Barriers to access to treatment for mothers with postpartum depression in primary health care centers: a predictive model 1

Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem Original Article 2016;24:e2675 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.0982.2675 www.eerp.usp.br/rlae Barriers to access to treatment fo...
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Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem

Original Article

2016;24:e2675 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.0982.2675

www.eerp.usp.br/rlae

Barriers to access to treatment for mothers with postpartum depression in primary health care centers: a predictive model1

Pablo Martínez2 Paul A. Vöhringer3 Graciela Rojas4

Objective: to develop a predictive model to evaluate the factors that modify the access to treatment for Postpartum Depression (PPD). Methods: prospective study with mothers who participated in the monitoring of child health in primary care centers. For the initial assessment and during 3 months, it was considered: sociodemographic data, gyneco-obstetric data, data on the services provided, depressive symptoms according to the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) and quality of life according to the Short Form-36 Health Status Questionnaire (SF36). The diagnosis of depression was made based on MINI. Mothers diagnosed with PPD in the initial evaluation, were followed-up. Results: a statistical model was constructed to determine the factors that prevented access to treatment, which consisted of: item 2 of EPDS (OR 0.43, 95%CI: 0.20-0.93) and item 5 (OR 0.48, 95%CI: 0.21-1.09), and previous history of depression treatment (OR 0.26, 95%CI: 0.61-1.06). Area under the ROC curve for the model=0.79; p-value for the Hosmer-Lemershow=0.73. Conclusion: it was elaborated a simple, well standardized and accurate profile, which advises that nurses should pay attention to those mothers diagnosed with PPD, presenting low/no anhedonia (item 2 of EPDS), scarce/no panic/fear (item 5 of EPDS), and no history of depression, as it is likely that these women do not initiate treatment.

Descriptors: Depression, Postpartum; Health Services Accessibility; Primary Health Care.

1

Supported by Iniciativa Científica Milenio, Chile, process # IS130005 and by Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, Chile, process

2

Doctoral student, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Assistant Researcher, Departamento de Psiquiatría y

3

PhD, Associate Professor, Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital Clínico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago,

4

PhD, Full Professor, Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital Clínico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

# 1130230. Salud Mental, Hospital Clínico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Chile.

Martínez P, Vöhringer PA, Rojas G. Barriers to access to treatment for mothers with postpartum depression in primary health care centers: a predictive model. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2016;24:e2675. [Access ___ __ ____]; Available in: ____________________. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.0982.2675

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Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2016;24:e2675

Introduction

Metropolitan Region (MR), Chile (n=120). It was selected the health unit of PHC that registered the

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a public health

highest number of health attendances of children in the

problem worldwide(1). It is the most common psychiatric

past 2 months, in each of the six Health Services of the

condition postpartum(2) and there is extensive material

MR, according to administrative data of the Ministry of

on the degree of disability that it is likely to cause to

Health, in the period from January to September, 2012.

the mother(3), its association with the delay in child

In this way, the sample consisted of six municipal health

development and behavior disorders in adult life of the

units of PHC of the MR, Chile. This due to the fact that

descendants(4).

the administrative data from the Ministry of Health are

In Chile, studies using standardized diagnostic

not broken down by month.

criteria reported a prevalence of PPD of about 20%

During the months of January and February 2013, it

in the primary health care (PHC) of public health

was consecutively recruited those mothers participating

system(5). In contrast, a study using the Edinburgh

in the child health monitoring, from two to six months

Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), validated in

postpartum, at the selected health units. After routine

Chile(6), indicated that 41.3% of mothers who are

examination, the study researchers included those

assisted in clinics are affected by severe depressive

mothers that have signed an informed consent, over

symptoms between 2 and 3 months postpartum(7),

18 years old, without intellectual disability and could

that is, at risk of PPD.

be contacted by telephone. All the women agreed to

Although a significant proportion of mothers who

participate voluntarily.

use the APS are at high risk and the importance of

A week later, a structured interview was carried

maternal and child health leads to a greater number

out by phone (initial diagnosis), which assessed:

of visits to health centers in this period, depressive

sociodemographic antecedents, gynecological-obstetric

disorders are not usually detected and treated(8), despite

and perinatal data, depressive symptoms, according to

the availability of effective treatments(9).

the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS)(7), promoted

confirmation of current diagnosis of Major Depressive

a early detection of PPD, recommending the adoption

Based on that, the Ministry of Health

Postpartum Episode (PPD), according to the structured

of the universal screening in the PHC, so that the EPDS

psychiatric interview MINI(12) and quality of life, according

is applied by nursing professionals in the follow-up of

to the SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire(13).

(10)

children and women at postpartum period. However, treatment rates remain low. In this regard, the national literature has evidenced the presence of barriers to access to health services for depressed mothers and the need for trainnig of human resources in the PHC in order to ensure a greater commitment to the ministerial guidelines and tighter monitoring of women at risk(11). It is considered that the construction of a predictive model to identify the factors that modify the access to treatment may be useful in reducing the failures in the treatment of PPD, by focusing on the use of human resources available in the public health system, and

The final sample used for collection and analysis of data in this study included only women in which PPD has been confirmed, according to MINI, in the initial diagnosis.

Definition of dependent variable After

three

months,

the

medical

records

of

users with PPD (follow-up evaluation) were reviewed, considering as no access to treatment: if no provision of mental health consultation was recorded in the health unit after the initial diagnosis (dichotomized variable).

Definition of independent variables

specifically, strengthening the role of nurses in detecting PPD during routine examinations. There are no studies in the local context that have investigated that aspect at present. The aim of this study was to develop a predictive model to evaluate the factors that modify the access to treatment for PPD in PHC.

Method This is a prospective cohort study. The sampling

To determine the predictors of no access to treatment in women with PPD in PHC, a review of the available literature was performed(14-21). Accordingly, the following variables were selected as potential predictors: age, marital status, education, current occupational status, who lives in the household, number of children, planning of the last pregnancy, help in caring for the baby, history of previous treatments of depression, depressive symptoms (total score of EPDS and score in each item

consisted of all health units of PHC located in the

www.eerp.usp.br/rlae

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Martínez P, Vöhringer PA, Rojas G. of the instrument) and quality of life (according to the

Results

dimensions of the SF-36). All variables that were significant with p

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