Appendix One: Consent Form

GENDER STUDIES AND LABOUR STUDIES SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES MS ALIA IMTOUAL LEVEL *, TOWER BUILDING, ** PULTENEY STREET THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE SA 5005 AUSTRALIA TELEPHONE +61 8 00000000 FACSIMILE +61 8 00000000 [email protected]

Consent Form for Participants

Study into the experiences of young Muslim women in Australia as part of the research undertaken by Alia Imtoual for her PhD candidature in Gender Studies at The University of Adelaide.

I……………………………………………….have been provided with information regarding the aims and purposes of the research. I am aware that my participation is completely voluntary and that: •

I am free to withdraw the information that I provide up until one month after the date of the interview, and that I do not have to provide a reason for withdrawal.

•

I am under no obligation to divulge information or discuss issues if I do not wish to do so.

•

The information I provide may be quoted within the thesis and other scholarly publications and works.

•

The interview will be tape recorded and transcribed and the tapes will be erased one year after the submission of the thesis.

•

The tapes will be in locked storage up until the date of erasure.

Please indicate your consent below:

Yes / No

I Do / Do Not wish to participate

Signed Participant………………………………………….. Witnessed by Interviewer……………………………………Date……………………………………….

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

223

Appendix Two: Information Sheet

GENDER STUDIES AND LABOUR STUDIES SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES MS ALIA IMTOUAL LEVEL *, TOWER BUILDING, * PULTENEY STREET THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE SA 5005 AUSTRALIA TELEPHONE +61 8 00000000 FACSIMILE +61 8 00000000 [email protected]

Information Sheet for Interview Participants Assalamu Alaikum,

This letter is to answer some of the questions you may have concerning this research project.

WHO AM I? I am a young Muslim woman currently doing a PhD at The University of Adelaide. I have a Bachelor of Education (Upper Primary/Lower Secondary) majoring in English and Society and Environment. Last year I completed an Honours thesis into the experiences of young Muslim women in a mainstream school.

WHAT IS MY PHD PROJECT? I am researching the concept of “religious racism” and focussing on the racism experienced by Muslims. As an Australian Muslim woman, my interest is particularly on the ways in which religious racism impacts on the lives of Muslim women in Australia. I aim to (insha’allah) conduct an interview with 10-15 Muslim women aged between 18 and 30 years old, who have lived in Australia for the majority of the past five years and who have plans to live in Australia for the foreseeable future.

WHAT CAN YOU EXPECT IN THE INTERVIEW? If you decide to participate I will make contact with you to arrange an interview at a time and place that suits you. The interview will take a minimum of one hour but if you wish to speak for longer then that is fine! I will ask you a series of questions about your life as a Muslim woman, for Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

224

example, what is it like to live in Australia as a Muslim woman? How do you think Muslim women are represented in the media? It will not be a formal series of questions and answers, but it will be more like a conversation – so feel free to expand on your answers or raise issues of particular concern! I will be tape recording and transcribing the interviews but your identity will be protected.

HOW WILL YOUR ANONYMITY BE PROTECTED? I am committed to, and obliged by the University ethical requirements, protecting your identity and personal details. Your name will not be used in the study as I will assign you a pseudonym. I will not publish any details that may clearly identify you and only myself, my supervisor and a research assistant will ever read the transcript or listen to the tape. You are free to withdraw your information from the study at any time up until one month after the date of the interview and do not have to provide me with a reason for withdrawal. If you wish to be provided with a copy of the transcript and/or the tape recording please indicate this on your consent form.

The tapes will be in locked storage for the duration of my study and will be erased one year after the submission of the thesis. I will be retaining copies of the transcripts but these will not contain your real name.

If a friend or acquaintance has recommended you for this research I will ask them to give you my details and have you contact me, rather than having them supplying me with your personal contact details.

WILL YOU GET PAID FOR TAKING PART IN THIS RESEARCH? Unfortunately neither you nor I will be paid for taking part! However, your input will be invaluable and will assist in developing the information available regarding Muslim women in Australia – an area of research that has largely been neglected over the years.

HOW YOU CAN PROVIDE ASSISTANCE. This study relies heavily on networking with the Muslim community and so if you know of anyone who fits the research criteria and who would be interested in participating, please ask them to contact me on 0000 0000 (office hours), 0000000000 (mobile), or at [email protected] .

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

225

One final note – please do not hesitate to contact myself at any time if you have any further queries. If there are issues you would like to discuss but are reluctant to raise with me, please contact my supervisor Professor Chilla Bulbeck on 0000 0000 (office hours) or at [email protected].

Thankyou for your time and attention, Wassalam,

Alia Imtoual

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

226

Appendix Three: Interview Prompts Background Questions Tell me a little about yourself: name, age, ‘background’, family structure, occupation.

Tell me a little about the area in which you live

Talk a bit about the group/s you would call your community/ies

What is it like living in Adelaide?

Religious racism Have you ever felt uncomfortable as a Muslim woman in a particular place/situation? Why or how? How did you deal with your feelings of discomfort?

Have you ever experienced a situation that you would describe as ‘racist’? What happened? When? Where? How? What was your response to the situation at the time? Later? What would you do if a similar situation occurred again?

How do you feel and respond when strangers approach you with questions about Islam/Muslims?

Have you ever altered your plans, contemplated altering your plans, or made special arrangements because of a fear of racism? Have you ever altered plans or made special arrangements because the place/event you were attending did not support your needs as a Muslim woman? What were these altered plans? Did they work for you?

Where do you work or study? Tell me a bit about this place.

Tell me about your place of work or study. Does this place make it easy to be a Muslim woman? How and in what ways? When?

Are you attending, or have you ever attended, university or TAFE? What course did you choose and why? What is it like to study/have studied this course as a Muslim woman? Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

227

What was school like for you as a Muslim? Do any stories stand out in your memory? What did you do at Christmas and Easter time? What happened at Eid time and during Ramadan?

Are there any other places/situations in your life in which you experience racism?

Christianity Do you feel like an Australian?

Do you feel that people in the general public view you as an Australian?

Do you feel that your identity as a Muslim conflicts with other areas of your identity? I.e. can you be both Australian and Muslim? Can you be both ‘western’ and Muslim? Is there a difference between ‘western’ and ‘Australian’?

Do you think that your allegiances to Islam and other Muslims make people think of you as a traitor to Australia?

Representation What kinds of media do you mostly interact with?

How do you think Muslim women are represented in the media? Is this an accurate representation? How does this representation make you feel?

Take a look at these articles and tell me how you respond to them.

Muslim men are often seen as being violent, macho, sexually predatory and power-hungry. What does this say about you as a wife/mother/sister/daughter/niece etc?

How do world events that implicate (rightly or wrongly) Muslims, impact on you? How do you feel? What do you do when events occur?

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

228

Have you ever heard about racist incidents against Muslims reported in the media? How did this make you feel? What sort of ‘angle’ did you feel the report took?

How do you feel that Muslim women are perceived by the general public? Do these apply to you? Are they accurate? Who holds these perceptions? What would make someone hold these views of Muslim women?

Can you recall a positive media representation of a Muslim woman or women? If so, what was this story? Where did it appear? What made the story positive as compared to some of the stories you would categorise as negative representations?

Finale In the lexicon of the ‘clash of civilisations’ [explain this if the participant is unsure of the concept] Islam is diametrically opposed to Christianity AND the ‘west’. If Australia is a ‘Western’ country, does this mean that there is no room for you (as a Muslim) to belong in Australia?

In terms of religion, how would you characterise Australian society? Is it a religious one? Do you see the influences of religion in Australian society? What religion? In what ways does this influence manifest itself?

Is there anything else you’d like to discuss? Are there any issues you feel I should have raised and didn’t? Would you like to expand or reiterate any of your answers? Having finished the interview, are there any questions to which you’d now give a different answer? Are there any questions you’d like to ask me?

Jazakillahu Kharun (thankyou) for you time and participation – I really appreciate it.

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

229

Appendix Four: Focus Group Questions When I did my initial interviews I asked Muslim women to tell me about their identity. They spoke about themselves as ‘Muslim’, as ‘Turkish’ or ‘Afghan’ or ‘Australian’ but none of them said ‘I’m a woman’. They did not raise gender as a central part of their lives.

how does being a woman figure in your identity? Does this differ from situation to situation? Is your identity different in a public context to one in which being Muslim is taken for granted or shared by everyone in that social setting (i.e. in your home or in the mosque)?

3. Then share some of their comments about identity with them. If gender was taken for granted, what do they see as the reasons for this?

Is it because the social context of the interviews was one in which the women are minorities (Muslims) within a largely hostile community (non-Muslim) and so ‘religion’ as an identity is more important in the public context?

BUT…the interviews took place in a situation where gender was not emphasised in terms of difference because they were two Muslim women. Yet it still seemed that gender was taken for granted in the interviews rather than explicitly addressed … why do you think that was?

4. One of the participants made the comment ‘as a Muslim woman I’d feel uncomfortable going to a footy match with my hijab on’…why do you think she singled out being a woman rather than just saying ‘as a Muslim’?

5. As compared with Muslim men, do you think that Muslim women are represented differently in the media/by the non-Muslim population? If so, how does this impact on your sense of gendered identity?

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

230

Appendix Five: Media Content Analysis

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

231

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

232

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

233

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

234

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

235

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

236

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

237

Bibliography

(1986). Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act (Cth) (s1-135) (1975). Racial Discrimination Act (Cth) (s1-62) (1996). Racial Vilification Act (SA) (s1-4) 2003, 'Al- Qaida wanted to kill Gutnick', The Advertiser, 5 June, p. 5. 2003, 'About Greg Sheridan', The Australian, [Online, accessed 12 Feb. 2004] URL: http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,5974632%255E25378, 00.html 2003, 'Police journal "jokes" offend', Townsville Bulletin, 12 Mar., p. 12. 2004, 'About this paper', The Advertiser, [Online, accessed 8 Apr. 2004] URL: http://www.theadvertiser.news.com.au/sectionindex2/0,5935,about%20this%20paper^^TE XT,00.html 2004, 'Our nation, our newspaper', The Australian, [Online accessed 12 Feb. 2004] URL: http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/sectionindex2/0,5746,About+this+paper%255E%25 5ETEXT,00.html AAP, 2003, 'Hicks faces life even if cleared', The Australian, 10 July, p.2 AAP, 2002, 'Eyes of terror on Australia', The Advertiser, 29 October, p.19 Abbas, T. 2001, 'Media Capital and the Representation of South Asian Muslims in the British Press: An Ideological Analysis', Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs vol. 21(2), pp. 245-257. ABC 2002, 'British MP meets with Hussein' [Online, accessed 12 Feb. 2004] URL: http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/s646835.htm. ABC TV 2005, 'The Headmaster and the Headscarves', Compass, 18 Sept. Abou-Bakr, O. 2001, Islamic feminism? What's in a name?: preliminary reflections [Online, accessed 4 Mar. 2003] URL: www.historians.ie/women/amews%20contents.htm Ahmad, F. 2001, 'Modern traditions? British Muslim women and academic achievement', Gender and Education, vol. 13(2), pp. 137-152. Ahmad, F. 2003, 'Signs of the times', Birkbeck Magazine. [Online, accessed 17 June 2004] URL: http://www.bbk.ac.uk/news/bbkmag/15/signs.html. Ahmed, M. 2003, 'I sleep very well', The Advertiser, 26 July, p. 3. Ahmed, S. 2004, 'Declarations of Whiteness: the non-performativity of anti-racism', Borderlands ejournal, vol. 3(2), [Online, accessed 20 Feb. 2005] URL: http://www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au/vol3no2_2004/ahmed_declarations.htm Akram, S. M. 2002, 'The aftermath of September 11, 2001: The targeting of Arabs and Muslims in America', Arab Studies Quarterly, vol. 24(2 & 3), pp. 61-118. Allan, S. 1999, News Culture, Open University Press, Buckingham & Philadelphia. Allievi, S. 1996, 'The Muslim community in Italy', in Muslim communities in the New Europe, (eds.) G. Nonneman, T. Niblock & B. Szajkowski. Ithaca Press, Reading, UK, pp.315-329.

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

238

Almond, P. C. & P. G. Woolcock (eds.) 1978, Dissent in Paradise: Religious Education controversies in South Australia, Murray Park College of Advanced Education, Adelaide. Altorki, S. & C. F. El-Solh (eds) 1988, Arab women in the Field: studying your own society, Syracuse University Press, New York. Ang, I. 1996 'The Curse of the Smile: Ambivalence and the "Asian" Woman in Australian Multiculturalism', Feminist Review, vol. 52(Spring), pp. 36-49. Ansari, H. 2002, Muslims in Britain, Minority Rights Group International, London Appleton, J. 2002, Who's afraid of Islamophobia?, Spiked Politics, [Online, accessed 18 Mar. 2003] URL: www.spiked-online.com/Printable/00000006D95B.htm. Archer, L. 2001, '"Muslim Brothers, Black Lads, Traditional Asians": British Muslim Young Men's Constructions of Race, Religion and Masculinity', Feminism & Psychology, vol. 11(1), pp. 79-105. Australians Against Racism, [Online, accessed 1 April 2004] URL: www.australiansagainstracism.org Aveling, N. 2002, '"Student teachers" resistance to exploring racism: reflections on 'doing' border pedagogy', Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 30(2), pp. 119-130. Badran, M. 1995, Feminists, Islam, and Nation: gender and the making of modern Egypt, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Beagan, B. L. 2003, '"Is this worth getting into a big fuss over?" Everyday racism in medical school', Medical Education, vol. 3(7), pp. 852-860. Benney, M. & E. C. Hughes 1970, 'Of Sociology and the Interview', in Sociological Methods: a source book, ed, N. K. Denzin, Butterworth, London. Berger, G. 2001, 'Problematising Race for Journalists: Critical Reflections on the South African Human Rights Commission Inquiry into Media Racism', Critical Arts, vol. 15(1&2), pp. 6996. Bhabha, H. K. 2000, '"Race", time and the revision of modernity', in Theories of race and racism: a reader, eds., L. Back & J. Solomos, Routledge, London & New York, pp. 354-368. Bhachu, P. 1991, 'Culture, ethnicity and class among Punjabi Sikh women in 1990s Britain, New Community, vol. 17(3), pp. 401-412. Bhattacharya, N. 1996, 'Behind the veil: the many masks of subaltern sexuality', Women's studies international forum, vol. 19(3), pp. 277-292. Bignell, J. 2002, Media Semiotics: an introduction, Manchester University Press, Manchester & New York. Bishop, B. 2005, 'Bronwyn Bishop responds to the Aussie Mossie’, ABC Radio National - In the National Interest, 28 August. Blaut, J. M. 1992, 'The theory of cultural racism', Antipode: a radical journal of geography, vol. 23, pp. 289-299. Bloul, R. A. D. 1994, 'Veiled objects of (post) colonial desire: forbidden women disrupt the republican fraternal space', The Australian Journal of Anthropology, vol. 5(1 & 2), pp. 1-6. Bloul, R. A. D. 2003, 'Islamophobia and anti-discrimination laws: ethno-religion as a legal category in the UK and Australia, unpublished, pp. 1-21. Bolt, A. 2005, 'Libs hijab hokum', Herald Sun, 1 September, p. 25 Bone, P. 2005, 'Women, the hijab and the burqa', The Age, 1 September, p. 15 Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

239

Bouma, G. 1994, Mosques and Muslim settlement in Australia, AGPS, Canberra. Brah, A. 1992, 'Difference diversity and differentiation', in Race, culture and difference, eds., J. Donald & A. Rattansi, Sage, London, pp. 126-145. Brah, A. 1996, Cartographies of Diaspora: contesting identities, Routledge, London & New York. Brah, A. & R. Minhas 1985, 'Structural racism or cultural difference: schooling for Asian girls’, in Just a bunch of girls, ed G. Weiner, Open University Press, Milton Keynes & Philadelphia, pp. 14-25. Brand, J., D. Archbold & R. Halim 2001, Sources of News and Current Affairs: The Audience, Australian Broadcasting Authority, Sydney. Brasted, H. V. 1997, 'The politics of stereotyping: Western images of Islam', Manushi, vol. 98, pp. 1-17. Brasted, H. V. 2001, 'Contested representations in historical perspective: images of Islam and the Australian press 1950-2000', Muslim communities in Australia, in A. Saeed & S. Akbarzadeh, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, pp. 206-227. Brenner, S. 1996, 'Reconstructing self and society: Javanese Muslim women and "the veil"', American Ethnologist, vol. 23(4), pp. 673-697. Britzman, D. P. 2000, '"The question of belief": writing poststructural ethnography’, in Working the ruins: feminist poststructural theory and methods in education, eds., E. St. Pierre & W. S. Pillow, Routledge, London & New York, pp. 27-40. Bulbeck, C. 1997 Living Feminism: The impact of the Women's movement on three generations of Australian women, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Bullock, K. 2002 Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil: challenging historical and modern stereotypes, International Institute of Islamic Thought, London. Bullock, K. H. & G. J. Jafri 2000, 'Media (mis)representations: Muslim women in the Canadian nation', Canadian Woman Studies/Les Cahiers De La Femme, vol. 20(2), pp. 35-40. Butler, J. 1990, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, Routledge, London & New York. Campbell, C. P. 1995, Race, Myth and the News, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Campbell, M. 2003, "Deadly revenge of the 'black widows"', The Australian, 7 July, p. 11. Cannold, L. 2005, 'For equality, ban the hijab in public schools', The Age, 31 August, p. 17 Caruso, C. 2003, Education needed to stop prejudice', The Advertiser, 21 July p. 8. Cere, R. 2002, '"Islamophobia" and the media in Italy', Feminist Media Studies, vol. 2(1), pp. 133136. Chulov, M. 2003, 'Bali bomber confronts death sentence and flag', The Australian, 29 July, p. 7. Chulov, M. 2003, 'On trial eve, Samudra says sorry - for Muslim deaths', The Australian, 2 June, p. 11. Chulov, M. 2003, 'Defiant Samudra challenges validity of terror laws', The Australian, 3 June, p. 1. Cleland, B. 2001a, 'The history of Muslims in Australia', Muslim communities in Australia, in A. Saeed & S. Akbarzadeh, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, pp. 12-32. Cleland, B. 2001b, 'A history of Islam in Australia', Muslim Resource, [Online, accessed 5 June 2003] URL: www.muslimresource.com/australiaa03.htm Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

240

Cohen, N. 2004, 'Muslim is not a dirty word', New Statesman, October, pp. 10-12. Colbert, M. 2003, 'Driven by extremes', The Australian, 23 July, p. 13. Compass 2005, 'Islam on Parade', ABC TV, 16 August. Connolly, P. & B. Troyna, Eds. 1998, Researching racism in education: politics, theory and practice, Open University Press, Buckingham & Philadelphia. Coorey, P. 2003a, 'Guilty or not- it may not matter', The Advertiser, 10 July, p. 27. Coorey, P. 2003b, 'What does the future hold for Hicks', The Advertiser, 10 July, p. 27. Coorey, P. 2003, 'My son was never taught about terror', The Advertiser, 29 July, p.12. Costello, P. 2004, 'The moral decay of Australia', The Age, [Online, accessed 1 June, 2004] URL: http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/05/31/1085855495280.html Crittenden, S. 2003, 'Islamophobia', ABC Radio National - The Religion Report, [Broadcast 12 Feb. 2003] Crittenden, S. 2004, 'Islamophobia', ABC Radio National - The Religion Report, [Broadcast 9 June 2004] Cunningham, W. A., J. B. Nezlek & M. R. Banaji 2004, 'Implicit and Explicit Ethnocentrism: Revisiting the Ideologies of Prejudice', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 30(10), pp. 1332-1246. Dalton, R. 2003, 'No holds barred in Hicks fight', The Australian, 30 July, p.7. Darvishpour, M. 2002, 'Immigrant women challenge the role of men: how the changing power relationship within Iranian families in Sweden intensifies family conflicts after immigration', Journal of Comparative Family Studies, vol. 33(2), pp. 271-302. Das, S. 2003, 'Young Muslims: Torn between two cultures', The Age, 15 Mar., p.7. Deen, H. 2003, Caravanserai: journey among Australian Muslims, Fremantle Arts Centre Press, Fremantle. Devlin, R. 2003, 'Enjoying fruits of freedom', The Advertiser, 23 June, p.12. DiGirolamo, R. July 7 2003, 'US free to tap into Hicks legal calls' The Australian, , p.3. DiGirolamo, R. 2003, '"Try this for size", caged father urges PM', The Australian, 9 June, p.6. DiGirolamo, R. & R. Eccleston 2003, 'Hicks may face death sentence', The Weekend Australian, 56 July, p.1. Docker, J. & G. Fischer, Eds. 2000 Race, colour and identity in Australia and New Zealand, UNSW Press, Sydney. Doneman, P. 2003, 'Journal angers Muslims', Courier Mail, 26 Mar., p.11. Downer, A. 2003, 'Fair trial and national security twin concerns', The Advertiser, 29 July, p.12. Downie, G. 2005, 'Free Speech no Excuse for Vilifying Faiths', Canberra Times, 3 July, p.27. Duffy, M. 2001, 'In this room he declared faith in Allah', The Advertiser, 13 Dec., p.5. Dunn, K. M. 2001, 'Representations of Islam in the politics of mosque development in Sydney', Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, vol. 92(3), pp. 291-308.

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

241

Dunn, K. M. 2003, Racism in Australia: findings on racist attitudes and experiences of racism, Conference: The challenges of immigration and integration in the European Union and Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 18-20 Feb. 2003. Duval, S. 1998, 'New veils and new voices: Islamist women's groups in Egypt', in Women and Islamization: contemporary dimensions of discourse on gender relations, eds. K. Ask & M. Tjomsland, Berg, Oxford, pp. 45-72. Dwyer, C. 1999, 'Veiled meanings: young British Muslim women and the negotiation of difference', Gender, Place and Culture, vol. 6(1), pp. 5-26. Dyer, R. 1997, White, Routledge, London & New York. Earle, L. & R. Fopp 1999, 'What is Australian society?', in Introduction to Australian Society: a sociological overview, eds. D. Edgar, L. Earle & R. Fopp, Prentice Hall, Sydney. Eccleston, R. 2003, 'Khaki justice in the dock', The Australian, 9, p.9. Editor 2003, 'Islamic blast at West goes off half-cocked', The Weekend Australian, 19-20 July, p.6. Editor 2003, 'Venerable institution of terror', The Weekend Australian, 7-8 June, p.11. Editor 2003, 'Boxed In', The Weekend Australian, 21-22 June, p.1. Egan, C. 2003, 'Terror plot to kill Gutnick', The Australian, 5 June, p.1. Egan, C. 2003a, 'Fear stalked Gutnick before killer's plot exposed', The Australian, 6 June, p.1. Egan, C. 2003b, 'Fear stalked rabbi before plot exposed', The Australian, 6 June, p.4. Egan, C. 2003, 'Vanishing terror twins here for jihad training', The Australian, 10 June, p.6. Eggerking, K., D. Plater & Australian Centre for Independent Journalism 1992, Signposts: a guide to reporting Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and ethnic affairs, Australian Centre for Independent Journalism, Sydney. Ekehammar, B., N. Akrami, M. Gylje & I. Zakrisson 2004, 'What Matters Most to Prejudice: Big Five Personality, Social Dominance Orientation, or Right-Wing Authoritarianism?', European Journal of Personality, vol. 18, pp. 463-482. El Guindi, F. 1999, Veil: modesty, privacy and resistance, Berg, Oxford & New York. El Saadawi, N. 1997, '"The postmodern veil" excerpt from Women, religion and Literature', The Nawal El Saadawi Reader, Zed Books, New York, pp. 18-140. England, J. 2004, 'Disciplining Subjectivity and Space: Representation, Film and its Material Effects', Antipode: a radical journal of geography, vol. 36(2), pp. 295-321. Ernie Awards 2004, [Online, accessed 15 Jan. 2005] URL: http://www.abc.net.au/thingo/txt/s1180534.htm Essed, P. 1991 Understanding Everyday Racism, an interdisciplinary theory, Sage, New York. Equal Opportunity Commission of Victoria, [Online, accessed 14 Aug. 2005] URL: www.standuptoracism.com.au/default.asp?nc=7848&id=401 Fiske, J. 2000, '"White watch", in Ethnic minorities and the media, ed. S. Cottle, Open University Press, Buckingham & Philadelphia, pp. 50-66. Foreign Correspondent 2004, 'Afghanistan Beauty School', ABC TV, 30 September. Frankenburg, R. 1995, White women, race matters; the social construction of whiteness, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

242

Franks, M. 2000, 'Crossing the borders of whiteness? White Muslim women who wear the hijab in Britain today', Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 23(5), pp.917-929. Franks, M. 2001, Women and Revivalism in the West: choosing 'Fundamentalism' in a Liberal Democracy, Palgrave, Houndsmills & Basingstoke. Gale, P. 2004, 'The refugee crisis and fear: populist politics and media discourse', Journal of Sociology, vol. 40(4), pp. 321-340. Gardner, K. & A. Shukur 1994, '"I'm Bengali, I'm Asian and I'm Living Here": the changing identity of British Bengalis', in Desh Pardesh: The South Asian Presence in Britain, ed. R. Ballard, Hurst, London. Gorham, B. W. 1999, 'Stereotypes in the Media: So What?', The Howard Journal of Communications, vol. 10, pp. 229-247. Gulson, K. & C. Symes 2004, 'Re-Christening Education: a Restoration Tactic', Campus Review, 19-25 May, p.13. Guerilla Girls, [Online, accessed 19 Apr. 2004] URL: www.guerillagirls.com Haebich, A. 2000, Broken Circles: Fragmenting Indigenous Families 1800-2000, Fremantle Arts Centre Press, Fremantle. Hage-Ali, I. 2005, 'Intolerance on display in headscarf row’, The Age, 30 August, p. 15 Hage-Ali, I. 2005, 'A land of mateship, but being a young Arab is hard', Daily Telegraph, 29 August, p. 21. Hage, G. 1998, White Nation: fantasies of White supremacy in a multicultural society, Pluto Press, Annadale: NSW. Hall, S. 1992, 'New Ethnicities', in 'Race', culture & difference, eds. J. Donald & A. Rattansi, Sage Publications, London, pp. 441-449. Hall, S. 1995, 'Fantasy, identity, politics', in Cultural remix: theories of politics and the popular, eds. E. Carter, J. Donald & J. Squires, Lawrence & Wishart, London, pp. 63-69. Hall, S. 1996, 'Introduction: Who needs "identity"?', in Questions of cultural identity, eds. S. Hall & P. Du Gay, Sage Publications, London, pp. 1-17. Hall, S., C. Chritcher, T. Jefferson, J. Clarke & B. Roberts 1978, Policing the Crisis: mugging, the state, and law and order, Macmillan, London. Halliday, F. 1999, '"Islamophobia" reconsidered', Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 22(5), pp. 892902. Hanson, P. 1996, 'Pauline Hanson's maiden speech: wake up Australia!', One Nation: the voice of the people, [Online, accessed 21 Aug. 2003], URL: nsw.onenation.net.au/policy/misc/phmaiden.htm Harding, S. 2004a, 'Introduction: Standpoint Theory as a Site of Political, Philosophic, and Scientific Debate', in The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies, ed. S. Harding, Routledge, New York & London, pp. 1-16. Harding, S. (ed.) 2004b, The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies, Routledge, New York & London. Harris, S. 2003, 'The evil men do', The Advertiser, 14 June, p.3. Hatcher, R. & B. Troyna 1993, 'Racialization and children', in Race, Identity and Representation in Education, eds. C. McCarthy & W. Crichlow, Routledge, London & New York, pp. 119-125.

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

243

Haw, K. F. 1994, 'Muslim girls' schools - a conflict of interests?', Gender and Education, vol. 6(1), pp. 63-76. Hjarno, J. 1996, 'Muslims in Denmark', in Muslim communities in the New Europe, eds. G. Nonneman, T. Niblock & B. Szajkowski, Ithaca Press, Reading: UK, pp. 291-302. Hoddinot, D. 1992, 'Issues for young Muslim women - Education', Conference: National Muslim Women's Conference - Bridging the Gap, 9-10 Oct. 1992, NSW. Hook, D. 2005. 'Paradoxes of the other: (post)colonial racism, racial difference, stereotype-asfetish', Psychology In Society, vol. 31, pp. 9-30. Howard, T. A. 2000, Religion and the Rise of Historicism: WML de Witte, Jacob Burckhardt and the Theological Origins of 19th Century Historical Consciousness, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hugenberg, K. & G. V. Bodenhausen 2004, 'Ambiguity in Social Categorization: The Role of Prejudice and Facial Affect in Race Categorization, Psychological Science, vol. 15(5), pp. 342-345. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 2003, 'Isma - Listen: National consultations on eliminating prejudice against Arab and Muslim Australians (progress report)', [Online, accessed 7 May 2003], URL: http://www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/isma/index.html Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 2004, Isma - Listen: National consultations on eliminating prejudice against Arab and Muslim Australians, AGPS, Canberra. Humphrey, M. 2001, 'An Australian Islam?: Religion in the Multicultural City', in Muslim Communities in Australia, eds. A. Saeed & S. Akbarzardeh, UNSW Press, Sydney, pp. 3352 Husband, C. 2000, 'Media and the public sphere in multi-ethnic societies', in Ethnic minorities and the media: changing cultural boundaries, ed. S. Cottle, Open University Press, Buckingham & Philadelphia, pp. 199-214. Hussain, J. 2001, 'Family Law and Muslim Communities', in Muslim Communities in Australia, eds. A. Saeed & S. Akbarzadeh, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, pp. 161-187. Imtoual, A. 2004, '"Whiteness" Studies, Christianity and Religious Racism in "Secular" Australia', in Placing Race and localising Whiteness, eds. S. Schech & B. Wadham, Flinders University Press, Adelaide, pp. 82-88. Imtoual, A. 2005 (forthcoming), '"Is being Australian about being white?": Australian Whiteness, National Identity and Muslim Women', in Taking up the challenge: Critical race and whiteness studies in a postcolonising nation, ed. D. W. Riggs, Crawford House Publishers, Adelaide. Imtoual, A. S. 2002, 'Talking back': young Australian Muslim women in a mainstream school, Unpublished Honours Thesis, The Flinders University of South Australia. Islamic Human Rights Commission, [Online, accessed, 17 Jan. 2005] URL: www.ihcr.org Islamic Women's Welfare Council of Victoria 1996, Dress, culture and migration: project and research report on aspects of Muslim women's experiences in Australia, Melbourne. Ismael, T. Y. & J. Measor 2003, 'Racism and the North American Media Following 11 September: The Canadian Setting', Arab Studies Quarterly, vol. 25(1 & 2), p. 101-136. Ito, T. A., E. Thompson & J. T. Cacioppo 2004, 'Tracking the Timecourse of Social Perception: The Effects of Racial Cues on Event-Related Brain Potentials', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 30(10), pp. 1267-1280.

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

244

Jackson, N. B. 1996, 'Arab Americans: Middle East conflicts hit home', in Images that injure: pictorial stereotypes in the media, ed. P. M. Lester, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, pp. 63-69. Jafri, G. J. & Afghan Women's Organization 1998, The portrayal of Muslim women in Canadian mainstream media: a community based analysis, Status of Women Canada, The Multiculturalism Program, Department of Canadian Heritage. Jakubowicz, A., H. Goodall, J. Martin, T. Mitchell, L. Randall & K. Senevriratne (eds.) 1994, Racism, ethnicity and the media. Australian Cultural Studies, Allen & Unwin, Sydney. James, J. 1996, When the liberal conscience fails, [Online, accessed 24 July 2003] URL: www.debate.org.uk/topics/politics/jenny3.htm Jenkins, R. 2003, 'Muslims and Arabs speak out on prejudice', The Advertiser, 17 July, p. 28. Johnsdotter, S. 2003, 'Somali Women in Western Exile: Reassessing Female Circumcision in the Light of Islamic Teachings', Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol. 23(2), pp. 361-373. Johnson, C. 2004, 'Anti-Elitist Discourse in Australia: International Influences and Comparisons', in Us and Them: Anti-Elitism in Australia, eds. M. Sawer & B. Hindess, API Network, Perth: pp. 117-136. Johnson, L. 2002, '"My eyes have been opened": White teachers and racial awareness', Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 53(2), pp. 1-14. Joly, D. 1995, Britannia's Crescent: making a place for Muslims in British society, Avebury, Aldershot. Jones, N. 2004, 'Keeping the Faith: the Hijab and Secular Schools in France', [Online, accessed 7 Dec. 2004] URL: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/perspective/stories/s1058897.htm Joseph, S. 1996, 'Relationality and Ethnographic Subjectivity: Key Informants and the Construction of Personhood in Fieldwork', in Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork, ed. D. L. Wolf, Westview Press, Colorado: pp. 107-121. Kabir, N. A. 2004, Muslims in Australia: Immigration, Race Relations, and Cultural History, Kegan Paul, London, New York & Bahrain. Kahf, M. 1999, Western representations of the Muslim woman: From Termagant to Odalisque, University of Texas Press, Austin. Kameniar, B. 2004, A narrative of continuity and change in religion education in South Australia, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Flinders University. Kampmark, B. 2003a, 'Islam, women and Australia's cultural discourse of terror', Hecate, vol. 29(1), pp. 86-105. Karic, E. 2002, 'Is "Euro-Islam" a Myth, Challenge or a Real Opportunity for Muslims and Europe', Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol. 22(2), pp. 435-442. Karvelas, P. 2003, 'Huge rise in violence against Muslims', The Australian, 31 July, p. 6. Karvelas, P. 2003, Ex-Qantas worker denies terror links', The Australian, 11 June, p. 2. Keller, S. 1998, 'Trapped between state and society: Women's liberation and Islam in Soviet Uzbekistan, 1926-1941, Journal of Women's History, vol. 10(1 (Spring), pp. 20-44. Kerin, J. 2003, 'Al-Qa'ida gave Hicks six months of training, The Australian, 22 July, p.1. Khalema, N. E. & J. Wannas-Jones 2003, 'Under the Prism of Suspicion: Minority Voices in Canada Post-September 11, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol. 23(1), pp. 25-39.

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

245

Khan, M. 1992, 'Employment, Education and Training', Conference: National Muslim Women's Conference - Bridging the Gap, 9-10 Oct. 1992, NSW. Khan, S. 1995, 'The Veil as a Site of Struggle: the Hejab in Quebec', Canadian Woman Studies/Les Cahiers De La Femme, Spring/Summer, pp. 146-152. Knott, K. & S. Khokher 1993, 'Religious and ethnic identity among young Muslim women in Bradford, New Community, vol. 19(4), pp. 593-610. Kolhatkar, S. 2002, '"Saving" Afghan women. (How the media creates enemies), Women in Action, pp. 34-36. Kopp, H. 2002, 'Dress and diversity: Muslim women and Islamic dress in an immigrant/minority context', Muslim World, vol. 92(1 & 2 (Spring), pp. 1-11. Kundnani, A. 2002, 'An unholy alliance?: Racism, religion and communalism, Race and Class, vol. 44(2), pp. 71-80. Lazreg, M. 1988, 'Feminism and difference: the perils of writing as a woman on women in Algeria', Feminist Studies, vol. 14(1 (Spring), pp. 81-105. Lennon, T. 2001, 'Extreme measures', The Advertiser, 25 September, p. 37. Lester, P. M. (ed.) 1996, Images that injure: pictorial stereotypes in the media, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut. Long, J. 2000 ,'No racism here? A preliminary examination of sporting innocence', Managing Leisure, vol. 5(3), pp. 121-133. Lygo, I. 2004, News Overboard: the tabloid media, race politics and Islam, Southerly Change Media, Australia. Maddox, M. 2004, 'People Like That': race, religion and values in recent Australian political rhetoric', in Conference Proceedings of Australian Political Studies Association, ed. C. Johnson, University of Adelaide, Adelaide. Maddox, M. 2005, God under Howard: the rise of the religious right in Australian politics, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW. Maiden, S. & N. Lipman 2005, ‘Scarves more rebellion than religion: Lib’, The Australian, 26 August, p. 6 Manning, P. 2004, 'Dog whistle politics' and Journalism: Reporting Arabic and Muslim People in Sydney Newspapers, Australian Centre for Independent Journalism, UTS, Sydney. Martin, P. & S. Phelan 2002, 'Representing Islam in the Wake of September 11: A Comparison of US Television and CNN Online Messageboard Discourses', Prometheus, vol. 20(3), pp. 263-269. Martin-Munoz, G. 2002, 'Islam's women under Western eyes', [Online, accessed 20 Oct. 2003] URL: www.opendemocracy.net/articles/ViewPopUpArticle.jsp?id=5&articleId=498. Matthews, J. 2000, 'Violent visions and speechless days: corporeality and the politics of image', in alter/asians: Asian-Australian identities in art, media and popular culture, eds. I. Ang, S. Chalmers, L. Law & M. Thomas, Pluto Press, Sydney, pp. 25-41. Maynard, M. 1994, 'Methods, Practice and Epistemology: the debate about Feminism and Research', in Researching Women's Lives form a Feminist Perspective, eds. M. Maynard & J. Purvis, Taylor and Francis, London, pp.11-26. McConnochie, K., D. Hollinsworth & J. Pettman 1988 Race and racism in Australia, Social Sciences Press, Katoomba, NSW. McGrory, D. 2003, 'Blown-up mosque "a bomb factory"', The Australian, 4 July, p. 7. Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

246

McKay, B., Ed. 1999, Unmasking Whiteness: race relations and reconciliation, The Queensland Studies Centre, Queensland. McLeod, J. & L. Yates 2003, 'Who is "Us"? Students Negotiating Discourses of Racism and National Identification in Australia', Race, Ethnicity and Education, vol. 6(1), pp. 29-49. Mellor, D. 2004, 'The Experiences of Vietnamese in Australia: The Racist Tradition Continues', Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 30(4), pp. 631-658. Meneghini, C. 2004, 'Journalist's Perspective', [Online, accessed 3 Mar. 2004] URL: http://journalism.uts.edu.au/studentwork/carla2001oj1/media.html Mernissi, F. 1975, Beyond the veil: Male-Female Dynamics in a Modern Muslim Society, Schenkman Publishing Company, New York. Mernissi, F. 1988, Doing daily battle : interviews with Moroccan women, Women's Press, London. Mernissi, F. 1991, Women and Islam : an historical and theological enquiry, Blackwell, Oxford. Mernissi, F. 2001, Scheherazade goes west: different cultures, different harems, Washington Square Press, New York. Mickler, S. 1998, The myth of privilege: Aboriginal status, media visions, public ideas, , Fremantle Arts Centre Press Fremantle (WA). Milligan, L. 2003, 'Muslim prayers win in bible belt', The Australian, 31 July, p. 6. Modood, T. 1992, British Asian Muslims and the Rushdie affair', in 'Race', culture & difference, eds. J. Donald & A. Rattansi, Sage Publications, London, pp. 260-277. Modood, T. 2003, 'Muslims and European Multiculturalism', [Online, accessed 20 Oct. 2003] URL: www.opendemocracy.net/articles/ViewPopUpArticle.jsp?id=5&articleId=1214 Monson, R. 2005, 'Debate on Tolerance Laws Must be Based on Fact, Not Fear', The Age, 24 June, p. 16. Moore, B. 1993, 'The Prejudice Thesis and the de-politicization of racism', Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education, vol. 14(1), pp. 52-64. Moore, H. 1994, '"Divided We Stand": Sex, Gender and Sexual Difference', Feminist Review, vol. 47, pp. 78-95. Moreton-Robinson, A. 2000, 'Troubling Business: difference and Whiteness within feminism', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 15(33), pp. 343-352. Morton, A. 2003, 'Jewish fears bomb plot signals more', The Advertiser, 6 June, p. 7. Mubarak, F. 1996, 'Muslim women and religious identification: women and the veil', in Many religions, all Australian, ed. G. Bouma, Christian Research Association, Kew, pp. 123-146. Muscati, S. A. 2003. 'Reconstructing "Evil": A Critical Assessment of Post-September 11 Political Discourse', Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol. 23(2), pp. 249-269. Najjar, O. A. 2000, 'Can this image be saved?: Arab-Americans and the media', in Islam and the West in the mass media: fragmented images in a globalizing world, ed. K. Hafez, Hampton Press Inc, New Jersey, pp. 255-271. Negus, G. 2003, The World From Islam: Muslims, Mass Destruction and Mutual Ignorance, HarperCollins, Australia. Negus, G. [Online, accessed 17 Mar. 2004] URL: http://www.negusmedia.com.au/about_george.html

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

247

Nonneman, G., T. Niblock & B. Szajkowski (eds.) 1996, Muslim communities in the New Europe, Ithaca Press, Reading, UK. Norris, P., M. Kern & M. Just (eds.) 2003, Framing Terrorism: the news media, the government and the public, Routledge, New York & London. NSW Anti-Discrimination Board 2003, Race for the headlines, Sydney, NSW ADB. Oakley, A. 1981, 'Interviewing Women: a contradiction in terms', in Doing Feminist Research, ed. H. Roberts, RKP, London, pp. 30-61. Omar, W. & K. Allen 1996, Muslims in Australia, Bureau of Immigration, Canberra. Osuri, G. & S. B. Banerjee 2004, 'White Diaspora: Media Representations of September 11 and the Unbearable Whiteness of Being in Australia', Social Semiotics, vol. 14(2), pp. 151-171. Overboard, T. 2002, 'Children Overboard Affair - Chronology', [Online, accessed 15 Apr. 2004] URL: http://www.truthoverboard.com/story8.html Parker, L. 2005, 'Introduction', in The Agency of Women in Asia, ed. L. Parker, Marshall Cavendish, London, pp. 1-25. Parker-Jenkins, M. 2002, 'Equal access to state funding: the case of Muslim schools in Britain', Race, Ethnicity and Education, vol. 5(3), pp. 273-290. Parker-Jenkins, M., K. F. Haw, S. Khan & B. Irving 1998, Career, culture and closing doors: the experience of Muslim women, Unpublished Manuscript. Pauly Jr, R. J. 2004, Islam in Europe: Integration or Marginalization?, Ashgate, Aldershot. Peach, C. & G. Glebe 1995, 'Muslim minorities in Western Europe', Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 18(1), pp. 26-45. Pearson, M. & J. Brand 2001, Sources of News and Current Affairs: The Industry, Australian Broadcasting Authority, Sydney. Peek, L. 2003, 'Reactions and Response: Muslim Students' Experiences on New York City Campuses Post 9/11', Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol. 23(2), pp. 271-283. Perera, S. 2000, 'Futures Imperfect', in alter/asians: Asian-Australian identities in art, media and popular culture, eds. I. Ang, S. Chalmers, L. Law & M. Thomas, Pluto Press, Sydney, pp. 3-24. Perry, L. 2003, 'JI thwarted in mosque control bid', The Australian, 10 June, p. 6. Perry, L. 2003, 'Second airport terror link', The Australian, 11 June, p. 1. Pettman, J. 1986, Race and ethnicity in contemporary Australia; and, Multiculturalism and antiracism in Australian education, Centre for Multicultural Education [and] Australian Studies Centre, London. Pettman, J. 1992, Living in the margins: racism, sexism and feminism in Australia, Allen & Unwin, Sydney. Phillips, M. 2005, 'Aboriginal Reconciliation as Religious Politics: Secularisation in Australia', Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 40(1), pp. 111-124. Phillips, W. 1981, Defending 'A Christian Country': Churchmen and Society in New South Wales in the 1880s and after, University of Queensland Press, Queensland. Philp, C. 2003, 'Voice of Saddam honours his "martyr" sons', The Australian, 31 July, p. 7. Pike, D. 1957, Paradise of Dissent: South Australia 1829-1857, Longmans, Green & Co, London, Melbourne & New York. Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

248

Plant, A. E. 2004, 'Responses to Interracial Interactions Over Time', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 30(11), pp. 1458-1471. Plumwood, V. 1993, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature, Routledge, London & New York. Poole, E. 2000a, 'Media representations and British Muslims', Dialogue (April) Poole, E. 2000b, 'Framing Islam: an analysis of newspaper coverage of Islam in the British press', in Islam and the West in the mass media: fragmented images in a globalizing world, ed. K. Hafez, Hampton Press Inc, New Jersey, pp. 157-180. Powell, S. 2003, 'Bombers spell out evil plans', The Weekend Australian, 5-6 July, p.2. Powell, S. 2003, 'Terror network still haunts the region', The Australian, 16 July, p. 6. Powell, S. 2003, Witnesses wipe smile off Amrozi's face, The Australian, 17 June, p. 2. Powell, S. & S. Nahdar 2003, 'Picture paints words of hatred', The Australian, 27 June, p. 2. Poynting, S., G. Noble & I. Ang 2004, 'Living with Racism: the experience and reporting by Arab and Muslim Australians of discrimination, abuse and violence since 11 September 2001', [Online, accessed 16 June 2004] URL: www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/isma/research/index.html Poynting, S., G. Noble & P. Tabar 1999, '"Intersections" of masculinity and ethnicity: a study of male Lebanese immigrant youth in western Sydney', Race, Ethnicity and Education, vol. 2(1), pp. 59-77. Priestley, W. 1991, 'Instructional typographies using desktop publishing techniques to produce effective learning and training materials', Australian Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 7(2), pp. 153-163. Rajan, R. S. 1990, 'The Subject of Sati: pain and death in the contemporary discourse on Sati', Yale Journal of Criticism, vol. 3(2), pp. 1-28. Ramadan, T. 1998, To Be a European Muslim, The Islamic Foundation, London. Randell-Moon, H. 2005, '"Common values": Whiteness and Christianity as they intersect with asylum seekers under the Howard government', Conference: Whiteness and the Horizons of Race, 9-11 Dec., Brisbane. Rasool, K. 2002, My journey behind the veil: conversations with Muslim women, Lothian Books, Melbourne. Rath, J., R. Pennix, K. Groenendijk & A. Meyer 1999, 'The politics of recognizing religious diversity in Europe: social reactions to the institutionalization of Islam in the Netherlands, Belgium and Great Britain', Netherlands' Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 35(1), pp. 53-68. Razack, S. H. 1998, Looking White people in the eye: gender, race and culture in courtrooms and classrooms, University of Toronto, Toronto. Riches, S. 2003, 'Father in a cage for son - but he wonders if politicians care', The Advertiser, 9 June, p. 9. Riggs, D. W. & M. Augoustinos 2004, 'Projecting threat: managing subjective investments in whiteness', Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, vol. 9, pp. 219-236. Rintoul, S.. 2001, 'Guarded eyes watch as PM reaches out', The Australian, 18 Oct, pp. 1 & 6. Rizvi, F. 1990, 'Understanding and confronting racism in schools', Unicorn, vol. 16(3), pp. 169-176. Rizvi, F. 1993, 'Children and the grammar of popular racism', in Race, Identity and Representation in Education, eds. C. McCarthy & W. Crichlow, Routledge, London & New York, pp. 126139. Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

249

Rizvi, F. 1996, Thinking about racism, Cultural Equity Unit, Queensland. Roald, A. S. 2001, Women in Islam: the Western experience, Routledge, London & New York. Rodgers, P. 2003, 'Both sides need a reason for taking risks', The Age, [Online, accessed 12 Feb. 2004] URL: http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/04/07/1049567622558.html Rodgers, P. 2003, 'A different kind of superhero', The Weekend Australian, 7-8 June, pp. 10-11. Roman, L. 1993, 'White is a Color! White defensiveness, postmodernism and anti-racist pedagogy', in Race, Identity and Representation in Education, eds. C. McCarthy & W. Crichlow, Routledge, London & New York, pp. 71-88. Rozario, S. 1998, 'On being Australian and Muslim: Muslim women as defenders of Islamic heritage', Women's studies international forum, vol. 21(6) pp. 649-661. Sabbagh, S. 1992, 'Issues for young Muslim women in Victoria', Conference: National Muslim Women's Conference - Bridging the Gap, 9-10 Oct., NSW. Saeed, A. 2001, 'The Muslim Community Co-operative of Australia as an Islamic Financial Service Provider', in Muslim Communities in Australia, eds. A. Saeed & S. Akbarzadeh, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, pp. 188-205. Saeed, A. 2003, Islam in Australia, Allen & Unwin, Sydney. Said, E. W. 1995, Orientalism: western conceptions of the Orient, Penguin, London. Said, E. W. 1997, Covering Islam: how the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world, Vintage, London. Saniotis, A. 2002a, 'Practical methods in reconciliation between Australian Muslims and Christians', Equity Matters, vol. 24(Special), p. 4. Saniotis, A. 2002b, 'Australian Muslims: the new "others"', [Online, accessed 16 Apr. 2003] URL: www.onlineopinion.com.au/2002/Nov02/Saniotis.htm SBS TV, Pizza, [Online, accessed 2 Dec. 2005] URL: http://www20.sbs.com.au/pizza/index.php Schlink, L. 2003, 'The name's bin Laden and Osama does not approve', The Advertiser, 24 May, p. 56. Sedgwick, E. K. 1990, Epistemology of the Closet, University of California Press, Berkley & Los Angeles. Shaheen, J. G. 2000, 'Hollywood's Muslim Arabs', Muslim World, vol. 90(1/2 (Spring)), pp. 1-9. Shain, F. 2000, 'Culture, Survival and Resistance: theorizing young Asian women's experiences and strategies in contemporary British schooling and society', Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education, vol. 21(2), pp. 155-174. Shain, F. 2003, The schooling and identity of Asian girls, Trentham Books, Stoke-on-Trent, UK & Sterling, USA. Sharp, G. 1998, 'After the poor: a future with a past', Arena Journal, vol. 10, pp. 159-173. Shaw, A. 1994, 'The Pakistani Community in Oxford', in Desh Pardesh: The South Asian Presence in Britain, ed. R. Ballard, Hurst, London. Sheridan, G. 2003, 'Behind the hate' The Weekend Australian, 7-8 June, pp. 10-11. Shirazi, F. 2001, The veil unveiled: the hijab in modern culture, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

250

Shohat, E. & R. Stam 1994, Unthinking Eurocentrism: multiculturalism and the media, Routledge, London & New York. Soudien, C. 1998, '"We know why we're here": the experience of African children in a "coloured" school in Cape Town, South Africa', Race, Ethnicity and Education, vol. 1(1), pp. 7-29. Spalek, B. 2002a, 'Muslim Women's Safety Talk and Their Experiences of Victimisation: a study exploring specificity and difference', in Islam, Crime and Criminal Justice, ed. B. Spalek, Willan, Devon, pp. 57-87. Spalek, B. 2002b, 'Hate Crimes Against British Muslims in the Aftermath of September 11th', in Criminal Justice Matters, pp: 1-4. Sparks, C. 2000, 'Introduction: The Panic over Tabloid News', in Tabloid Tales: global debates over media standards, eds. C. Sparks & J. Tulloch, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc. , Lanham, Boulder, New York & Oxford, pp. 1-40. Sparks, C. & J. Tulloch, (eds.) 2000, Tabloid Tales: global debates over media standards, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc, Lanham, Boulder, New York & Oxford. Spivak, G. C. 1988, In Other Worlds: essays in cultural politics, Routledge, New York. Stanley, L. & S. Wise 1990, 'Method, methodology and epistemology in feminist processes', in Feminist Praxis: research, theory and epistemology in feminist sociology, ed. L. Stanley, Routledge, London, pp. 20-60. Stanley, L. & S. Wise 1993, Breaking Out Again: feminist ontology and epistemology, Routledge, London. Starick, P. & C. Salter 2003, 'Hicks to face a military tribunal', The Advertiser, 5 July, p. 9. Stephenson, P. 2004a, 'Islam in Indigenous Australia: Historic Relic or Contemporary Reality? Part 1', Politics and Culture, vol. 4, pp. 1-9. Stephenson, P. 2004b, 'Islam in Indigenous Australia: Historic Relic or Contemporary Reality? Part 2', Politics and Culture, vol. 4, pp. 1-9. Stewart, C. & B. Crawford 2003, 'We are high terror targets, say Jews', The Australian, 6 June, p. 4. Stowasser, B. F. 1994', Women in the Qur'an: traditions and interpretations, Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York. Stratton, J. 1999, 'Multiculturalism and the Whitening Machine, or How Australians Became White', in The Future of Australian Multiculturalism: Reflections on the Twentieth Anniversary of Jean Martin's "The Migrant Presence"', eds. G. Hage & R. Couch, University of Sydney, Erskinville, pp. 163-188. Sukkarieh, O. & M. Zahra 2002, 'Silence that Speaks and Dreams that Cry', Borderlands e-journal vol. 1(1), [Online, accessed 23 Feb. 2003] URL: www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au/vol1no1_2002/sukkarieh_silence.html. Suleiman, M. F. 2001, 'Image making of Arab Americans: implications for teachers in diverse settings', Conference proceedings California Association for Bilingual Education, Los Angeles. Szuchewycz, B. 2000, 'Re-Pressing Racism: The Denial of Racism in the Canadian Press', Canadian Journal of Communication, vol. 25, pp. 497-515. Taylor, C. 1992, Multiculturalism and the politics of recognition, Princeton University Press, Princeton. The Runnymede Trust 1997, Islamophobia: a challenge for us all, The Runnymede Trust Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, Sussex. Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

251

Thwaites, T., L. Davis & W. Mules 2002, Introducing Cultural and Media Studies: a semiotic approach, Palgrave, Basingstoke & New York. Tiffen, R. 1989, News and Power, Allen and Unwin, Sydney. Todd, S. 1998, 'Veiling the "Other", unveiling our "Selves": reading media images of the hijab psychoanalytically to move beyond tolerance', Canadian Journal of Education, vol. 23(4), pp. 438-451. Treccasi, L. 2003, 'Women and children first', The Advertiser, 25 Jan., p. 5. Tuhiwai Smith, L. 1999, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples, Zed Books, London & New York. Turner, G. 2003, 'After Hybridity: Muslim-Australians and the imagined community', Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, vol. 17(4), pp. 411-418. van Dijk, T. 1991, Racism and the Press, Routledge, London & New York. Vanman, E. J., J. L. Saltz, L. R. Nathan & J. A. Warren 2000, 'Racial Discrimination by LowPrejudiced Whites: Facial Movements as Implicit Measures of Attitudes Related to Behaviour', Psychological Science, vol. 15(11), pp. 711-714. Vertovec, S. 2002, 'Islamophobia and Muslim recognition in Britain', in Muslims in the West: from sojourners to citizens, ed. Y. Haddad, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 19-35. Visweswaran, K. 1994, Fictions of feminist ethnography, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Voigt, R. 2003, 'Moral dimension of teaching', The Advertiser, 3 Feb., p. 14. Wakim, J. 1992, 'The Gulf War within the Australian community and Arab Australians: villains, victims or victors?', in Racial Harassment, ed. G. Bird, National Centre for Cross-cultural Studies in Law - Centre for Migrant and Intercultural Studies, Melbourne, pp. 41-61. Ward, I. 1995, Politics of the media, Macmillan, Melbourne. Ward, R. 1958, The Australian Legend, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Warner, M. 1994, From the Beast to the Blonde: on fairy tales and their tellers, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York. Watt, W. M. 1991, Muslim - Christian encounters: perceptions and misperceptions, Routledge, London & New York. Weller, P., A. Feldman, K. Purdam, A. Andrews, A. Doswell, J. Hinnells, M. Parker-Jenkins, S. Parmar & M. Wolfe 2001, Religious discrimination in England and Wales, Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. Whitlock, G. 2004, 'Tainted Testimony: the Khouri Affair', Australian Literary Studies, vol. 21(4), pp. 165-177. Whittaker, D. (ed.) 2003, The terrorism reader, Routledge, London & New York. Wikipedia 2004a, Al-Qaida, [Online, accessed 9 Jan. 2004] URL: http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaida Wikipedia 2004b, Melbourne Football Club, [Online, accessed 11 Feb. 2004] URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club Williams, N. 2003, 'Women who make the world better', The Advertiser, 21 June, p. 5. Williams, T. & R. Eccleston 2003, 'Hicks scorns Howard's al-Qaida link to son', The Australian, 9 July, p. 1. Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

252

Willms, J. 2004, France unveiled: making Muslims into citizens?, [Online, accessed 9 Mar. 2004] URL: http://www.opendemocracy.net/email/ed3500/willms_1753.jsp Windle, J. 2004, 'Schooling, Symbolism and Social Power: The Hijab in Republican France', The Australian Educational Researcher, vol. 31(1), pp. 95-112. Winter, B. 1994, 'Women, the law, and cultural relativism in France: the case of excision', Signs: journal of women in culture and society, vol. 19(4 (Summer)), pp. 939-974. Winter, B., D. Thompson & S. Jeffreys 2002, 'The UN approach to harmful traditional practices', International Feminist Journal of Politics, vol. 4(1), pp. 72-94. Wockner, C. 2003, 'Samudra's defence joins chorus of hate - The Bali Bombing Trial', The Advertiser, 3 June, p. 12. Yeganeh, N. 1993, 'Women, nationalism and Islam in contemporary political discourse in Iran', Feminist Review, vol. 44, pp. 3-18. Yegenoglu, M. 1998, Colonial Fantasies: Towards a Feminist Reading of Orientalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. York, B. 2003, 'Beat that's a red rag to dogmatists', The Australian, 7 July, p. 9. Zaidi, A. U. & M. Shuraydi 2002, 'Perceptions of arranged marriages by young Pakistani Muslim women living in a Western society', Journal of Comparative Family Studies, vol. 33(4 (Autumn)), pp. 495-514. Zwartz, B. 2005, 'Making Martrys and Mischief', The Age, 22 June, p. 11.

Imtoual

‘Taking things personally’

253