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Available online at http://arjournal.org APPLIED RESEARCH JOURNAL REVIEW ARTICLE ISSN: 2423-4796 Applied Research Journal

Vol.2, Issue, 9, pp.379-383, September, 2016

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMATERIAL IN CO2 CAPTURE ENHANCEMENT * Nader Nabhani and Amir Shojaie Department of Chemical Engineering and HSE, Petroleum University of Technology, Iran.

ARTICLE INFO

ABSTRACT

Article History:

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are believed to be a major contributor to global warming. As a consequence large anthropogenic CO2 sources worldwide will eventually be required to implement CO2 capture and storage technologies to control CO2 emissions. Many extensive research works have been carrying out to improve the constraints of existing technology. Unfortunately no current technologies for removing CO2 from source exist which satisfy the need of safety, efficiency and economically. Nanotechnology can play an important role to provide viable material solutions to the challenges of cost-effective, energy efficient and highvolume CO2 capture. This minireview highlights some recent promising research activities and their prospects in the area of carbon capture with reference to nanotechnology based solutions. The potential opportunities and challenges that face future trends of nanotechnology applications in the CO2 capture and storage are also discussed.

Received: 29, September, 2016 Final Accepted: 28, October, 2016 Published Online: 03, November, 2016 Key words:

Nanomaterials, Carbon dioxide (CO2), Capture, Nanosorbents.

© Copy Right, ARJ, 2016. All rights reserved

1. INTRODUCTION With the rapid development of modern civilization, carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced in large quantities in industry (Fig. 1). Two sectors produced nearly two-third of global CO2 emissions in 2011: electricity and heat generation, by far the largest, accounted for 42%, while transport accounted for 22% [1]. Indeed more than 30 billion of CO2 are added to the atmosphere each year. However, carbon dioxide being one of major greenhouse gases (GHGs) for global warming, its emission control has become an urgent and challenging research topic [2, 3 and 4]. The emission of CO2 may contribute to urban smog, acid rain, and health problem [1]. In another scenario (e.g.: a submarine, a subterranean mining environment or a closed-circuit respiratory apparatus), CO2 produced by occupants of a closed ecological system must be removed from air. Therefore, CO2 removal is of importance. One approach that holds great promise for reducing CO2 emission into atmosphere effectively is carbon capture and storage (CCS). Under this concept, CO2 would be captured from large point sources, such as power plants and converting CO2 into useful chemicals and by products (figure 2), such as methanol, carbonates, synthesized gas and also use for enhancing oil recovery (EOC), [5, 6]. As we continue to burn fossil fuels for an increasing energy demand, new technologies base on novel materials and process need to be developed which are cost-effective, energy-efficient and high-volume CO 2 capture that allow capture and simultaneous conversion of CO2 into useful chemical compounds. It is believed that nanotechnology can provide the viable material solutions to this technology problem [7, 8]. In the present work, we examine the potential areas where nanotechnology can benefit CO2 capture. The data and information collected is from current literature. The information would be beneficial to both chemical engineering education and research. *Corresponding author: Nader Nabhani, Email: [email protected] Department of Chemical Engineering and HSE, Petroleum University of Technology, Iran.

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Figure 1 World CO2 emissions by sector in 2011 [1]

Figure 2 Concept mapping of CO2 capture and utilization

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1. Nanomaterials in CO2 Capture A nanomaterial can classify when it possesses at least on dimension equivalent or less than 100 μm [9]. When such material has a nanoscale dimension, many-size dependent specific properties will be shown up; including adsorptive property [10]. Unique properties like light weight and small size with high surface area have put nanomaterials as an alternative choice for gas adsorption application [11]. Compare with natural adsorbents, nanomaterials can increase attention for their higher reactive sorption capacity, fast reaction rate and their significant improvement in the durability of the adsorbent [12-17] and low energy requirement [18, 19, 20 and 21]. Some potential nanomaterials for CO2 capture are summarized in table (1). These naomaterials are divided into four categories, namely nanoporous materials, nano-hollow structured materials, nanocomposite materials and nanocrystalline particles. For example, in case of nanoporous materials, it has been reported that using MgO precursor solution penetrated into a porous carbon exotemplate, was able to remove CO2 about 10 times higher than commercial non-porous MgO [22]. CO2 adsorption by single-walled carbon nano-tubes (SWNTs) and multi-carbon nano-tubes (MWNTs) showed higher capacity with surface area with activated carbon [23]. CaO derived from nano-sized CaCO3 showed its sustainability throughout 30 absorption/desorption cycles with high absorption of CO2 [24]. 2.2. Outlook and Future Challenges Nanomaterials are the potential solutions to overcome many limitations of CO2-capture process. The future possibilities for nanotechnology in the CO2 capture could be identified as:  Nanotechnology-enhanced materials that provide strength, durability and reliability to enhance CO2 adsorption  Corrosion management due to chemical degradation  Light weight, rigged materials: the reduce weight requirement insulation costs  Lowering energy cost (for the regeneration)  Enhancing long-term stability of sorbent  Safe environmental storage Although many achievements have been made in laboratory conditions, serious challenges remain in field implementation. Most nanomaterial-based products are still in the research and developmental stage in the

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industry. Before they can be practically applied, numerous problems need to be solved, such as the production of low-cost and easily industrialized nanomaterials. Table 1 Studies in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in Co2 capture enhancement Nanomaterials Nonporous

Nanosorbents Nonporous MCM-41 ‘molecular basket’ Mesoporous MgO

Nano-hollow structured

Nanocomposite

Nanocrystalline

CuO nanoparticle-load porous carbons Multi-walled CNT Single-walled CNT CaO Nanopods

CaO derived from nanosized CaCO3 Amine-functionalized mesoporous capsules base Nano magnetic decorated multiwalled CNT Aminosilance-functionalized cellulosic polymer CaO-MgAl2O4 spinel nanoparticles Nanocrystalline Li2ZrO3 particles Nano CaO/Al2O3 Lithium silicate nanoparticle

Advantages

Ref.

A synergetic effect on the adsorption of CO2 by polyethylenimine (PEI) CO2 condensed Ina pore channel like a ‘basket’ form Selective to CO2 gas Thermally stable Regenerable. Higher CO2 capture capacity

[24]

Have higher capture capacity with same surface area with activated carbon or zeolite Higher CO2 capture capacity retaining>50 CO2 absorption capacity after 50 CO2 capture-and-release cycles Higher CO2 capture capacity

[23]

Higher CO2 capture selective to CO2 gas

[28]

Improved CO2 adsorption

[17]

Improve CO2 sorption

[20]

Reduce decay problem of CaO, retain more than 115 capture-regenaration cycles Improved capture of CO2 in a wide temperature range and improved kinetics of the regeneration Improve adsorption capacity Improved CO2 capture thermal stable

[27]

[22]

[25]

[26]

[14]

[29] [13] [30]

Some of the barriers that may slow implementation of future development in CO2 capture process include the following: (1) Lack of strong support for innovation (2) Barriers to entry and adoption (3) Perceived cost and risk (4) Lack of awareness With continued heavy interest in nanotechnology, potential solutions will emerge for the above referenced challenges. Once solutions to these problems are solved and the relevant technologies developed, nanotechnologies can be extensively applied.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Fossil fuels will continue to be the dominant source of energy in the foreseeable future, in view of the immaturity of the development of other energy resources, and will continue to emitting enormous amounts of carbon products into the atmosphere. CO2 capture is one approach that holds great promise for reducing CO2 emission into atmosphere. Various sorbents have been developed and improved, but still there exist many limitations with sorbents handling and operation process. New technology based on novel materials and processes need to be developed. Our in-depth discussions indicate that nanotechnology can play very important roles in this effort. This will be most important scope that needs to be directed towards developing multifunctional nanomaterials in future research for effective carbon capture. .

4. REFERENCES [1] IEEA-International Energy Agency, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion-highlights, 2013 edition.

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