Basic Principles of Aquaculture Species, Economics, Water Sources Water Systems, Conservative & Non-Conservative Aspects Water Quality, Feeds Nutrition & Growth Reproduction & Genetics, Disease & Predation Harvesting Hauling & Processing Environmental Concerns

Feeds Nutrition & Growth II Energy & Growth Protein, Lipid, Carbohydrate, Micronutrients Other Factors Binders, Attractants, Pigments, Off Flavors Strategies for Offering Prepared Feeds FCR & FC Efficiency, Feeding Rate, Frequency & Their Interactions Methods of Presenting Feeds Adjusting Feeding Rates

Reproduction, Selection & Genetics Spawning Techniques Larval Rearing Techniques Hormone Spawning Sex Control – Hybridization, Triploidy, Gynogenesis Selective Breeding Genetics & Genetic Engineering

Disease Predation & Cannibalism I Mortality in Aquaculture Sanitation Treatment & Prevention Methodology Vaccines, Isolation, Chemical Control, Calculation of Treatment Levels Examination for Disease Common Aquaculture Diseases Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, Protozoan

Disease Predation & Cannibalism II Common Parasites Helminths Nematode, Tapeworm, Flatworm Copepods Predation - from Land, Sea & Air Cannibalism

Harvesting Hauling & Processing Harvesting Culture Systems Intensive, Extensive, Specialized Techniques - Anesthesia Live Hauling – Minimizing Stress Depuration Fee Fishing Processing & Marketing

Common Environmental Concerns 1. Water Flow Considerations 2. Parasites - Native Populations Nearby 3. Pollution from Effluent 4. Handling Escapees 5. Unhealthy Culture Conditions

Common Carp

Cyprinus carpio

Carp Aquaculture 1. Largest Volume of All Aquaculture Species

2. Cyprinus carpio: Eastern European species, in Danube Drainage, then Roman Europe. 3. In Culture for More than 2,500 years 475 BC Fan Lei - Carp Aquaculture 100 BC - 400 AD Romans Aquaculture Carp 4. Considerable Number of Small Farms Eastern Europe, India, China

Carp Aquaculture Reference Billard, R., (ed.) 1999. Carp: Biology and Culture. Springer-Praxis Series in Aquaculture and Fisheries. Praxis Publishing, 342 pps. (Translated from the 1995 French by Dr. Lindsay Laird, Univ. Aberdeen, UK.)

Carp Aquaculture

Roman Aquarium & Fish Farm

Carp Aquaculture

Small Scale European Carp Farming

Carp Aquaculture Carp Aqua Production Probably >20 Mmt / yr Salmon Aquaculture ~ 2.2 Mmt per year Term “Carp” is a grade not a taxon. Carp are Members of the Family Cyprinidae 36 genera 280 species, 118 in 1 genus 15 Species account for Most Aqua Production

Abundant Aquacultured Carp Species 1. Common Carp 2. Silver Carp 3. Grass Carp 4. Mud Carp 5. Bighead Carp 6. Black Carp 7. Catla 8. Calbassu 9. Rohu 10. Mrigal 11. White Amur Bream 12. Crucian Carp 13. Goldfish 14. Tench 15. Roach

Cyprinus carpio Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Ctenopharyngodon idella Cirrhina molitorella Aristichthys nobilis Mylopharyngodon piceus Catla catla Labeo calbasu Labeo rohita Cirrhinus mrigala Parabramis pekinensis Carassius carassius Carassius auratus Tinca tinca Rutilus rutilus

Common Carp

Cyprinus carpio

Silver Carp

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Silver Carp - Illinois River

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Grass Carp

Ctenopharyngodon idella

Mud Carp

Cirrhinus molitorella

Bighead Carp

Hypophthalmichthys nobilis

Black Carp

Mylopharygodon piceus

Catla (Indian) Carp

Catla catla

Calbassu Carp

Labeo calbasu

Rohu Carp

Labeo rohita

Mrigal Carp

Cirrhinus mrigala

White Amur Bream

Parabramis pekinensis

Crucian Carp

Carassius carassius

Goldfish (not Koi)

Carassius auratus

Tench

Tinca tinca

Roach

Rutilis rutilis

Carp General Observations Unpopular as a Food Fish in North America But Popular as Food In Europe & Asia Higher Lipid Levels, Can Bring Off Flavors Production Includes 15 Different Species Term Carp used as a ‘grade’ like ‘salmon’ Production Numbers Are a Guess - Accurate Data Nearly Impossible to Find Huge % of Production is from Small Ponds Mom and Pop Operations

Carp Life Cycle Closed Carp Whose Life Cycles have been Closed Cyprinus carpio (common carp) Carassius carassius (crucian carp) Carassius auratus (goldfish)

Control Over All Life History Stages Can Include Stage Specific Requirements Control Over Reproduction Produce Viable Offspring from Cultured Parents

Carp Aquaculture

China Carp Pond

Carp Aquaculture

Carp Juvenile Pedicure

Carp Aquaculture

Czech Carp Harvest

Carp Aquaculture

Krakow Selling Aquacultured Carp

Carp Aquaculture

Trebon Harvesting Brail

Aquaculture Water Quality

Secchi Disc Measuring Turbidity

Carp Aquaculture

Carp Aquaculture

Carp Pituitary Extracts

Structure of Fish Eggs

SEM of Fertilization

Artificial Colors

Fertilization

Egg Cortical Reaction

Butterfly Egg

Carp Eggs

Zoug Jars

Carp Embryo Hatching

Carp Life Cycle

Common Carp Juvenile

Goldfish

Juveniles