Bibliography

Archival Sources Ars¸ivi, Bas¸bakanlık Osmanlı (BOA) FO 195/237; 1841 FO 248/114 India Office G/29/27.

In Arabic Afghani, Ahmad al-. Sarab fi Iran: Kalima Sari‘a hawla al-Khumayni wa-Din al-Shi‘a, n.p., 1982. ‘Alawi, Hasan al-. Al-Shi‘a wal-Dawla al-Qawmiyya fi al-‘Iraq 1914–1990, n.p., 1990. Alusi, Shukri al-. al-Misk al-Adhfar, Baghdad: al-Maktaba al-‘Arabiyya, 1930. Alusi, Shihab al-Din Mahmud al-. Al-Tibyan fi Sharh al-Burhan, 1249/1833. Amin, Muhsin al-. A‘yan al-Shi‘a, Sidon, vol. 40, 1957. Bahr al-‘Ulum, Muhammad Sadiq. “Muqaddima,” in Muhammad Mahdi b. Murtada Tabataba’i, Rijal al-Sayyid Bahr al-‘Ulum al-Ma‘ruf bil-Fawa’id al-Rijaliyya, Najaf: n.p, 1967. Din, Muhammad Hirz al-. Ma ‘arif al-Rijal fi Tarajim al-‘Ulama’ wal-Udaba’, Najaf, vol. 1, 1964–1965. Dujayli, Ja‘far (ed.). Mawsu‘at al-Najaf al-Ashraf, Beirut: Dar al-Adwa’, 1993. Fahs, Hani. Al-Shi‘a wal-Dawla fi Lubnan: Malamih fi al-Ru’ya wal-Dhakira, Beirut: Dar al-Andalus, 1996. Hamdani al-. Takmilat Ta’rikh al-Tabari, Beirut: al-Matba‘at al-Kathulikiyya, 1961. Hawwa, Sa‘id. Al-Islam, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub, 1969. ———. Al-Khumayniyya: Shudhudh fi al-‘Aqa’id Shudhudh fi al-Mawaqif, Beirut: Dar ‘Umar, 1987. ———. Hadhihi Tajribati wa-Hadhihi Shahadati, Beirut: Dar ‘Umar, 1988. Husri, Sati‘ al-. Mudhakkirati fi al-‘Iraq, 1921–1941, Beirut: Manshurat dar alTali‘a, 1967. Ibn Abi Ya‘la. Tabaqat al-Hanabila, Cairo: Matba‘at al-Sunna al-Muhammadiyya, 1952. Ibn al-Athir. Al-Kamil fi al-Ta’rikh, Leiden, n.p. 1862.

254

●

Bibliography

Ibn al-Jawzi. Al-Muntazam fi Ta’rikh al-Muluk wal-Umam, Beirut: n.p, n.d. Ibn Kathir. Al-Bidaya wal-Nihaya, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, 1994. Kashif al-Ghita’, Muhammad Husayn. Al-‘Abaqat al-‘Inbariyya fi al-Tabaqat al-Ja‘fariyya tahqiq Jawdat al-Qazwini, Beirut: Bisan, 1998. ———, Muhamamd al-Husayn. Asl al-Shi‘a wa-Usuluha, Qum: Ansariyan Publications, 1982. Khayyat, Sayf al-. Al-‘Uqda wal-‘Aqida: Qissat al-Shi‘a fi al-‘Iraq, Cairo: Madbuli, 2006. Khumayni, Ruhullah. Al-Hukuma al-Islamiyya, 2nd and 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar al-Tali‘a, March and April, 1979. Kirkukli, Rasul. Dawhat al-Wuzara’ fi Ta’rikh Baghdad al-Zawra’. Translated by M. K. Nawras, Beirut: Dar al-Katib al-‘Arabi, 1963. Kulayni, Abu Ja‘far al-. Al-Usul min al-Kafi, Beirut: Dar al-Ta‘aruf lil-Matbu‘at, 1990–1993. Lorimer, John. Dalil al-Khalij, 14 vols., (al-Qism al-Ta’rikhi), Doha: Matabi‘ ‘Ali bin ‘Ali, 1975. Mahbuba, Ja‘far al-. Madi al-Najaf wa-Hadiruha, Najaf: n.p, n.d. Matar, Salim. Al-Dhat Al-Jariha, Beirut: Al-Mu’assasa Al-‘Arabiyya lil-Dirasat Wal-Nashr, 1997. Mufid, Muhammad bin Muhammad al-. Awa’il al-Maqalat fi al-Madhahib wal-Mukhtarat, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Islami, 1983. Nafis, Ahmad Rasim al-. ‘Ali bin Abi Talib wa-Akhlaqiyyat al-Siyasa. Ila al-ladhina Yahmilun bi-Islah Siyasi Mustalham min al-Manhaj al-Islami, Cairo, 2006. ———. Al-Jama‘at al-Islamiyya: Muhawalat Istimsakh al-Umma, Beirut: Dar al-Mahajja al-Bayda’, 2005. ———. Al-Misriyyun wal-Tashayyu‘ al-Mamnu‘, Beirut: Dar al-Mahajja al-Bayda’, 2005. ———. Al-Qaradawi Wakil Allah amm Wakil Bani Umayya? Beirut: Dar al-Mizan, 2006. ———. Al-Shi‘a fi al-‘Iraq bayn al-Judhur al-Rasikha wal-Waqi‘ al-Mutaghayyir. Ru’ya Shi‘iyya, Cairo: Markaz al-Mahrusa lil-Nashr wal-Khidmat al-Suhufiyya wal-Ma‘ lumat, 2005. ———. Al-Shi‘a wal-Tashayyu‘ li-Ahl al-Bayt, Cairo: Maktabat al-Shuruq al-Dawliyya, 2006. ———. Naqd al-Wahhabiyya, Cairo: Markaz al-Mahrusa lil-Nashr wal-Khidmat al-Suhufiyya wal-Ma‘ lumat, 2006. Nasir al-Din Shah. Al-‘Aqa’id al-Shi‘iyya: Ta‘rif bil-Firaq al-Shi‘iyya wa-Naqdiha, Cairo: n.p., 1987. Nass al-Risala al-Maftuha allati Wajjahaha Hizbullah Ila al-Mustad‘afin fi Lubnan wal-‘Alam, Beirut, February 2005. Nu‘mani, Muhammad Manzur. Al-Thawra al-Iraniyya fi Mizan al-Islam, Amman: Dar ‘Ammar, 1987. Al-Qadiyya al-Filastiniyya fi Kalam al-Imam al-Khumayni, Beirut: Dar al-Wasila, 1996.

Bibliography

●

255

Sadr, Hasan al-. Takmilat Amal al-‘Amil, Qum: Maktabat Ayatullah al-Mar‘ashi, 1985. Samarra’i, Yunus. Ta’rikh Madinat Samarra’, Baghdad: Matba‘at Dar al-Basri, 1971. Sayyid, Ahmad al- (ed.). Rihlat al-Dam, Cairo: Markaz Yafa lil-Dirasat wal-Abhath, 1997 vol. 1. Al-Shiqaqi, Fathi. Al-Khumayni: Al-hall al-Islami wal-Badil (Cairo: al-Mukhtar al-Islami, 1979). ———. “Al-Sunna wal-Shi‘a dajja Mufta‘la wa-Mu’sifa,” in Ahmad Rif ‘at al-Sayyid Ahmad (ed.), Rihlat al-Dam, Cairo: Markaz Yafa lil-Dirasat wal-Abhath, 1997. ———. “Al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi Iran wal-Thawra al-Filastiniyya Jadal Muqaddas,” in Ahmad (ed.), Rihlat al-Dam. Suli, al-Awraq al-. Akhbar al-Radi billah wal-Muttaqi lillah, Cairo: Matba‘at al-Sawi, 1935. Suwaydi, ‘Abdullah al-. Al-Hujaj al-Qat‘iyya li-Ittifaq al-Firaq al-Islamiyya, Cairo: Mat.ba‘at al-Sa‘ada, 1323 [1906]. Wardani, Salih al-. al-Shi‘a fi Misr min al-Imam ‘Ali hatta al-Imam Khumayni, Cairo: Maktabat Madbuli al-Saghir, 1414/1993. ———. Misr Iran. Sira‘ al-Amn wal-Siyasa, Cairo: Maktabat Nakhrush, 1995. Al-Wardi, ‘Ali. Lamahat Ijtima‘iyya min Ta’rikh al-‘Iraq al-Hadith, Qom: intisharat al-maktaba al-haydariyya, 1425 h. (2004).

In Persian and Turkish . Çetinsaya, Gökhan. “Osmanlı Irakı’nda S¸ii-Sünni Ilis¸kileri: II. Abdülhamid Dönemi, 1890–1908,” Osmanlı Devleti’nde Din ve Vicdan Hürriyeti, Istanbul: ISAV, 2000. Daftar-i . Mutalaat-ı Siyasi va Bayna’l Milal-i Vazarat-i Umur-i Hariciyye-i Cumhuriyi Islami. Guzide-yi Asnad-ı Siyasi-yi Iran va Osmani, Dowre-yi Qajariyya, Tehran, 1329. . . Danis¸mend, Ismail Hami. Izahlı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi, Vols. 2, 3 Istanbul, 1948–1950. Düzdag˘, Mehmed Ertug˘rul. Ebussuud Efendi’nin Fetvaları Is¸ıg˘ında 16. Asır Türk. . Hayatı, Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi, 1972. Falsafi, Nasrullah. Chand Maqala-yi Tarikhi wa Adabi, Teheran: Intisharat-i danishgah-i Tihran 903, 1342/1964. Feridun Beg, Ahmed. Majmu‘a-yi Munsha’at al-Salatin, Vols. 1 and 2, Istanbul, . 1858, 1859. . Inalcık, Halil. “Türkler/Osmanlılar,” I.A., 12/2, Istanbul, 1988. . Kalanteri, Yahya. Fethi ‘Ali S¸ ah Zamanında Osmanlı- Iran Münasebetleri 1797–1834 (Unpublished Ph.D.Thesis), Istanbul . University, 1976. Kaya, Dilek.. 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Idaresinde Kerbela Sancag˘ı (Unpublished M.A. Thesis), Istanbul: Marmara University, 2004.

256

●

Bibliography

· Kılıç, Remzi. XVI. ve XVII. Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı-Iran Siyasî Antlas¸maları, Istanbul, 2001. . Mahmud Mesud Pas¸a, Muahedat Mecmuası, Vol. 2., Istanbul, 1298. Mustafa Nuri Pas¸a. Natayic ül-Vukuat, 4 vols., Nes¸et Çag˘atay (ed.), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1980. · Nasirî, Mohammad Reza. Nasıreddin ¸Sah Zamanında Osmanlı-Iran Münasebetleri (1848–1896), Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 1991. · Pour, Âli Djafar. Nadir ¸Sah Devrinde Osmanlı—Iran Münasebetleri (Unpublished . Ph.D. Thesis), Aralık: I. Ü. Edebiyat Fakültesi, 1977. Shirazi, Na’ib al-Sadr Ma‘sum Muhammad. Tara’iq al-Haqa’iq, (ed.), M. J. Mahjub, Tehran, 1345s/1966. Sinaplı, Ahmet Nuri. Devlete Millete Bes¸ Padis¸ah Devrinde Hizmetlerde Bulunan . ¸Seyhu’l-Vüzera Namık Pas¸a, Istanbul, 1987. Tansel, Selahattin. Yavuz Sultan Selim, Ankara, 1969. Tunikabuni, Mirza Muhammad. Qisas al-‘Ulama’, Tehran, 1378s/1967. · Vakanüvis Esad Efendi Tarihi. (Bahir Efendi’nin Zeyl ve Ilaveleriyle) 1237–1241/1821– . 1826, Ziya Yılmazer (ed.), Istanbul: Osmanlı Aras¸tırmaları Vakfı, 2000.

Other Languages Abd-Allah, Umar F. The Islamic Struggle in Syria, Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1983. Abisaab, Rula Jurdi. Converting Persia: Religion and Power in the Safavid Empire, London: I. B. Tauris, 2004. Agha, Hussein J., and Ahmad S. Khalidi, Syria and Iran, Rivalry and Cooperation, London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995. Ajami, Fouad. The Dream Palace of the Arabs: A Generation’s Odyssey, New York: Pantheon Books, 1998. ———. The Foreigner’s Gift: the Americans, the Arabs, and the Iraqis in Iraq, New York: Free Press, 2006. ———. The Vanished Imam, Musa al-Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986. Al-Afghani, Ahmad. Mirage in Iran, Amman: Dar al-Bashir, 1986. Algar, Hamid. “Caliphs and the Caliphate, as Viewed by the Sh¯ı‘ites of Persia,” Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 4 (1990). ———. Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini, Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1981. Al-Khalil, Samir. Republic of Fear, New York: Pantheon Books, 1990. Allawi, A. Ali. The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. Allouche, Adil. The Origins and Development of the Ottoman-Safavid Conflict, 906–962/1500–1555, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1983. Amanat, Abbas. Resurrection and Renewal: the Making of the Babi Movement in Iran, 1844–1850, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.

Bibliography

●

257

Arjomand, Said Amir. Authority and Political Culture in Shi‘ism, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988. ———. The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam: Religion, Political Order, and Societal Change in Shi‘ite Iran from the Beginning to 1890, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. ———. The Turban for the Crown: the Islamic Revolution in Iran, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Azuri, L. “Debate over the Status of Shi‘ites in Egypt,” Memri Inquiry and Analysis Series, no. 311, December 27, 2006. Azani, Eitan. Hezbollah: the Story of the Party of God: from Revolution to Institutionalization, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Babayan, Kathryn. Mystics, Monarchs and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002. Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis. “Les Ottomans et les Safavides dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle,” in Convegno sul tema la Sh¯ı‘a nell’impero ottoman, Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 1993. ———. “The Eastern Policy of Süleymân the Magnificent 1520–1533,” in Halil . Inalcık and Cemal Kafadar (eds.), Süleymân the Second and His Time, Istanbul: Isis Press, 1993. Baram, Amatzia. Culture, History and Ideology in the Formation of Ba‘thist Iraq: 1968–1989, London; Oxford; New York, 1991. Barth, Fredrik. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1969. Bayat, Mangol. Mysticism and Dissent: Socio-Religious Thought in Qajar Iran, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1982. Becker, Carl Heinrich. “Bartholds Studien über Kalif und Sultan. Besprochen und im Auszuge mitgeteilt,” Der Islam, vol. 6 (1916). Beldiceanu-Steinherr, Irène. “Le règne de Sel¯ım Ier: Tournant dans la vie politique et religieuse de l’Empire Ottoman,” Turcica, vol. 6 (1975). Bengio, Ofra. “Faysal’s Vision of Iraq: a Retrospect,” in Asher Susser and Aryeh Shmuelevitz (eds.), The Hashemites in the Modern Arab World, London: Frank Cass, 1995. Bengio, Ofra. Saddam’s Word, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Berkey, Jonathan P. The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Bowen, Harold. The Life and Times of ‘Ali Ibn ‘Isa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928. Browne, Edward G. A Literary History of Persia. Vol. 4, Modern Times, 1500–1924, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959. Brunner, Rainer. “A Shi‘i Cleric’s Criticism of Shi‘ism: Musa al-Musawi,” in Rainer Brunner and Werner Ende (eds.), The Twelver Shia in Modern Times, Leiden: Brill, 2001. ———. Islamic Ecumenism in the Twentieth Century: The Azhar and Shiism between Rapprochement and Restraint, Leiden: Brill, 2004.

258

●

Bibliography

Buchta, Wilfried. Die Iranische Schia und die Islamische Einheit, 1979–1996, Hamburg: Deutches Orient Institut, 1997. ———. “Tehran’s Ecumenical Society (Majma‘ al-taqrib): A Veritable Ecumenical Revival or a Trojan Horse of Iran?” in Rainer Brunner and Werner Ende (eds.), The Twelver Shia in Modern Times, Leiden: Brill, 2001. Çetinsaya, Gökhan. Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890–1908, London: Routledge, 2006. Chalabi, Tamara. The Shi‘is of Jabal ‘Amil and the New Lebanon, Community and Nation-State, 1918–1943, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Chehabi, Houchang E. (ed.), Distant relations: Iran and Lebanon in the last 500 years, London: I. B. Tauris, 2006. Cole, Juan R. I. “Indian Money and the Shrine Cities of Iraq, 1786–1850,” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 22, no. 4 (October 1986). ———. “Iranian Millenarianism and Democratic Thought in the Nineteenth Century,” IJMES, vol. 24 (1992). ———. Sacred Space and Holy War, London: I. B. Tauris, 2002. ———. “Shi‘i Clerics in Iraq and Iran, 1722–1780: The Akhbari-Usuli Conflict Reconsidered,” Iranian Studies, vol. 18, no. 1 (Winter 1985). ———. “The United States and Shi‘ite Religious Factions in Post-Ba‘thist Iraq,” The Middle East Journal, vol. 57, no. 4 (Autumn 2003). Cole, Juan R. I., and Moojan Momen, “Mafia Mob and Shiism in Iraq: The Rebellion of Ottoman Karbala’, 1824–1843,” Past and Present, vol. 112, no. 1 (1986). Cole, Juan R. I., and Nikki R. Keddie (eds.), Shi‘ism and Social Protest, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. Cook, Michael. Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Coughlin, Con. Khomeini’s Ghost: the Iranian Revolution and the Rise of Militant Islam, New York: Ecco, 2009. Dabashi, Hamid. Authority in Islam: From the Rise of Muhammad to the Establishment of the Umayyads, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1989. Dadsetan, Mehdi et Dimitri Jageneau. Le chant des mollahs: la République islamique et la société iranienne, Paris: Harmattan, 2008. Daftary, Farhad. The Isma‘ilis: Their History and Doctrines, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Dakake, Maria Massi. The Charismatic Community: Shi‘ite Identity in Early Islam, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007. De Groot, Joanna. Religion, Culture and Politics in Iran: from the Qajars to Khomeini, London: I. B. Tauris, 2007. Deringil, Selim. “The Struggle against Shi‘ism in Hamidian Iraq: A Study in Ottoman Counter Propaganda,” Die Welt des Islam, vol. 30 (1990). Eberhard, Elke. Osmanische Polemik gegen die Safaviden im 16. Jahrhundert nach Arabischen Handschriften, Freiburg i. Br.: Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 3, 1970. Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. After Khomeini: The Iranian Second Republic, London: Routledge, 1995.

Bibliography

●

259

Ehteshami, Anoushiravan, and Raymound A. Hinnebush, Syria and Iran, Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System, New York: Routledge, 1997. Elad-Altman, Israel. “The Sunni-Shi‘a Conversion Controversy,” in Hillel Fradkin et al. (eds.), Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, vol. 5 (April 2007)—electronic edition. Ende, Werner. “Sunni Polemical Writings on the Shi‘a and the Iranian Revolution,” in David Menashri (ed.), The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World, Boulder: Westview Press, 1990. Esposito, John L., and John O. Voll, Makers of Contemporary Islam, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Faroqhi, Suraiya. Herrscher über Mekka: Die Geschichte der Pilgerfahrt, München/ Zürich, 1990. Friedlander, Israel. “The Heterodoxies of the Shi‘ites in the Presentations of Ibn Hazm,” Journal of American Oriental Society, vol. 28 (1907). Fuller, Graham, and Rend Rahim Francke, The Arab Shi‘a: The Forgotten Muslims, London: Palgrave Press, 2001. Fyzee, Asaf A. A Shi‘i Creed: a Translation of Risalatu’l–I‘tiqadat by Muhammad ibn Babawayhi al-Qummi, Known as Shaykh Saduq, London: Oxford University Press, 1942. Glassen, Erika. “Schah Isma¯‘¯ıl, ein Mahd¯ı der Anatolischen Turkmenen?” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 121 (1971). Goodazri, Jubin M. Syria and Iran, Diplomatic Alliance and Power Politics in the Middle East, London: I. B. Tauris, 2006. Haddad, Fanar. Sectarian Relations in Iraq: Antagonistic Vision of Unity (Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Exeter, 2010). Halawi, Majed. A Lebanon Defied: Musa al-Sadr and the Shi‘a Community, Boulder: Westview Press, 1992. Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph Von. Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, 2 (Von der Eroberung Konstantinopels bis zum Tod Selims I. 1453–1520 (Graz, 1963). Halliday, Fred. “Orientalism and Its Critics,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 20, no.2 (1993). Halm, Heinz. Shi‘ism, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991, 2nd ed., 2004. ———. Die Schia, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1988. Hamzawy, Amr, and Dina Bishara, “Islamist Movements in the Arab World and the 2006 Lebanon War,” Carnegie Papers, no. 75 (November 2006). Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar. In the Path of Hizbullah, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2004. Harris, William. Faces of Lebanon, Sects, Wars and Global Extensions, Princeton: Markus Weiner Publishers, 1997. Hasson, Isaac. Contemporary Polemics between Neo-Wahhabis and Post-Khomeinist Shiites, Washington, D.C.: Hudson Institute, 2009. Hatina, Meir. Islam and Salvation in Palestine, Tel-Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center, 2001.

260

●

Bibliography

Haykel, Bernard. “Islamic Debates over the War in Iraq and Attacks on the West,” The World Today, vol. 61, no. 10 (October 2005). Helfont, Samuel. “The Muslim Brotherhood and the Emerging ‘Shia Crescent’,” Orbis, vol. 53, issue 2 (2009). ———. Yusuf al-Qaradawi: Islam and Modernity, Tel-Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 2009. Hurvitz, Nimrod. “From Scholarly Circles to Mass Movements: The Formation of Legal Communities in Islamic Societies,” The American Historical Review, vol. 108, no. 4 (2003). Hosayn B. ‘Ali. Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 12 (2004). Imber, Colin H. “The Persecution of the Ottoman Shi‘ites according to the . Muhimme Defterleri, 1565–1585,” Der Islam, vol. 56 (1979). Inalcık, Halil, and Donald Quataert (eds.), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Jabar, Faleh A. “Arab Nationalism versus Kurdish Nationalism: Reflections on Structural Parallels and Discontinuities,” in Faleh A. Jabar and Hosham Dawod (eds.), The Kurds: Nationalism and Politics, London: Saqi, 2006. ———. The Shi‘ite Movement in Iraq, London: Saqi, 2003. Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Jansen, Johannes H. G. “Echoes of the Iranian Revolution in the Writings of Egyptian Muslims,” in David Menashri (ed.), The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World, Boulder: Westview Press, 1990. Jansen, Johannes J. G. The Neglected Duty, New York: Macmillan, 1986. Johnson, Bénton. “Church and Sect Revisited,” Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 10 (1971). Kamrava, Mehran. The Political History of Modern Iran: From Tribalism to Theocracy. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992. Keddie, Nikki R. Modern Iran, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. Kennedy, Hugh. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: the Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Hebrew), Ben Gurion of the Negev Press, 1998. Khalaji, Mehdi. The Last Marja: Sistani and the End of Traditional Religious Authority in Shiism, Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2006. Köhbach, Markus. “Amasya, Peace of,” Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 1 (1985). Kohlberg, Etan. “Imam and Community in the Pre-Ghayba Period,” in Said Amir Arjomand (ed.), Authority and Political Culture in Shi‘ism, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988. ———. “Some Imami Shi‘i Views on the Sahaba,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, vol. 5 (1984). ———. “Some Imami Shi‘i Views on Taqiyya,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 95, no. 3 (July–September 1975). ———. “The Term “Rafida” in Ima¯m¯ı Sh¯ı‘¯ı Usage,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 99, no. 4 (October–December 1979).

Bibliography

●

261

Kramer, Martin. Islam Assembled: the Advent of the Muslim Congresses, New York: Columbia University Press, 1986. ———. “Redeeming Jerusalem: The Pan-Islamic Premise of Hizballah,” in David Menashri (ed.), The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World, Boulder: Westview Press, 1990. ——— (ed.). Shi‘ism, Resistance, and Revolution, Boulder: Westview Press, 1987. Landau, Jacob M. The Politics of Pan-Islam, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. Lewis, Bernard. “The Sh¯ı‘a in Islamic History,” in Islam and the West, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Litvak, Meir. “Money, Religion, and Politics: the Oudh Bequest in Najaf and Karbala’, 1850–1903,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 33, no. 1 (February 2001). ———. “‘More Harmful than the Jews’: Anti-Shi‘i Polemics in Modern Radical Sunni Discourse,” in Mohammad Ali Amire-Moezzi, Meir M. Bar-Asher, and Simon Hopkins (eds.), Le shi‘isme imamite quarante ans après, Turnhout: Brepols, 2009. ———. Shi‘i Scholars of Nineteenth Century Iraq: the ‘Ulama’ of Najaf and Karbala’, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. ———. “The Finances of the ‘Ulama’ Communities of Najaf and Karbala’, 1796– 1904,” Die Welt des Islam, vol. 40, no. 3 (March 2000). Lockhart, Lawrence. Nader Shah, London: Luzac, 1938. ———. The Fall of the Safavid Dynasty and the Afghan Occupation of Persia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958. Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley. Four Centuries of Modern Iraq, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1925. Lorimer, John G. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Reprint, London 1972. (Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Exeter, 2010). Luizard, Pierre-Jean. “Iraniens d’Irak, une élite religieuse chiite face à un état sunnite,” in Cahiers d’études sur la Méditerranée orientale et le monde turco-iranien, no. 22 (July–December 2006). MacEoin, Denis. “Ahsa’i Shaykh Ahmad b. Zayn al-Din,” in Encyclopedia Iranica, 4 vols, (London, 1983). ———. From Shaykhism to Babism: Study in Charismatic Renewal in Sh¯ı‘ı¯ Islam (Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation), Cambridge University, 1979. Madelung, W. “Ima¯ma,” Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 3 (2006). ——— Religious Trends in Early Islamic Iran, Albany: Bibliotheca Persica, 1988. Mallat, Chibli. The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf, and the Shi‘i International, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Mansharof, Y. “Dispute in Iran over Renewing Relations with Egypt,” Memri Inquiry and Analysis Series, no. 364 (June 2007). Martin, Vanessa. Islam and Modernism: the Iranian Revolution of 1906, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1989. Matthee, Rudolph P. “The Safavid-Ottoman Frontier: Iraq-i Arab as Seen by the Safavids,” in Kemal H. Karpat and Robert W. Zens (eds.), Ottoman Borderlands,

262

●

Bibliography

Issues, Personalities and Political Changes, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003. McCaffrey, Michael J. “Cˇa¯ldira¯n,” Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 4 (1990). McGregor, Andrew. “Support for Hezbollah in Egypt Threatens Mubarak’s Stability,” Terrorism Focus, vol. 3, no. 34 (September 2006). Melchert, Christopher, “Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir,” Islamic Law and Society, vol. 3, no. 3 (1996). Mervin, Sabrina. “Sayyida zaynab: banlieu de damas ou nouvelle ville sainte chiite?” in Cahiers d’études sur la Méditerranée orientale et le monde turco-iranien, no. 22 (July–December 2006). Milani, Mohsen M. The Making of Iran’s Islamic Revolution, Boulder: Westview Press, 1988. Minorsky, Vladimir. “The Poetry of Shah Ismail,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 10, no. 4 (1938–1942). Miskawayh, Muhammad I. Tajarib al-Umam (Cairo, 1914–1916). Translated by David S. Margoliouth. Moaddel, Mansoor. “The Shi‘i Ulama and the State in Iran,” Theory and Society, vol. 15, no. 4 (July 1986). Modarressi, Hossein. Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi‘ite Islam, Princeton: Darwin Press, 1993. Momen, Moojan. An Introduction to Shi‘i Islam, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985. ———. “The Trial of Mulla¯ ‘Al¯ı Bast.a¯m¯ı: A Combined Sunn¯ı-Sh¯ı‘¯ı Fatwa¯ against the Ba¯b,” Iran, vol. 20 (1982). Moosa, Matti. Extremist Shi‘ites: the Ghul¯a t Sects, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1988. . Murphey, Rhoads. “Süleyman’s Eastern Policy,” in Halil Inalcık and Cemal Kafadar (eds.), Süleymân the Second and His Time, Istanbul: Isis Press, 1993. Nabil, Muhammad Zarandi. The Dawn Breakers. Translated and edited by Shoghi Effendi, Wilmette, IL: Baha’i Publishing Trust, 1932. Nakash, Yitzhak. Reaching for Power: The Shi‘a in the Modern Arab World, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006. ———. The Shi‘is of Iraq, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, and Hamid Dabashi (eds.), Shi‘ism: Doctrines, Thought, and Spirituality, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988. Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza. “Behind the Rise of the Shi‘is,” Council of Foreign Relations, December 19, 2006. ———. The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future, New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2006. Newman, Andrew J. The Formative Period of Twelver Shi‘ism, Richmond: Curzon, 2000. Netzer, Amnon. “The Persecution of Iranian Jewry in the 17th Century,” Pe‘amim, vol. 6 (1981, in Hebrew).

Bibliography

●

263

Niewöhner-Eberhard, Elke. “Machtpolitische Aspekte des Osmanisch-Safawidischen Kampfes um Bagdad im 16./17. Jahrhundert,” Turcica, vol. 6 (1975). Norton, Augustus Richard. Amal and the Shi‘a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987. ———. Hezbollah: A Short History, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Palmer Harik, Judith. Hezbollah, the Changing Face of Terrorism, London: I. B. Tauris, 2004. Paz, Reuven. “Hotwiring the Apocalypse: Jihadi Salafi Attitude towards Hizballah and Iran,” The Project for the Research of Islamist Movements (PRISM), Occasional Papers, vol. 4, no. 4 (August 2006). Polka, Sagi. “The Centrist Stream in Egypt and Its Role in the Public Discourse Surrounding the Shaping of the Country’s Cultural Identity,” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 39, issue 3 (July 2003). Ragib, Yusuf. “Al-Sayyida Nafisa, sa légende, son culte et son cimetière,” Studia Islamica, vol. 44 (1976). Rahimi, Babak. “Iranian Leaders Weigh Support for the Houthi Rebellion in Yemen,” Jamestown Foundation: Terrorism Monitor, vol. 7, no. 35 (November 19, 2009). Ranstrop, Magnus. Hizbullah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997. Richard, Yann. “Ayatollah Kashani: Precursor of the Islamic Republic?” in Nikki R. Keddie (ed.), Religion and Politics in Iran, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983. Roemer, Hans Robert. Persien auf dem Weg in die Neuzeit: Iranische Geschichte von 1350 bis 1750, Beirut: Beiruter Texte und Studien 40, 1989. Roy, Olivier. Globalised Islam: The Search for a New Ummah, London: Hurst, 2002. Rycaut, Paul. The Present State of the Ottoman Empire, London: John Starkey and Henry Brome, 1668. Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal. Hizbullah: Politics and Religion, London: Pluto Press, 2002. Salibi, Kamal. A House of Many Mansions, the History of Lebanon Reconsidered, London: I. B. Tauris, 1988. ———. The Modern History of Lebanon, Delmar: Caravan Books, 1965. Sankari, Jamal. Fadallah: The Making of a Radical Shi‘i Leader, London: Saqi, 2005. Savory, Roger Mervyn. “Isma¯‘ı¯l I,” Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 4 (1978). ———. “Kizil-Ba¯sh,” Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition (1986). Savyon, A., Y. Mansharof, and L. Azuri. “Iran’s Attempts to Renew Relations with Egypt,” Memri Inquiry and Analysis Series, no. 426 (March 2008). Schirazi, Asghar. The Constitution of Iran: Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic, London: I. B. Tauris, 1997. Shanahan, Rodger. The Shi‘a of Lebanon, Clans, Parties and Clerics, London: I. B. Tauris, 2005.

264

●

Bibliography

Shapira, Shimon. Hizbullah between Iran and Lebanon, Tel Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuchad, 2000. (in Hebrew) Sivan, Emmanuel. Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics, new ed., New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob, and Bettina Gräf (eds.). Global Mufti. The Phenomenon Yusuf al-Qaradawi, London: Hurst & Co, 2009. Sohrweide, Hanna. “Der Sieg der Safaviden in Persien und seine Rückwirkung auf die Schiiten Anatoliens im 16. Jahrhundert,” Der Islam, vol. 41, no.1 (1965). Stark, Rodney, and William S. Bainbridge, “Of Churches, Sects, and Cults, Preliminary Concepts for a Theory of Religious Movements,” JSSR, vol. 18 (1979). Steinberg, Guido. Der Nahe und der Ferne Feind: Die Netzwerke des Islamistischen Terrorismus, München: Beck, 2005. Stewart, Devin J. “Popular Shi‘ism in Medieval Egypt: Vestiges of Islamic Sectarian Polemics in Egyptian Arabic,” Studia Islamica, vol. 84 (1996). Takim, Liyaqat. The Heirs of the Prophet: Charisma and Religious Authority in Shi‘ite Islam, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007. The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report—Lebanon, no. 4 (2006). Tucker, Ernest S. Nader Shah’s Quest for Legitimacy in Post-Safavid Iran, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006. Van Bruinessen, Martin. “Kurdish Paths to Nation,” in Faleh A. Jabar and Hosham Dawod (eds.), The Kurds, London: Saqi, 2006. Veinstein, Gilles. “Süleyma¯n,” Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 9 (1997). Weismann, Itzchak. “Sa‘id Hawwa and the Islamic Revivalism in Ba‘thist Syria,” Studia Islamica, no. 85 (1997). Winter, Michael. “The Ashraf and Niqabat al-Ashraf in Egypt in Ottoman and Modern Times,” Asian and African Studies, vol. 19 (March 1985). Yann, Richard. Shi‘ite Islam: Polity, Ideology, and Creed, Oxford: Blackwell, 1995. Zebiri, Kate. Mahmud Shaltut and Islamic Modernism, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. Zisser, Eyal. “Lebanon: The Cedar Revolution: Between Continuity and Change,” Orient, vol. 47, no. 4 (2006). ———. “The Battle for Lebanon: Lebanon and Syria in the Wake of the War,” in Shlomo Brom and Meir Eliran (eds.), The Second Lebanon War: Strategic Perspectives, Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies, 2007 (in Hebrew). ———. “The Return of Hizbullah,” Middle East Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 4 (Fall 2002).

Newspapers and Periodicals ‘Adala Al-Ahram Al-Ahram Weekly Arab News Al-‘Arabi Al-Bayan

Bibliography

●

265

Christian Science Monitor The Economist Egypt Today Egyptian Gazette Al-Fajr Ha’aretz Al-Hayat Al-Hijaz Al-Islam al-yawm The Jerusalem Post Mideast Mirror Al-Misri al-yawm Al-Misriyyun Al-Mukhtar al-Islami Al-Mustaqbal (Beirut) New York Times Al-Nahar (Beirut) Al-Ra’y al-‘Amm (Kuwait) Ruz al-Yusuf Al-Sharq al-Awsat Al-Wasat The Washington Post Al-Watan (Riyad) Al-Watan (Kuwait) Al-Watan al-‘Arabi Watani al-yawm

Radio and Television Al-‘Arabiyya AFP Al-Jazeera Al-Mustaqbal Radio Dijla Reuters

Electronic Resources Last accessed 2009 ‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin Nasir al-Jalil, “Uhdhuru la yaftaninukum Hasan Nasrallah waShi‘atuhu,” http://www.haitaldawia.org/takecarehasannasir.htm. Afaq, December 2, 2007, http://www.aafaq.org/search_details.aspx?id_ arch=9336&id=. ———, January 9, 2008, http://www.aafaq.org/print.aspx?id_rep_print=287.

266

●

Bibliography

Al-‘Ali, Shaykh Hamid bin ‘Abdullah, “Limadha la yata‘awanuna al-sunna ma‘a alrafida fi Lubnan,” http://www.islamlight.net/index.php?option=com_ftawa&task= view&Itemid=35&catid=1400&id=16233. “Al-Harb al-Lubnaniyya wal-mashi fawq al-ashwak,” http://www.tawhed.ws/r?i= 4085. Al-Jazeera TV, June 7, 2005, http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/68E9B0F9-5F9F447C-9B38-9F5DDB7D23C2.htm. Al-Rasid 6, http://alrased.net/. Al-Rasid, http://www.wikalah.net/news/. http://www.alarabiya.net. http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2006/04/08/22686.html. http://www.alarabiya.net/Articles/2006/08/08/26443.htm. http://www.albainah.net/index.aspx?function=Printable&id=13174&lang=. http://www.aksalser.com/?page=view_news&id=c540ed60aac374e3c1b08156204d3 20f&ar=914522742. http://site.aqaed.com/alwardani/. http://www.buraydahcity.com/vb/showthread.php?t=32867. http://corp.gulfinthemedia.com/ http://egyptianashraf.com/nubtha.htm. http://egyptianashraf.com/news/2007/March2007/04.htm. http://egyptianashraf.com/news/2007/September2007/16.htm. http://www.eipr.org/en/reports/04/en4rep.htm. http://www.eipr.org/en/press/05/opinion 5%7B1%7D.htm. http://www.eipr.org/en/press/05/2306.htm. http://www.eipr.org/en/press/05/2906.htm. http://www.14masom.com/leqaa/35/35.htm. http://www.14masom.com/leqaa/47/47.htm. http://www.14masom.com/mostabsiron/f121.htm. http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&cid=1175798434821& pagename=Zone-Arabic-News%2FNWALayout. http://www.jamestown.org. http://masr.20at.com/newArticle.php?sid=9076. http://www.memri.tv.org; Clip No. 853, May 14, 2005. http://www.memritv.org; Clip No. 853, http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/853.htm, September 14, 2005. http://www.middleeasttransparent.com, al-Mujamma‘ al-‘alami lil-taqrib bayn almadhahib al-islamiyya—http://www.taghrib.org/arabic/. http://www.qatar-conferences.com/mazaheb/index.php. http://www.qatar-conferences.org/mazaheb/english/viewlastnews.php?id=32 (accessed January 22, 2007). http://www.tawhed.ws/r?i=4053. IRNA (Islamic Revolution News Agency, Tehran), July 27, 2006. “Ma aqwal a’immat al-salaf wal-khalaf fi al-rafida,” http://arabic.islamicweb.com/ shia/ruling_on_shia.htm.

Bibliography

●

267

Pew Research Center, The Pew Global Project Attitude, February 2010, http:// pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/268.pdf. Shabi, Rachel. “Palestinians See Nasrallah as a New Hero,” http://aljazeera.net (accessed August 13, 2006). U.S. Department of State, International Religious Freedom Report 2008 (Egypt), http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108481.htm. “Wajib a‘da’ al-difa‘ ‘an al-Sunna nahwu samahat, al-shaykh al-walid ‘Abdullah bin Jabarin: hamlat ta’yid,” http://www.d-sunnah.net/forum/showthread. php?t=54057.

Index

‘Abbas, Imam, 29, 30, 31, 33, 92 ‘Abbas I, Shah, 61–63, 65, 141n ‘Abbasid Caliphate, 5, 11, 18, 20–24, 26, 29, 30–32, 33, 34, 35n, 37–43, 45, 47, 48, 58, 109, 110, 114, 119, 191, 246 ‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin Bishr, 74, 172 ‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin Sa‘ud, 74, 76 ‘Abd al-Hamid II, 81–83 ‘Abd al-Husayn, Mirza, 72 ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Sayyid, 90, 99 ‘Abdullah II (Jordan), 216, 230, 234, 243 ‘Abdullah bin Ibrahim bin Saif, 167, 180n ‘Abdullah, Aga Sayyid, 75 ‘Abdullah bin Jiluwi, 173 ‘Abdullah bin Jabarin, 182n, 246 ‘Abdullah, King (Saudi Arabia), 182n, 246 Abu Bakr, 3, 52, 55, 60, 72, 73, 84n, 107, 111, 114, 131, 138, 166, 190, 208, 213, 214, 229 Abu Hanifa, 54, 58, 63, 72, 131, 141 Abu Hurayra, 231 Abu Tahir, 40, 41, 43 Abu Talib, 19 Abu’l-Haija ‘Abdullah bin Hamdan, 41 Al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 193, 207 Afghans, Afghanistan, 71, 72, 91, 135, 184 Afrasiyab, 56

Ahl al-Bayt, 30, 57, 59, 197, 225, 227, 228, 230, 233 Ahl al-qibla, 72 Ahl al-sabb wal-rafd, 4 Ahmad bin Badr, 41 Ahmad b. Hanbal, 45, 46, 75, 166, 167 Ahmad bin Kashmard, 41 Ahmadinejad, Mahmud, 14, 179, 184, 187, 232, 245 Ahmed Emin Bey, 91, 95, 96 Ahmed Pasha, 71 ‘A’isha, 52, 55, 60–62, 65, 75, 194, 230 ‘Ajam, 72 Akhbaris, 75 ‘Akif, Muhammad Mahdi, 227, 245 Al ‘Imran, Sura, 113 Aleppo, 57, 63 Al-‘Abid, 95, 96 Al-amr bil-ma‘ruf, 48, 49, 50n, 85 Al al-Shaykh, 164 Al-‘Alawi, Hasan, 126–128, 138, 140n Al-Azhar University, 13, 208, 223, 224, 229, 231–233, 235, 240n, 241n, 248 Algeria, 207, 250 ‘Ali bin Abi Talib, 20, 22, 24, 28, 44, 109, 166, 227 ‘Ali Akbar (Mulla-Bashi), 72, 74 ‘Ali al-Asghar bin Husayn, 190 ‘Ali bin ‘Abdullah, 31 ‘Ali bin al-Furat, 40–42, 50n

270

●

Index

‘Ali bin ‘Isa, 40 ‘Ali bin Yalbaq, 43, 44 ‘Ali Riza Pasha, 88–90 ‘Alid, 18–34, 35n ‘Ali’s shrine, 72 Al-Alusi, Shihab al-Din Mahmud, 79, 84n Alwand Aq Qoyunlu, 52, 53 Amal Movement, 145, 149, 158, 159, 160n Amasya, 60, 91 American Occupation, American invasion, 1, 9, 12, 109, 115, 117, 130, 134, 139, 147, 155, 178, 243. See also United States Amir al-Mu’minin, 82, 113 ‘Ammash, Salih Mahdi, 133 Anatolia, 6, 52–54, 56–60, 63–65, 70 Ansar, 32 Ansar al-Islam, 245 Ansari, Mortaza, 100 Arabian Peninsula, 176 The Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO), 174 Ardabil, 51, 54, 60 ‘Arif Bey, Mehmed, 95 Asafiyya canal, 88 Al-Ahsa’, 167–173, 175, 181n ‘Aoun, Michel, 15 Ash‘ariyya, 73 ‘Ashur, Mahmud, 232 ‘Ashura’, 3, 79, 128, 130, 168, 171, 177, 191, 194, 212 ‘Asir, 168–169 ‘Askari Shrine, 116 Al-Assad, Hafez, 155 Association for the Rapprochement of the Islamic Schools of Law, 223 Jama‘at al-taqrib, 223, 224 ‘Atabat-i ‘aliyat, ‘Atabat, 69, 88–92, 96, 99, 10. See also Shrine cities Azerbaijan, 52, 56, 58–62, 64, 65 Bab Sayyid ‘Ali Muhammad Shirazi, 77, 79, 80, 85n

Babism, 77 Badr Brigade, Badr Forces (Quwwat Badr), 121, 136 Baghdad, 5, 11, 12, 37–39, 41–43, 45, 47, 48, 50n, 53, 54, 58, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71, 74–77, 79, 81, 87–93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 106–108, 110, 115, 117, 121, 130, 131, 136–138, 141n, 146, 158, 179, 216, 218n, 219n, 246, 247, 249 Bahrayn, 2, 7, 39, 169, 170, 173, 176, 249 Baluchi, 89 Al-Banna, Hasan, 207, 209 Banu Furat, 42, 50n Al-Barbahari, Abi Muhammad, 43–47 Bara’a, 3, 213 Baratha, 42 Basra, 33, 45, 99, 167 Bastami, ‘Ali, 77–80 Ba‘th (Iraq), 1, 7–10, 108–112, 114, 115, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 134, 137, 140n Bayezid, Sultan, 52–54 Al-Baz, Muhammad, 231 Beirut, 1, 7–9, 108–112, 114, 115, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 134, 137, 140n Bektas¸ Khan, 63 Bektas¸i, 88 Bidlis, 58 Bidlisi, Idris-i, 53 Al-Birri ‘Abd al-Mun‘im, 248 Borujerdi, Hoseyn, 232 Britain, British, 78, 82, 83, 89, 95, 105–108, 117, 135, 170, 172, 184, 187–189, 207, 218n Bukhara, 72 Bursa, 57 Buwayhids, 48 Byzantines, 37 caliph, caliphate, 2–5, 18, 20, 22, 25–27, 31, 33, 34n, 39, 41, 43, 44–47, 49n, 50n, 53, 55, 56, 58,

Index 63, 65, 73, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114, 119, 131, 138, 166, 190, 191, 194, 196, 208, 213, 214, 220n, 235, 246 Capitalism, 111 Caspian Sea, 38, 60, 65 Caucasus, 52, 60, 63 Celali rebellions, 62 Cemali, ‘Ali, 47 Central Asia, 71 Chaldiran, 56, 57, 64 Charisma, 2, 57 Christians, 12, 118, 130, 154, 159, 166, 189–191, 211, 246 Constitutional Revolution, Iran, 82 Cox, Percy, 127 Cyprus, 55 Dagestan, 57, 61 Damascus, 26, 27, 30, 146, 155, 156, 158, 177, 178, 215, 251n Dar al-Harb, 6 Dar al-Kufr, 6 Al-Darini, Muhammad, 226–229, 238n, 240n Darius, 56 Da‘wa, 205 Da‘wa (Islamic Party), 109–111 Dawud Pasha, 89 Daylamites, 38 Dhu al-Fiqar (sword), 196 Dhu al-Fiqar Khan, 58 Dhu al-Qadr, 56 Diyarbakır, 53 Doha, 216, 234, 235 Druze, 145, 146, 214 Dulaym, 108 Al-Dulaymi, ‘Adnan, 136, 137 Dunya, 18, 23 Ebussu‘ud Efendi, 14n, 59, 61, 70 Egypt, 5, 13, 14n, 127, 147, 207, 216, 218n, 221n, 223–234, 235n, 243, 245, 248, 251n ‘Emad Afrugh, 188

●

271

Emami Kashani, Ayatollah Mohammad, 188 Emir Bekir, 62 Emirguneog˘ lu Tahmaspkulu Khan, 63 Enver Efendi, 96 Erzurum, 59, 91 Eslami, Reza Hojjatolislam, 198 Euphrates, 88, 89, 190 Europe, 63, 82 Fadila, 118, 121 Falluja, 115 Al-Falluji, Husayn, 118 Al-Farhan, Dawud, 137, 143n Al-Faruq, 75 Fatah, 244 Fath ‘Ali Shah, 82, 89, 90 Fatima al-Zahra, 18–21, 25–27, 29, 106, 113, 190, 194, 200n, 212, 227 Fatimids, 5, 14n, 40, 226, 230 Al-Fayyad, ‘Abdullah, 110 Faysal I, King, 156, 243 Al-Faysal, Sa‘ud, 156, 231, 243 Firaq al-Mawt (Death Squads), 116, 136 French Mandate, 146 Fuller, Graham, 7, 34n, 126, 128 Gauhar, Mulla Hasan, 79 Gaza, 204, 205, 244 Georgia, 61, 62, 65 Ghadiri, Ahmad, 197 Al-Ghita’, Hasan Kashif, 74, 79, 208, 218n Ghulat, 6, 70 Gilan, 57, 65 Al-Gilani ‘Abd al-Qadir, 54, 57, 58, 63 Golpayegani, Ayatullah Safi, 190 Greece, 53 Gulf States, 147, 176, 244, 249 Gulf War of 1991, 8, 120, 133, 134 Gulf War of 2003, 125, 126 Haddad-‘Adel, Gholam ‘Ali, 188 Al-Hadi, ‘Ali, 50n, 53, 94, 135

272

●

Index

Hadith, 48, 71, 75, 166, 167, 191, 194, 211, 220n, 231, 232, 234 Hafiz (Persian poet), 56 Ha’iri, Nasrullah, 73 Hamas, 24, 244, 245 Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar, 152 Hanafiyya, 58 Hanbalis, 11, 38, 43–49, 50n, 75, 166–168 Haramayn, 198 Harb, Shaykh Ra‘d, 150 Al-Hariri, Sa‘d al-Din, 158 Harkat al-Mahrumin (Movement of the Depressed), 149 Harun al-Rashid, 109, 110, 114 Hasan al-‘Askari, 50n, 53, 94, 135 Hasan bin Harun, 43, 44 al-Hasan bin ‘Ali, Imam, 11, 22, 24–26, 33, 34, 106, 113, 226 Hasan Pasha, 81 Hashimites, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 106 Hawwa, Sa‘id, 204, 209, 211–215, 219n, 220n Hay’at al-‘Ulama al-Muslimin, 115, 130 Haydar, Shaykh, 52 Hidden Imam, 3, 30, 110, 119, 142n, 150. See also Mahdi Hijaz, 82, 167–169, 172 Al-Hilli, ‘Allama Ibn al-Mutahhar, 166 Hindiyya canal, 88 Al-Hira, 31 Al-Hizb al-Islami, 130 Hizb al-Tahrir, 109 Hizbullah, 9, 13, 14, 145–147, 149–159, 178, 182n, 186, 192, 210, 216, 230, 234, 243, 245–247, 251n Houthi tribes, 244 Hufuf, 169, 170, 174, 181n Hujr bin ‘Adi, 190 Humayma, 29, 30 Hungary, 55 Husayn, Imam, 3, 5, 11, 27, 28, 30, 31, 34, 53, 75, 92, 106, 111,

113, 132, 135, 168, 189, 194, 196, 200n, 212, 226 Husayn, Saddam, 8, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 120, 123n, 133, 138, 230 Al-Husayn, Sharif of Mecca, 106, 107 Husayniya, 168, 171, 173, 175, 225, 236n al-Husri, Sati‘ 132 Al-Huwali, Safar, 156 Huwaydi, Fahmi, 249 Ibn Ibn Ibn Ibn Ibn Ibn

Abi Sufyan, 43, 44 Abi Ya‘la, 47 al-Athir, 45, 50n al-Jawzi, 42, 44, 45 al-Kathir, 38, 50n Hanbal, Ahmad, 45, 46, 75, 166, 167 Ibn Hazm, 273 Ibn Sa‘ud, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 169–174 Ibn Tabataba, 25, 35n Ibn Taymiyya, 70, 166, 167, 210, 229 Ibrahim bin ‘Abdullah, 38 Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, 231 Ibtidaiye, primary school, 97, 100 Ijma‘, 75 Ijtihad, 3, 75, 196, 209 Ikhwan Movement, 171–174, 177, 181n imam, imams, 2, 3, 10, 30, 40, 50n, 52–54, 59–63, 71, 74, 75, 81, 82, 85n, 87, 92–94, 97, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112–114, 116, 118–120, 131, 132, 135, 136, 138, 142n, 150, 153, 165, 168, 171, 172, 174, 185, 190–192, 194, 205, 206, 211, 219n, 226, 236n, 246, 247 Imamai, Imamis, 1, 3, 6, 38–40, 49n, 166. See also Imamiyya Imamate, 3, 142n, 208 Imperialism, 196, 205–207, 213 India, 58, 88, 89, 167, 169 Indonesia, 184, 248

Index International Union for Muslim Scholars, 249 Iran, 1, 2, 4–14, 49n, 52–58, 61–65, 69–73, 78, 80, 82, 87, 90, 92, 94–96, 100, 111, 116, 120, 125, 128, 129, 131–134, 137–139, 146–151, 154, 156, 159, 160n, 175–178, 183–195, 197, 198, 203, 204, 206, 208–210, 212, 213, 215, 216, 218n, 220n, 224, 227–231, 233, 235, 243–245, 247–249 Iranian government, 81, 95, 244 Iranian-Russian alliance, 60 Iraq, 1, 2, 5–12, 14, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 38, 39, 40, 43, 48, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84n, 87, 95, 98, 99, 100, 105–112, 115–121, 125–140, 146, 147, 155, 163, 169, 170, 172, 175, 176–179, 184, 186, 196, 207, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216, 223, 225, 230, 232, 234, 243–249 Iraq-Iran war, 8, 132, 133, 140n, 210, 211, 219n. See also Iran-Iraq War Iraqi Accordance Front, 118 Isfahan, 56 Islamic Revolution in Iran, 8, 13, 198, 203–205, 207–211, 217, 219n, 224, 234 Islamic State of Iraq organization, 116 Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI), 121 Islamic unity, 82, 190, 195, 198, 211, 216 ‘Isma, 208 Isma‘il I, 52–57, 59, 62, 64, 131, 141n Isma‘il bin Bulbul, 42 Isma‘ilis, Isma‘iliyya, 1, 5, 39, 40, 42, 43, 208, 210, 214, 218n, 225 Israel, Israelis, 8, 9, 117, 150, 153, 154, 156, 157, 184–186, 188, 189, 191, 193, 199, 204, 205,

●

273

209, 216, 224, 230, 245, 246–248 Israel-Lebanon war, 9, 14, 245, 246 Istanbul, 54, 60, 61, 81, 82, 88, 90, 92, 96–99, 102n Italy, conquest of Libya, 1911, 83 Ithna ‘Ashariyya, 1, 6, 40, 75, 142n Jabhat ‘ulama’ al-Azhar, 248 Jabir ‘Abd al-Rahman, 156 Ja‘far al-Sadiq, Imam, 10, 33, 34 Ja‘far bin Abi Talib, 28 Ja‘fari madhahb, Ja‘fariyya, 10, 29, 71, 75, 106, 133, 141n, 195, 208 Ja‘farian, Rasul, 197 Al-Jalabi, ‘Abd Husayn, 132 Jami (Persian poet), 56 Jannati, Ahmad Ayatollah, 186, 187, 229 Jaysh al-Mahdi, 115–119, 123n, 136, 247. See also Mahdi Army Al-Jazeera TV, 138, 176, 187, 192, 250n Jerusalem, 84, 152, 153, 185, 209, 218n Jews, 71, 133, 166, 184, 185, 189–191, 193, 211, 246 Jihad, 5, 53, 58, 80, 83, 111, 135, 152, 153, 170, 172, 174, 185, 204–206, 210–212, 214, 215, 228 Jizya, 170 Jordan, 147, 156, 172, 216, 221n, 230, 234, 243 Al-Juburi, Mish‘an, 138 Al-Jum‘a, ‘Abd al-Husayn, 170 Al-Jum‘a, Mansur, 170 Junblatt, Walid, 145 Jundullah, 191 Junayd, Sheikh, 51, 52, 64 Al-Jurjani, Mirza Makhdum, 61 Ka‘ba, 43, 76 kafir, kuffar, 7, 23, 69, 71, 72, 74, 108, 166, 246

274

●

Index

Karabakh, 60 Karbala’, 3, 5, 6, 12, 27, 30, 31, 72–74, 77–79, 82, 83, 88–94, 96, 98, 101n, 102n, 106, 118, 130, 132, 141n, 173, 175, 185, 212, 236n Karkh, 37, 39, 47 Kashani, Abu al-Qasim, 207 Al-Kashi, Shaykh Ibrahim, 82 Kashif al-Ghita’, Ja‘far, 74, 79, 208, 218n Kasr-ı S¸irin, 91 Kayhan, 244 Kaykhusraw, Faridun, 56 Kazimiyya, 91, 94, 98, 102n Kemal Pas¸azade, S¸emseddin Ahmed, 54, 58, 66n Kemankes¸ Mustafa Pasha, 63 Al-Khallal, Abu Salama, 33 Khalifa, 113 Khilafat al-Rashidin, 190 khalifat Allah, the replacement of God, 114 khalifat rasul allah, the replacement of God’s Messenger, 114 Al-Khalil, Samir, 126 Khalili, Mirza Husayn, 82 Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 153, 154, 187, 188, 194, 198, 224 Khanaqın, 92 Khaqani (Wazir), 42 Al-Kharshani, Badr, 45, 47 Khatami, Mohammed, 178, 196, 197, 229, 232 Khawatim, 43 Khomeini, 13, 110, 111, 125, 150, 152–154, 176, 183, 185, 186, 193, 195, 196, 198, 200n, 204–207, 209, 210–116, 217n, 219n, 220n, 224 Khorasan, 29–31, 33, 34, 58 Khorasani, Akhund, 82 Al-Khulafa’ al-Rashidun, 213 Khums, 4, 153 Al-Khunayzi, Abu ‘Abd al-Karim, 170

Khunji, Fadlullah b. Ruzbihan, 56 Khutba, Friday prayer, 52, 53, 56, 62, 73, 112, 113, 120 Khwaja ‘Ali and Ibrahim, 51 Kirmanshah, 92 Kufa, 27, 31, 39, 73, 112, 117, 120 Kurdish, Kurds, 8, 53, 57, 58, 111, 139, 141n, 143n, 179, 245, 257n Kızılbas¸, 52–55, 61, 62, 64 Lebanon, 1, 2, 7–10, 12, 13, 15n, 145–152, 154–159, 159n, 160n, 175, 184, 186, 210, 212, 216, 223, 243, 245, 246, 249 Litvak, Meir, 11, 100 Luristan, 61, 62, 65 Ma‘alim fi al-Tariq, 111 Madelung, 39 Madhhab, madhahib, 2, 9, 70–74, 127, 219n, 223, 224, 227, 233, 247 Madrasa, Madaris, 53, 70, 82, 92, 93, 95–97, 99, 100 Mahdi, 4, 85n, 106, 113, 114, 116–121, 123n, 142n, 208, 212. See also Hidden Imam Mahdi Army, Jaysh al-Mahdi, 115–119, 123n, 136, 247 Majma‘ al-buhuth al-islamiyya, 231 Majma‘ al-taqrib bayn al-madhahib al-islamiyya, 224, 231, 232 Malaysia, 248 Al-Maliki, Nuri, 137 Mamluks, 65, 85n, 88 Al-Ma’mun, 39, 114 Al-Mansur, Caliph, 33 Al-Maqdisi, Shaykh Abu Muhammad, 246 marja‘ (pl. maraji‘) al- Taqlid, 4, 100, 106, 110 Maronites, 146, 154, 159 Marxism, 111 Mashhad, 59, 62 Mashriq, 1 Matar, Salim, 126, 128

Index Mawlawi, Faysal, 245 Mazandarani, ‘Abdullah, 82 Mecca, 28, 32, 40, 43, 57, 60, 72, 106, 107, 136, 176, 177, 181n, 185, 207 Meclis-i umumi-yi vilayet, 93 Medina, 24–27, 32–34, 57, 60, 167, 168, 176, 181n Mediterranean, 53, 63 Mesopotamia, 106, 128, 163 Miskawayh, 41–43, 45 Mongols, 210, 213, 246 Montazeri, Ayatollah Hoseyn ‘Ali, 195 Morocco, 207, 216, 244, 248 Mosul, 106, 108 Mu‘awiya, 22–26, 28, 34, 43–45, 48, 75, 229, 235 Mubarak, Husni, 216, 229, 230, 234, 241n, 243 Mubtadi‘un, heretics, 23, 46, 55, 63, 70, 165, 166, 180, 183, 213, 246, 248 Muhammad (Prophet), 1–4, 6, 17–20, 22, 26, 30, 32, 33, 42, 44, 73, 75, 79, 107, 110, 120, 131, 135, 166, 181n, 185, 187, 188, 190, 194, 196, 197, 212, 237n, 246 Muhammad al-Baqir, 38, 114 Muhammad al-Jawad, 53 Muhammad al-Qasim, 118. See also Mahdi Muhammad ‘Ali Khan, 89 Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, 164, 165 Muhammad Khan, 58 Muhammad Sa‘id Effendi, 96 Muharram, 3, 79, 212, 236n Muktafi, 39 Mulla-bashi, 72, 74 Al-Mumahhidun, 119 Mu’nis, 43 Al-Muntasir, 39 Al-Muqtadir, 41–43 Murad III, 60, 61, 65 Murad IV, 63, 65

●

275

Musa al-Kazim (also Musa bin Ja‘far al-Kazim), Imam, 53, 59, 87, 109, 114 Muslim Brethren, Muslim Brotherhood, 8, 60, 109, 186, 204, 205, 207, 208, 210, 211, 215, 221n, 227, 238n, 245 Muslim Congress in Jerusalem, 1931, 84, 218n Al-Musnad, 75 Mustad‘afin, 207 Al-Mu‘tadid, 39 Mustakbirin, 207 Mut‘a, 4, 73, 229. See also Zawaj mut‘a Mutahhar bin ‘Abdurrahman, 61 Al-Mutawakkil, 138, 187, 192, 250n Mu‘tazila, 3, 73 Mysticism, 64 Nadir Shah, 9, 71–74, 83, 91, 141n Najaf, 6, 9, 71, 72, 78, 79, 81–83, 88, 89, 91–95, 98, 101n, 102n, 109, 115, 117, 169, 173 Al-Najafi, Sayyid Ahmad al-Safi, 93 Najafi, Shaykh Ja‘far, 74 Najafi, Muhammad Hasan, 77, 78 Najd, 167–169, 172, 177 Nejib Pasha, 78, 79, 88–91, 96, 99 Nakash, Yitzhak, 81, 91, 93 Nakhjuwan, 60 Namık Pasha, 88–91, 94 Nasibin, 114 Al-Nafis, Ahmad Rasim, 226, 227 Al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, Muhammad bin ‘Abdullah, 38 Al-Naqshabandi, Muhammad Sa‘id, 81 Nasr, 41, 42 Nasrallah, Hasan, 14, 147, 153–155, 157, 230, 239n, 245 Nationalism, 7, 126, 127, 132, 139, 140 Nazuk, 42 Nigeria, 248 Nihrir ‘Umari, 41

276

●

Index

Organization of the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula, 176 Ottoman Empire, Ottomans, 5, 6, 10–12, 14n, 51–65, 69–72, 74, 77–83, 84n, 86n, 87–97, 99, 100, 101n, 105, 107, 129, 131, 141n, 169, 170 Oudh Bequest, 98, 100 Pakistan, 14n, 176, 186, 223 Palestine, Palestinian, 84, 149, 153, 204–207, 209, 210, 212, 214–216, 217n, 218n, 244, 245 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 149, 205, 209 Pan-Arabism, 7, 127 Pasha, Mustafa Nuri, 88 Persia, 7, 56 Persian Gulf, 58, 65, 147 Proto-Shi‘i, 29, 189 Proto-Sunni, 191 Qadhdhafi, Muammar, 149 Al-Qadir, 5 Qadiriyya, 58 Al-Qahir, 44, 48 Al-Qa‘ida, 24, 116, 135, 136, 147, 155, 163, 180, 246, 247 Al-Qa’im, Caliph, 5 Qajar, Qajar dynasty, 4, 10, 70, 87, 100, 206, 217n Qarmatis, 39–43 Qasr-i Shirin, 63 Qatar, 136, 158, 231, 248 Qatif, 169, 170, 173–175, 178, 181n Qawmiyya, 7, 126, 127 Qayyum al-Asma’, 77, 79 Qazvin, 59 Qazvini, Ibrahim, 79, 80 Qom, 39, 62, 119, 232 Al-Qummi, Muhammad Taqi, 223, 232 Qur’an, 3, 6, 55, 61, 70, 75–77, 93, 113, 150, 166, 167, 209, 211, 220n, 230, 246

Quraysh, 19, 57 Qutb, Sayyid, 111, 204 Al-Radi, 45, 46, 48 Rafida, Rafidi, rawafid, 4, 42, 166, 167, 172, 210, 246 Rafsanjani, Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi, 191, 192, 235 Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 78 Revolutionary Guards, 150, 210 Reza Shah Pahlavi, 176, 206 Al-Rida, ‘Ali, 59, 191 Al-Rifa‘i, Hamid, 232 Rigi, ‘Abd al-Malek, 191 Riyadh, 172, 173, 178, 215 Rule of the jurist, 8, 110, 198. See also Velayat-e faqih Rum, 56 Russia, Russian, Russians, 60, 82, 95, 189, 206 Sa‘ada, 244 Sabb wa-rafd, 3, 4 Sadr al-din Musa, 51 Sadr City, 115 Al-Sadr, Muhammad, 106 Al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir, 12, 109–112, 114, 117, 120 Al-Sadr, Muhammad Sadiq, 112–114 Al-Sadr, Muqtada, 12, 114–121, 130, 247 Al-Sadr, Musa, 148, 149 Sadrist Movement, 115, 117, 119, 121 Safavid, Safaviyya, Safavid dynasty, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 51–65, 70–72, 81, 87, 91, 100, 131, 138, 230 Al-Saffar, Hasan, 175178, 182n Safi I, 63 Safi al-din Ishaq, 51 Sahaba, 3, 10, 42, 72, 73, 75, 166, 167, 208, 211, 230, 231, 233–235 S¸ahkulu, 54 Al-Sa‘id, Abu al-Qasim, 40 Al-Salaf al-Salih, 166, 167

Index Salafi, 8, 116, 183, 185, 223, 245–247, 251n, 260n Samarra’, 50n, 81, 92, 94–99, 106, 116, 135–137, 247 Sarab, 62 Sarıgürz, Nureddin Hamza, 54 Satan, 111, 156, 186, 209 bin Sa‘ud, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 169–174 Saudi Arabia, 7, 13, 147, 151, 156, 163–165, 175–177, 179, 180, 230, 232, 243, 245 Sefer Pasha, 62 Selim I, 54–57, 64, 65, 132 S¸eyhülislam, 14n, 54, 57, 59, 70. See also Shaykh al-Islam. Shafa‘a, 75 Shafi‘i, Shafi‘iyya, 51, 71, 107 Shahnama, 56 Shahrazur, 61, 62 Shahroudi, Hashemi, 188 Shaltut, Mahmud, 208, 224, 232 Al-Shammar, 95, 96 Sharaf Khan, 58 Shari‘a, 52, 54, 55, 60, 107, 215 Shaybanids, 11, 65 Shaykh al-Islam, 70 Shaykh al-Ra’is, 82 Al-Shaykh, 95, 96, 164 Shaykhis, Shaykhism, 77–79 Shihata, Hasan, 228, 229 Shi‘i Crescent, 2, 24, 146, 186, 216, 230, 234, 243 Al-Sindi, Muhammad Hayat, 167 Al-Shinnawi, Hasan, 225, 236, 238 Al-Shiqaqi, Fathi, 204–211, 214, 215, 218, 271 Al-Shirazi, Abu al-Fadl, 37 Shirazi, Mirza Hasan, 81, 94–96, 98, 100 Al-Shirazi, Muhammad al-Husayni, 175, 176 Al-Shirazi, Muhammad Taqi, 12, 106, 107 Shirvan, 57, 58, 60–62, 65 Shirvanshah Farrukh Yasar, 52

●

277

Shrine cities, 3, 6, 69, 70, 78–82, 88 Siraf, 40 Al-Sistani, ‘Ali Ayatullah, 109, 116, 134–137, 142, 247 Sublime Porte, 93–97, 99 Sudan, 207, 248 Suez Canal, 1, 88, 89 Sufis, Sufism, 51, 53, 79, 88, 225 Sulayman, Michel, 158 Süleyman I, 54, 57–60, 65 Suleyman Pasha, 89 Süleymaniye, 60 Sultan Ya‘qub (Mosque), 56 Al-Suwaydi, ‘Abdullah, 71–74 Syria, 2, 8, 9, 27, 29, 39, 40, 48, 65, 150, 151, 155, 158, 189, 186, 204, 210, 211, 215, 218, 226, 243 Tabarru’, 52, 55, 60–62, 64 Tabriz, 52, 54, 56–59, 96 Tahmasp I, 52, 57–60 Ta’if, 146, 151, 154 Taleqani, Ayatollah Mahmud, 190 Tantawi, Muhammad Sayyid, 229, 231, 233, 234, 241 Tanzimat reforms, 90 Taqiyya, 3, 25, 72, 75, 80, 125, 166, 189, 192, 197, 205, 212, 214, 219, 225 Taqrib, Taqrib al-madhahib (Also: Ecumenism), 9, 11–13, 72, 73, 105, 107, 109, 112, 114, 117, 136, 193, 194, 203, 204, 210, 211, 220, 223, 224, 231, 233, 241, 245, 247, 249 Al-Tasawwur al-Islami, 111 Al-Taskhiri, Muhammad ‘Ali, 231, 248 Tawhid, 165 Tehran, 89, 95, 110, 116, 178, 184, 186, 191, 192, 204, 206, 207, 209–211, 216, 224, 228, 231, 233, 235, 244 Transoxania, 53 Tunikabuni, Mirza Muhammad, 80

278

●

Index

Turkey, 10, 131 Al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din, 166 Twelfth Imam, 52, 85n, 116. See also Mahdi Al-‘Ubaydi, Habib, 106 Uhud (Battle), 32 ‘Udul, 73 ‘Ulama’, 4–6,11, 12, 55, 69–74, 76–84, 86, 89–91, 93, 95, 96, 99–101, 112, 115, 120, 130–133, 135, 136, 164–169, 171–177, 179–182, 191, 205, 207, 212, 215, 216, 218, 219, 230, 235, 246–248 ‘Umar bin al-Khattab, 3, 53, 55, 60, 72–75, 84, 107, 111, 131, 138, 166, 190, 194, 208, 213, 214, 229, 235 ‘Umar II, 23 Umayyad, 7, 11, 14, 19, 22–24, 26, 27, 29, 30–32, 37, 38, 44, 119, 190, 194, 220 United Nations (UN), 117 United States (US), 8, 9, 115, 117, 119, 120, 125, 130, 137, 142, 146, 147, 155, 176–178, 182, 186, 188, 189, 191, 209, 233, 243, 245, 246, 248, 255, 270 Urmiyeh, 62 Usulis, 75 Akhbari-Usuli Conflict, 85, 255 ‘Uthman, 3, 52, 60, 73, 107, 111, 131, 208, 213, 214, 220 Uzbeks, 11, 52, 58, 61, 62, 65, 71 Van, 59 Velayat-e faqih, Wilayat al-faqih, 8, 150, 152, 153, 176, 198 Wahhabis, Wahhabiyya, 13, 74–77, 81, 84, 89, 90, 109, 116, 163–165, 168, 169, 171–177, 179–181, 183, 185, 190, 191, 193, 198,

199, 215, 221, 226, 228, 231, 236, 244–247, 251, 256, 262 Al-Walid bin ‘Abd al-Malik, 31 Waqf, Awqaf, 92, 224, 240, 248 Al-Wardani, Salih, 226–228, 236, 238, 263 Al-Wardi, ‘Ali, 85, 101, 107, 108, 121, 131, 141, 263 Wasatiyya, 248 Wasil, Nasr Farid, 232 West Bank, 117, 205 World War I, 6, 10, 83, 93, 105 Yahya bin Zayd, Alid, 32 Yaramazlar, 89 Yemen, 14, 38, 209, 244, 250, 260 Yerevan, 60, 63, 64 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Shaykh, 136, 188, 193, 216, 230–236, 239, 248, 249, 251, 256, 260, 262 Yusuf Pasha, 63. See also Emirguneog˘lu Tahmaspkulu Khan Zahhak, 56 Zakat, 4, 153 Zanj, 48 Zaqzuq, Mahmud Hamdi, 240, 248 Al-Zarqawi, Abu Mus‘ab, 115, 155, 246, 250n Zawaj misyar, 4 Zawaj mut‘a, 4, 73, 229 Zayd bin ‘Ali, 31, 38 Zaydis, Zaydi, Zaydiyya, 1, 28, 29, 38–40, 48, 106, 208, 232, 240, 244, 261 Zaynab, 135, 142, 226, 266 Zionism, Zionists, 84, 155, 185, 187–189, 192–194, 200, 212, 214, 233, 245, 247 Ziyarat al-qubur, Ziyarat, 74, 89 Zoroastrians (majus), 7, 188 Zuhab, 63 Al-Zumur, ‘Abbud, 228