Attachment A: Jung on Personality Type “(E)veryone orients himself in accordance with the data supplied by the outside world…. (T)he data in themselves are only relatively decisive.” (CW 6, par. 563. What makes the difference in these ways of dealing with outside-world data? The primacy of psychic structure. “It is necessary, for the sake of clarity, to distinguish between the psychology of consciousness and the psychology of unconscious….” (CW 6, par. 562) The basic relationship between conscious and unconscious includes compensation, balancing, and completing. Normally, extraversion and introversion work together making it possible for the individual to adapt to the world and to her/his essential nature—at least to some extent. “A reversal of type often proves exceedingly harmful to the psychological well-being of the organism, usually causing extreme exhaustion.” (CW 6, 561)

Attachment B: Possible Limitations of one’s Personality Type Extraverts (E’s) tend to -- talk too much (especially about self) -- lose energy alone or with one person -- not always truthful (tend to embellish) -- be liked, then not liked Introverts (I’s) tend to -- not talk enough (especially about self) -- generally be closed to most people -- lose energy in a group -- be ignored and/or dismissed

Appendix C: Other Possible Personality Type Limitations -- Judgers (J’s) can lack openness and follow rules slavishly. -- Perceivers (P’s) can break rules and lack closure -- Sensors (S’s) can lack creativity or generate ideas -- Intuitives (N’s) can get lost in ideas and fail to “do” -- Feelers (F’s) can disregard objective truth in favor of “feelings” -- Thinkers (T’s) can disregard feelings in favor of objective truth -- Sensing-Feelers (SF’s) can get lost in helping others -- Intuitive-feelers (NF’s) can have difficulty separating from others -- Sensing-thinkers (ST’s) can disregard feelings—their own and others -- Intuitive-thinkers (NT’s) can look for what is wrong, and be “critical”

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Appendix D: Other Attachment Systems Bartholomew & Horowitz: 4-part system – Secure, preoccupied, dismissing, fearful Carlson et al.: 5-part system – Secure, avoidant, anxious, disorganized, ambivalent Kirkpatrick: 2 dimensional system – Activating vs. deactivating (interpersonal) Autonomous vs. nonautonomous (individual

Appendix E: Research on Attachment Cohen and Clark (1984): Absence of early object attachment is “reserved” (on 16-PF) Presence of strong and persistent attachments is “tense” (on 16-PF) McCrae and Costa (1991) Extraverts and Intuitives display greater psychological well-being Generally find that their preferred psychological type (ENFJ) has better adjustment Cyr et al. (2008): Mothers of secure children made more frequent verbal statements of emotional content Mothers of avoidant children minimized emotional content Mothers of disorganized children shared more frightening and hostile statements Hazan and Shaver ((1987): Secure lovers love experience is happy, friendly, trusting Avoidant lovers show fear of intimacy, emotional highs and lows, and jealousy Anxious-ambivalent lovers involve obsession, desire for reciprocation, highs and lows, and high sexual attraction Kirkpatrick and Shaver (1992): Individuals who espouse belief in God are more secure Avoidant secure individuals were agnostic Anxious/ambivalent individuals were more Pentecostal Kobak and Hazan (1991) Husband’s attachment security covaried with wives’ rejection during problemsolving wives’ security covaried with quality of husbands’ listening during a confiding task Mikulincer and Horesh (1999): Anxious-ambivalent persons project their actual self-traits (projective identification) Avoidant persons project their unwanted self traits (defensive projection) Mikulincer et al. (1991): Secure people are more self-disclosing

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Rhodes, W.S., Simpson, J.A. & Orina, M.M. (1999): Anxious-ambivalent persons get angry with potential loss of closeness Avoidant persons get angry with potential loss of distance Secure persons tend to express less anger in general Distinguish between anger of hope (functional) and anger of despair (dysfunctional). Strossner and Mackie (1992) Extraverts and Feelers are more secure Extraverts express more positive emotions

Appendix F: Pathological Origins of Attachment Disorders • • • • • • •

Mother figure is unable to attach Mother figure is unable to detach Mother figures change (foster care, adoption) Mother figure is abusive Mother figure is neglectful Mother figure is indulgent Mother figure is ambivalent

Appendix G: Nonpathological Origins of Attachment Disorders • • • • • • •

Mother figures dies Sibling dies or leaves home Infant is hospitalized Adoption of any kind Feeding and allergic problems Neurological disruption in uterus Change of living situation

Appendix H: Symptoms of Attachment Disorders in Infants • • • • • • • •

Avoids eye contact Doesn’t smile Doesn’t reach out to be picked up Rejects efforts to calm Rejects efforts to connect Cries inconsolably Not interested in playing interactive games Time spent self-soothing

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Appendix I: Johnson-Brock Theory of Borderline Personality Disorder Labile affect Felt emptiness

Chronic disrupted relationships

Depression

Anxiety

Narcissism

Self hate/anger

Appendix J: Johnson-Brock Data on Frequency of Types with BPD’s ExtravertedTypes ESFJ: 7 ENFP: 4 ENFJ: 3 ESFP: 3 ENTP: 1 ESTJ: 1

Introverted Types INFP: 7 ISFP: 5 ISFJ: 4 INFJ: 3 INTP: 2 ISTJ: 1 Totals: • • • •

E/I 19/22 S/N: 21/20 T/F: 6/36 J/P: 19/22

Appendix K: Johnson on Countertransference Consider a spectrum of liking/disliking: Like--------------------------/------------------------Dislike Add features to the spectrum: Good for me------------/------------Not good for me Helpful-------------------/------------------------Harmful Attractive----------------/------------------Unattractive Safe-----------------------/--------------------------Unsafe Render a diagnosis carefully: -- Factor in your feelings, your thoughts, and your intuition -- Factor out your countertransference and your personal history

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References for Attachment • •

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Ainsworth, M.D.S., et al (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Bartholomew, K. and Horowitz, L. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of the four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61 (2), p. 226-244. Bowlby, J. (1973-1980). Attachment and loss (Vols. 1-3). New York: Basic Books. Carlson, V. et al. Disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships in maltreated infants. Developmental psychology, 25, 525-531 Cohen, K.N. & Clark, J.A. (1984). Transitional object attachments in early childhood and personality characteristics in later life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46 (1), 106-111. Cyr, C., Dubois-Comtois, K., & Moss, E. (2008). Les conversations mere-enfant et l’attachement des enfants a la periode prescolaire. Canadian journal of behavioral science, 40 (3), 140-152 Duberstein, P.R. & Talbot, N.L. (1993). Rorschach oral imagery, attachment style, and interpersonal relatedness. Journal of personality assessment, 61 (2), 294-310. Hazan, C. & Shaver. P. (1987). Conceptualizing romantic love as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524. Heaton, A.W. and Kruglanski, A.W. (1991). Person perception by introverts and extraverts under time pressure: effects of need for closure. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 17, 161-165. Homan, K. (2007). Attachment to God and its relation to perceived parenting, self-esteem, prayer patterns, and affective religious experience. Paper presented at the Christian Association for Psychological Studies Convention, Philadelphia, PA Kobak, R.R. and Hazan, C. (1993). Attachment in marriage: effects of security and accuracy of working models. Journal of personality and social psychology, 60, 861-869Kirkpatrick, L.A. (1999). Attachment and religious representations and behavior. In J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment (pp. 803-822). New York: The Guilford Press. Kirkpatrick, L.A. and Shaver, P.R. (1992). An attachment-theoretical approach to romantic love and religious belief. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 18, 266-275. Levy, T. & Orlans, M. (2004). Attachment disorder, antisocial personality, and violence. Annals of the American psychotherapy association, winter, 2004. McCraw, R.R. and Costa, P.T. (1991). Adding liebe und arbeit: the full fivefactor model and well-being. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 17, 227232. Mikulincer, M. and Horesh, N. (1999). Adult attachment style and the perception of others: the role of projective mechanisms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76 (6), 1022-1034. Mikulincer, M. and Nachshon, O. (1991). Attachment styles and patterns of selfdisclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61 (2), 321-331.

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Hartcollis, P. (ed.) (1977). Borderline personality disorders. NY: International Universities Press. Johnson, R. & Brock, D. (2007). Borderline personality disorder: successful and unsuccessful treatment. Paper presented at the convention of the Christian Association for Psychological Studies, King of Prussia, PA. Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. NY: Jason Aronson. Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. NY: International Universities Press. Kressman, J. & Satraus, H. (1989). I hate you—don’t leave me. NY: Avon. Maroda, K. (1994). The power of countertransference. NY: Wiley. Reiland, R. (2004). Get me out of here: my recovery from borderline personality disorder. Center City, NM: Hazelton. Sivec, H.J., Hilsenroth, M.J. & Lynn, S.J. (1995). Impact of simulating borderline personality disorder on the MMPI-2: a costs-benefits model employing base rates. Journal of personality assessment, 64 (2), 295-311. Stern, A. 91938). Psychoanalytic investigation of and therapy in the borderline group of neuroses. Psychoanalytic quarterly, 7, 467-489. Stuart , J. et al. (1990). Object relations in borderlines, depressives, and normals: an examination of human responses on the Rorschach. Journal of personality assessment, 55 (2-2), 296-318 Valliant, G.E. (1992). The beginning of wisdom is never calling a patient a borderline. Journal of psychotherapy practice and research, 1 (2), 117-134.

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