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Applied Sciences & Engineering www.ijapscengr.com; [email protected] RESEARCH ARTICLE

Assessment of Anti-Nutritive Factors and Nutrient Composition of some Selected Browse Plants use as Livestock Feeds in Taraba State Gidado OG1, Kibon A2, Gwargwor ZA3, Mbaya P3 and Baba MJ1 1 3

Department of Animal Production College of Agric. Jalingo; 2Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri; Department of Animal Science and Range Management Federal University of Technology, Yola ARTICLE INFO

A B ST R A CT

Received: Revised: Accepted:

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and anti-nutritive factors of thirty browse plants in Taraba State collected from 6 locations. The study intended to identify commonly available browse plants in Taraba State. Analysis carried out for anti-nutritive factors and chemical composition showed that the mean tannin, saponin and alkaloids content of the browse species were 0.20%: 1.86% and 0.03%, respectively. The mean NDF: lignin and CP content of the browse species were 48.97%: 5.75% and 14.85%, respectively: while mean values for DM: Ash, ADF and EE were 86.97%, 8.69%, 23.30% and 6.04% respectively. Tannins and alkaloids were inherently low due to drying temperature of the samples and being absent in some species. Saponins differed considerably among the different species, but are generally tolerable. The chemical composition showed that the browse species are rich in protein, moderate in lignin content and a little higher than normal value for roughages. Plants worthy of note are Securida longenpendukta with anti-nutritive factors of 0.014%, alkaloids, 0.690% saponin and 0.23% tannin, 22% CP, 43.60NDF. Afzelia Africana with 0.014% alkaloids, 0.840% saponin, 0.162% tanin, 21% CP, 52.11 NDF. Ximenia americana with 0.004% alkaloids, 0.610% saponin 0.183% tannin 22% CP and NDF of 43.83%. Such plants as stated above are recommended for feeding livestock based on their low anti-nutritional value and high chemical composition which present them promising and readily available throughout the state.

March 01, 2013 March 08, 2013 March 11, 2013

Key words: Anti-Nutritive factors Browse Livestock Nutrient

*Corresponding Address: Gidado OG [email protected]

Cite This Article as: Gidado OG, Kibon A, Gwargwor ZA, Mbaya P and Baba MJ, 2013. Assessment of antinutritive factors and nutrient composition of some selected browse plants use as livestock feeds in Taraba State. Inter J Appl Sci Engr, 1(1): 5-9. www.ijapscengr.com INTRODUCTION

they also provide bulk materials or its anatomical equipment to satisfy hunger. Feeding animals is aimed at meeting the nutritional requirements for maintenance and production depending on the species, size, stage of development and stage of production. The quality of feeds voluntarily taken to meet the, nutritional requirement depends on palatability, digestibility and nutrient density of the feeds. In Northern part of the country, ruminants suffer greatly due to malnutrition, the nutrient available in the grass during the dry season do not meet their maintenance level, which therefore make most animals depend on other source or non-conventional supplementary diet (Devendra, 1989). Therefore, in the tropics browse plants have been found to give significant potential in terms of adoptability, productivity and acceptability for ruminants which balances the difficulties of feed shortages in the dry

Feed are substances voluntarily taken in by animals to provide nutrients such as energy, protein, mineral and vitamin metabolized in the body, produce tissue fluid byproducts such as meat and milk. Most feed are natural substances which most commonly are organic matter with little composition of inorganic mater. Feeds could be from grasses, legumes; leaves of tress or plant in the form of browse plants. (Yahya et al., 2000) Browse has been defined as leaves shoots and sprouts including tender twigs and stems of woody plants, which are cropped to a varying extent by domestic animals (Devendra and Burns, 1983). It could however, be extended to include the fruits, pods and seeds which provide valuable feed, especially, if the seed is deciduous. Besides the nutrients supplied by these browse plants, 5

6 season (Hutagalung, 1981). Unfortunately, some browse from tree forages contain secondary compounds which may be toxic when fed ad. lib (Fall Taure et al., 1998). Traditional herdsmen and other pastoral groups habitually cut down branches from various trees species (Acacia, Adamasonia, Ficus, etc) making them available to livestock during the dry season when no other forage is available (Yahya et al., 2000). This study therefore aimed at determining the nutrient and anti-nutritive composition of some of these browse plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area Taraba State is located at 6° 30" 9° 36" North and longitude 9° 10" East of the Equator. Taraba State comprises of three types of vegetational zones, namely; Guinea savannah which is marked by forest and tall grasses found in the Southern part of the State, the subSudan type characterized by short grasses interspaced with short tree, while the semi temperate zone marked by luxuriant pasture and short trees found on the Mambilla Plateau (Taraba Diary, 2004). The dry and rainy seasons common to tropical regions are also the dominant climate features found in Taraba State. The rainy reason starts in April and ends in October, while the dry season begins in November and terminates in March. The climate, soil and hydrology of the state provide ideal atmosphere for the growth of most browse trees, cultivation of crops, grazing land for animals, forestry and fish water for fishing (Taraba, 2004). Plant Identification and Sample Collection Out of the sixteen local government areas of the state, the study covered six local governments, namely: Jalingo, Gassol, Gashaka, Wukari, and Ussa. The state was divided into three zones, (North, Central and Southern Senatorial Zones,). Of the six local Government selected, two was representative of each zone which served as the study area. Thirty common browse plant species (Leguminous and non leguminous) were collected from the six Local governments ('representing the three zones). Kitchen knife used to excise the leaves. With the assistance of a botanist, sample was labeled using both local and scientific names and numbers for easy identification. Samples were dried inside the Laboratory for 4 - 5 days, so as to avoid losing some nutrients. After drying, the samples were ground to gritty powder which was passed through a 1 mm sieve. A quantity of 0.5Kg of each sample was preserved inside a sealed tube, labeled and stored for subsequent analysis. Chemical Analysis The samples were analyzed initially for dry matter (DM), Ash crude protein (CP) acid detergent fibre (ADF), Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) ether extract (EE) and lignin using AOAC (2004) methods. Dry matter content for each sample was determined by oven drying 3 g at 105° C for 24 hours. About 3 grammes of each of the samples were analyzed for ash

Inter J Appl Sci Engr, 2013, 1(1): 5-9. determination by complete combustion at 5500 C in a furnace for 3 hours. The Kjeldal technique was employed in determining the crude protein content while the fibre was analyzed by the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) digestion method. Ether extract was determined by dry soxhlet method for fat extraction, while the nitrogen free extract was obtained by difference using the formular %NFE = DM - (% Ash + %CF = %EE + %CP). Anti- Nutritive (Secondary Compounds) Analysis Alkaloids and saponins, were determined by the methods of (Price et al, 1978), while Tannins were determined by the methods of Makkar (2003) Analysis of toning ascribe the methods. Statistical Analysis The result was analyzed using simple percentages. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemical Composition of Browse Species The mean values for dry matter, (DM) total ash, Acid detergent fibre (ADF), Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), lignin, Crode protein (CP), and Ether extract (EE) content of 30 browse plants (leaves only) are presented in Table 1. Dry matter Table 1 shows the mean dry matter (MDM) content for all the browse species analyzed was 86.97%. The mean values fall between 82.63 for Gmelina aborea and 89.53 for Parkia clappertoniana. This value is much higher compared to the mean dry matter value of 65.1 % reported by Carew et al (1980), for browse plants in the derived savannah area of Nigeria. This is because; they conducted their dry matter analysis on fresh basis, while this research was carried out after the samples have been dried at room temperature to a constant weight. Dibal (1991) reported a mean dry matter value of semi-arid browse plants in the north-Eastern part of Nigeria as 52% which is lower than the values obtained in this research because his was based on fresh sample analysis. The difference might be due to variation in vegetational zones, period at which the samples were collected etc Ash The mean ash content of the browse plants studied was 8.69%. The range was from 4.01% for Entada africana and 17.03% for Ficus sycomorus the mean value of ash falls within those obtained by Dibal(1991) of 7.83% for semi-arid browse plants in North Eastern Nigeria. Le Houerou (1980a) and GohI (1981) stated that the different figures obtained in the ash content of browse plants may be attributed to some factors such as differences in oil, species as well as season. Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF) The result of the entire browse species studied was 23.30% and the range of 19.26% for Gardenia aquella and 28.98% for ficus sycomorus were obtained. The figure is almost same with the 23% reported by Lawton (1980) and a little higher than the 22% reported by Norton (1994) for forage legumes in the tropics.

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Inter J Appl Sci Engr, 2013, 1(1): 5-9.

Table 1: Proximate Composition of some browse plants identified on percent dry matter Sample Description DM ASH CP EE Gardenia aquella 86.72 8.16 12.47 4.53 Anona senegalensis 87.48 6.49 12.47 3.88 Tamarindus indica 88.62 7.73 16.41 5.63 Newnbouldia laevis 84.88 4.81 28.11 4.56 Vitex simplicifolia 89.01 9.26 8.53 6.64 Parkia clappertoniana 89.53 5.17 7.22 5.83 Boswellia dalzielia 88.63 4.84 6.56 5.74 Pterocarpus erinaceus 88.71 6.99 13.13 6.43 Khaya senegalensis 89.06 10.69 17.72 6.75 Adasonia digitata 84.73 4.95 19.86 6.14 Ficus polita 86.66 5.52 13.78 9.83 Grewia mollis 87.72 12.43 7.22 8.86 Balanites aegyptica 85.86 10.15 14.44 7.63 Terminliia vicenoides 87.22 12.63 13.78 5.23 Ficus platyphylla 86.24 11.81 16.41 5.83 Sterulia setigera 88.11 9.63 13.78 4.63 Entada Africana 87.24 4.01 19.69 8.39 Gmelina aborea 82.63 7.06 13.01 5.96 Prosopos Africana 84.97 3.67 15.16 5.09 Poliostigma thoningii 85.20 11.49 14.44 4.29 Terminalia catappa 87.00 10.84 17.72 4.52 Ficus thoningii 88.09 9.63 16.41 7.25 Securiduca longependukta 85.99 16.73 22.31 6.23 Vitex doniana 86.14 13.61 13.78 4.24 Ficus Sycomorus 88.11 17.03 11.36 5.68 Afzelia Africana 86.47 6.66 21.00 6.83 Ziziphus mauritania 87.21 8.14 11.16 7.53 Ximenia Americana 81.68 11.11 22.31 5.61 Daniela Oliveri 86.87 4.26 11.16 6.21 Ceiba petandra 86.17 5.07 14.11 5.24 Mean 86.97 8.69 14.85 6.04

Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) The mean NDF values for the browse plants analyzed was 48.97% and a range of 39.23% for Gardenia aquella and 58.63% for Ceiba petendra. This value is higher than the ones given by Le Houerou (1980b) and Norton (1994) as 25-45% and 20-35%, respectively. Lignin Table 2 revealed a mean value for lignin in all the browse plants analyzed as 5.75% and the range of 4.29% for ficus sycomorus and 6.83% for Gardenia aquella The Figure was lower than the one reported by Norton (1994) of 12% on tropical forage legume. Lignin is the indigestible fraction of the plant cell wall. Sterus usually have higher lignin content than leaves and hence high NDF and this makes them less digestible (Norton, 1994). This also explains the low value obtained in lignin, because only the leaves were used for analysis in this study. Crude Protein (CP) The mean crude protein content of the browse plants studied was shown in Table 1 to be 14.85%. Boswellia dalzielia recorded the least with 6.56%, while the highest (28.11%) was recorded in Newbouldia laevis, followed by Securidaca longen pendukta and Ximenia americana with 23.31 % and Afzelia africana with 21 % respectively. These values are similar with those reported by Dibal (1991) and Abbator and Kibon (1999) but higher than that reported by Kibon and Orskov (1993) of 14.40% 16% and 30.2% respectively. Faidherbia albida has the highest value of 30% according to Ktoon and Orskov (1993),

ADF 19.26 20.63 23.24 26.30 25.43 23.62 22.74 20.37 19.63 21.74 23.64 25.72 23.03 24.61 24.39 21.39 23.74 21.84 26.31 25.61 20.83 24.70 24.39 23.13 28.98 21.39 23.11 19.28 23.63 26.34 23.30

NDF 39.23 40.21 43.16 46.34 57.23 58.42 57.29 43.84 39.26 51.24 48.29 50.21 49.20 39.83 53.68 40.73 53.61 56.72 51.81 53.23 49.63 48.29 43.66 49.30 40.23 52.11 52.13 43.83 57.81 58.63 48.97

LIGNIN 6.83 5.98 5.54 4.83 6.43 5.67 5.83 6.24 5.63 6.24 4.88 6.23 5.16 6.81 5.73 5.81 6.73 5.18 4.73 6.11 5.98 6.31 5.83 5.49 4.29 5.46 6.31 5.33 4.98 6.04 5.75

Table 2: Anti-nitritive Factors in Some Browse Plants Identified in percentage Sample Description Tannins Saponins Alkaloids Gardenia aquella 0.160 0.210 0.021 Anona senegalensis 0.124 2.073 0.018 T amarindus indica 0.168 2.011 0.016 Newbouldia laevis 0.197 2.530 0.015 Vitex simplicifolia 0.174 2.530 0.015 Parkia clappertoniana 0.193 2.220 0.013 Boswellia dalzielia 0.213 6.310 0.006 Pterocarpus erinaeeus 0.695 4.420 ND Khaya senegalensis 0.132 2.290 0.42 Adasonia digitata 0.176 1.830 ND Ficus polita 0.173 3.190 0.003 Grewia mollis 0.213 2.030 0.004 Balanites aegyptica 0.114 4.780 0.21 Terminalia vicenoides 0.221 1.420 0.014 Ficus platyphylla 0.190 0.960 0.011 Sterulia setigera 0.118 0.261 0.010 Entada africana . 0.184 0.131 0.002 Gmelina aborea 0.231 2.160 0.014 Prosopos Africana 0.223 3.150 ND Poliostigma thoningii 0.161 0.210 0.021 Terminalia catappa 0.218 0.830 0.010 Ficus thoningii 0.170 0.150 ND Securiduca longependukta 0.231 0.690 0.014 Vitex doniana 0.204 0.400 0.008 Ficus sycomorus 0.143 0.260 0.012 Afzelia Africana 0.162 0.840 0.014 Ziziphus mauritania 0.207 4.20 0.017 Ximenia americana 0.183 0.610 0.004 Daniela Oliveri 0.214 1.810 0.013 Ceiba petandra 0.210 0.710 0.011 Mean 0.20 1.86 0.03

8 while Grewia moll is maintain the lest CP content of 3.44%. The values of the CP content recorded in this study is comparable to that reported by Abbator (1999), Kibon and Orskov (1993) and Pellow (1980) for browse in the semi-arid North eastern Nigeria and Tanzania respectively. These browse plants analyzed in this research may be effective utilized by ruminants as observed by Kapu (1975). McDonald et al. (1988) gave variation reasons in values of browse plant samples Therefore all browse plants have a reasonable quantity of crude protein which can be used in ruminant production. Browse plants with CP level below 7% are considered deficient and therefore may not sustain live weight in animal, (Milford and Milson 1996). Such plant may only be supplemented by proteinous feeds. Ether Extract (EE) The mean Ether Extract of the browse analyzed was 6.04% DM with a range of 3.88% and 9.83%/. The highest values of 9.83%, 8.86%, 8.39% 7.63% and 7.53% were recorded inficus polita., Grewia mollis, Entada africana, Balanites aegyptica and Ziziphus mauritania respectively. The lowest EE content of 3.88% was recorded in Anona senegalensis. The value for all the browse species in this study is higher than that reported by Dibal (1991) of 3% and Ifut (1982) of 4.92% for browse in semi-arid North Eastern Nigeria and for browse plants in Western Nigeria respectively. However, this study is in consonance with what was obtained by Gohl (1981) of 6.02%.

Inter J Appl Sci Engr, 2013, 1(1): 5-9. found in other studies (Gestetner et al., 1996) Boswellia dalzielia, Pterocapus erinaceus, Balanites aegyptica, Ziziphus mauritania, Newbuildia laevis, Ficus polito and prosopos Africana which revealed saponin levels of 6.310 %, 4.420%, 4.780%, 4.20%, 3.093%, 3.190% and 3.150%, respectively are high. The results obtained in this study are relatively high, likely that the Saponin content of the browse specieswill affect the nutritional potentials of livestock (Onwuka, 1983). The tolerable level of saponins in ruminants is 1.5-2% (Onwuka, 1983). Alkaloids Alkaloids content varied from 0.003% in Ficus polita 0.21% in Balanites aegyptica as shown in Table 2. The mean alkaloid content of all the browse plants studied was 0.03%. The average alkaloids content in the leaves were lower than the average of 0.1 % obtained for other native browse plants as reported by Diagayate and Huss (1981). Considerable specie differences in susceptibility to alkaloids exist among livestock: cattle and horses are highly susceptible while sheep and goats are resistant to alkaloids toxicoses, especially the pyro lizidine alkaloids (Ologhobo 1980). Among the browse species Pterocapus erinaceus, Adasonia digitata, Prosopos africana and Ficus thoningii: alkaloids were not detected at all. From the values obtained, it would be concluded that the alkaloid levels of the browse plants studied were low and the plants are therefore safe for feeding, except Balanites aegyptica which has a relatively higher values than those revealed by Diagayate and Huss (1981).

Anti-Nutritive Factors in Browse Plants: One of the constraints to the use of browse species as a livestock feed is the presence of toxic and antinutritional constituents. These constituents have different but adverse effects on animal performance including loss of appetite and reductions in dry matter intake and protein digestibility. The determination of Tannins, saponins and alkaloids for the thirty browse plants was carried out and presented in Table 2.

Conclusion It is evident that all the browse plant had ANFs. Despite the present of these ANFs however full potentials of the browse plant can still be enhanced, since the results generally showed that the browse plants studied have high CP and the anti-nutritional factors can still be subjected to some treatment, like socking, boiling to reduce those that are high to tolerable level for ruminant animals.

Tannins Mean tannin content of the thirty browse plants (Table 2) was 0.20% with the range of 0.114% to 0.695%. The small quantity in tannin content of the browse species may likely suggests the nutritional quality of the different species. That is, level of tannin which adversely affects digestibility in ruminants is between 2% and 5% (Diagayete and Huss, 1981). Goats are known to have threshold capacity of about 9% dietary tannin (Nastis and Malachek, 1981). Therefore, Pterocapus erinaceus which recorded the highest, i.e 0.695% in this study is within the tolerable level of tannin acceptable to ruminants. It would appear that all the browse species analyzed in this research contain tolerable levels of tannins to ruminants. It can be deduced that plants (leaves) studied may thus be regarded safe for feeding ruminants as reported by Laurena et al (1994).

REFERENCES

Saponins Saponin content of the browse plants studied varied from 0.150% in Ficus thoningii to 6.310% in Boswellia dalzielia. (Table 2) Saponin levels were generally high as

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