Biology Unit 5: Cellular Structure and Function 1. *Which structure is primarily responsible for directing all processes of a plant cell? a. chloroplast b. lysosome c. mitochondria d. nucleus 3.1.C.b 2. Which cell organelle is most directly involved with the bonding of amino acids? a. mitochondrion b. endoplasmic reticulum c. cell wall d. ribosome 3.1.C.b 3. Which of the following statements correctly matches a cell part with its function? a. The cell membrane packages lipids for export. b. The mitochondria perform photosynthesis. c. The lysosome digests molecules. d. The nucleus produces energy. 3.1.C.b 4. Sally eats ripe apples because of the high sugar content. Which of the following plant cell structures stores the sugar? a. golgi apparatus b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. vacuoles 3.1.C.b 5. The pancreas is an organ that creates the protein insulin. Which organelle in a pancreas cell packages insulin to be secreted out of the cell? a. golgi apparatus b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. vacuoles 3.1.C.b 6. Environmental conditions, such as climate change, can reduce the consumption of amino acids and sugars by an animal. Hibernation is an example of this cellular reaction to the environmental conditions. Which cellular organelle would show a decrease in activity if the consumption of amino acids and sugars decreased? a. Ribosomes b. Mitochondria c. Vacuoles d. Nucleus 3.1.C.b

Biology Unit 5: Cellular Structure and Function 7. A structure that performs a specialized function within a cell is known as a. A tissue b. An organelle c. An organ d. A system 3.1.C.a 8. Students were asked to design an experiment to demonstrate characteristics of cells. The two groups were given cells from the different organisms. The results below show how two groups designed their experiments and what their results were. Group 1 Procedure: Cells were prepared on a microscope slide and viewed under a microscope Results: Cells were observed as small units with interior structures. Conclusion: Cells are small and have parts Group 2 Procedure: Placed cells in a nutrient solution and a closed container with a gas collection bottle. Results: Gas collected in the bottle and bubbles appeared in the solution. Conclusion: Cells alter their environment as they carry on the functions of life. How has cell theory affected human life? a. We have modern electronics and computers b. We can understand and cure many diseases c. Transportation and communication has improved d. We are better able to use Earth's mineral resources 3.1.C.a

??

Is surrounded by

Has

A rigid coat of cellulose

A well-defined nuclear membrane

DNA Contains

mitochondri a 9. Which of these best completes the concept map? a. an animal cell b. a prokaryotic cell c. a virus d. a plant cell

chloroplasts

Biology Unit 5: Cellular Structure and Function 3.1.C.a 10. The invention of the compound light microscope enabled scientists to observe cells, helping them to a. determine the number of atoms in a molecule b. discover a basic similarity among organisms c. study the behavior of chordates d. develop techniques for growing plants in a laboratory 3.1.C.a 11. Which of these supports the cell theory as it is stated today? a. New cells are produced by division of existing cells. b. All organisms are composed of more than one cell. c. Cells must contain a nucleus. d. Not all cells are alive. 3.1.C.a 12. The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that — a. prokaryotic cells are always much larger b. prokaryotic cells do not have a plasma membrane c. eukaryotic cells have a smaller cell nucleus d. eukaryotic cells have a more advanced cellular organization 3.1.C.a 13. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells. Viruses are not made of cells, but some scientists argue nonetheless that viruses are alive. What may occur if new evidence is discovered about viruses, that the cell theory does not explain? a. The cell theory may be modified in light of this new evidence. b. The cell theory will be abandoned. c. Nothing. The cell theory does not need to be supported by new evidence. d. Nothing. The cell theory is scientists’ best idea so it remains valid. 3.1.C.a 14. The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called a. perforated. b. semi-permeable. c. non-conductive. d. permeable 3.2.F.a 15. A molecule can easily pass through the selectively permeable membrane of an animal cell. Which of these most likely describes the molecule? a. The molecule is very small and charged. b. The molecule is very large and charged. c. The molecule is very small and not charged. d. The molecule is very large and not charged.

Biology Unit 5: Cellular Structure and Function 3.2.F.a 16. *What is the main function of a selectively permeable cell membrane? a. storage of water b. storage of chemicals c. breaks down molecules within the cell d. regulates what enters and leaves the cell 3.2.F.a

17. The above diagram shows the process of osmosis. Only the water molecules could enter the cell because water molecules — a. have more energy than the protein molecules b. are smaller than the protein molecules _ c. are more numerous than the protein molecules d. contain more hydrogen atoms than the protein molecules 3.2.F.a 18. A cell requires energy to move materials from an area of low concentration, across the cell membrane, to an area of high concentration. This process is called a. osmosis b. active transport c. passive transport d. facilitated diffusion 3.2.F.a 19. *The following cell structures are located within cells that make proteins. Which description best explains the relationship among these cell structures in making a protein? • nucleus • ribosome • endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Biology Unit 5: Cellular Structure and Function a. nucleus makes protein, protein winds through the ER, protein folds into its active shape b. nucleus directs ER to assemble the protein, ribosomes surround protein, protein folds into its active shape c. ER creates protein DNA in the nucleus codes for ribosomes to surround protein, protein folds into its active shape d. DNA in nucleus codes for protein, protein assembled in ribosomes and moves to ER, protein folds into its active shape 3.2.A.c 20. *Which of these directly allows blood cells to transport oxygen to various parts of the body? a. carbon dioxide b. hemoglobin c. antibodies d. platelets 3.2.A.c 21. The cell cycle describes the life activities of a cell. Which of the following describes the cell cycle of a typical cell? a. growth, preparation for mitosis, mitosis b. resting stage, mitosis c. mitosis, resting stage, reduction phase d. cell formation, growth, resting stage 3.2.A.c 22. How would a cell respond to the loss of its nucleus? a. It would not be able to guide its functions. b. It could not create energy from food. c. It would reproduce uncontrollably. d. It could not move substances across the cell membrane. 3.2.A.c 23. ATPases are enzymes that help convert ATP into ADP in cells. When a person exercises, ATPases directly increase which of the following? a. the amount of energy stored in muscle cells b. the number of mitochondria in muscle cells c. the number of muscle cells in muscle tissue d. the amount of energy released in muscle cells 3.2.A.c 24. *What will happen if an animal cell that has a solute concentration of 1% is placed in a 5% saltwater solution? a. It will shrink because there is less water outside of the cell than there is on the inside. b. It will burst because there is more water on the outside of the cell than there is on the inside. c. It will burst because there is more water on the inside of the cell than there is on the outside. d. It will remain the same size because there is an equal amount of water on the inside and outside of the cell. 3.2.F.b 25. Which of these would be least likely to diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane? a. water

Biology Unit 5: Cellular Structure and Function b. oxygen c. sodium ions d. carbon dioxide 3.2.F.b The diagram below shows the semipermeable membrane of a cell and the concentration of solutions inside and outside the cell.

12 26. Which of the following statements best describes how the molecules will move? a. Water molecules will move out of the cell. b. Water molecules will move into the cell. c. Solute molecules and water molecules will move out of the cell. d. Solute molecules and water molecules will move into the cell. 3.2.F.b 27. Which of the following examples does NOT illustrate homeostasis? a. breathing harder during exercise b. removing excess fluids through the kidneys c. passing genetic characteristics from one generation to another d. taking nutrients from the blood stream into cells 3.2.F.b 28. A biologist dilutes blood cells with water on a glass slide and observes them through a microscope. The cells appear to burst. The biologist wants to observe these blood cells in a dilute solution without the cells bursting. He should investigate a. other types of cells to see if the bursting continues b. the amount of salts in the water used to dilute the blood and the amount of salts in the blood plasma

Biology Unit 5: Cellular Structure and Function c. the age of the blood sample used by the biologist d. the chemical make-up of the cell membrane of the blood cells 3.2.F.b 29. *How would a drop in temperature most likely affect the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis? a. The rates of both cellular respiration and photosynthesis would decrease. b. The rates of both cellular respiration and photosynthesis would remain constant. c. The rate of photosynthesis would increase, and the rate of cellular respiration would decrease. d. The rate of photosynthesis would decrease, and the rate of cellular respiration would increase. 3.1.B.b 30. “Fast” plants (relatives of the radish) grow and reproduce rapidly. They are often used in experiments investigating growth and reproduction of plant cells because their entire life cycle is completed in 40 days. Students are designing experiments with these plants. Students planted the “fast plants” and discovered that a group left in a cold place did not produce flowers. What conclusion could they make concerning the plant cells? a. cells cannot sense temperature and will react only when frozen. b. cells cannot perform diffusion or osmosis when it is cold. c. cells must wait until it warms up before they can reproduce. d. cell processes slow down or stop in cold temperatures. 3.1.B.b 31. The table below shows the rate of water loss in three different plants. Plant Liters of Water Lost Per Day Cactus 0.02 Potato plant 1.00 Apple Tree 19.00 One reason each plant loses a different amount of water is that each has a. different numbers of guard cells which help to maintain homeostasis b. different numbers of insulin-secreting cells that regulate water levels c. the same number of chloroplasts but different rates of photosynthesis d. the same rate of photosynthesis but different numbers of chloroplasts 3.2.F.c 32. Which of the following molecules is most abundant in the cells of the human body? a. Amino acids b. Nucleotides c. Lipids d. Water 3.1.F.c 33. A microorganism which releases water into its environment to regulate its salinity during osmosis is undergoing a process that is similar to a human being who releases moisture on a hot day. This process that helps keep both the microorganism and the human body fluids in balance is known as – a. homeostasis _ b. cell division

Biology Unit 5: Cellular Structure and Function c. heredity d. mutation 3.2.F.c 34. In order to function, cells must maintain a constant internal environment. The maintenance of a relatively stable internal condition is called a. metabolism b. homeostasis c. active transport d. osmosis 3.2.F.c 35. Why do eukaryotic cells require mitochondria? a. to break down cell debris for recycling b. to control division for cell reproduction c. to release stored energy for cell activities d. to package materials inside cells for transport 3.2.A.a 36. Which of the following organelles use carbon dioxide to produce sugars? a. vacuoles b. ribosomes c. chloroplasts d. mitochondria 3.1.A.a A plant cell is shown below.

37. Which of these organelles uses light energy to produce sugar? a. the chloroplast b. the vacuole

Biology Unit 5: Cellular Structure and Function c. d.

the nucleus the mitochondrion

3.2.A.a

38. These words were written by Robert Hooke in 1665. The pores or cells that Hooke described were really — a. cell walls _ b. nuclei c. cell membranes d. mitochondria 3.2.A.b

39. Which of the following is a main function of the cell wall? a. to store carbohydrates for later use b. to give the cell a rigid structure c. to package proteins for export d. to carry out photosynthesis 3.2.A.b 40. A cell has a defect that results in the loss of its ability to regulate the passage of water, food, and wastes into and out of the cell. In which of the following cell structures is this defect most likely to be located? a. ribosomes b. cell wall c. cell membrane * d. endoplasmic reticulum 3.2.A.b 41. A bacterium will construct different proteins to metabolize the sugars lactose or glucose, depending on which one it detects in the outside environment. What part of the bacterium allows it to recognize different substances in the outside environment? a. Cell Wall b. Cell membrane _ c. Nucleus

Biology Unit 5: Cellular Structure and Function d. Lysosomes 3.1.A.b 42. What cell structure makes it possible for the internal environment of a cell to differ from the external environment? a. endoplasmic reticulum b. cell wall c. middle lamella d. cell membrane 3.2.A.b 43. Many animals have internal or external skeletons that provide support and structure. Which of the following parts of plant cells play a similar role? a. cell membranes b. cell walls c. chloroplasts d. cytoplasm 3.2.A.b 44. Your skin replaces the cells that it is continually losing by using the process of: a. transduction b. mitosis c. meiosis d. glycolysis 3.1.B.a 45. What process produces male and female reproductive cells in plants? a. mitosis b. meiosis c. replication d. Fertilization 3.1.B.a 46. *Which process allows for an organism to increase the number of body cells during development? a. budding b. conjugation c. meiosis d. mitosis 3.1.B.a