BEEKEEPING IN AFRICA: II- CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AFRICAN COUNTRIES AND ISLANDS Prof Moustafa H. Hussein University of Assiut, Fac. of Agric., Plant Prot. Dept., Assiut, Egypt. Tel. 088313629, Fax. 088/332875, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The recent situation of beekeeping in Central Africa: Burundi (BUU), Cameron (CAE), Central African Republic (CAR), Chad (CHA), Congo (CON), Gabon (GAB), Rwanda (RWA), Zaire (ZAI); in Southern Africa: Angola (ANA), Botswana (BOT), Lesotho (LES), Malawi (MAI), Mozambique (MOZ), Namibia (NAM), South Africa (SOU), Swaziland (SWA), Zambia (ZAM), Zimbabwe (ZIM); Mascarene Islands: Malagash (MAE), Mauritius (MAY), Reunion (REU), Seychelles (SEY), are described. Races of honeybees, including African honeybees (AHB), bee forage plants, activities of honeybees, honey production, pests and disease of honeybees, honey hunting (HH), traditional beekeeping (TB) using traditional hives (TH), modern beekeeping (MB) using modern hives (MH), in these 22 countries, are included in this work. History of beekeeping, research activities and bioneers of beekeeping research in these countries except CON, LES, ZIM, are included. More research was conducted in ANA, ZAI, MAE. Projects, Associations, Training Courses, Books, Seminars, Workshops and Conferences, are summarized. More modernization, research, co-operation, organization, training and extension, are needed. Beekeeping work I- Central African Countries 1- Burundi: In BUU, exploiting bees is one of most ancient occupations, that offered food and medicine to BUU people. A report and evaluation of beekeeping project progress, with Crhistian Rural Service Programme in BUU, with recommendations on the future development. “Association D’Apiculture Au Burundi”, Bojumbura, was established. Curry tree, Hypericum revolutum, is often associated with Hagenia-Schefflera forest and Erica arborea, occuring in BUU, CAE, MAE, MAI, MOZ, RWA, SOU, SWA, ZAI, ZAM. This tree recommended for planting to increase honey production, Honeybees collect copious amounts of pollen and abundant nectat from flowers. 2 - Cameroon: CAE, is a whole Africa in miniature. It is divided into 10 regions, among which three (Adamoua, West & North-West) are producing nearly all honey. The natural melliferous resources of CAE, was estimated as million tons/year. Beekeeping in CAE province, and insect pollination of cocoa, was described. Beekeeping is practised under two forms: HH, from wild colonies, a semi-MB, that makes use of KTBH. “Sucre-Villages”, Yaounde, is a NGO, that specializes in beekeeping, created in 1992, and counts 936 beekeepers, reaching a sum total of 1476 hives. In the Oyom-Abang & Nkolbission districts, it set up a school apiary and a production apiary. In Feb. 1993, in Dibank & Ngog-Mapubi districts, a training programme was launched. A large apiary in Ham & other 3 smaller apiaries in Bomb, Tamalong & Nkoo. In May 1994, a project with the “World Environment Fund, FEM, “Viability of beekeeping through implementing new appropriate modern techniques”, was conducted within its programme in Western Province. In July, 1994, a project of producing KTBH, and smokers for the North-West beekeepers “NOWEBA”, financed by FEM. In Oct. 1995, a project in Mandoumba, Diang District. Training programmes and popularizing KTBH in the Adamaoua province, popularizing the modified KH in the large honey producing zones. Proceedings of the 37th International Apicultural Congress, 28 October – 1 November 2001, Durban, South Africa APIMONDIA 2001 ISBN: 0-620-27768-8 To be referenced as: Proc. 37th Int. Apic. Congr., 28 Oct – 1 Nov 2001, Durban, South Africa Produced by: Document Transformation Technologies Organised by: Conference Planners

1st course of Beekeeping in Yaounde, was organized in Feb. 1991, with TBH & MH. Equipment is made locally. NOWEBA, organized a workshop with funding from HELVATAS, about two forms of hives used in North-West Province of CAE. It organized four workshops, for selected groups, in 1996, in Bamenda & Mfonta, and trained 1528 bee farmers in basic skills. Schools in the Buea area of South-West Province are gaining interest in beekeeping. Bishop Rogan College has an apiary with TBH, and will acquired more hives in 1997, from “South-West Bee Farmers’ Association” (SWEBA). The Government High School has an apiary. A training, session in beekeeping underway with API-CAM “The Apiarists of CAE”. In 1991, the “Limbe Project Forest Conservation Programme” started training beekeepers from villages in South-West Province. The produced honey belongs entirely to the beekeepers. Large than usual AHB found at high altitues in the mountains of CAE, are classified as: A.m. monticola. 3- Central African Republic: CAR, is located in the heart of Africa. The main beekeeping zones are in Central, North-Western CAR. For centuries, the majority of beekeeping is practised with TH constructed from available materials. HH is the predominant method of honey production. Four types of hives are used depending on the region: bark hives, placed horizontally in large trees; large woven basket hives; small woven basket hives; and hardened clay hives. Honey used for the production of beer, and table honey. Traditionally, wax has been refined and sold in Bangui. HH, honey baskets, a bark honey barrel (mokobe), AHB and stingless bees in the forest of Lobaye, and uses of honey were described. In 1983, KTBH were introduced by a US Agency for International Development “Rural Development Project”. Locally-made bee suits should facilitate training & table honey production with KTBHs, as well as improved harvest of TH. Filtering screens will be made available for more honey quality. Sociological implications of KTBH beekeeping must be examined. In 1987, Africare, began the “Rural Enterprise Development Project” (REDP), for production and marketing of table honey. Training, educational materials, aid in the extension process and will continue to be produced and dispersed. Experimentation with L hives will continued in order to observe the performance of AHB, in these MH. Average harvest of KTBH in Bouar & Bocaranga was 15.4 kg & 13 kg/hive, respectively. 4- Chad: Tropical beekeeping, HH and AHB in Southern CHA, were described. Some countries where experiments with intermediate beekeeping technology have been recorded are: CHA, BOT, CAE, LES, MAI, MOZ, RWA, SEY, SOU, SWA, ZAI, ZAM, ZIM. 5- Congo: In Congo, TB is practised fairly widely, and this is favoured by the rich melliferous flora of savannah and forest regions. Honey is a prized product. Among some ethnic groups it is reserved for close friends and honoured guests. The most common harvesting methods is by taking honey from hollows in trees. A school apiary, was set up, to provide practical instruction for future beekeepers and organized a beekeeping training seminar in Brazzaville. As a result of the project, beekeepers in five regions have completed their first harvest. Honey yield/colony, was 15-20 kg & 300 g. wax. A UN volunteer, assisting to promote beekeeping in CON. He reported that TBH, are in action in CON. 6 - Gabon: A.m. adansonii, has adopted to equatorial GAB climate, by using subterranean cavities as nests. Plants visited by AHB from feral colonies and MH, in M’Passa, Booue & Makokou, were listed. AHB exhibits a strong attraction for large blooms of tree species: Macaranga sp., Mussanga cecropioides, Dracaena perrottetti, Ceiba pentandra, Adonia cissampeloides, Tetracera sp. when AHB lives in a relatively open environment savannah of Booue, or open forest of Makokou, its general behaviour is quite similar. It seems to display remarkable adaptability to various tropical

environments in Africa, as confirmed by results of many authors. However, it is not always the case for other honeybees, such as stingless bees. A Hive-AID Project “Apiculture Development” (TCP/GAB/6752), to evaluate the feasibility of an apiculture programme. 7- Rwanda: RWA is a country of green hills, the flora, mainly Eucalyptus are very favourable to beekeeping. Nectar plants, beekeeping in Bugesera-Mayaga, wide-spread areas suitable for apiculture, development programme for beekeeping, were described. Faced with the problems of over population, and very improverished soil, the authoritives have become interested in beekeeping development. According to region, one find 5 to 20 TH/km2. Most of them are made from small plaited branches. Harvesting of honey at night fall. The product between 0 and 5 kg honey. Development projects of TB were conducted with French volunteers. KTBH, has been adopted by beekeepers who find it easy to keep. Transitional hive developed in RWA, and made from papyrus (sides) and others made with plaited branches and coated with cow-dung, the top-bars can be made of 3.3 cm. wide papyrus stems due to their triangular cross section. This KTBH is made from local materials. The transition from TB to MB, remains the principal difficulty for the beekeepers. 8- Zaire: Beekeeping in ZAI, HH and use among the Mbuti, TB and MB, bee flora, and diseases, especially acarine, and harvesting and processing of wax from AHB, for export, were reported. Little is known about honeybees in the central part of ZAI, in the rain-forest, in Ban dundu area. Reports indicated a transition of felling both small and large trees for reaching wild AHB with fire and smoke or using a mass of cassava leaves to subdue the bees. This could called opportunistic HH. The honey was eaten on the spot and the wax not used. A project financed by SIDA & Scout Group of Motala, to study honey & wax, improved methods of HH, bees wax products, such as wax candles, medicinal ointments & batik. II- Southern African Countries 1- Angola: ANA, is a major source of wax for export purposes. UNDP is providing fund and extra equipment, vehicles and buildings to enable “North Western Bee products Company” to reach even the remote border area. UNDP constructing a new depot in Mvinilunga, where honey & wax can be processed & stored ready for dispath to the city. In 1991, this company assists Angolans. A book resulting from a study started in 1956, covers honey sources, TB, AHB and its enemies, and methods of increasing MB are suggested. Portugal Araujo reported about TB in ANA, beekeeping from 1956 till 1974, and about the “Development Project for Beekeeping” in the Central Highlands of ANA (1973/74). Beekeeping can be a source of income in ANA. Fibrocement bee hives & The African Dadant hive, were used. HH is practised. In 1954, Portugal Araujo, reported about results of 15 years observation of A.m. adansonii, in ANA. Importation of Italian bees, A.m. ligustica, is not recommended. Native stingless bees Meliponula bocandei, seems the most promising. In ANA, coffee needs pollination by bees. 2 - Botswana: Bees, and beekeeping at Kagcae, Western Central Kalahari, Gaborone, BOT, were described. HH & TB, are practised without protective clothing for centuries. In North of BOT, they had one other choice, but to manipulate the bees, the gentle and cool headed away. Equipments must be simple and cheap as possible, preferable home made. Absconding is due to pests, predators, drought and vandalism.

Honey was obtained by plundering wild colonies. L hives were established in Mole people, in 1978, and the straight sided TBH has been in use from 1980. when rainfall is normal, herbaceous plants are the main providers of food. Mean honey yield/TBH is 10 kg in Kalahari, and 15 kg in South-East BOT. About two tonnes honey are imported annually. In BOT, agriculture sector is the main source of food, income, employment for majority of the rural areas population. Government promote beekeeping to achieve these objectives. Based on imports and domestic production statistics of bee products during the plan period, 1991-97, total domestic bee product production was 1.5% of local demand, which is very high compared with supply. It is envisaged that the next Plant Period (1997-2003) production of bee products will be raised, to reach 10% of the local demand. People in the arid south (Middlepits) claimed to be owners of strong colonies in rock shelters along the Molopo river bed, from which they usually, crop the honey combs only. Experiments with the “Noahs” hive (a rectangular basket make of straight sticks and covered with cow-dung & clay) or the “Tswaragano” (two connected apple cartons enforced by cow-dung & clay mixture), were successful and they have to be maintained more regularly than the wooden hives. AHB is primarily docile when their colonies are left in peace, aggression comes to them from outside and this triggers their most defensive behaviour. In 1976, the “German Volunteer Service” began teaching beekeeping to remote area dwellers, as a way of generating income & food. Beekeeping Unit was established in 1980, within the Women’s Extension Section, Min. of Agriculture. In 1981, a wide extension service began operating and in 1991, an introduced agricultural policy encouraging non-farming activities, enhanced the role of beekeeping. Currently, this “Unit”, has 14 beekeeping officers, 9 of whom are women. Beekeeping section organizes short training courses for extension staff and farmers at rural centres. Various assistance to beekeeping were offered from outside BOT from 1970s to 1980s. In Sep. 1977, the “Nation-Wide Kweneng Rural Development Association” was about to start 1st “Apicultural Pilot Programme” in the country. The area of Central Kalahari still has a population of AHB, and provide a considerable beekeeping potential. 3 - Lesotho: In LES, no TB, but HH to use honey as food and cure from minor aliments and coughs. As a result of “Tefoba Bee Research”, at Mafeteng: most of indigenous flowering plants that used by wild bees, have been destroyed. Eucalyptus sideroxylon, E. melliodora, E. camaldulensis, and Acacia, are good bee plants. E. sideroxyion, flowers at its best from April to Sep., and supplies one or two honey crops of 10 kg/super/hive. In Aug., Acacia flowers, and provides enough pollen. From Sep. to Dec., E. melliodera, known for its high nectar yield, blooms, and with apple trees in Oct., supply together 2 to 3 honey crops of the same 10 kg. Before the end of Oct. this flow is increased by E. camaldulensis, flowering at its peak from Oct., also yielding 10 kg honey. Out of a total 5 to 6 honey crops, 50-60 kg honey/colony/year, is quite common here. In Feb-March colonies them build up with abundant maize pollen. No problems with predators. A.m. adansonii, is aggressive, excitable and sensitive to external interference. 4 - Malawi: MAI, is densely covered with miombo woodland, especially in the north, which if utilized could make her one of the biggest exporters of bee products in tropics. Present production, and future potential of honey & wax from wild nests, TH & MH, wax exports since 1917, and uses are given. Mweso is the only commercial beekeeper in MAI. He uses all types of hives except TH and now uses KTBH & Mozambican Transition Hive. Malawins traditionally keep bees in log, bark & pot hives, from plants as other counties with miombo woodlands, from May to Aug., and sitting is done after construction, i.e. between Aug. & Sep. Swarming occurs in March-April, and again in July-Aug. Harvesting from May to July, as a lesser honey flow in mid Oct. to Jan., from the flowering miombo bee plants. Rural and small-scale beekeeping in Northern MAI was described. A ten-member beekeeping club have been established

in Malachanda area with A.m. scutellata. These illeterate beekeepers attended training sessions, based on Clauss’s book of 1982. The mean harvest twice yearly is 25 litres honey/KTBH. Problems include: absconding because of high temperature and lack of bee pasture. Club members are organized iner-club visits, where exchange of ideas and activities have been discussed. Malawins by tradition, “boil” the honey combs in a bot, as preserving method. When the mixture of honey, brood pollen and other foreign particles has melted, the liquid part sinks & the molten wax float. There are buying centres of honey in: Mbuzi, Nanbi, Tete, Nkharanga, and Tochi. 5- Mozambique: MOZ has a favourable climate with abundant melliferous flora, making beekeeping a viable economical endeavour. Wild swarms are in numerable, a good number of them are burnt by HH. Exploitation of bees has a strong tradition and there are TB. Honey is used as food, in medicine and in manufacture of local brews. MOZ is promoting beekeeping with the objective of turning HH to active and economic management of bees, and to discourage the distruction and killing of useful trees to get bark hives. Beekeeping in Oversea Provinces, MOZ, HH in Sapatane or Wankie’s tribe near Logier Hill, were described. Four stamps featuring bees (worker, drone, queen), and beekeeping, provide a good way of increasing the public’s awarness of the subject. In 1988, “Pragrama Nacional de Apicultura”, Maputo, MOZ, produced a series of 9 wall charts about beekeeping: TH, TBH, MH, AHB & swarms of bees. Three different zones can be distinguished in MOZ. Two types of apicultural activity of the native population are found: HH & TB. TH, using bark of trees, grass, clay, or metal cans, depending on what is available. Hives are hung in trees, shurbs, using aroma of local plants to attract bees. Occupancy depends on the swarm abundance. Traditional beekeeper comes in at harvest time, which normally occurs at the end of a flowering period. He/She is guided by moon, bee behaviour, the position and hive’s aroma. The first MH used were of L type. Production was lower than TH, because of the low number of modern beekeepers. Because of the aggressiveness of A.m. scutellata, and the lack of knowledge about its behaviour & methods of handling it, a number of modern beekeepers changed their interests. Modern beekeepers south of the river save (Southern MOZ), obtained mean honey yield of 15-20 kg/colony and 100-150 g. of wax/kg honey. The country has 2000 TBH, 700 MH, and over a million TH, with an approximate production of 45 tonnes honey/year, and a few tonnes of wax. Swarming in Sep.-Dec. & Feb.-April. Swarming signs in Feb., March & Aug. Local bees are very calm when swarming. Bees accept boxes best, when placed between 2.5 and 5 metres. Swarms build up quickly. Most of colonies migrate during dry season. Absconding is due to pest attack. Storage instinct is very high in TBH, as compared with MH. Maximum honey production in citrus plantations of Umbeluzi, and the Eucalyptus plantation of Manica, is 30 kg honey/hive. 6- Namibia: Beekeeping in NAM and south-west of Africa, life of bees, botanical names of plants added by W. Giess, were reported. 7 - South Africa: The attention of SOU is focused on the invation of A.m. scutellata by the cape bee, A.m. capensis. SOU, is a country where the mother nature has accomplished her most spectacular artistry. AHB thrives throughout African sub-saharan, with the exception of the South African Cape Peninsula, where the cape bee dominates. The notorious AHB with a reputation for defensiveness, a high rate of reproduction and swarming, has flourished and spread in a diversity of habitats. The cape bee is similar in its size as AHB, but differes in its uniformly dark color, gentle temperament and conservative reproduction, the ability of laying workers, to lay diploid eggs which produce viable female offspring. In SOU, bees are kept in L hives. Beekeepers obtain an income from sunflower honey as well as from pollination services during sunflower seed production. In 1996, an annual award was won by a beekeeper in Makapanstad, Medileng. He regarded as the most successful beekeeper in SOU, running 3200 colonies with mean production of 90 tonnes/year.

The danger of Varroa for SOU, was reported. Workers of AHB at higher altitudes are larger than those from lower down. Workers from mountains of LES, SOU, MAI & CAM, were studied. SOU has the infrastructure and beekeeping knowledge to be benefit to all beekeeping communities in Southern Africa, particularly with respect to research work. Honey & meads are exhibited at the Rand Show, bees were kept in an assortment of TBH & MH, without frames. APIPromo GTZ, analysed 35 beekeeping projects during the past 20 years in Africa. “Jackson Horizontal Hive”, which suited for apiculture in Southern African climatic region, was described. 8- Swaziland: TB is not common in SWA, although HH is widely practised by men & boys. Honey is kept for home use as food or medicine. A beekeeping programme is working to convert HH to MB, rural women are also being helped by the project. In SWA, men are often may from home, working in mines, so getting women involved is doubly important. A bee education programme was developed in “Bee School”, Lutheran Farmers Training Centre, Pigs Peak, SWA. The best way to motivate farmers is to demonstrate that beekeeping is economic under local economic conditions, rather than to provide artificial, short-term incentives. After Eucalyptus grandis, flowering from Feb. to Aug., bees are taken to orange plantations for honey production & pollination, then wild flowers are relied on until Feb. A development project was started by EDESA, in 1976, to expand from 600 to 1500 hived, Nhlangano, SWA. 9- Zambia: Potential of beekeeping areas, history of beekeeping development up to 1957, MB of AHB in TH & MH and problems of absconding are reported. The Forest Department of ZAM trying to improve TB in order to raise production and quality of bee products. Extension & training service does not operate consistently due to various constraints, e.g. lack of manpower, transport, and supply. A system of bee exploitation in Gwembe District in Southern ZAM (Lusitu area), was described. In the village of Siadombozyua, the huge baobas, Adansonia digitata, provide shelter to numerous bee colonies resting in cavities & in open, suspended from huge branches. Deforestation takes place as a result of extensive fires and other reasons. TH production is not responsible for deforestation and is a sustainable use of local resources. A simple, cheap, and easy to make from local materials mask-viel, was described. Beekeepers were trained in ZAM, BOT & Germany. A top tips, were prepared, for making shure that beekeeping training is excellent, or principles of beekeeping training are included. In North-Western Province of ZAM, with a population of 2.9 person/km2. There are over 10000 traditional beekeepers in the Province. Natural beekeeping potential exists in the vast forest areas where “miombo”, with the important nectar sources: Brachystegia, Julbernardia, Cryptosepalum, are predominant. Most of TH are made of bark of Brachystegia longifolia, B. spiciformus & Julbemardia paniculate. They last from 3 to 5 years, but a Cryptosepalum bark hive last 20 years or more, Alternative bark from Pterocarphus angolensis and logs of hollow tree trunks of Erythrophleum africanum, are used. All beekeepers in Zambezi West Bank are suspending their hives at eye level, to avoid accidents. In Kasempa District, from 34 years, since the inclusion of beekeeping in the Min. of Enviro. & Nat. Res., beekeeping was mainly carried out by men, especially in the North Western Province of ZAM. In the early 1990’s, kamarechi group was begun & attracted a great interest from local women. This group practised HH not TB. It received training from a volunteer at Kabompo Beekeeping Centre. Funds from IFAD, provided support for training programmes for six groups of 150 women. In Mwinilunga, a good rainfall reflects on a good honey harvest. Honey collectors are not limited by markets, because demand is high with customers in ZAM and foreign buyers. TB, using locally made hives, produce large quantities of honey & wax in the forest of Africa. Until recently, this honey considered to be with low quality on the export market. However, now it starting to establish a unique place in the European market. This “Organic Honey” is produced mainly from natural vegetation, where there is no possibility of contamination from: sugar feeding, use of antibiotics or other hive medicines, or spraying of plants with chemicals. The “North

Western Bee Products Company”, Kabompo, encouraged beekeepers to increase honey production from TH, suspended in the trees, out of reach of honey badgers and army ants. Swarming occupy hives during the flowering season, after 2 years, the hives are ready to be cropped. In 1990, the company exported 54 tonnes of “Organic Honey” to Europe. 10- Zimbabwe: Apiculture in ZIM goes back a long away. A rock painting of a honey hunter using fire, was discovered near the Toghwand Dam, Matopo Hills, ZIM. TB & HH, were very popular in the early half of this Century. In 1970, the “Department of Construction and Extension”, Openeda “Bee Centre”, at Mazawe. The “Department of Agritex”, was created in 1980, and beekeeping expanded through rural areas. Most beekeepers are in Mashonaland & Manicaland. In rural areas, TH are used. Greek basket hives & KTBH are in use, in 1990. Some hunters are still inspecting caves & hollow trees, for bees, in mountains. Transitional beekeeping has been introduced, by creating awareness, to a few traditional beekeepers. An excellent floral calendar of rural wooded ZIM highveld, was prepared. The calendar shows indigenous & cultivated plants, whether they are nectar and/or pollen producers, and the period of their flowering. “Kupfuma Ishungu”, or “Success through hard work”, is a beekeepers cooperative in North-Eastern ZIM, which started in 1987. In May, 1989, a UN volunteer arrived to make the co-operatives bee hives. In Borrowdale, Harare, beekeeping encouraged amongst pupils, contact with other schools of beekeeping, where projects in operation, are needed. A “Pollination service”, using A.m. scutellata, for pollination of sunflower, sweet pepper, runner bean, apples, pears, citrus, kiwi. The advantages of bee houses, are reported. III- Mascarene Islands 1- Malagash (Madagascar): Beekeeping in MAE has known prosperous periods, characterized by large exports of honey & wax, particularly during 1920s. Exports came to a halt in 1950, and minimum local production in 1982. In 1985, the Government decided to recommence beekeeping as a part of the realization of policies based on self-sufficiency in food, improvement of standard of living of the rural poor people, and to obtain foreign exchange. The government has received technical & financial support from FAO (1985/86). Apiculture Department, is located in Antananarivo, MAE. 2- Mauritius: MAY, is one of Mascarene Islands, which include: MAE, REU, and SEY. A.m. unicolor, in all black bee were transferred from MAE to REU in 1966. A.m. unicolor, native to MAY, introduction of bees, and a visit by apiculturists to MAY & MAE, were described. In MAY, beekeeping has for almost two centuries been within the reach of a small groups of persons, as very few had technical knowledge. Beekeepers had imported queens between 1970 & 1980, importation of queens started in 1930, both Italian queens & hybrids from USA. As a consequence of such imports, the black bee of MAY has become hybridized. A.m. unicolor, is unsatisfactory for commercial honey production and gentle in its habits, and it tends to store only a small amount of honey. It has a relatively short tongue and cannot utilize floral sources containing nectar out of its reach. They tend to fly away from the combs when smoke is applied. Honeys produced from MAY, are mostly from the six following plants, their flowering period, and honey quality: Tamarindus indica, Dec.-Jan., dark colour honey of 2nd grade, Schinus terebinthifolius, March-April, dark honey of 2nd grade; Eucalyptus robusta, April-May, often mixed honey; Haematoxylin campechianum, July-Sep., one of the best honeys in the world with light colour; Litchi chinensis, Aug., excellent flavoured honey; E. tereticornis, Sep.-Dec., most important honey producer, 1st grade strongly flavoured honey.

3- Reunion: Though REU is larger in size, MAY has a richer, more accessible honey source. Most of REU honey comes from the wild pepper-tree, Schinus terebinthifolius, which covers large areas in the south-east of this island, but its honey is not of top quality. REU has black, A.m. unicolor, and miscellaneous hybrids of Banat, Caucasian, Carniolan & Italian honeybees. Imports of European bees to REU, brought acarine, and many local bees colonies died between 1955 & 85. Banat bees imported from Yugoslavia, in 1964, are regarded to bee resistant to acarine. 4- Seychelles: The main island in SEY Archipelago, is Mahe. Commercial crops include: coconut, vanilla, clove, tea, mango, oranges, pawpaw, pineapples, banana & avocado. FAO has started a pilot project, to improve honey production, assisted by the Extension Division of Min. of Agric. & the SEY polytechnic. Islands of Mahe, Praslin & La Digue, could produce over 20 tonnes of honey/year. Now SEY, know that beekeeping and agriculture cannot be separated. “The bee helps the garden, the garden helps the bee, and man reaps the benefit of both”. Honey plants include: Albizzia, Antingonon, Scaevola & Calophyllum.

Table 1.

Beekeeping research in Central, Southern African Counties and Islands. Country*

C. Africa 1 BUU 2. CAE 3. CAR 4. CHA 5. GAB 6. RWA 7. ZAI Total Mean S. Africa 1. ANA 2. BOT 3. MAI 4. MOZ 5. NAM 6. RHO 7. SWA+ 8. ZAM Total Mean Islands 1. MAE 2. MAY 3. REU 4. SEY Total Mean G.Total G. Mean

Number of published entries

First publication in beekeeping

Pioneers in the field of beekeeping

1 2 2 4 2 3 14 28 4

Paterson (1977) Smith (1942) Bahuchet (1972) Douhet (1949) Darchen (1973) Dubois & Collar (1950) Graftian (1911), Michel (1911)

Patreson, Dubois, Collart. Smith, Mire, Mbondji. Bahuchet. Douhet, Gadbin, Svensson. Darchen. Dubois, Collart, Bauduin. Graftian, Michel, Adrias, Benoit, Nemery, Roeck, Leuck.

24 3 8 5 1 21 1 4 67 8.4

Ennis & Welty (1946) Garin (1931) Delhaise (1909) Baines (1868) Eggers & Wurst-Henning (1944) Papadopoulo (1963) Ehrbar (1976) Smith (1959)

Ennis, Welty, Luis, Paixao, Tordo. Garin, Clauss. Delhaise, Sheriff, Dening, Binns, Moriarty. Baines, Joquim, Guy. Eggers, Wurst-Henning, Giess. Papadopoulo, Mukwaira, Schmolke, Wild. Ehrbar. Smith, Holmes, Silberrad.

14 4 2 3 23 5.75 118 6.2

Cory (1889) Papadopoulo (1967) Callias (1969) Silberrad (1969)

Cory, Douhet, Matthey, Partiot, Razafindrakoto. Papadopoulo, Attfield, West. Callias. Silberrad.

(*) No information about beekeeping from CON, LES, ZIM(32) , (+) A report about the country(32).

Table 2. Beekeeping in Central, Southern African Countries and Islands. Country

Bees

Area (1000 km2)

C. Africa 1 BUU

28

Ama*

2. CAE

475

Ama

3. CAR

623

Ama

4. CHA

1284

Ama

5. GAB

268

Ama

6. RWA

26

Ama.

7. ZAI

2345

Ama, Amu, Ami, Amf

S. Africa 1. ANA

1247

Ama

2. BOT

600

Ama, Ams

3. LES

30

Ama

4. MAI

118

Ama

5. MOZ

783

Ams

6. SOU

1221

Ama, Amca, Ams

7. ZAM

753

Ama

8. ZIM Islands 1. MAE

390

Ama

587

Amu

No. M.H. (1000s) (year)

No. T.H. (1000s) (year)

No. colonies per km2

M.B. (year)

No. beekpeers (1000s) (year)

No. colonies/be e-keeper

Mean honey (kg)/ colony

Total honey (tonnes) (year)

Population (1000s) (year)

Honey (gm)/ person

93 (1984) 280 (1984) 650 (1984) 120 (1984) Few (1984) 4.4 (1979) 160 (1960)

most (1984) most (1984) most (1984) most (1984) Few (1984) most (1979) most (1960)

3.3

(1977)

(-)

(-)

9.8

911.4+

6400**

142.4+

0.59

(1942)

15.6+

8.2

2296+

13500

170+

1

(1983)

18 (1997) (-)

(-)

10.5

6825+

3200

0.002

0.09

(1949)

(-)

(-)

8

960+

6400

150+

(-)

(1973)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

1300

(-)

0.17

(1939)

(-)

(-)

0.6

2.64+

1580

1.67+

0.07

(1911)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

44100

(-)

1000 (1984) 0.1 (1983) 0.03 (1986) 80 (1979) 28 (1980) 52 (1984) 676 (1986) (-)

most (1984) most (1983) (1986) most (1979) 1000 (1989) few (1984) 674 (1986) (-)

0.8

(1946)

(-)

(-)

15

15000+

11500

1304+

0.0002

(1931)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

1500

(-)

0.001

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

2100

(-)

0.68

(1930)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

9700

(-)

0.04

(1985)

(-)

(-)

9.3

93.3+

17400

0.005+

0.04

(1984)

(-)

(-)

17.3

900+

43500

20.7

0.90

(1959)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

9100

(-)

(-)

(1970)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

11300

(-)

0.51

(1985)

43

11.9

13052

14800

241.2+

0.40

(1973)

7 (1989) (-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

1100

(-)

0.83

(1969)

(-)

(-)

21.2

74.2+

700

106+

300 most (1983) (1983) 2. MAY 2 Amu 0.8 most (1979) (1979) 3. REU 3 Amu 2.5 1 (1981) (1981) 4. SEY 0.3 Amu 2 0.4 (1991) (1984) Ama, A.m. adansonii; Amu, A.m. unicolor; Ami, A.m. intermissa; Amf, A.m. NAM,SWA.

0.05 48 20 48+ 100 480+ (1991) (1991) fasciata; Ams, A.m. scutellata; Amca, A.m. capensis; Population based on 1995 data; No information about CON, 6.67

(1969)

Table 3. Honey pests and diseases in Central, Southern African Countries and islands. Country AFB C. Africa 1. CAE 2. CAR 3. CON 4. RWA 5. ZAI S. Africa 1. ANA 2. BOT 3. MAI 4. MOZ 5. SOU 6. ZAM 7. ZIM Islands 1. MAE 2. MAY 3 REU

Brood diseases EFB Sac brood

Nosema

Adult diseases Amoeba

Acarine

Bee lice

Merops & birds

Wasps

Others Ants

Wax moths & others

Honey badger

Hive beetles

+ -

-

-

-

-

+ + + +

+ +

-

-

+ -

-

-

-

-

+ + + + -

+ -

+ +

+ -

+ -

+ + + + +

+ -

+ + + -

+ + + -

+ + + + -

+ + + -

+ + -

-

+ -

-

+ +

-

+ +

+ -

-

-

-

+ -

-

-

Snakes, in MAI, Varroa, in SOU only, A fungus, Debaryomyces kloekeri, in ANA; Braula coeca angulata, in SOU; A bird, honey guide, in C., S. Africa, ANA; Acherontia atropos, in MAY. No Chalk, Stone brood, paralysis, Senotaina and Lizards were recorded.

BEEKEEPING IN AFRICA: II- CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AFRICAN COUNTRIES AND ISLANDS Prof Moustafa H. Hussein University of Assiut, Fac. of Agric., Plant Prot. Dept., Assiut, Egypt. Tel. 088313629, Fax. 088/332875, E-mail: [email protected]

MOSTAFA HASSAN HUSSEIN Birth Date Place of Birth Material status

: : :

December 9, 1945 Cairo, Egypt. Married, has one son.

EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE: -

B.Sc. (Economic Entomology), Excellent, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt (1966). Joined Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University as an Lecturer (1977). Joined the same Department as Professor of Economic Entomology (Apiculture) from 1984 till now. Joined as an specialist of Apiculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat (Oman) from January 1984 till August 1987 and from 1993 till 1995. My published scientific record includes more than 100 articles published in U.K., Germany, Russia, India, Belgium, Canada, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Egypt and also 5 books about Beekeeping in Egypt and Oman. Visiting Asian Institute for Rural Development (AIRD), Bangalore, India for 10 weeks during 1992, for working in "Tropical Sericulture".

CONFERENCES: 1.

Bee Symposium (Affiliated to 3rd Arab pesticide Conference, Tanta University), Egypt, 1979. 2. International Conference of Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 1988. 3. National Seminar on Commercial Floriculture in India, Present and Potential, IndoAmerican Seed Hybrids, July 1992, Bangalore, India. 4. Workshop on "Project Management", July 1992, AIRD AND FIT (Canada), Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 5. International Conference of Silk as Agricultural Industry “ICSAI”, Cairo, Egypt, 1997. 6. 35th International Apicultural Congress, APIMONDIA, Belgium, Antwerp, Sept. 1-6, 1997. 7. The second International Arab Apicultural Conference, Royal Cultural Center, Jordan, Amman, Aug. 3-6, 1998. 8. The 36th International Congress of APIMONDIA, Vancouver, Canada, Sep. 12-17, 1999. 9. The 18th International Sericultural Commission Congress, Cairo, Egypt, 12-16 Oct. 1999. 10. Symposium of “Honey Bees and Sidr Trees”, Hadramout Univ. of Science and Technology, Yemen, March, 2001.