BIOMECHANICS: CURRENT INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMECHANICS Huiskes R, Van Campen DH, De Wijn JR (eds): Biomechanics: Principles and Applications. 1982. ISBN 90-247-3047-3. Perren SM, Schneider E (eds): Biomechanics: Current Interdisciplinary Research. 1985. ISBN 0-89838-755-8.

Biomechanics: Current Interdisciplinary Research Selected proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of the European Society of Biomechanics in collaboration with the European Society of Biomaterials, September 24-26, 1984, Davos, Switzerland

edited by

S.M. Perren and E. Schneider M.E. MUlIer Institute for Biomechanics University of Bern, Bern Switzerland

1985 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS \,. a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP

DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER

Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI lRN, UK for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Biomechanics : current interdisciplinary research. (Developments in biomechanics) Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Human mechanics--Congresses. 2. Biomechanics-Congresses. 3. Biomedical materials--Congresses. 4. Prosthesis--Congresses. I. Perren, S. M. (Stephan M.), 1932• II. Schneider, E. (Erich) III. European Society of.Biomechanics. IV. European Society for Biomate rials. V. Series. QP303.B567 1985 612'76 85-15486 ISBN-13: 978-94-011-7434-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-011-7432-9 DOl: 10.10071978-94-011-7432-9

Copyright

© 1985 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced pored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written premission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

v

PREFACE The

papers

presented

at

the Fourth 'Meeting of

the

European

Society of Biomechanics, held in collaboration with the European Society for Biomaterials in late September 1984 in Davos, Switzerland, are published herewith. The main idea of the meeting was to gather together the many disciplines of researchers and clinicians active and interested in

promoting

society:

biomechanical

knowledge

in

one

interdisciplinary

the European Society of Biomechanics. We feel that the

dialog across the society,

the disciplines is one of the important goals of a goal which can be furthered by meetings like the

one in Davos. A surgeon, whether a general, trauma or orthopaedic surgeon, is normally brought up without relevant exposure to specific technical problems. It therefore is not surprising that he speaks a different language with respect to mechanical problems than an engineer. Although a surgeon often has a feeling for what the solution to a particular problem might be, a fruitful interdisciplinary collaboration is made difficult by this scientific language barrier. On the other hand, a physicist, chemist, engineer

and

realistic

metallurgist, perception

of

to

name

the

a

few,

would

possibilities

and

do

well

with

limitations

a of

surgery and of the relevance of a solution found to the initial question.

Similar

problems

exist

in

other

areas,

e. g.

in

the

field of sports biomechanics in the dialogue betweeen coach and researcher. Interdisciplinary misunderstandings have led to quite some unaeces£ary frustration in the past. Many development •

based

on

intui ti ve

clinical

biomechanics

and begun in Europe, have spread throughout the world. Therefore, it should also be 'th~ task of the European Society of Biomechanics through its meetings and communications to enhance this interdisciplinary dialog at the level of applied and basic research

VI across continents. For these reasons we believe that the European Society should by all means strive for a widespread collaboration keeping the interdisciplinary aspects foremost. It is fascinating to see how scientists in widely differing areas of specialization - from cardiovascular to orthopaedic, rehabilitation, sports biomechanics and biomaterials - have important common areas of interest to warrant a common society. At the meeting this specialization accounts and allows for several parallel sessions without causing continuous headaches resulting from the parallel presentations missed. For the first time, the meeting was preceeded by a series of biomechanical courses including basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, biomechanics applied to fracture treatment with internal fixation plates, biomechanics applied to prosthetic joint replacement as well as cardiovascular mechanics and ultrasonic measurements. Judging from our point of view these were qui te successful and will be continued. Additionally, the confines of a mountain village and the heavy snow fall served to keep the participants during lectures and recreational periods well together. It is the pleasant duty of the chairman to thank all those who have contributed to a successful meeting. First, I would like to thank the authors of the abstracts, the presentations and the publications. Unfortunately, not all papers of good quality can be accepted for oral presentation, posters represent an important facet of the dialog. There remains, however, a problem due to the fact that the number of publications is limited. I would like to thank all those who agreed to show and discuss a poster and I extend my apologies to those whom we might have mistakenly led to believe that the posters could eventually be included in this publication. Thanks are due to the program advisory board which helped in the evaluation of the abstracts to be presented and to the chairmen who did not only keep the flow of presentations and discussions concise and timely, but also helped to judge and select the papers for final publication. The meeting was managed by Hiss Vreni Geret, who cared for everything with charme and finesse. She was assisted by Hiss

VII

Ursula Kindschi, brilliant,

Miss Heidi Bosshard and Mrs.

cooperative

team.

Dr.

Erich

Sibylle Divis,

Schneider

directed

a in

excellent fashion the program and the publications. He invested a lot of his valuable time to ensure the success of the meeting. PD Dr. Berton Rahn helped additionally to keep the finances from falling apart.

It is my pleasure to thank AO International and

the MUller Foundation for granting a deficit coverage which unfortunately had

to be provided.

Mr.

Jacques Cordey was respon-

sible for the scientific and Mr. Richard Vogel for the commercial exhibition. I would like to thank all of them and all the others whose

names

are

not mentioned explicitely for

their invaluable

collaboration. April 1985

S.H. Perren

IX

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ........................................................... v

A.

INVITED LECTURES

1•

Research management in biomechanics W.C. Hayes and D.P. Jedrey • • • • Dynamics of the musculoskeletal system H. Hatze • • • • • • • • • • Muscular activity and surface EMG G. Rau and H. Reucher Periodontal biomechanics D.C.A. Picton • . . • . . • • . • Issues in sports biomechanics

2.

3.

4. 5.

6. 7. 3.

9.

J. G. Hay

•••••••••

49

....

.............. .

61

s.

••••

•••••••••••••••

73

Functional adaptation and homeostasis of bone, tendons and ligaments L • - Y. Woo

Pressure distribution underneath the human foot P.R. Cavanagh and M.M. Rodgers • • • • • • • . Biomaterial and biomechanical considerations in the development of composites for the restoration of posterior teeth D.F. Williams •.•..••

Evaluation of tissue tolerance to carbon-silicon carbide, alumina and PTFE-grafted polyethylene particles M. Homerin, P. Christel, A. Dryll and L. Sedel Biocompatibility of implant materials: cell cul ture assay M. Cannas, F. Denicolai, G. Tarone and M.R. Amedeo Bone replacement by hydroxyapatite and betatricalcium-phosphate in rats - an alternative method to demineralized bone powder J.P. Pochon and W.H. Weihe • • • • • • • • • • The ring-on-disc method - clinical significance of a wear-screening test of biomaterials for hip joint alloplasty A. Walter and W. Plitz •• • • • • • • • • Cement-free fixation of cup-prosthesis with glass ceramic coating in dogs G. Zeiler, H. -J. Pesch and U. Gross • • • • •

14.

37

P. Christel

10.

13.

27

•••

BIOMATERIALS

12.

15

Potential applications of carbon-carbon composite materials for total joint replacement

B.

11.

• • 3

85

97

•• 111 •• 117

•• 123

129 • • 135

x 15.

16. 17.

Load pattern controlled osseo integration of Al 2 0 3-ceramic hip sockets and stepped stems of a vanadium-free titanium alloy G. Heimke, D. Stock, W. Seiwert, C.M. BUsing and J. Gottstein • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • •• Fracture of acrylic composite bone cement A. Castaldini and A. Cavallini Shot peening as surface treatment for bone fixation plates P. Comte and E. Nitra • . . • • • Comparative properties of carbon reinforced carbon and stainless steel plates in bending, torsion and fatigue Co. Rumelhart, P. Comte, B. Moyen and B. Buttazzoni 0

18.

•• 141 • 147

• • • • • • • • • • •

. . 159

c.

BIOMECHANICS OF HARD AND SOFT TISSUES

19.

Global mechanical properties of trabecular bone: experimental determination and prediction from a structural model F.J. Klever, R. Klumpert, J. Horenberg, H.J. Grootenboer, D.H. Van Campen and T. Pauly • • • . Relationship between mechanical properties and distribution of lamellae in the human femoral shaft M. Portigliatti Barbos, P. Bianco, A. Ascenzi and A. Boyde . . • . • . • • • • • • • . • The estimation of inter-osteonal mechanical properties from a composite model for Haversian bone J.L. Katz, H.S. Yoon and R.L. Maharidge • Orientation and age-related dependence of the fracture toughness of cortical bone W. Bonfield, J.C. Behiri and B. Charalambides (Cullen) . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . Bone loss after internal fixation using plates, determination in humans using computed tomography H.K. Schwyzer, J. Cordey, S. Brun, P. Matter and S.M. Perren ••..••... ••••• • Bone loss in plated shaft bone - a parametric study W. Good and P. Hutzschenreuter . • • . . . Mechanical stresses in the distal humerus and the clinical significance H. Rohrle, W. Sollbach and N. Gschwend • Fracture site motion and infection K. Merritt and J.D. Dowd . . . . . . . Bone remodeling - what are the parameters? S.G. Steinemann ............. . Computer simulation of interarticular fluid flow S. Tepic, T. Macirowski and R.W. Mann . . . Experimental and theoretical compression studies on porcine skin C.W.J. Oomens, D.H. Van Campen, H.J.Grootenboer • • . . and L.J. De Boer

20.

21.

22.

23.

24. 25. 26. 27.

28. 29.

153

167

173 179

185

191 197 203 209

215 221

227

XI

30.

Quantitative estimate of the variances of the viscoelastic properties upon physiotherapeutic treatment of skin auto transplants of patients with thermal trauma P. Goliiski, L. Baleva, D. Dimitrov, Z. Stoycheva and M. Petrova • • • . . • • . • . . • . . . . • 233

D.

CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY BIOMECHANICS

31.

The influence of a small stenosis in the carotid artery bulb on adjacent axial velocity profiles J.A.W.M. Corver, F.N. Van de Vosse, A.A. van Steenhoven and R.S. Reneman •..... . .. Age-related changes in viscoelasticity of normal and arteriosclerotic human aortas G.J. Langewouters, K.H. Wesseling and W.J.A. Goedhard ....•..•...... Elastic properties of blood vessels in simple elongation J. Vossoughi and H.W. Weizsacker . . • . . . . . . . . . A non-linear, viscoelastic, axisymmetric, two-phase finite element model of the passive left-ventricle J.M. Huyghe, L. Blankevoort, H.J. Grootenboer, R.M. Heethaar and D.H. Van Campen • . . . . . . • Structural identification of the lung-thorax system Ch. Depeursinge . . • • . . . . • . . . . . . . . •

32.

33. 34.

35.

239

245 251

257 263

E.

DENTAL BIOMECHANICS

36.

Dental implants with flexible inserts - a possibility to improve the stress distribution in the jaw D. Siegele, U. Soltesz and H. Scheicher • . . 271 Strength behaviour of two composite dental filling materials under cyclic loading conditions U. Soltesz, B. Klaiber and L. Hahnel 277 The characteristics of asymetrically disposed orthodontic retraction loops N.E. Waters • . . . . . • • . . . . 283 Computer-aided automatic production of dental restorations E.D. Rekow and A.G. Erdman • • . . • . . • • • . 289

37. 38.

39.

F.

DYNAMICS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

40.

Screw theory and its applications to joint motion analysis S. Peterson and A.G. Erdman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 On the application of a smoothing procedure in the kinematical study of the human wrist joint in-vitro A. de Lange, R. Huiskes, J.M.G. Kauer and H. Woltring . • • . . • • • • 303

41.

XII

42. 43. 44.

45.

46. 47. 48.

The reproducibility of passive human knee-joint motion characteristics L. Blankevoort, R. Huiskes and A. de Lange Dynamic modeling of human articulating joints A.E. Engin and M.H. Moeinzadeh . • • • • • The developmental relationship between a joint torque and its mass distribution in boys, five to sixteen years R.K. Jensen ••...•.•••••••••..... Effects of specific muscle power increasing upon patients with metatarsal alterations: an objective analysis L. Divieti, G.C. Santambrogio, W. Gasparoli, A. Romano' and M. Mancarella • • • • • • • • . • • • . • Vectograms to evaluate injuries of the menisci R. Vigano', P. Cova, E. Luna, V. Licari and G.C. Santambrogio • • • • • . • . • A structural model of the human foot A. Simkin, M. Arcan and M. Brull. • • Three dimensional structural analysis of the locomotor system V. Nikolic, M. Hudec, M. Marotti, A. Jo and A. Lovric . • . • •••••••••••

G.

ORTHOPAEDIC BIOMECHANICS: JOINT PROSTHESES

49.

Evaluation of stresses in ceramic hip-joint heads G. Kleer, D. Siegele and U. Soltesz • • • • • • • . • • On the loosening of the ICLH double cup hip prosthesis A. Schreiber and H.A.C. Jacob • • • . • • • . • • • Biomechanical evaluation of a high incidence of acetabular cup fracture after total hip replacement W. Plitz, Th. Mittlmeier and W. Russe • • • • • Strain distribution in the proximal femur after cementless implantation of hip replacements R. Mathys Jr., L. Claes and R. Mathys Sr. . ••• X-ray picture based computer follow-up of patients with GSB knee prostheses U. Munzinger, N. Gschwend, H. Scheier, O. Frey and U. Wyss • . • • • • • • • • . • • . • . • • Finite element study of the anchorage system of the GSB tibial prosthesis U. Munzinger, U. Wyss, O. Frey and M. Stalder • • • • •

50. 51. 52. 53.

54.

309 315

321

327 333 339

345

353 359 365 371

377 383

H.

ORTHOPAEDIC BIOMECHANICS: JOINTS

55.

Accuracy analysis of a clinical measurement system for ap-laxity in the human knee joint Ph. Edixhoven, R. HUiskes, L. Blankevoort, Th.J.G. van Rens and T.J. Sloof • • • • • . • . • . • • 391

XIII

56.

57. 58.

59. 60. 61.

Anterior-posterior knee instability and stress radiography, a prospective biomechanical analysis with the knee in extension H.U. Staeubli, R.P. Jakob and B. Noesberger • • • • • • Experimental determination of the mechanical properties of knee ligaments L. Claes and R.K. Schmid • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Passive resistance of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Y.F. Heerkens, P.A. HUijing, G.J. van Ingen Schenau, R.D. Woittiez and R.H. Rozendahl • • . • • • • • . Kinematics of the patellofemoral joint T.M.G.J. Van Eijden, E. Kouwenhoven, W.A. Weijs, J. Verburg and W. De Boer. • • • • • • • • • • • Biomechanical studies on the talofibular ligaments as rotatory stabilizers of the lateral malleolus H. Zwipp, F. Baumgaertel and N. Haas. . • • • • Contact finite element stress analysis of the hip joint and the acetabular region D.J. Rapperport, D.R. Carter and D.J. Schurman • • • •

I.

ORTHOPAEDIC BIOMECHANICS: MECHANICS OF IMPLANTS

62.

Biomechanical investigations on the new 3.5 mm ASIF cortical screw K.H. Breuing, L. Gotzen, N. Haas and A. Hammer • • • • Application of strain gage augmented screws for evaluation of long bone internal fixation R.J. Pawluk and H.M. Dick •••••••••••••• Finite element models of implants in bone: interfacial assumptions J.A. Hipp, J.B. Brunski, M.S. Shephard and G.V.B. Cochran • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Initial load distribution in internal fixation plates - an in vitro study N. Berme, A. Cappozzo and D.A. Meglan • • • • • • • • • Influence of unoccupied holes on the fatigue behaviour of bone fixation plates P. Comte and F. Straumann • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Geometric fit of the intramedullary nail to the bone cavity J.E. Bechtold, E. Schneider, P. Vock and S.M. Perren • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Biomechanical properties and first clinical results of a newly designed intramedullary fixation device N. Haas, C. Krettek and L. Gotzen • • • • • Biomechanics of fracture fixation by plastic rods with transverse screws S.A. Brown, N.A. Gillett and T.W. Broaddus A finite element study of the failures of AO/ASIF intramedullary nails G.S. Beaupre, E. Schneider and S.M. Perren • • • • • •

63. 64.

65. 66. 67.

68. 69. 70.

397 403

409 415 421 427

435 441

447 453 459

465 471 475 481

XIV

71.

Locked intramedullary nailing, improvement of mechanical properties I. Kempf, C. Karger, R. Willinger, J.M. Francois, A. Cornet, D. Renault and F. Bonnell •.••

J.

ORTHOPAEDICS BIOMECHANICS: SPINE AND EXTERNAL FIXATION

72.

Stability of the spine P.J.M. Scholten, A.G. Veldhuizen and H.J. Grootenboer. Mechanical properties of a new device for internal fixation of spine fractures: the "fixateur interne" W. Dick, O. Woersdoerfer and F. Magerl . . . • • . . • In vivo measurement of load on Harrington distraction rods in sheep spines with and without fusion D. Nagel, J. Cordey, T. Koogle, E. Schneider, R. Hertel and S.M. Perren . . • • • . . . • . · Is spondylolysis likely to occur in normal spine? M. Dietrich and P. Kurowski •.•..• · On the initiation of spondylolysis through mechanical factors H.A.C. Jacob and Y. Suezawa • . . . . . . . . . . Variables altering the mechanical characteristics of fixator frames F. Behrens and W.D. Johnson . . . . . . . . • . . · New concepts in external fixation of the lower leg a biomechanical study R. Schlenzka, L. Gotzen and M. Warmbold ·

73.

74.

75. 76.

77. 78. K.

REHABILITATION BIOMECHANICS

79.

The gait of children with spastic diplegia practical importance of higher frequency resolution in kinematic and kinetic measurements J.U. Baumann, M. Zumstein and A. Sch~r . . . . . Gait parameters of hemiplegic and normal subjects C.D. Mischner-van Ravensberg, B.M. Bergkamp, R. Pieters and R.H. Rozendal • . . . . . . . .•. Method for determining the parameters of gait correction in hemiplegic patients by applying electrical stimulators R. Acimovic-Janezic, M. Kljajic and J. Krajnik . Biomechanical diagnosis and rehabilitation control of pes equinus patients by computerized motion analysis F. Bodem, S. Hockel, F. Brussatis, J. Diefenbach, W. Menke and T. Wunderlich. . . • . . . . . . . An ankle-foot orthosis for dynamic alteration of varus/valgus knee moments D. Martin, L. Lamoreux and H.B. Skinner Biomechanical analysis of limb loads in aided gait using elbow crutches K. Opila, A.C. Nicol and J.P. Paul . Prosthetic knee joint with electronic control A. Rovetta and G. Frosi .......... .

80.

81.

82.

83.

84. 85.

487

495 501

507 513 519 525 531

539 543

549

555 561 567 573

xv 86.

The suitability of the isokinetic dynamometer CYBEX II to obtain normative data on hip abductor weakness D.F. Attinger, W. Kipfer and R. Ganz . . • . • • . • • . 579

L.

MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

87.

Application of differentiated EMG in the evaluation of force-length characteristics of elbow flexors M.F. Van Leemputte, A.J. Spaepen and E.J. Willems . • . Measurement of joint forces in the human knee by quantification of EMG-signals G.O. Hofmann, M. Bergmann, K.H. Weinmann, R. Blohmke and W. Plitz . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . An approach to estimate muscle force in dynamics using surface EMG V. Tiegermann, J. Denoth and E. Stuessi . . . • • . . . The effect of muscle length on force-time integral in relation to energy-rich phosphate consumption A. De Haan, J.E. Van Doorn, P.A. Huijing, R.D. Woittiez and H.G. Westra .•••••.•.•••••.• Electromyography in back research - assessment of static and dynamic conditions H. Seidel, H. Beyer, R. B1Uthner, D. Br~uer, B. Hinz, G. Menzel and A. WeissmUller ••••••• • The dynamics of Hill's muscle model considerations and applications J. Denoth • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• Tendon series elasticity in triceps surae muscles of mammalians R.D. Woittiez, Y.F. Heerkens, M. Holewijn and P.A. Huijing • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Isometric comparison at optimum length of morphology of the medial belly of rat m.gastrocnemius in the relaxed and contracted state P.A. Huijing and R.D. Woittiez • . • • • • • • • • • • • Dissipation of mechanical energy in muscles K.E. Schreiner • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Influence of stiffness and damping on muscular performance A. Vain

88.

89. 90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95. 96.

M.

SPORTS BIOMECHANICS

97.

Application of a piezoelectric polymer in gait analysis to measure the loads on selected foot areas R. Assente, D. De Rossi, A. Pedotti and R. Rodano • Cushioning during running - material tests contra subject test X. Kaelin, J. Denoth, A. Stacoff and E. Stuessi • Influence of shoe construction on the supination during sidewards movement in tennis shoes B.M. Nigg, S.M. LUthi and A. Bahlsen • • • • Forces and torques during sports activities with high accelerations J. Denoth, K. Gruber,.H. Ruder and M. Keppler • • • • •

98. 99. 100.

587

593 599

605

611 617

623

629 635 639

645 651

657 663

XVI

101. 102.

1@. 104.

105. 106.

107. 108. 109.

Mechanical load on the achilles tendon during rapid dynamic sport movements P. BrUggemann . . • • . • • . . • . . • . . . . • • . · Plantar flexion torques in jumping and in isokinetic plantar flexion, a comparison M.F. Bobbert, G.J. Van Ingen Schenau and P.A. Huijing • VThe energetic cost for human running and walking and the problem of hominization K. Haie and S. Kondo • • . • • . • . . • • Dynamic loads on the trunk during a throwing activity A.J. Spaepen, M. Van Leemputte and J. Vandendriessche • Investigation of the Hay-technique of the high jump by computer simulation R.H. Preiss • • • • • • • . . . . . . . • . • • . Peripheral EMG control of handpaddle influence on sWimming movements E. Bollens and J.P. Clarys . • • • • . • • . • Considerations of the butterfly kick based on hydrodynamical experiments B.E. Ungerechts .•••••• • The mechanics of the roller ski and its influence on technique in cross country skiing W. Baumann •• •• •••••••.••••• • The significance of the triceps surae muscle action as a determinant in the biomechanical genesis of ski fall injuries W. Menke, F. Bodem, F. Brussatis, G. BrUggemann and S. H6ckel ••••

N.

MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS

110.

Advances in photoelasticity applied to biomechanical problems R. Bourgois and J. Wagner • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • In vivo tendon load and tendon strain in the horse D.J. Riemersma, H.C. Schamhardt and J.L.M.A. Lammertink ••••••••••••••••• Kinematic and kinetic factors of the loading work in aircraft luggage compartments H.R. Stalhammar, T.P.J. Leskinen, I.A.A. Kuorinka, M.H.J. Gautreau, A.U. Tuusa and J.D.G. Troup •• The interactions of muscular and passive elastic forces during unloaded finger movements: a computer graphics model R.P. Wells, D.A. Ranney and A. Keeler • • • • • • • • •

111 • 112.

113.

669 675 681 687 693 699 705 711

717

725 731

737

743

Authors index ••••••••••••.•••••••.•••••••.•••.••••••••••••••••.•.••.•••.. 749