that environmental problems overshadow all the other threats to global civilization. These environmental problems include the same eight that undermined

past societies, plus four new ones: human-caused climate change, build up of toxic chemicals in the environment, energy shortages, and full human utilization of the Earth's photosynthetic capacity. But the seriousness of these current environmental problems is vigorously debated. Are the risks greatly exaggerated, or conversely are they underestimated? Will modern technology solve our problems, or is it creating new problems faster than it solves old ones? When we deplete one resource (e.g. wood, oil, or ocean fish), can we count on being able to substitute some new resource (e.g. plastics, wind and solar energy, or farmed fish)? Isn't the rate of human population growth declining, such that we are already on course for the world's population to level off at some manageable number of people?

F Questions like this illustrate why those famous collapses of past civilizations have taken on more meaning than just that of a romantic mystery. Perhaps there are some practical lessons that we could learn from all those past collapses. But there are also differences between the modern world and its problems, and those past societies and their problems. We shouldn't be so naive as to think that study of the past will yield simple solutions, directly transferable to our societies today. We differ from past societies in some respects that put us at lower risk than them; some of those respects often mentioned include our powerful technology (i.e. its beneficial effects), globalization, modern medicine, and greater knowledge of past societies and of distant modern societies. We also differ from past societies in some respects that put us at greater risk than them: again, our potent technology (i.e. its unintended destructive effects), globalization (such that now a problem in one part of the world affects all the rest), the dependence of millions of us on modern medicine for our survival, and our much larger human population. Perhaps we can still learn from the past, but only if we think carefully about its lessons.

Questions 27-29 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27

When the writer describe the impact of monumental ruins today, he emphasises A the income they generate from tourism. B

the area of land they occupy.

C their archaeological value. D their romantic appeal.

28

Recent findings concerning vanished civilizations A have overturned long-held beliefs. B

caused controversy amongst scientists.

C come from a variety of disciplines. D identified one main cause of environmental damage.

29

What does the writer say about ways in which former societies collapsed A The pace of decline was usually similar. B

The likelihood of collapse would have been foreseeable.

C Deterioration invariably led to total collapse. D Individual citizens could sometimes influence the course of events.

Questions 30-34 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage? In boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet, write

30

YES

if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO

if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GUVEN

if it is Impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

It is widely believed that environmental problems represent the main danger faced by the modern world.

31

The accumulation of poisonous substances is a relatively modern problem.

32

There is general agreement that the threats posed by environmental problems are very serious.

33

Some past societies resembled present-day societies more closely than others.

34

We should be careful when drawing comparisons between past and present.

Questions 35-39 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet.

35

Evidence of the greatness of some former civilizations

36

The parallel between an individual's life and the life of a society

37

The number of environmental problems that societies face

38

The power of technology

39

A consideration of historical events and trends

A is not necessarily valid. B

provides grounds for an optimistic outlook.

C exists in the form of physical structures. D is potentially both positive and negative. E

will not provide direct solutions for present problems.

F is greater now than in the past.

Question 40 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. 40

What is the main argument of Reading Passage A There are differences as well as similarities between past and present societies. B

More should be done to preserve the physical remains of earlier civilizations.

C Some historical accounts of great civilizations are inaccurate. D modern societies are dependent on each other for their continuing survival.

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S3248504 & Related Question Answers 27

D

28

C

29

A

30

YES

31

YES

32

NO

33

NOT GIVEN

34

YES

35

C

36

A

37

F

38

D

39

E

40

A

S3254607 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S3. 火星探险（天文类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

The Exploration of Mars A In 1877, Giovanni Schiaparelli, an Italian astronomer, made drawings and maps of the Martian surface that suggested strange features. The images from telescopes at this time were not as sharp as today's. Schiaparelli said he could see a network of lines, or canali. In 1894, an American astronomer, Percival Lowell, made a series of observations of Mars from his own observations of Mars from his own observatory at Flagstaff, Arizona, USA. Lowell was convinced a great network of canals had been dug to irrigate crops for the Martian race! He suggested that each canal had fertile vegetation on either side, making them noticeable from Earth. Drawings and globes he made show a network of canals and oases all over the planet.

B The idea that there was intelligent life on Mars gained strength in the late 19th century. In 1898, H.G Wells wrote a science fiction classic, The War of the Worlds about an invading force of Martians who try to conquer Earth. They use highly advanced technology (advanced for 1898) to crush human resistance in their path. In 1917, Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote the first in a series of 11 novels about Mars. Strange beings and rampaging Martian monsters gripped the public's imagination. A radio broadcast by Orson Welles on Halloween night in 1938 of The War of the

Worlds caused widespread panic across America. People ran into the streets in their pajamas millions believed the dramatic reports of a Martian invasion.

C Probes are very important to our understanding of other planets. Much of our recent knowledge comes from these robotic missions into space. The first images sent back from Mars came from Mariner 4 in July 1965. They showed a cratered and barren landscape, more like the surface of our moon than Earth. In 1969, Mariners 6 and 7 were launched and took 200 photographs of Mars's southern hemisphere and pole on fly-by missions. But these showed little more information. In 1971, Mariner 9's mission was to orbit the planet every 12 hours. In 1975, The USA sent two Viking probes to the planet, each with a lander and an orbiter. The Landers had sampler arms to scoop up Maritain rocks and did experiments to try and find signs of life. Although no life was found, they sent back the first colour pictures of the planet's surface and atmosphere from pivoting cameras.

D The Martian meteorite found in Earth aroused doubts to the above analysis. ALH84001 meteorite was discovered in December 1984 in Antarctica, by members of the ANSMET project; The sample was ejected from Mars about 17 million years ago and spent 11,000 years in or on the Antarctic ice sheets. Composition analysis by NASA revealed a kind of magnetite that on Earth, is only found in association with certain microorganisms. Some structures resembling the mineralized casts of terrestrial bacteria and their appendages fibrils or by-products occur in the rims of carbonate globules and pre-terrestrial aqueous alteration regions. The size and shape of the objects is consistent with Earthly fossilized nanobacteria ( 纳 米 细 菌 ), but the existence of nanobacteria itself is still controversial.

E In 1965, the Mariner 4 probe discovered that Mars had no global magnetic field that would protect the planet from potentially life-threatening cosmic radiation and solar radiation; observations made in the late 1990s by the Mars Global Surveyor confirmed this discovery. Scientists speculate that the lack of magnetic shielding helped the solar wind blow away much of

Mars's atmosphere over the course of several billion years. After mapping cosmic radiation levels at various depths on Mars, researchers have concluded that any life within the first several meters of the planet's surface would be killed by lethal doses of cosmic radiation. In 2007, it was calculated that DNA and RNA damage by cosmic radiation would limit life on Mars to depths greater than 7.5 metres below the planet's surface. Therefore, the best potential locations for discovering life on Mars may be at subsurface environments that have not been studied yet. Disappearance of the magnetic field may played an significant role in the process of Martian climate change. According to the valuation of the scientists, the climate of Mars gradually transits from warm and wet to cold and dry after magnetic field vanished.

F NASA's recent missions have focused on another question: whether Mars held lakes or oceans of liquid water on its surface in the ancient past. Scientists have found hematite, a mineral that forms in the presence of water. Thus, the mission of the Mars Exploration Rovers of 2004 was not to look for present or past life, but for evidence of liquid water on the surface of Mars in the planet's ancient past. Liquid water, necessary for Earth life and for metabolism as generally conducted by species on Earth, cannot exist on the surface of Mars under its present low atmospheric pressure and temperature, except at the lowest shaded elevations for short periods and liquid water does not appear at the surface itself. In March 2004, NASA announced that its rover Opportunity had discovered evidence that Mars was, in the ancient past, a wet planet. This had raised hopes that evidence of past life might be found on the planet today. ESA confirmed that the Mars Express orbiter had directly detected huge reserves of water ice at Mars' south pole in January 2004.

G Researchers from the Center of Astrobiology (Spain) and the Catholic University of the North in Chile have found an 'oasis' of microorganisms two meters below the surface of the Atacama Desert, SOLID, a detector for signs of life which could be used in environments similar to subsoil on Mars. "We have named it a 'microbial oasis' because we found microorganisms developing in a habitat that was rich in rock salt and other highly hygroscopic compounds that absorb water"

explained Victor Parro, researcher from the Center of Astrobiology in Spain. "If there are similar microbes on Mars or remains in similar conditions to the ones we have found in Atacama, we could detect them with instruments like SOLID" Parro highlighted.

H Even more intriguing, however, is the alternative scenario by Spanish scientists: If those samples could be found to that use DNA, as Earthly life does, as their genetic code. It is extremely unlikely that such a highly specialized, complex molecule like DNA could have evolved separately on the two planets, indicating that there must be a common origin for Martian and Earthly life. Life based on DNA first appeared on Mars and then spread to Earth, where it then evolved into the myriad forms of plants and creatures that exist today. If this was found to be the case, we would have to face the logical conclusion: we are all Martian. If not, we would continue to search the life of signs.

Questions 27 - 32 The reading Passage has eight paragraphs A - H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A - H, in boxes 27 - 32 on your answer sheet. 27

Artisan evidence on Earth.

28

Mars and Earth may share the same life origin.

29

Certain agricultural construction was depicted specifically.

30

The project which aims to identify life under similar condition of Mars.

31

Mars had experienced terrifying climate transformation.

32

Attempts in scientific investigation to find liquid water.

Questions 33 - 36 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 33 - 36 on your answer sheet. 33

How did Percival Lowell describe Mars in this passage A

Perfect observation location is in Arizona.

B

Canals of Mars are broader than that of the earth.

C Dedicated water and agriculture trace is similar to the earth. D Actively moving Martian lives are found by observation. 34

How did people change their point of view towards Mars from 19th century A They experienced Martian attack. B They learned knowledge of mars through some literature works. C They learned new concept by listening famous radio program. D They attended lectures given by famous writers.

35

In 1960s, which information is correct about Mars by a number of Probes sent to the space A

It has a landscape full of rock and river.

B

It was not as vivid as the earth.

C It contained the same substance as in the moon. D It had different images from the following probes. 36

What is the implication of project proceeded by technology called SOLID in Atacama Desert A It could be employed to explore organisms under Martian condition. B

This technology could not be used to identify life on similar condition of Mars.

C Atacama Desert is the only place that has a suitable environment for organisms. D Life had not yet been found yet in Atacama Desert.

Questions 37 - 40 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 37 - 40 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE

if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN

if there is no information on this

37 Technology of Martian creature was superior than what human had at that time in every field according to The War of the Worlds. 38

Goof sent by Viking probes has not been challenged yet.

39

Analysis on meteorite from Mars found a substance which is connected to some germs.

40

According to Victor Parro, their project will be deployed on Mars after they identified DNA substance on earth.

贵学预测服务阅读文章对应答案 APPLYING FOR THE IELTS TESTS ON 2015 年大范围预测文档

S3254607 & Related Question Answers 27

D

28

H

29

A

30

G

31

E

32

F

33

C

34

B

35

B

36

B

37

NOT GIVEN

38

FALSE

39

TRUE

40

NOT GIVEN

S3261107 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S3. 说服者（社会类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

The Persuaders A We have long lived in an age where powerful images, catchy soundbites and too-good-to miss offers bombard us from every quarter. All around us the persuaders are at work. Occasionally their methods are unsubtle - the planting kiss on a baby's head by a wannabe political leader, or a liquidation sale in a shop that has been "closing down" for well over a year, but generally the persuaders know what they are about and are highly capable. Be they politicians, supermarket chains, salespeople or advertisers, they know exactly what to do to sell us their images, ideas or produce. When it comes to persuasion, these giants rule supreme. They employ the most skilled image-makers and use the best psychological tricks to guarantee that even the most cautious among us are open to manipulation.

B We spend more time in them than we mean to, we buy 75 percent of our food from them and end up with products that we did not realize we wanted. Right from the start, supermarkets have been ahead of the

game. For example, when Sainsbury introduced shopping baskets into its 1950s stores, it was a stroke of marketing genius. Now shoppers could browse and pick up items they previously would have ignored. Soon after came trolleys, and just as new roads attract more traffic, the same applied to trolley space. Pro Merlin Stone, IBM Professor of Relationship Marketing at Bristol Business School, says aisles are laid out to maximize profits. Stores pander to our money-rich, time-poor lifestyle. Low turnover products - clothes and electrical goods - are stocked at the back while high-turnover items command position at the front.

C Stone believes supermarkets work hard to "stall" us because the more time we spend in them, the more we buy. Thus, great efforts are made to make the environment pleasant. Stores play music to relax us and some even pipe air from the in-store bakery around the shop. In the USA, fake aromas are sometimes used. Smell is both the most evocative and subliminal sense. In experiments, pleasant smells are effective in increasing our spending. A casino that fragranced only half its premise saw profit soar in the aroma - filled areas. The other success story from the supermarkets' perspective is the loyalty card. Punters may assume that they are being rewarded for their fidelity, but all the while they are trading information about their shopping habits. Loyal shoppers could be playing 30% more by sticking to their favourite shops for essential cosmetics.

D Research has shown that 75 percent of profit comes from just 30 percent of customers. Ultimately, reward cards could be used to identify and better accommodate these "elite" shoppers. It could also be used to make adverts more relevant to individual consumers - rather like Spielberg's futuristic thriller Minority Report, in which Tom Cruise's character is bombarded with interactive personalized ads. If this sounds far-fetched, the data-gathering revolution has already seen the introduction of radio - frequency

identification - away to electronically tag products to see who is buying what, FRID means they can follow the product into people homes.

E No matter how savvy we think we are to their ploys, the ad industry still wins. Adverts focus on what products do or on how they make us feel. Researcher Laurette Dube, in the Journal of Advertising Research, says when attitudes are base on "cognitive foundations" (logical reasoning), advertisers use informative appeals. This works for products with little emotional draw but high functionality, such as bleach. Where attitude are based on effect (i.e. emotions), ad teams try to tap into our feelings. Researchers at the University of Florida recently concluded that our emotional responses to adverts dominate over "cognition".

F Advertisers play on our need to be safe (commercials for insurance), to belong (make customer feel they are in the group in fashion ads) and for self-esteem (aspirational adverts). With time and space at a premium, celebrities are often used as a quick way of meeting these needs - either because the celeb epitomizes success or because they seem familiar and so make the product seem "safe". A survey of 4,000 campaigns found ads with celebs were 10 percent more effective than without. Humor also stimulates a rapid emotional response. Hwiman Chung, writing in the International Journal of Advertising, found that funny ads were remembered for longer than straight ones. Combine humor with sexual imagery - as in Wonderbra's "Hello Boys" ads - and you are on to a winner.

G Slice-of-life ads are another tried and tested method - they paint a picture of life as you would like it, but still one that feels familiar. Abhilasha Mehta, in the Journal of Advertising Research, noted that the

more one's self-image tallies with the brand being advertised, the stronger the commercial. Ad makers also use behaviorist theories, recognizing that the more sensation we receive from an object, the better we know it. If an advert for a chocolate bar fails to cause salivation, it has probably failed. No wonder advertisements have been dubbed the "nervous system of the business world".

H Probably all of us could make a sale if the product was something we truly believed in, but professional salespeople are in a different league - the best of them can always sell different items to suitable customers in a best time. They do this by using very basic psychological techniques. Stripped to its simplest level, selling works by heightening the buyer's perception of how much they need a product or service. Buyers normally have certain requirements by which they will judge the suitability of a product. The seller therefore attempts to tease out what these conditions are and then explains how their products' benefit can meet these requirements.

I Richard Hession, author of Be a Great Salesperson says it is human nature to prefer to speak rather to listen, and good salespeople pander to this. They ask punters about their needs and offer to work with them to achieve their objectives. As a result, the buyer feels they are receiving a "consultation" rather than a sales pitch. All the while, the salesperson presents with a demeanour that takes it for granted that the sale will be made. Never will the words "if you buy" be used, but rather "when you buy".

J Dr. Rob Yeung, a senior consultant at business psychologists Kiddy and Partner, says most salespeople will build up a level of rapport by asking questions about hobbies, family and lifestyle. This has the double benefit of making the salesperson likeable while furnishing him or her with more information about the

client's wants. Yeung says effective salespeople try as far as possible to match their style of presenting themselves to how the buyer comes across. If the buyer cracks jokes, the salespeople will respond in kind. If the buyer wants detail, the seller provides it, if they are more interested in the feel of the product, the seller will focus on this. At its most extreme, appearing empathetic can even include the salesperson attempting to "mirror" the hobby language of the buyer.

K Whatever the method used, all salespeople work towards one aim: "closing the deal". In fact, they will be looking for "closing signals" through their dealings with potential clients. Once again the process works by assuming success. The buyer is not asked "are you interested?" as this can invite a negative response. Instead the seller takes it for granted that the deal is effectively done: when the salesman asks you for a convenient delivery date or asks what color you want, you will probably respond accordingly. Only afterwards might you wonder why you proved such a pushover.

Questions 27 - 29 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answer in boxes 27 - 29 on your answer sheet.

27

What is the supermarket's purpose of using "basket" in paragraph B A Create a convenient atmosphere of supermarket B

Make customers spend more time on shopping

C Relieve pressure on supermarket's traffic D More than half items bought need carried

28

What is the quality of a best salesman possessed according to this passage A Sell the right product to right person B

Clearly state the instruction of a product

C Show professional background of one product D Persuade customers to buy the product they sell 29

What's the opinion of Richard Hession A Pretend to be nice instead of selling goods B

Prefer to speak a lot to customers

C Help buyers to conclude their demands for ideal items D Show great interpersonal skill

Questions 30 - 35 Reading Passage has eleven paragraphs A - K. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write your answers in boxes 30 - 35 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once.

30

how do supermarkets distract consumers

31

how to build a close relationship between salespeople and buyer

32

people would be impressed by humor advertisement

33

methods for salespeople to get the order

34

how questions work for salespeople

35

different customer groups bring different profits

Questions 36 - 40 Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage. Write your answers in boxes 36 - 40 on your answer sheet.

Trolleys are born for the increasing traffic in supermarket. The width of 36........................in supermarkets is broadened in order to generate the most profits. Research from 37........................, satisfying aromas can motivate people buy more products. Except the effort of creating a comfortable surroundings, 38........................ is another card that supermarkets play to reward their regular customers. For example, loyal customers spend 30% more in their loved shops for everyday necessary 39........................ Clothes shops use advertisements to make buyer think they are belonging to part of a 40........................; research from 4,000 campaigns reflect that humor advertisement received more emotional respect.

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S3261107 & Related Question Answers 27

B

28

A

29

D

30

C

31

J

32

F

33

K

34

K

35

D

36

aisles

37

experiments

38

loyal card

39

cosmetics

40

group

S3271104 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S3. 复活岛之谜（地理类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list below. Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings i

The famous moai

ii

The status represented symbols of combined purposes

Example

iii

The ancient spots which indicates scientific application

Paragraph A

iv

The story of the name

v

Early immigrants, rise and prosperity

vi

The geology of Easter Island

28

Paragraph D

vii

The begin of Thor Heyerdahl's discovery

29

Paragraph E

viii

The countering explanation to the misconceptions politically

30

Paragraph G

manipulated ix

Symbols of authority and power

x

The Navel of the World

xi

The Norwegian Invaders' legacy

Questions 27-30

27

Answer vi

Paragraph B Paragraph C

i

Mystery in Easter Island! A One of the world's most famous yet least visited archaeological sites, Easter Island is a small, hilly, now treeless island of volcanic origin. Located in the Pacific Ocean at 27 degrees south of the equator and some 2200 miles (3600 kilometers) off the coast of Chile, it is considered to be the world's most remote inhabited island. The island is, technically speaking, a single massive volcano rising over ten thousand feet from the Pacific Ocean floor. The island received its most well known current name from the Dutch sea captain Jacob Roggeveen, who, on Easter Sunday, April 5, 1722, became the first European to visit.

B In the early 1950s, the Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl popularized the idea that the island had been originally settled by advanced societies of Indians from the coast of South America. Extensive archaeological, ethnographic, and linguistic research has conclusively shown this hypothesis to be inaccurate. It is now recognized that the original inhabitants of Easter Island are of Polynesian stock (DNA extracts from skeletons have recently confirmed this), that they most probably came from the Marquesas or Society islands, and that they had arrived as early as 318 AD (carbon dating of reeds from a grave confirms this). At the time of their arrival, the island was entirely covered with thick forests, was teeming with land birds, and was the richest breeding site for seabirds in the Polynesia region. Because of the plentiful bird, fish and plant food sources, the human population grew and gave rise to a rich religious and artistic culture.

C That culture's most famous features are its enormous stone statues called moai, at least 288 of which once stood upon massive stone platforms called ahu. There are some 250 of these ahu platforms spaced approximately one half mile apart and creating an almost unbroken line around the perimeter of the island. Another 600 moai statues, in various stages of completion, are scattered around the island, either in quarries or along ancient roads between the quarries and the coastal areas where the statues were most often erected. Nearly all the moai are carved from the tough stone of the Rano Raraku volcano. The average statue is 14 feet, 6 inches tall and weighs 14 tons. Some moai were as large as 33 feet and

weighed more than 80 tons. Depending upon the size of the statues, it has been estimated that between 50 and 150 people were needed to drag them across the countryside on sleds and rollers made from the island's trees.

D Scholars are unable to definitively explain the function and use of the moai statues. It is assumed that their carving and erection derived from an idea rooted in similar practices found elsewhere in Polynesia but which evolved in a unique way on Easter Island. Archaeological and iconographic analysis indicates that the statue cult was based on an ideology of male, lineage-based authority incorporating anthropomorphic symbolism. The statues were thus symbols of authority and power, both religious and political. But they were not only symbols. To the people who erected and used them, they were actual repositories of sacred spirit. Carved stone and wooden objects in ancient Polynesian religions, when properly fashioned and ritually prepared, were believed to be charged by a magical spiritual essence called mana. The ahu platforms of Easter Island were the sanctuaries of the people of Rapa Nui, and the moai statues were the ritually charged sacred objects of those sanctuaries.

E Besides its more well known name of Rapa Nui, Easter Island is also known as Te-Pito-O-Te-Henua, meaning 'The Navel of the World', and as Mata-Ki-Te-Rani, meaning 'Eyes Looking at Heaven'. These ancient names and a host of mythological details ignored by mainstream archaeologists point to the possibility that the remote island may once have been both a geodetic marker and the site of an astronomical observatory of a long forgotten civilization. In his book, Heaven's Mirror, Hancock suggests that Easter Island may once have been a significant scientific outpost of this antediluvian civilization and that its location had extreme importance in a planet-spanning, mathematically precise grid of sacred sites. Two other alternative scholars, Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas, have extensively studied the location and possible function of these geodetic markers. In their fascinating book, Uriel's Machine, they suggest that one purpose of the geodetic markers was as part of global network of sophisticated astronomical observatories dedicated to predicting and preparing for future meteoric impacts and crustal displacement cataclysms.

F In the latter years of the 20th century and the first years of the 21st century various writers and scientists have advanced theories regarding the rapid decline of Easter Island's magnificent civilization around the time of the first European contact. Principal among these theories, and now shown to be inaccurate, is that postulated by Jared Diamond in his book Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive. Basically these theories state that a few centuries after Easter Island's initial colonization the resource needs of the growing population had begun to outpace the island's capacity to renew itself ecologically. By the 1400s the forests had been entirely cut, the rich ground cover had eroded away, the springs had dried up, and the vast flocks of birds coming to roost on the island had disappeared. With no logs to build canoes for offshore fishing, with depleted bird and wildlife food sources, and with declining crop yields because of the erosion of good soil, the nutritional intake of the people plummeted. First famine, then cannibalism, set in. Because the island could no longer feed the chiefs, bureaucrats and priests who kept the complex society running, the resulting chaos triggered a social and cultural collapse. By 1700 the population dropped to between one-quarter and one-tenth of its former number, and many of the statues were toppled during supposed "clan wars " of the 1600 and 1700s.

G The faulty notions presented in these theories began with the racist assumptions of Thor Heyerdahl and have been perpetuated by writers, such as Jared Diamond, who do not have sufficient archaeological and historical understanding of the actual events which occurred on Easter Island. The real truth regarding the tremendous social devastation which occurred on Easter Island is that it was a direct consequence of the inhumane behavior of many of the first European visitors, particularly the slavers who raped and murdered the islanders, introduced small pox and other diseases, and brutally removed the natives to mainland South America.

Questions 31-36 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE

if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN

if there is no information on this

31

The first inhabitants of Easter Island are Polynesian, from the Marquesas or Society islands.

32

Construction of some moai statues on the island was not finished.

33

The Moai can be found not only on Easter Island but also elsewhere in Polynesia.

34

Most archeologists recognised the religious and astronomical functions for an ancient society.

35

The structures on Easter Island work as an astronomical outpost for extraterrestrial visitors.

36

The theory that depleted natural resources leading to the fail of Easter Island actual has a distorted perspective.

Questions 37-40 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

Many theories speculated that Easter Island's fall around the era of the initial European contact. Some say the resources are depleted by a 37........................; The erroneous theories began with a root of the 38........................ advanced by some scholars. Early writers did not have adequate 39........................ understandings to comprehend the true nature of events on the island. The social devastation was in fact a direct result of 40........................ of the first European settlers.

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S3271104 & Related Question Answers 27

v

28

ii

29

iii

30

viii

31

NOT GIVEN

32

TRUE

33

FALSE

34

FALSE

35

NOT GIVEN

36

TRUE

37

growing population

38

racist assumption

39

archeological and historical

40

inhuman behavior

S3278703 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S3. 科学交流（科技类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

Communication in Science A Science plays an increasingly significant role in people's lives, making the faithful communication of scientific developments more important than ever. Yet such communication is fraught with challenges that can easily distort discussions, leading to unnecessary confusion and misunderstandings. B Some problems stem from the esoteric nature of current research and the associated difficulty of finding sufficiently faithful terminology. Abstraction and complexity are not signs that a given scientific direction is wrong, as some commentators have suggested, but are instead a tribute to the success of human ingenuity in meeting the increasingly complex challenges that nature presents. They can, however, make communication more difficult. But many of the biggest challenges for science reporting arise because in areas of evolving research, scientists themselves often only partly understand the full implications of any particular advance or development. Since that dynamic applies to most of the scientific developments that directly affect people's lives global warming, cancer research, diet studies - learning how to overcome it is critical to spurring a more informed scientific debate among the broader public.

C Ambiguous word choices are the source of some misunderstandings. Scientists often employ colloquial terminology, which they then assign a specific meaning that is impossible to fathom without proper training. The term "relativity," for example, is intrinsically misleading. Many interpret the theory to mean that everything is relative and there are no absolutes. Yet although the measurements any observer makes depend on his coordinates and reference frame, the physical phenomena he measures have an invariant description that transcends that observer's particular coordinates. Einstein's theory of relativity is really about finding an invariant description of physical phenomena. Indeed, Einstein agreed with the suggestion that his theory would have been better named "Invarianten theorie." But the term "relativity" was already too entrenched at the time for him to change. D "The uncertainty principle" is another frequently abused term. It is sometimes interpreted as a limitation on observers and their ability to make measurements. E But it is not about intrinsic limitations on any one particular measurement; it is about the inability to precisely measure particular pairs of quantities "simultaneously". The first interpretation is perhaps more engaging from a philosophical or political perspective. It's just not what the science is about. F Even the word "theory" can be a problem. Unlike most people, who use the word to describe a passing conjecture that they often regard as suspect, physicists have very specific ideas in mind when they talk about theories. For physicists, theories entail a definite physical framework embodied in a set of fundamental assumptions about the world that lead to a specific set of equations and predictions - ones that are borne out by successful predictions. Theories aren't necessarily shown to be correct or complete immediately. Even Einstein took the better part of a decade to develop the correct version of his theory of general relativity. But eventually both the ideas and the measurements settle down and theories are either proven correct, abandoned or absorbed into other, more encompassing theories.

G "Global warming" is another example of problematic terminology. Climatologists predict more drastic fluctuations in temperature and rainfall - not necessarily that every place will be warmer. The name sometimes subverts the debate, since it lets people argue that their winter was worse, so how could there be global warming? Clearly "global climate change" would have been a better name. But not all problems stem solely from poor word choices. Some stem from the intrinsically complex nature of much of modern science. Science sometimes transcends this limitation: remarkably, chemists were able to detail the precise chemical processes involved in the destruction of the ozone layer, making the evidence that chlorofluorocarbon gases (Freon, for example) were destroying the ozone layer indisputable. H A better understanding of the mathematical significance of results and less insistence on a simple story would help to clarify many scientific discussions. For several months, Harvard was tortured by empty debates over the relative intrinsic scientific abilities of men and women. One of the more amusing aspects of the discussion was that those who believed in the differences and those who didn't used the same evidence about gender-specific special ability. How could that be? The answer is that the data shows no substantial effects. Social factors might account for these tiny differences, which in any case have an unclear connection to scientific ability. Not much of a headline when phrased that way, is it? Each type of science has its own source of complexity and potential for miscommunication. Yet there are steps we can take to improve public understanding in all cases. The first would be to inculcate greater understanding and acceptance of indirect scientific evidence. The information from an unmanned space mission is no less legitimate than the information from one in which people are on board. I This doesn't mean never questioning an interpretation, but it also doesn't mean equating indirect evidence with blind belief, as people sometimes suggest. Second, we might need different standards for evaluating science with urgent policy implications than research with purely theoretical value. When scientists say they are not certain about their predictions, it doesn't necessarily mean they've found nothing substantial. It would be

better if scientists were more open about the mathematical significance of their results and if the public didn't treat math as quite so scary; statistics and errors, which tell us the uncertainty in a measurement, give us the tools to evaluate new developments fairly. J But most important, people have to recognize that science can be complex. If we accept only simple stories, the description will necessarily be distorted. When advances are subtle or complicated, scientists should be willing to go the extra distance to give proper explanations and the public should be more patient about the truth. Even so, some difficulties are unavoidable. Most developments reflect work in progress, so the story is complex because no one yet knows the big picture.

Questions 27 - 31 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 27 - 31 on your answer sheet.

27 Why the faithful science communication important A Science plays an increasingly significant role in people's lives. B

Science is fraught with challenges public are interested in.

C The nature of complexity in science communication leads to confusion. D Scientific inventions are more important than ever before.

28 What is the reason that the author believe for the biggest challenges for science reporting A

Phenomenon such as global warming, cancer research, diet studies are too complex.

B

Scientists themselves often only partly understand the Theory of Evolution.

C Scientists do not totally comprehend the meaning of certain scientific evolution. D Scientists themselves often partly understand the esoteric communication nature. 29

According to the 3rd paragraph, the reference to the term and example of "theory of relativity" is to demonstrate A

theory of relativity is about an invariant physical phenomenon.

B

common people may be misled by the inaccurate choice of scientific phrase.

C the term "relativity" is designed to be misleading public. D everything is relative and there is no absolutes existence. 30 Which one is a good example of appropriate word choice A

scientific theory for uncertainty principle

B

phenomenon of Global warming

C the importance of ozone layer D Freon's destructive process on environmental 31 What is surprising finding of the Harvard debates in the passage A There are equal intrinsic scientific abilities of men and women. B The proof applied by both sides seemed to be of no big difference. C The scientific data usually shows no substantial figures to support a debated idea. D Social factors might have a clear connection to scientific ability.

Questions 32 - 35 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 32 - 35 on your answer sheet, write

32

YES

if the statement agrees with the information

NO

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN

if there is no information on this

"Global warming" scientifically refers to greater fluctuations in temperature and rainfall rather than a universal temperature rise.

33

More media coverage of "global warming" would help public to recognize the phenomenon.

34

Harvard debates should focus more on female scientist and male scientists.

35

Public understanding and acceptance of indirect scientific evidence in all cases would lead to confusion.

Questions 36 - 40 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 36 - 40 on your answer sheet.

Science Communication is fraught with challenges that can easily distort discussions, leading to unnecessary confusion

and

misunderstandings.

Firstly, Ambiguous

36........................ are

the

source

of

some

misunderstandings. Common people without proper training do not understand clearly or deeply a specific scientific meaning via the 37........................ scientists often employed. Besides, the measurements any 38........................ makes cannot be confined to describe in a(n) constant 39........................ yet the phenomenon can be. What's more, even the word "theory" can be a problem. Theories aren't necessarily shown to be correct or complete immediately since scientists often evolved better versions of specific theories, a good example can be the theory of 40........................ Thus, most importantly people have to recognize that science can be complex.

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S3278703 & Related Question Answers 27

A

28

C

29

B

30

D

31

B

32

YES

33

NOT GIVEN

34

NOT GIVEN

35

NO

36

word choices

37

colloquial terminology

38

observer

39

invariant description

40

(theory of) general relativity

S3327405 Checkboxes & Related Question Types

Passage Backgrounds S3. 智商测试（科技类）

True / False / NG

List of Headings

Summary

Paragraph Matching

Matching

Multiple Choices

Does An IQ Test Prove Creativity? Everyone has creativity, some have a lot more than others. The development of humans, and possibly the universe, depends on it. Yet creativity is an elusive creature. What do we mean by it? What is going on in our brains when ideas form? Does it feel the same for artists and scientists? We asked writers and neuroscientists, pop stars and Al gurus to try to deconstruct the creative process - and learn how we can all ignite the spark within.

A In the early 1970s, creativity was still seen as a type of intelligence. But when more subtle tests of IQ and creative skills were developed in the 1970s, particularly by the father of creativity testing, Paul Torrance, it became clear that the link was not so simple. Creative people are intelligent, in terms of IQ tests at least, but only averagely or just above. While it depends on the discipline, in general beyond a certain level IQ does not help boost creativity; it is necessary, but not sufficient to make someone creative.

B Because of the difficulty of studying the actual process, most early attempts to study creativity concentrated on personality. According to creativity specialist Mark Runco of

California State University, Fullerton, the "creative personality" tends to place a high value on aesthetic qualities and to have broad interests, providing lots of resources to draw on and knowledge to recombine into novel solutions. "Creatives" have an attraction to complexity and an ability to handle conflict. They are also usually highly self-motivated, perhaps even a little obsessive. Less creative people, on the other hand, tend to become irritated if they cannot immediately fit all the pieces together. They are less tolerant of confusion. Creativity comes to those who wait, but only to those who are happy to do so in a bit of a fog.

C But there may be a price to pay for having a creative personality. For centuries, a link has been made between creativity and mental illness. Psychiatrist Jamison of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, found that established artists are significantly more likely to have mood disorders. But she also suggests that a change of mood state might be the key to triggering a creative event, rather than the negative mood itself. Intelligence can help channel this thought style into great creativity, but when combined with emotional problems, lateral, divergent or open thinking can lead to mental illness instead.

D Jordan Peterson, a psychologist at the University of Toronto, Canada, believes he has identified a mechanism that could help explain this. He says that the brains of creative people seem more open to incoming stimuli than less creative types. Our senses are continuously feeding a mass of information into our brains, which have to block or ignore most of it to save us from being snowed under. Peterson calls this process latent inhibition, and argues that people who have less of it, and who have a reasonably high IQ with a good working memory can juggle more of the data, and so may be open to more possibilities and ideas. The downside of extremely low latent inhibition may be a confused thought style that predisposes people to mental illness. So for Peterson, mental illness is not a prerequisite for creativity, but it shares some cognitive traits.

E But what of the creative act itself? One of the first studies of the creative brain at work was by Colin Martindale, a psychologist from the University of Maine in Orono. Back in 1978, he used a network of scalp electrodes to record an electroencephalogram, a record of the pattern of brain waves, as people made up stories. Creativity has two stages: inspiration and elaboration, each characterised by very different states of mind. While people were dreaming up their stories, he found their brains were surprisingly quiet. The dominant activity was alpha waves, indicating a very low level of cortical arousal: a relaxed state, as though the conscious mind was quiet while the brain was making connections behind the scenes. It's the same sort of brain activity as in some stages of sleep, dreaming or rest, which could explain why sleep and relaxation can help people be creative. However, when these quiet-minded people were asked to work on their stories, the alpha wave activity dropped off and the brain became busier, revealing increased cortical arousal, more corralling of activity and more organised thinking. Strikingly, it was the people who showed the biggest difference in brain activity between the inspiration and development stages who produced the most creative storylines. Nothing in their background brain activity marked them as creative or uncreative. "It's as if the less creative person can't shift gear," says Guy Claxton, a psychologist at the University of Bristol, UK. "Creativity requires different kinds of thinking. Very creative people move between these states intuitively." Creativity, it seems, is about mental flexibility: perhaps not a two-step process, but a toggling between two states. In a later study, Martindale found that communication between the sides of the brain is also important.

F Paul Howard-Jones, who works with Claxton at Bristol, believes he has found another aspect of creativity. He asked people to make up a story based on three words and scanned their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In one trial, people were asked not to try too hard and just report the most obvious story suggested by the words. In another, they were asked to be inventive. He also varied the words so it was easier or harder to link them. As people tried harder and came up with more creative tales,

there was a lot more activity in a particular prefrontal brain region on the right-hand side. These regions are probably important in monitoring for conflict, helping us to filter out many of the unhelpful ways of combining the words and allowing us to pull out just the desirable connections, Howard-Jones suggests. It shows that there is another side to creativity, he says. The story-making task, particularly when we are stretched, produces many options which we have to assess. So part of creativity is a conscious process of evaluating and analysing ideas. The test also shows that the more we try and are stretched, the more creative our minds can be.

G And creativity need not always be a solitary, tortured affair, according to Teresa Amabile of Harvard Business School. Though there is a slight association between solitary writing or painting and negative moods or emotional disturbances, scientific creativity and workplace creativity seem much more likely to occur when people are positive and buoyant. In a decade-long study of real businesses, to be published soon, Amabile found that positive moods relate positively to creativity in organisations, and that the relationship is a simple linear one. Creative thought also improves people's moods, her team found, so the process is circular. Time pressures, financial pressures and hard-earned bonus schemes on the other hand, do not boost workplace creativity: internal motivation, not coercion, produces the best work.

H Another often forgotten aspect of creativity is social. Vera John-Steiner of the University of New Mexico says that to be really creative you need strong social networks and trusting relationships, not just active neural networks. One vital characteristic of a highly creative person, she says, is that they have at least one other person in their life who doesn't think they are completely nuts.

Questions 28-31 Do the following statement agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet, write

TURE

if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN

if there is no information on this

28

High IQ guarantees more ability to create in one person than one with an average score.

29

For a competitive society, individuals' language proficiency is more important than the other abilities.

30

A wider range of resources and knowledge can be integrated into bringing about creative approaches.

31 A creative person not necessarily suffers more mental illness.

Questions 32-36 Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-F) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters, A-F, in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.

A

Jamison

B

Jordan Peterson

C

Guy Claxton

D

Howard-Jone

E

Teresa Amabile

F

Vera John-Steiner

32 Instead of producing the negative mood, a shift of mood state might be the one important factor of inducing a creative thinking. 33

Where the more positive moods individuals achieve, there is higher creativity in organizations.

34 Good interpersonal relationship and trust contribute to a person with more creativity. 35

Creativity demands different kinds of thinking that can be easily changed back and forth.

36

Certain creative mind can be upgraded if we are put into more practice in assessing and processing ideas.

Questions 37-40 Complete the Summary paragraph described below. In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write the correct answer with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.

But what of the creative act itself? In 1978, Colin Martindale made stories records of pattern of brain waves as people made up stories by applying a system constituted of many 37 ........................ . Two phrases of mind state such as 38 ........................ are found. While people were still planning their stories, their brains show little active sign and the mental activity was showing a very relaxed state as the same sort of brain activity as in sleep, dreaming or relaxing. However, experiment proved the signal of 39 ........................ went down and the brain became busier revealing increased cortical arousal, when these people who are in a laidback state were required to produce their stories. Strikingly, it was found the people who was perceived to have the greatest 40........................ in brain activity between two stages, produced storylines with highest level of creativity.

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S3327405 & Question Answers

28

FALSE

29

NOT GIVEN

30

TRUE

31

TRUE

32

A

33

E

34

F

35

C

scalpel 36

D

37

38 electrodes

40

inspiration and

difference/differences

alpha wave activity/alpha 39

elaboration

waves