Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
9442hc_9789814644174_tp.indd 1
2/12/14 1:40 pm
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
May 2, 2013 14:6 BC: 8831 - Probability and Statistical Theory
This page intentionally left blank
PST˙ws
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Editors
Leiv Lunde The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway
Yang Jian Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, China
Iselin Stensdal The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway
World Scientific NEW JERSEY
•
LONDON
9442hc_9789814644174_tp.indd 2
•
SINGAPORE
•
BEIJING
•
SHANGHAI
•
HONG KONG
•
TA I P E I
•
CHENNAI
2/12/14 1:40 pm
Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Asian countries and the Arctic future / [edited by] Leiv Lunde (The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway), Jian Yang (Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, China) & Iselin Stensdal (The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway). pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-9814644174 1. Asia--Foreign relations--Arctic regions. 2. Arctic regions--Foreign relations--Asia. 3. Geopolitics--Arctic regions. I. Lunde, Leiv, editor. II. Yang, Jian, 1962 December 6– editor. III. Stensdal, Iselin, editor. IV. Young, Oran R. Adaptive governance for a changing Arctic. Container of (work): G615.A78 2015 327.09163'2--dc23 2015007459
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Copyright © 2016 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.
In-house Editors: Dong Lixi/Chandrima Maitra Typeset by Stallion Press Email:
[email protected] Printed in Singapore
Chandrima - Asian Countries and the Arctic Future.indd 1
23/6/2015 11:33:30 AM
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
b2036 Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
Contents
List of Tables and Box
ix
List of Figures
xi
List of Abbreviations
xiii
About the Editors
xvii
About the Contributors
xix
Introduction
YANG Jian
1
Introduction:
Nordic Perspectives on Asia’s Arctic Interests Leiv Lunde
7
Part 1
Governance and Cooperation
Chapter 1
Adaptive Governance for a Changing Arctic Oran R. Young
Chapter 2
The Arctic Governance and the Interactions between Arctic and Non-Arctic Countries YANG Jian
13 15
35
v
b2036_FM.indd v
20-Jul-15 12:59:35 PM
b2036 Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
vi
Contents
Chapter 3
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Part 2
Can Asian Involvement Strengthen Arctic Governance? Olav Schram Stokke
51
High North: High Politics or Low Tension? Cooperation and Conflict in the Arctic Jo Inge Bekkevold
61
Analysis of International Arctic Cooperation Mechanisms among the Nordic Countries CHENG Baozhi
83
Economic Development
105
Chapter 6
International Use of the Northern Sea Route — Trends and Prospects 107 Arild Moe
Chapter 7
A Comparative Study of the Administration of the Canadian Northwest Passage and the Russian Northern Sea Route ZOU Leilei and HUANG Shuolin
121
Governance and Ownership of the Arctic Ocean: Living Resources and the Continental Shelf Njord Wegge
143
Arctic Mining: Asian Interests and Opportunities Iselin Stensdal
155
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
b2036_FM.indd vi
20-Jul-15 12:59:35 PM
b2036 Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
Contents
Part 3 Asia in the Arctic
169
Chapter 10 Japan’s Arctic Policy Development: From Engagement to a Strategy Fujio Ohnishi
171
Chapter 11 India’s Arctic Attention Uttam Sinha Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
vii
183
Chapter 12 Asian Economic Interests in the Arctic — Singapore’s Perspective CHEN Gang
203
Chapter 13 Changes in the Arctic and China’s Participation in Arctic Governance ZHANG Pei and YANG Jian
217
Chapter 14 The Cooperation and Competition between China, Japan, and South Korea in the Arctic GONG Keyu
237
Chapter 15 Findings and Challenges of the North Pacific Arctic Conference Jong-Deog Kim
255
Chapter 16 The Future of the Arctic and the Asian Countries: Concluding Remarks Iselin Stensdal
265
Index
281
b2036_FM.indd vii
20-Jul-15 12:59:35 PM
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
May 2, 2013 14:6 BC: 8831 - Probability and Statistical Theory
This page intentionally left blank
PST˙ws
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
b2036 Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
List of Tables and Box
Table 1. Nordic countries’ Arctic Policies’ regional coordination mechanisms Table 1. Typology of Asian interests for minerals produced in the Arctic
161
Box 1.
208
Singapore’s oil industry: Facts and numbers
86
ix
b2036_FM.indd ix
20-Jul-15 3:05:47 PM
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
May 2, 2013 14:6 BC: 8831 - Probability and Statistical Theory
This page intentionally left blank
PST˙ws
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
b2036 Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
List of Figures
Figure 1. Map of the Northern Sea Route Figure 2. NSR transit traffic 2010–2013, in million tons of cargo and in numbers Figure 3. NSR transit voyages 2011–2013, within Russia or international transits Figure 4. Number of NSR domestic transit voyages 2011–2013, by cargo Figure 5. Number of NSR international transits 2011–2013, by port of departure Figure 6. Number of international NSR transits 2011–2013, by port destination Figure 7. Number of international NSR transits, by composition of cargo
108 109 110 112 113 113 114
xi
b2036_FM.indd xi
20-Jul-15 12:59:36 PM
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
May 2, 2013 14:6 BC: 8831 - Probability and Statistical Theory
This page intentionally left blank
PST˙ws
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
b2036 Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
List of Abbreviations
AACA ACAP AERC AFoPS AMAP AO APEC ASEAN ASEAN+3 AWPPA BEAR CAFF CCAMLR CLCS CNARC CNF CNPC DOD
Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic Arctic Contaminants Action Program Arctic Environment Research Center Asian Forum of Polar Sciences Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Arctic Oscillation Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Association of Southeast Asian Nations Association of Southeast Asian Nations with China, Japan and South Korea Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act Barents Euro-Arctic Region Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Convention on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf China–Nordic Arctic Research Center China Nonferrous Metal Company China National Petroleum Corporation Department of Ocean Development, India
xiii
b2036_FM.indd xiii
20-Jul-15 12:59:36 PM
b2036 Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
xiv
EEZ EPPR
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
EU FAO FNI FDI G20 G8 GDP GreenPeX IASC IEA IMO INSROP ISA JAMSTEC JOGMEC KANUMAS KORES LME LNG MARPOL METI MEXT MLIT MoFA Mtoe NASA
b2036_FM.indd xiv
List of Abbreviations
exclusive economic zone Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response Working Group European Union Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fridtjof Nansen Institute foreign direct investment Group of 20 Group of eight gross domestic product Greenland Petroleum Exploration Co. Ltd. International Arctic Science Committee International Energy Agency International Maritime Organization International Northern Sea Route Program International Seabed Authority Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation Kalaallit Nunaat Marine Seismic Project Korea Resource Corporation Large Marine Ecosystem liquefied natural gas International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs million tons of oil equivalent National Aeronautics and Space Administration
20-Jul-15 12:59:36 PM
b2036 Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
List of Abbreviations
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
NATO NCAOR NGO NIPR nm NPAC NPARC NSR NWP OCS OECD OPRF PAG PAME PGM POPs PPP PRIC R&D REE RFMO SAR SCALOP SCAR SDWG SIIS SOLAS UNCLOS UNFCCC WTO
b2036_FM.indd xv
xv
North Atlantic Treaty Organization National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, India non-governmental organization National Institute of Polar Research, Japan nautical mile North Pacific Arctic Conference North Pacific Arctic Research Community Northern Sea Route Northwest Passage Outer Continental Shelf Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Ocean Policy Research Foundation Pacific Arctic Group Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment platinum group metals Persistent Organic Pollutants purchasing power parity Polar Research Institute of China research and development rare-earth element Regional Fisheries Management Organization search and rescue Standing Committee on Antarctic Logistics Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research Sustainable Development working group Shanghai Institutes of International Studies International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change World Trade Organization
20-Jul-15 12:59:36 PM
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
May 2, 2013 14:6 BC: 8831 - Probability and Statistical Theory
This page intentionally left blank
PST˙ws
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
b2036 Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
About the Editors
Leiv Lunde was the Director of the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI) from 2012 to 2014 and headed the AsiArctic project (www.asiarctic.no). His career spans research, policy analysis, and consulting as well as politics and policy-making in the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Lunde has been engaged in projects on Chinese energy and climate change policies and China’s role in the world since the mid-1990s. The geopolitics of energy, energy governance, and also governance for sustainability are key areas of research interest for Lunde, topics that are all central to the AsiArctic project. YANG Jian born in 1962, Vice President of SIIS. He received his doctorate in economics from Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences (SASS). His key areas of specialization include: the International Political Economy (IPE), China’s regional strategy in Asia, the cyber governance and the Arctic affairs. Prior to joining SIIS, Jian Yang was the Deputy Director of
xvii
b2036_FM.indd xvii
8/3/2015 10:01:29 AM
b2036 Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
xviii
About the Editors
the Department of IPE in the Institute of World Economy, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences (SASS), and served as the Deputy Secretary General of the Center for Taiwan Studies in SASS. From 2006 to 2008, he worked as a member of the editorial board for Review of Policy Research, a journal of the political section of the American Political Science Association. His published journal papers in recent years are: Exploring the Cyber Frontier: How the US Cyber Imperialism formed, International Review, No. 2, 2012. The Arctic Sea Routes: EU’s Policy Orientation and Diplomatic Practices, Pacific Journal, No. 4, 2013. Open Source Software: An Analysis on the Cyber Community as a Producer, World Economy Study, No. 1, 2012. The Structure of the US Dual Strategic Partnership System and Its Adjustments, Xiandai Guoji Guanxi (Contemporary International Relation), No. 10, 2011. Power Relationship and the Resource Distribution in the Cyber-space, International Relation Studies, No. 1, 2008. Jian Yang was also the author of the book, the Power and Wealth in Cyberspace (2012).
b2036_FM.indd xviii
Iselin Stensdal is a research fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute. She has her education from the University of Oslo, Norway and Fudan University, Shanghai, China. In her research, she has covered extractive industries in the Arctic and Asian countries’ Arctic research. Other fields of expertise include China’s climate and energy policies.
8/3/2015 10:01:33 AM
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
b2036 Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
About the Contributors
Jo Inge Bekkevold, Senior Adviser and the Head of Centre for Asian Security Studies at the Norwegian Institute for Defense Studies, Norway. CHEN Gang, PhD, Research Fellow at the East Asian Institute of the National University of Singapore, Singapore. CHENG Baozhi, PhD, Research Fellow at the Institute for Global Governance Studies Member and the Center for Marine & Polar Studies of the Shanghai Institutes of International Studies (SIIS), China. GONG Keyu, PhD, Senior Fellow at the Institute for World Economy Studies and Deputy Director of the Center for AsiaPacific Studies of the Shanghai Institutes of International Studies (SIIS), China. HUANG Shuolin, Professor at the Shanghai Ocean University, China. KIM Jong-Deog, Director General of Strategy Research Division and Head of Polar Policy Research Center of Korea Maritime Institute (KMI), Republic of Korea.
xix
b2036_FM.indd xix
20-Jul-15 12:59:39 PM
b2036 Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
xx
About the Contributors
Arild Moe, Vice Director and Senior Research Fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI), Norway.
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 37.44.207.127 on 01/17/17. For personal use only.
Fujio Ohnishi, Assistant Professor at the College of International Relations, Nihon University, Japan. Uttam Sinha, PhD, Research Fellow at the Institute of Defence Studies and Analysis, New Delhi, and Adjunct at the Malaviya Centre for Peace Research, Benaras Hindu University, India. Iselin Stensdal, Research Fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI), Norway. Olav Schram Stokke, Research Professor at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI) and Professor at the Department of Political Science, the University of Oslo, Norway. Njord Wegge, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI), Norway. YANG Jian, PhD, Vice President of Shanghai Institutes of International Studies (SIIS) and Senior Fellow at the Institute for Global Governance Studies at SIIS, China. Oran R. Young, Professor Emeritus at the Bren School of Environmental Science & Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara, United States. ZHANG Pei, PhD, Research Fellow at the Institute for Foreign Policy Studies and Deputy Director of the Center for Marine & Polar Studies of the Shanghai Institute of International Studies (SIIS), China. ZOU Leilei, Associate Professor at the Shanghai Ocean University, China.
b2036_FM.indd xx
20-Jul-15 12:59:40 PM
