Breeding for seed yield and shoot webber (Antigastra catalaunalis D.) resistance in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1270-1275 (July 2010) Research Article Breeding for seed yield and shoot webber (Antigastra catalaunalis...
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Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1270-1275 (July 2010)

Research Article

Breeding for seed yield and shoot webber (Antigastra catalaunalis D.) resistance in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) M. Gnanasekaran, S. Jebaraj, M. Gunasekaran and S. Muthuramu

Abstract:

Forty sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) involving eight high yielding popular varieties and five sesame shoot webber resistant genotypes were evaluated to study gene action, combining ability and heterosis. Among the parents, the lines VS 9701, CO 1, SVPR 1 and Rama and the testers Si 3315/11 and ES 22 were the best for most of the yield and yield contributing characters (including shoot webber resistance) based on mean performance and gca effects. Considering the mean performance, sca and standard heterosis, five hybrids viz., VS 9701 × Si 3315/11, CO 1 × Si 3315/11, SVPR 1 × ES 22, VS 9701 × ES 22 and Rama × Si 3315/11 were found to be superior for seed yield and shoot webber resistance and recommended for further evaluation. Key words:

Sesame, gene action, combining ability, heterosis, shoot webber resistance Introduction Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) known as gingelly, til or beniseed is an ancient oil seed crop. It is rice in oil (52-53%) and protein (26.25%). Sesame oil is noted for its stability, quality and medicinal properties. The rich, almost odourless oil extracted from the tiny seeds is very stable and contains an antioxidant system comprising of sesamol and sesamolinol formed from sesamolin, which substantially reduce its oxidation rate. Sesamum oil is wonderful for reducing stress and tension and preventing nervous disorders, relieving fatigue and promoting strength and vitality. India is the largest producer of sesame in the world accounting for 30 per cent of the World’s output. However, sesame has not contributed much to the oil scenario of the country. Even though many high yielding varieties have replaced varieties of early years, there has been a concern Cotton Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Srivilliputtur, Tamil Nadu Email: [email protected]

over the yield plateau hybrid sesame is the most powerful tool to break this stagnated yield plateau. The knowledge of combining ability helps to pinpoint the best combiners which in turn be involved in the development of high productivity hybrids. Secondly, sesame has several serious pests and diseases problem causing 25-100 per cent yield loss every year. Foliage feeder shoot webber (Antigastra catalaunalis D.) is of major importance among the pests in most of the sesame growing regions, which causes damage to the crop upto 40 percent in India especially in Tamil Nadu (Abraham., et al.,1977). Therefore, in addition to breeding for desirable yield contributing characters, there is also a need of incorporation of pest resistance, in the presently cultivated varieties. Hence, the present study was conducted with the aim to study the gene action, combining ability and heterosis percentage of the yield contributing traits and shoot webber resistance and to identify superior resistant lines with high seed yield.

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Materials and methods The experimental materials were generated from eight high yielding popular varieties as lines (viz., CO 1, VRI 1, SVPR 1, TMV 3, VS 9701, TKG 22, Rama and Uma) and five testers (shoot webber resistant donors viz., Si 25, Si 1525, Si 3315/11, ES 12 and ES 22), crossed in Line × Tester fashion, thus resulting in to 40 hybrids. These hybrids along with their parents were evaluated during February, 2005 in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications in single row plot of three meters length. A spacing of 30 cm between rows and 30 cm within row was adapted. Standard package of practices and need based plant protection measures were taken up to maintain a good crop growth. Five plants were randomly selected in all the genotypes and replications for recording biometrical observations for nine characters viz., days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight, oil content and seed yield per plant. For screening against shoot webber, all the 53 genotypes were raised in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications to screen under field condition during June, 2005 and for artificial screening (Pot culture) during December, 2005 respectively. Three rows of susceptible check SVPR 1 were raised in between the genotypes and in the border of the field plot. The entries were allowed for natural infection and no plant protection measures were undertaken. For artificial screening the first instar shoot webber larvae cultured and collected from severely infected field were artificially inoculated two times on 30 and 60 DAS at the rate of one larva per plant. Fifteen days after first and second inoculation, the percent leaf and capsule damage by the larvae were recorded as per the method suggested (Murali Baskaran and Mahadevan,1989). For analysis, the data collected from field trial were used for biometrical traits and the data collected from artificial screening plot were used for the trait shoot webber resistance. Results and discussion Analysis for combining ability of ten characters revealed significant differences among the genotypes. The variances due to lines, testers and line × tester interaction were highly significant for all the traits. In the present investigation, high σ2A than σ2D obtained for traits viz., days to maturity, plant height, number of capsules per plant, 1000 seed weight and seed yield per plant indicate the predominance of additive gene action (Table 1). Similar reports were

reported earlier for days to maturity ( Mahapatra and Kar, 2001) for plant height and 1000 seed weight (Saravanan and Nadarajan, 2003), for number of capsules per plant and for seed yield per plant (Puspha et al., 2003). The characters like number of branches per plant, capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, oil content and shoot webber resistance were highly influenced by non-additive gene action as evidenced from the very low σ2A / σ2D ration (Table 1). Similar results of non additive gene action governing various traits were reported for number of branches per plant, capsule length and number of seeds per plant (Puspha et al., 2003), for oil content (Deepa Sankar and Ananda Kumar, 2003) and for shoot webber resistance (Shanthi,1997). As additive gene action was present for most of the traits studied, simple pedigree breeding may be followed. Due to the presence of dominant gene action selection has to be postponed to later generations. The success of any plant breeding programmes largely depends on the appropriate choice of parents. Thus the parents chosen for the present study were assessed based on their mean performance and combining ability effects. Among the parents, SVPR 1 possessed desirable per se performance for days to maturity, plant height, capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight, oil content and seed yield per plant while VS 9701 for plant height, number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight, oil content and seed yield per plant. Among the testers Si 3315/11 had superior per se performance for days to maturity, number of capsules per plant, 1000 seed weight, oil content, seed yield per plant and shoot webber whereas ES 22 exhibited superior mean values for capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight, oil content, seed yield per plant and shoot webber. The estimate of gca effects revealed that the line VS 9701 had significantly high gca effects for eight traits viz., number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight, oil content, seed yield per plant and shoot webber. Among the testers, Si 3315/11 and ES 22 had recorded desirable gca effects for nine characters each. Both Si 3315/11 and ES 22 possessed good gca effects for all the characters studied except plant height. VS 9701, Si 3315/11, ES 22, CO 1 SVPR 1 and Rama were the best parents since they possessed significant mean, and gca for most of the yield

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contributing characters including shoot webber resistance. Hence these parents could be utilized in crossing programme for seed yield reimbursing with shoot webber resistance (Table 2.) Considering the sca effects of the 40 hybrids, the cross combinations CO 1 × Si 3315/11 was the best since it recorded high mean values for all the traits. This was followed by the hybrid VS 9701 × ES 22 which exhibited favourable mean performance for nine traits including seed yield per plant and shoot webber. Considering the sca effects of the 40 hybrids, the cross combinations CO 1 × Si 3315/11 and TMV 3 × ES 12 recorded desirable sca effects for all the traits under study. The crosses VRI × ES 22, SVPR 1 × Si 25, SVPR 1 × ES 12 and VS 9701 × Si 3315/11 were the next best specific combiners for eight different characters each. Significant heterosis over standard variety SVPR 1 was observed in VS 9701 / Si 3315/11 and VS 9701 / ES 22 for eight out of ten traits viz., number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight, oil content, seed yield per plant and shoot webber resistance. The next best hybrid combination which had significant standard heterosis for seven traits including seed yield per plant was VRI 1 / ES 22. For exploiting hybrid vigour, per se performance, sca effects and the extent of heterosis of hybrids are important. Hence, selection must be based on mean values, sca effects as well as standard heterosis. Accordingly, the hybrids were ranked based on the above said parameters. Overall six hybrids viz., VS 9701 / Si 3315/11, CO 1 / Si 3315/11, SVPR 1 / ES 22, TMV 3 / ES 12, VS 9701 / ES 22 and Rama / Si 3315/11 were found to be superior on the bases of mean values, sca effects and standard heterosis including seed yield and shoot webber resistance except TMV 3 × ES 12 which was not favourable for shoot webber resistance. In addition to these, the hybrids CO 1 / Si 1525, VRI 1 / Si 25, VS 9701 / Si 25 and TKG 22 / ES 22 can be utilized since they fulfil all the three criteria required for heterosis breeding for different traits including seed yield. (Table.3)

For improvement of often cross-pollinated crop like sesame, sca effects of a particulars cross combination might be useful if it is accompanied by high gca effects of the respective parents (Raghavaiah and Joshi,1986). An examination of gca and sca effects revealed that it might not be possible to find a definite trend for all the traits in all the hybrids. However, when both parents possessed significant gca effects, there was a concomitant significant sca effects in certain hybrids as in SVPR 1 × ES 22 and Rama × Si 3315/11 for days to maturity, CO 1 × Si 3315/11, VRI 1 × ES 22, VS 9701 × Si 3315/11 and VS 9701 × ES 22 for number of branches per plant, CO 1 × Si 3315/11, VS 9701 × Si 3315/11, VS 9701×ES22andTKG 22 × ES 22 for number of capsules per plant, CO 1 × Si 3315/11, VRI 1 × Si 25, VS 9701 × Si 3315/11, VS 9701 × ES 22, VS 9701 × Si 25 and TKG 22 × ES 22 for capsule length, CO 1 × Si 3315/11, SVPR 1 × ES 22, VRI 1 × Si 25, VS 9701 × Si 3315/11 and VS 9701 × ES 22 for number of seeds per capsule, CO 1 × Si 3315/11, SVPR 1 × ES 22, VS 9701 × Si 3315/11, VS 9701 × ES 22, TKG 22 × ES 22 and Rama × Si 3315/11 for 1000 seed weight, VS 9701 × Si 3315/11, VS 9701 × ES 22, TKG 22 × ES 22 and Rama × Si 3315/11 for oil content, CO 1 × Si 3315/11, VS 9701 × Si 3315/11, VS 9701 × ES 22 and Rama × Si 3315/11 for shoot webber and CO 1 × Si 3315/11, SVPR 1 × ES 22, VS 9701 × Si 3315/11, VS 9701 × ES 22, TKG 22 × ES 22 and Rama × Si 3315/11 for seed yield per plant. Parents with high × high gca effects showed high sca effects, indicating the presence of additive × additive type of gene action between favourable alleles contributed by the two parents which was considered to be fixable type of nature (Ram, 1995). Thus the above hybrids would be useful for further testing. Significant gca effects in any one of the parents and non significant gca effects on the other parents leading to significant sca effects in the hybrids could be observed as in TMV 3 × ES 12 for days to maturity, TKG 22 × Si 25 and TKG 22 × ES 22 for number of branches per plant, Rama × Si 3315/11 for number of seeds per capsule. Parent with high x low or low x high gca effects producing crosses with significant sca effects indicated the presence of nonadditive gene interaction. Therefore, the above crosses could throw desirable transgressive segregants if the additive genetic systems present in one general combining parent and complementary epistatic effects in the other act in the same direction to maximize the desirable plant attributes (Fasoulas,1980).

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It would be useful to select only those hybrids having parents with high gca effects and without significant sca effects for recombination breeding [13]. The segregation of these hybrids is likely to throw more recombinants possessing favourable additive genes from both the parents. Based on these ponts the following hybrids viz., SVPR 1 × Si 1525 for plant height, VRI 1 × Si 3315/11, VS 9701 × Si 25 and TKG 22 × Si 3315/11 for capsule length, CO 1 × Si 25 for number of seeds per capsules SVPR 1 × ES 22 and TKG 22 × Si 3315/11 for 1000 seed weight could be utilized for further improvement of the respective traits through recombination breeding. Acknowledgement The author thankfully acknowledges the University Grants Commission (UGC) for the financial support to conduct this research by providing Senior Research Fellowship (SRF). References Abraham E.V., Natarajan K. And Murugesan M.1977. Damage by pest phyllody to sesame in relation to time of sowing. Madras Agric. J., 64 : 289-301. Deepa Sankar P., and Ananda Kumar C.R. 2003. Geetic analysis of yield and yield related components in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Crops. Res., 25 (1): 91-95. Fasoulas, A.1980. Principles and Methods of plant Breeding. Pub. Np. 11; Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding. Aristotellian Univ., of Thessalonikil, Greece.

Murali Baskaran, R.K. and Mahadevan N.R.1989. Resistant to major pest of sesamum. Annual plant resistance to insects news letter. (15): 54-55. Nadarajan, N.1986. Genetic analysis of fibre characters in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Puspha R., Senthil Kumar P., and Ganesan J. 2003. Studies on combining ability through diallel analysis is sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Sesame Safflower New letter 17: 22-25. Raghavaiah, P., and Joshi, M.G.1986. Combining ability studies in Emmer wheat. Indian J.Genet., 46: 476-483. Ram, T.1995. Combining ability in sesame in rainfed condition. Ann. Agric. Res., 16(3): 311-316. Saravanan S., and Nadarajan N., 2003. Combining ability studies in sesame. Crop Res., 25(2): 319-324. Shanthi, S. 1997 Resistance to powdery mildew and shoot webber in (Sesamum indicum L.) through conventional and embryo rescue. Ph.D.Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Swain D., Mahapatra, J.R. and Kar U.C. 2001. Nature of gene action for and yield components in sesame (Sesamum. Indicum L.) Sesame Safflower New letter. 16: 36-38

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Table. 1. Magnitude of additive and dominant variance for different traits sesame Characters Days to maturity Plant height Number of branches per plant Number of capsule per plant Capsule length Number of seeds per capsule 1000 seed weight Oil content Seed yield per plant Shoot webber

σ2 A (F=1) 41.58 190.54 1.72 929.64 0.02 20.22 0.02 5.98 66.50 2.70

σ2 D (F=1) 10.01 127.08 1.95 33.34 0.09 38.89 0.01 11.61 61.15 149.75

σ2A / σ2 D 4.15 1.50 0.88 2.81 0.22 0.52 2.00 0.52 1.52 0.02

Table 2 : Mean performance and general combining ability effects of promising parents for yield contributing characters including shoot webber resistance in sesame

Parents

CO 1 SVPR 1 VS 9701 Rama Mean SEd CD (0.05) Si 3315/11 ES 22 Mean SEd CD (0.05)

Number of branches per plant

Number of capsules per plant

Number of seeds per capsule

Oil content (%)

Seed yield per plant (gm)

7.01* 2.18** 6.53 -0.67** 7.03* 1.26** 5.63 -0.77** 6.89 0.08 0.06 0.16 6:13 0.66** 4.92 0.43** 6.37 0.06 0.05 0.12

130.14* 44.62** 102.45 -4.94** 120.23* 3.08** 78.23 -10.76** 109.14 0.31 0.22 0.62 103.53* 3.05** 81.83 18.75** 98.97 0.25 0.17 0.50

53.44 2.75** 62.84* 1.18** 60.44* 3.37** 52.44 -0.04 55.35 0.25 0.18 0.50 52.04 0.68** 64.14* 5.06** 57.50 0.20 0.14 0.40

44.63 -3.42** 47.80* 0.01 46.20* 1.94** 41.01 1.09** 44.70 0.03 0.02 0.06 45.51* 2.50** 46.74* 1.44** 43.23 0.03 0.02 0.06

21.54* 3.25** 20.61* 1.57** 17.54* 11.21** 16.86* 0.76** 16.36 0.13 0.09 0.26 14.61* 0.34** 14.60* 7.19** 13.92 0.10 0.07 0.20

Shoot webber (Transformed value) Screen Field House 55.43* 61.89 70.54

70.54

61.90

61.90

61.90

54.76*

60.39 0.72

62.09 0.16

1.44 28.15*

0.32 28.14*

35.27

28.14*

30.78 0.57

31.06 0.13

1.14

0.26

** Significant at 1% level; * Significant at 5% level; values in italicized indicate general combining ability effects of the parents

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Table 3

:

Hybrids VS 9701 / Si 3315/11 CO 1 / Si 3315/11 SVPR 1 / ES 22 TMV 3 / ES 12 VS 9701 / ES 22 Rama / Si 3315/11 Grand mean SEd

Mean performance, specific combining ability effects and standard heterosis of promising hybrids for yield contributing characters including shoot webber resistance in sesame Number of branches per plant 12.69* 3.25** 94.38** 11.14* 0.79** 70.74** 7.83* 0.55* 19.92** 8.09* 1.86** 23.90** 9.09* -0.12* 39.22** 8.92* 1.52** 36.67** 7.52 0.06 0.05 0.18

Number of capsules per plant 140.55* 21.18** 37.19** 175.01* 14.10** 70.83** 130.65* 3.61** 27.53** 118.64* 18.07** 15.81** 114.21* -20.86** 11.49** 143.55* 38.03** 40.12** 113.24 0.26 0.49 0.69

Number of seeds per capsule 69.69* 7.38** 10.91** 69.00* 7.31** 9.80** 69.04* 4.54** 9.87** 67.04* 14.43** 6.68** 68.69* 2.00** 9.31** 55.69 -3.21** -11.37** 58.26 0.57 0.40 0.57

Oil content (%) 48.00* 2.23** 0.43** 42.81* 2.39** -10.44** 39.20 -3.58** -17.99** 44.27* 5.25** -7.38** 49.45* 4.74** 3.45** 45.36* 0.43** -5.10** 41.34 0.07 0.05 0.07

Seed yield per plant (gm) 46.55* 7.52** 125.83** 42.25* 11.18** 104.95** 49.51* 13.27** 140.18** 29.85* 8.48** 44.79** 46.34* 0.47* 124.82** 41.26* 12.67** 100.15** 27.48 0.28 0.20 0.28

Shoot webber resistant 35.05* -3.92** -50.31** 28.42* -10.53** -59.71** 37.31* -9.04** -47.11** 54.82 -3.33** -22.29** 35.27* -6.45** -50.00** 35.27* -2.61** -50.00** 49.73 0.37 0.26 0.37

** Significant at 1% level; * Significant at 5% level; values in italicized indicate specific combining ability effects of the promising hybrids; values in bold indicate standard heterosis of promising hybrids

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