BIOLOGY 666 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PAST – PRESENT – FUTURE Lee C. Drickamer November 2009
PLAN OF ACTION y INTRODUCTORY THOUGHTS y HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVI...
BIOLOGY 666 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PAST – PRESENT – FUTURE Lee C. Drickamer November 2009
PLAN OF ACTION y INTRODUCTORY THOUGHTS y HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR y RECENT DECADES AND THE
PRESENT
y FUTURE PATHWAYS 2
INTRODUCTION y Personal History y Ladder of Life y Sources of Questions y Model System y Tinbergen’s Four Questions 3
PERSONAL HISTORY y FAMILY OF ACADEMICS – UNIVERSITY OF
ILLINOIS y UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL y OBERLIN y MICHIGAN STATE y NORTH CAROLINA STATE y PUERTO RICO y WILLIAMS COLLEGE y SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY y NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY 4
LADDER OF LIFE - I y CHEMISTRY y ORGANELLES y CELLS y TISSUES y ORGANS y ORGAN SYSTEMS y ORGANISM – ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
5
LADDER OF LIFE - II y ORGANISM – ANIMAL BEHAVIOR y POPULATION y COMMUNITY y ECOSYSTEM y BIOSPHERE (BIOMES) 6
SOURCES OF QUESTIONS yOBSERVATION – NATURAL
HISTORY yTESTING THEORY yTECHNOLOGY CHANGES yAPPLIED 7
OBSERVATIONS y DUCKLINGS FOLLOWING MOTHER y TWO SPECIES OF PEROMYSCUS y MOBBING BEHAVIOR IN BIRDS y SPEND TIME WITH SUBJECT ANIMAL(S) IN
THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT y UMWELT CONCEPT
8
TESTING THEORY y FORAGING THEORY y KIN SELECTION THEORY y SEXUAL SELECTION
9
NEW TECHNOLOGIES y RADIO-TRACKING y DNA TECHNOLOGY y HORMONES – COLLECTIONS
& ASSAYS
10
APPLIED yAGRICULTURE yPETS yCONSERVATION 11
Systems & Animal Behavior Environment
Environment Nervous
Organism
Genes Endocrine
Environment
Immune
Environment
TINBERGEN’S FOUR QUESTIONS yULTIMATE QUESTIONS yFUNCTION yEVOLUTION
13
TINBERGEN’S FOUR QUESTIONS yPROXIMATE QUESTIONS yPHYSIOLOGY-
MECHANIMS yDEVELOPMENT 14
G. STANLEY HALL
15
CHARLES OTIS WHITMAN
16
C. LLOYD MORGAN
17
Douglas Spalding
18
George John Romanes
19
WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER
20
NIKO TINBERGEN
21
NIKO TINBERGEN
22
KONRAD LORENZ
23
KONRAD LORENZ
24
Wolfgang Schleidt
25
JOHN B. WATSON
26
B.F. SKINNER
27
WILLIAM H. THORPE
28
R.A. Fisher
29
T.C. SCHNEIRLA
30
John Paul Scott
31
GERARD BAERENDS
32
VINCENT DETHIER
33
ROBERT HINDE
34
Frank Beach
35
Daniel Lehrman
36
AUBREY MANNING
37
Iraneus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
38
HARRY HARLOW
39
PETER MARLER
40
E.O. WILSON
41
John Maynard Smith
42
W.D. HAMILTON
43
JOHN A. KING
44
RICHARD ALEXANDER
45
George C. Williams
46
AMOTZ ZAHAVI
47
Robert Trivers
48
JEANNE ALTMANN
49
FRANS DE WAAL
50
JOHN KREBS
51
MARIAN DAWKINS
52
SARAH HRDY
53
RICHARD DAWKINS
54
STEPHEN EMLEN
55
MARY JANE WEST-EBERHARD
56
JOE WHO?
57
HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR ANCIENT HISTORY GREEKS AND ROMANS 10TH- 18TH CENTURIES 19TH CENTURY 58
ANCIENT HISTORY Early Humans
Food – Hunting Predators 59
ANCIENT HISTORY Early Humans yArtwork and Artifacts yDomestication Companion Animals Livestock 60
DOMESTICATION y (1) COMPANIONSHIP & PROTECTION y (2) FOOD y (3) ANIMAL PARTS FOR CLOTHING &
UTENSILS
y (4) TRANSPORTATION
61
ANCIENT HISTORY Early Humans yAgriculture *Pest Organisms – Rodents & Insects & Birds 62
GREEKS y (1) Anatomy – yUnderstanding the Human
Body (2) Natural History – ySystematic Observations
63
SCIENTIFIC ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (1) ARISTOTLE – Marine Biology, Birds, Fish y First Real Ethograms (2) SYSTEMATIC RECORDED NATURAL HISTORY - Consistent Methods of Observing & Recording (3) USE OF COMPARATIVE METHOD y Reproductive Systems (4) APPLIED ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR y Domestic Stocks (5) CLASSIFICATION SCHEME 64
ROMANS (1) EMPHASIS ON ANATOMY Galen – Relating Anatomy to Function (Locomotion) (2) NATURAL HISTORY Pliny – 37 Volumes on Natural History (3) TRAVEL – EXPLORATION More Exotics Brought to Rome 65
MIDDLE EAST & ASIA (1) RELIGIONS Animal Depictions, Myths, Deities (2) ARAB AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION y Food Chains y Struggle for Existence y Environmental Determinism 66
TH 10
–
TH 16
CENTURIES
y MIDDLE AGES – Plague, Not Much
67
Else y RENAISSANCE – Renewal of Science y AGE OF EXPLORATION – Late 15th Century y NATURAL PHILOSOPHY – Splits Into Disciplines y BELIEF IN SOME VITAL SPIRIT OR CREATOR
17TH TO 19TH CENTURIES (1) NATURAL HISTORY & EXPLORATION (2) SYSTEMATICS – LINNEAUS (3) SHIFT AWAY FROM RELIGION AS FOUNDATION
68
TH 17
&
TH 18
CENTURIES
(4) Descartes – Discourse on Method y Divide the Problem into Separate Parts
and Work on Those Individually
y Conduct Investigation in Stepwise Fashion y All Information Must Be Factual and
y Lamarck y Buffon y Linneaus y Erasmus Darwin y Malthus y Gilbert White y John Bartram 71
CENTURIES
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR BEGINS Charles G. Leroy – Versailles Menagerie 1750s – 1780s Game Keeper Wrote on Animal Intelligence
Describes Ethogram Life History Traits Compares Herbivores & Carnivores 72
TH 19
CENTURY – FIRST HALF
y Cuvier – St. Hillarie Debate
Nature-Nurture Discussion y Charles Lyell – Geology Continual Changes Over Time Slow & Gradual y Notions About Populations & Communities y Physiology Comes of Age 73
TH 19
CENTURY – SECOND HALF
y Darwin and Evolution Dominate y Douglas Spalding
Experimental Approach Bird Flight Instinct Guides Learning y George John Romanes Invertebrates and Physiology Animal Intelligence & Mental Evolution in Animals 74
TH 19
CENTURY – SECOND HALF
y Charles Otis Whitman (MBL Founder)
Pigeons Zoology as Independent Discipline Evolutionary Bases for Behavior y C. Lloyd Morgan Morgan’s Canon Animal Behavior – First ‘Textbook’ in this Field Comparing Animal and Human Minds 75
TH 19
CENTURY – SECOND HALF
y Jacques Loeb – Animal Movements,
Tropisms y Jakob von Uexkill – Umwelt Concept y William Morton Wheeler – Social Life of Ants y Jean Henri Fabre – Insect Behavior & Descriptions
76
THREE THREADS EMERGE y PSYCHOLOGY – AMERICAN y ETHOLOGY – EUROPEAN y ZOOLOGY – AMERICA & EUROPE
77
20TH CENTURY ANIMAL BEHAVIOR y 1900-1950s – BEGINNING OF MODERN
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR y 1950s-1970s – GROWTH OF ANIMAL
BEHAVIOR AS A DISCIPLINE y 1970s – 1990s – MATURATION OF
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A DISCIPLINE 78
1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS yPSYCHOLOGY –
Thorndike Watson Skinner Yerkes 79
1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS yZOOLOGY
W.C. Allee Sewall Wright G.K. Noble 80
1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS y ETHOLOGY
Oskar Heinroth William Thorpe Karl von Frisch Gerard Baerends Niko Tinbergen Konrad Lorenz
81
1950s-1970s – GROWTH y JOURNALS
BEHAVIOUR ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR y SOCIETIES ASAB ABS (from ESA and ASZ) IEC APA – Section 6 82
1960s – 1990s – MATURATION y TEXTBOOKS
Marler & Hamilton – Mechanisms of Behavior Hinde – Behaviour Manning – Patterns of Animal Behaviour Alcock – Animal Behavior Drickamer & Vessey – Animal Behavior
83
1970s – 1990s – MATURATION y Peak in Positions for Animal Behaviorists y MANY More Journals y More Societies & Meetings y KEY – Maturation Means Specialization 84
BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY y G.C. Williams y E.O. Wilson y Robert Trivers y John Maynard Smith y W.D. Hamilton y These and Others – Underpinnings of the
Surge in Behavioral Ecology
85
NEUROBIOLOGY y1990s – Decade of the Brain yPhysiological Psychology yBrain Imaging 86
JOINING APPROACHES y Behavioral Ecologists – Started to ask about
what is happening inside the animal
y Neurobiologists – Started to ask about the
meaning of their findings in the whole animal and in nature
y Simplified View – But, connections have begun
and are growing
87
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS y INTEGRATION y IMMUNOLOGY y PHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITY y MATHEMATICS FOR MODELS AND
THEORY y NEW TECHNOLOGIES y STRONG INFERENCE WITH ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES 88
INTEGRATION y FIELD & LABORATORY y PROXIMATE & ULTIMATE CAUSATION y Wingfield – birds and stress y Bass – neurobiology and fish
communication y Ryan – frog calls and mating systems 89
IMMUNOLOGY y STRESS & IMMUNE FUNCTION
Good and Bad Aspects y SOCIAL BEHAVIOR & IMMUNE FUNCTION y IMMUNE FUNCTION, DISEASE RESISTANCE & MATE SELECTION y IMMUNE SYSTEM, CNS, & ENDOCRINES y ANIMAL WELFARE ISSUES 90
PHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITY y ALTERNATE NAMES
Phenotypic Plasticity Developmental Plasticity y EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Eco-Evo-Devo y EPIGENETICS – WADDINGTON
Epigenetic Landscape Pathways Canalization 91
Types or Levels of Evolution y NATURAL SELECTION y SEXUAL SELECTION y KIN SELECTION & RECIPROCAL
ALTRUISM y GROUP SELECTION y COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM SELECTION y OTHERS? 92
MODELS - I y WORD MODELS
Learning Processes y MATHEMATICAL MODELS Shuster Foraging Behavior Mate Choice – Mate Selection y COMPUTER MODELS Input Information Æ Iterations & Output Populations of House Mice y SIMULATION MODELS 93
MODELS - II y ROBOTICS – Models of Sensory System y ANIMAL MODELS
94
NEW TECHNOLOGIES y FREE-RANGING TELEMETRY
& SATELLITES y DNA ANALYSES GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS POPULATION GENETICS y FREE-RANGING SAMPLE COLLECTION HORMONES y BRAIN IMAGING
95
METHODS – STRONG INFERENCE y RETURN TO TESTABLE HYPOTHESES y TOUGHTFUL EXPERIMENTAL
MANIPULATIONS y BUILD ANSWERS IN STEPS y USE OF MODELS FOR GENERATING IDEAS AND PREDICTIONS
96
RESEARCH ANIMALS y CONTINUED INTEREST IN PRIMATES &
HUMANS
y OTHER VERTEBRATES y CONSERVATION EFFORTS y INVERTEBRATES, INVERTEBRATES,
INSECTS
97
CLOSING THOUGHTS y COLLABORATIONS y MULTI-DISCIPLINARY y COMBINING LABORATORY
AND FIELD WORK y TRAINING STUDENTS – BROADER VIEW MODELING STATISTICS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN KNOWLEDGE OF ALL ASPECTS OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 98
