ApacheCon Leading the Wave of Open Source
Apache 3.0
(a tall tale)
Roy T. Fielding, Ph.D. Chief Scientist, Day Software Cofounder, The Apache Software Foundation Vice President, Apache HTTP Server
http://roy.gbiv.com/talks/200804_Apache3_ApacheCon.pdf
waka
Apache 3.0 Roy T. Fielding, Ph.D Chief Scientist, Day Software Cofounder, The Apache Software Foundation Vice President, Apache HTTP Server
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
2
waka
T D O E Apache 3. 0 N V S O U R S P N P E A NS O C
Roy T. Fielding, Ph.D
Chief Scientist, Day Software Cofounder, The Apache Software Foundation Vice President, Apache HTTP Server
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
2
Outline a bit of history what does a web server do introducing Apache 3.0 the nature of collaboration
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
3
0 199503 199504 199505 199506 199507 199508 199509 199510 199511 199512 199601 199602 199603 199604 199605 199606 199607 199608 199609 199610 199611 199612 199701 199702 199703 199704 199705 199706 199707 199708 199709 199710 199711 199712 199801 199802 199803 199804 199805 199806 199807 199808 199809 199810 199811 199812 199901 199902 199903 199904 199905 199906 199907 199908 199909 199910 199911 199912 200001 200002 200003
HTTP Server Project First Five Years
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
httpd-dev
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding Apache 3.0
httpd-priv apr-dev apr-priv
4
2000
0 199503 199504 199505 199506 199507 199508 199509 199510 199511 199512 199601 199602 199603 199604 199605 199606 199607 199608 199609 199610 199611 199612 199701 199702 199703 199704 199705 199706 199707 199708 199709 199710 199711 199712 199801 199802 199803 199804 199805 199806 199807 199808 199809 199810 199811 199812 199901 199902 199903 199904 199905 199906 199907 199908 199909 199910 199911 199912 200001 200002 200003
HTTP Server Project First Five Years
3000
2500
0.6.2
1500
1000
500
httpd-dev
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding Apache 3.0
httpd-priv apr-dev apr-priv
4
2000
1500
0 199503 199504 199505 199506 199507 199508 199509 199510 199511 199512 199601 199602 199603 199604 199605 199606 199607 199608 199609 199610 199611 199612 199701 199702 199703 199704 199705 199706 199707 199708 199709 199710 199711 199712 199801 199802 199803 199804 199805 199806 199807 199808 199809 199810 199811 199812 199901 199902 199903 199904 199905 199906 199907 199908 199909 199910 199911 199912 200001 200002 200003
HTTP Server Project First Five Years
3000
2500
0.6.2
0.8.0
1000
500
httpd-dev
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding Apache 3.0
httpd-priv apr-dev apr-priv
4
2000
1500
0 199503 199504 199505 199506 199507 199508 199509 199510 199511 199512 199601 199602 199603 199604 199605 199606 199607 199608 199609 199610 199611 199612 199701 199702 199703 199704 199705 199706 199707 199708 199709 199710 199711 199712 199801 199802 199803 199804 199805 199806 199807 199808 199809 199810 199811 199812 199901 199902 199903 199904 199905 199906 199907 199908 199909 199910 199911 199912 200001 200002 200003
HTTP Server Project First Five Years
3000
2500
0.6.2
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
1.1b1
0.8.0
1000
500
httpd-dev
Apache 3.0
httpd-priv apr-dev apr-priv
4
2000
1500
0 199503 199504 199505 199506 199507 199508 199509 199510 199511 199512 199601 199602 199603 199604 199605 199606 199607 199608 199609 199610 199611 199612 199701 199702 199703 199704 199705 199706 199707 199708 199709 199710 199711 199712 199801 199802 199803 199804 199805 199806 199807 199808 199809 199810 199811 199812 199901 199902 199903 199904 199905 199906 199907 199908 199909 199910 199911 199912 200001 200002 200003
HTTP Server Project First Five Years
3000
2500
1.2b0
0.6.2
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
1.1b1
0.8.0
1000
500
httpd-dev
Apache 3.0
httpd-priv apr-dev apr-priv
4
2000
1500
0 199503 199504 199505 199506 199507 199508 199509 199510 199511 199512 199601 199602 199603 199604 199605 199606 199607 199608 199609 199610 199611 199612 199701 199702 199703 199704 199705 199706 199707 199708 199709 199710 199711 199712 199801 199802 199803 199804 199805 199806 199807 199808 199809 199810 199811 199812 199901 199902 199903 199904 199905 199906 199907 199908 199909 199910 199911 199912 200001 200002 200003
HTTP Server Project First Five Years
3000
1.2.0
2500
1.2b0
0.6.2
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
1.1b1
0.8.0
1000
500
httpd-dev
Apache 3.0
httpd-priv apr-dev apr-priv
4
2000
1500
0 199503 199504 199505 199506 199507 199508 199509 199510 199511 199512 199601 199602 199603 199604 199605 199606 199607 199608 199609 199610 199611 199612 199701 199702 199703 199704 199705 199706 199707 199708 199709 199710 199711 199712 199801 199802 199803 199804 199805 199806 199807 199808 199809 199810 199811 199812 199901 199902 199903 199904 199905 199906 199907 199908 199909 199910 199911 199912 200001 200002 200003
HTTP Server Project First Five Years
3000
1.2.0
2500
1.2b0
0.6.2
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
1.2.5
1.1b1
0.8.0
1000
500
httpd-dev
Apache 3.0
httpd-priv apr-dev apr-priv
4
2000
1500
0 199503 199504 199505 199506 199507 199508 199509 199510 199511 199512 199601 199602 199603 199604 199605 199606 199607 199608 199609 199610 199611 199612 199701 199702 199703 199704 199705 199706 199707 199708 199709 199710 199711 199712 199801 199802 199803 199804 199805 199806 199807 199808 199809 199810 199811 199812 199901 199902 199903 199904 199905 199906 199907 199908 199909 199910 199911 199912 200001 200002 200003
HTTP Server Project First Five Years
3000
1.2.0
2500
1.2b0
0.6.2
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
1.2.5
1.1b1 1.3.0
0.8.0
1000
500
httpd-dev
Apache 3.0
httpd-priv apr-dev apr-priv
4
2000
1500
0 199503 199504 199505 199506 199507 199508 199509 199510 199511 199512 199601 199602 199603 199604 199605 199606 199607 199608 199609 199610 199611 199612 199701 199702 199703 199704 199705 199706 199707 199708 199709 199710 199711 199712 199801 199802 199803 199804 199805 199806 199807 199808 199809 199810 199811 199812 199901 199902 199903 199904 199905 199906 199907 199908 199909 199910 199911 199912 200001 200002 200003
HTTP Server Project First Five Years
3000
1.2.0
2500
1.2b0
0.6.2
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
1.2.5
1.1b1 1.3.0
0.8.0 1.3.4
1000
500
httpd-dev
Apache 3.0
httpd-priv apr-dev apr-priv
4
2000
1500
0 199503 199504 199505 199506 199507 199508 199509 199510 199511 199512 199601 199602 199603 199604 199605 199606 199607 199608 199609 199610 199611 199612 199701 199702 199703 199704 199705 199706 199707 199708 199709 199710 199711 199712 199801 199802 199803 199804 199805 199806 199807 199808 199809 199810 199811 199812 199901 199902 199903 199904 199905 199906 199907 199908 199909 199910 199911 199912 200001 200002 200003
HTTP Server Project First Five Years
3000
1.2.0
2500
1.2b0
0.6.2
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
1.2.5
1.1b1 1.3.0 1.3.9
0.8.0 1.3.4
1000
500
httpd-dev
Apache 3.0
httpd-priv apr-dev apr-priv
4
2000
1500
0 199503 199504 199505 199506 199507 199508 199509 199510 199511 199512 199601 199602 199603 199604 199605 199606 199607 199608 199609 199610 199611 199612 199701 199702 199703 199704 199705 199706 199707 199708 199709 199710 199711 199712 199801 199802 199803 199804 199805 199806 199807 199808 199809 199810 199811 199812 199901 199902 199903 199904 199905 199906 199907 199908 199909 199910 199911 199912 200001 200002 200003
HTTP Server Project First Five Years
3000
1.2.0
2500
1.2b0
0.6.2
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
1.2.5
1.1b1
httpd-dev
Apache 3.0
2.0a1
1.3.0 1.3.9
0.8.0 1.3.4
1000
500
httpd-priv apr-dev apr-priv
4
0
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding Apache 3.0
httpd-dev httpd-priv apr-dev
200803
200801
200711
200709
200707
200705
200703
200701
200611
200609
200607
200605
200603
200601
200511
200509
200507
200505
200503
200501
200411
200409
200407
200405
200403
200401
200311
200309
200307
200305
200303
200301
200211
200209
200207
200205
200203
200201
200111
200109
200107
200105
200103
200101
200011
200009
200007
200005
200003
HTTP Server Project Last Eight Years
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
apr-priv
5
0
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding Apache 3.0
httpd-dev httpd-priv apr-dev
200803
200801
200711
200709
200707
200705
200703
200701
200611
200609
200607
200605
200603
200601
200511
200509
200507
200505
200503
200501
200411
200409
200407
200405
200403
200401
200311
200309
200307
2.0a1
200305
200303
200301
200211
200209
200207
200205
200203
200201
200111
200109
200107
200105
200103
200101
200011
200009
200007
200005
200003
HTTP Server Project Last Eight Years
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
apr-priv
5
0
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding Apache 3.0
httpd-dev httpd-priv apr-dev
200803
200801
200711
200709
200707
200705
200703
200701
200611
200609
200607
200605
200603
200601
200511
200509
200507
200505
200503
200501
200411
200409
200407
200405
200403
200401
200311
200309
200307
2.0a1
200305
200303
200301
200211
200209
200207
200205
200203
200201
200111
200109
200107
200105
200103
200101
200011
200009
200007
200005
200003
HTTP Server Project Last Eight Years
3000
1.3.14
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
apr-priv
5
0
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding Apache 3.0
httpd-dev httpd-priv apr-dev
200803
200801
200711
200709
200707
200705
200703
200701
200611
200609
200607
200605
200603
200601
200511
200509
200507
200505
200503
200501
200411
200409
200407
200405
200403
200401
200311
200309
200307
2.0a1
200305
200303
200301
200211
200209
200207
200205
200203
200201
200111
200109
200107
200105
200103
200101
200011
200009
200007
200005
200003
HTTP Server Project Last Eight Years
3000
2.0.14
1.3.14
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
apr-priv
5
0
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding Apache 3.0
httpd-dev httpd-priv apr-dev
200803
200801
200711
200709
200707
200705
200703
200701
200611
200609
200607
200605
200603
200601
200511
200509
200507
200505
200503
200501
200411
200409
200407
200405
200403
200401
200311
200309
200307
2.0.35
200305
200303
200301
200211
200209
200207
3000
200205
2.0a1
200203
200201
200111
200109
200107
200105
200103
200101
200011
200009
200007
200005
200003
HTTP Server Project Last Eight Years
2.0.14
1.3.14
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
apr-priv
5
0
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding Apache 3.0
httpd-dev httpd-priv apr-dev
200803
200801
200711
200709
200707
200705
200703
200701
200611
200609
200607
200605
200603
200601
200511
200509
200507
200505
200503
200501
200411
200409
200407
200405
2500
200403
200401
200311
200309
200307
2.0.35
200305
200303
200301
200211
200209
200207
3000
200205
2.0a1
200203
200201
200111
200109
200107
200105
200103
200101
200011
200009
200007
200005
200003
HTTP Server Project Last Eight Years
2.0.14
1.3.14 2.0.49
2000
1500
1000
500
apr-priv
5
0
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding Apache 3.0
httpd-dev httpd-priv apr-dev
200803
200801
200711
200709
200707
200705
200703
200701
200611
200609
200607
200605
200603
200601
200511
200509
200507
200505
200503
200501
200411
200409
200407
200405
2500
200403
200401
200311
200309
200307
2.0.35
200305
200303
200301
200211
200209
200207
3000
200205
2.0a1
200203
200201
200111
200109
200107
200105
200103
200101
200011
200009
200007
200005
200003
HTTP Server Project Last Eight Years
2.0.14
1.3.14 2.0.49 2.1.6
2000
1500
1000
500
apr-priv
5
0
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding Apache 3.0
httpd-dev httpd-priv apr-dev
200803
200801
200711
200709
200707
200705
200703
200701
200611
200609
200607
200605
200603
2.0.49
200601
1.3.14
200511
200509
200507
200505
200503
200501
200411
200409
200407
200405
2500
200403
200401
200311
200309
200307
2.0.35
200305
200303
200301
200211
200209
200207
3000
200205
2.0a1
200203
200201
200111
200109
200107
200105
200103
200101
200011
200009
200007
200005
200003
HTTP Server Project Last Eight Years
2.0.14 2.2.0
2.1.6
2000
1500
1000
500
apr-priv
5
0
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding Apache 3.0
httpd-dev httpd-priv apr-dev
200803
200801
2.1.6
200711
200709
200707
200705
200703
200701
200611
200609
200607
200605
200603
2.0.49
200601
1.3.14
200511
200509
200507
200505
200503
200501
200411
200409
200407
200405
2500
200403
200401
200311
200309
200307
2.0.35
200305
200303
200301
200211
200209
200207
3000
200205
2.0a1
200203
200201
200111
200109
200107
200105
200103
200101
200011
200009
200007
200005
200003
HTTP Server Project Last Eight Years
2.0.14 2.2.0 all
2000
1500
1000
500
apr-priv
5
Summary Collaboration is best when people have work to do When activity is low, people don’t look for work When activity is high, people look to help out Creating activity is NOT a group decision!
Infrequent releases cause lower expectations and our expectations are at the lowest point in our history!
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
6
Outline a bit of history what does a web server do introducing Apache 3.0 the nature of collaboration
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
7
Role of an HTTP Server
[Ralf S. Engelschall, 2000] © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
8
things a web server does read configuration listen for connections parse requests map URI and method to redirects and aliases cache access control, authenticate, authorize handler
determine response send response © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
9
Role of an Apache 1.0
Browsers/Spiders
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Origin Server Dynamic Content
Apache 3.0
Centralized Data FS, RDBMS
10
Role of an Apache 1.1
Proxy Proxy Cache
Browsers/Spiders
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Origin Server Dynamic Content
Apache 3.0
Centralized Data FS, RDBMS
11
Role of an Apache 2.0 POP3, ECHO
Proxy Proxy Cache
Browsers/Spiders
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Gateways/ProxyReverse Accelerator Cache
Apache 3.0
Origin Server Dynamic Content
Centralized Data FS, RDBMS
12
Role of an Apache 2.2 POP3, ECHO FTP, SMTP Proxy Proxy Cache
Browsers/Spiders
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Gateways/ProxyReverse Accelerator Cache
Apache 3.0
Origin Servers Dynamic Content
Centralized Data FS, RDBMS, JCR
13
Apache httpd 2.x Filters Network / Connection Input Filters Socket
Protocol / Transcode
Resource / Content Set Server
req
req
CORE_IN
SSL_IN
req HTTP_IN
req DEFLATE
Client req Socket
CORE
req SSL_OUT
HTTP HEADER
req
req
Request processing
DEFLATE
Output Filters
Filter A
Filter B
...
Brigade Bucket
Bucket
Bucket
Bucket
Bucket
Brigade
Brigade
Brigade
Filter X
...
[HPI Apache Modeling Project, http://apache.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/] © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
14
Summary Apache httpd does a lot more now than in 1.0 Yet the internal architecture is basically the same In other words, our architecture was not designed for this stuff (i.e., it is only adequately supported, not ideally) much of it has been slapped together in odd ways to avoid incompatible changes and configuration much of it isn’t used some of it shouldn’t be used
and it is interfering with our ability to HAVE FUN © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
15
Outline a bit of history what does a web server do introducing Apache 3.0 the nature of collaboration
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
16
It’s time for Apache 3.0
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
17
It’s time for Apache 3.0 One process model per common platform no more guessing who is running how on what no more support for platforms that suck (use 1.3.x) if you want to run on/with something else, you’ve got the source code
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
17
It’s time for Apache 3.0 One process model per common platform no more guessing who is running how on what no more support for platforms that suck (use 1.3.x) if you want to run on/with something else, you’ve got the source code
All compile-time choices are GONE httpd and httpsd are DIFFERENT executables APR is replaced by Moccasin
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
17
It’s time for Apache 3.0 One process model per common platform no more guessing who is running how on what no more support for platforms that suck (use 1.3.x) if you want to run on/with something else, you’ve got the source code
All compile-time choices are GONE httpd and httpsd are DIFFERENT executables APR is replaced by Moccasin
All APIs are based on Waka get those sticky hands off my data structures!
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
17
It’s time for Apache 3.0 One process model per common platform no more guessing who is running how on what no more support for platforms that suck (use 1.3.x) if you want to run on/with something else, you’ve got the source code
All compile-time choices are GONE httpd and httpsd are DIFFERENT executables APR is replaced by Moccasin
All APIs are based on Waka get those sticky hands off my data structures!
“Kiss my ass” compatibility © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
17
Simplify Process Model
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
18
Simplify Process Model Modular Process Models Apache 0.3 fork model Apache 1.0 prefork model Apache 1.3 introduced non-Unix models prefork, win32 Apache 2.x introduced MPMs prefork, beos, mpmt, os2, netware, threaded, winnt, worker, event
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
18
Simplify Process Model Modular Process Models Apache 0.3 fork model Apache 1.0 prefork model Apache 1.3 introduced non-Unix models prefork, win32 Apache 2.x introduced MPMs prefork, beos, mpmt, os2, netware, threaded, winnt, worker, event
Apache 3.0 will just use the right MPM based on whatever our own developers have tested to be the best choice for a given platform We call this the “spooning model” © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
18
Spooning Model Master Server
First-time initialization
Child Servers
master / restart initialization
Init Memory read configuration
proclaim new generation, read configuration graceful restart
detach process init scoreboard request-response loop
startup child servers & register in scoreboard
keep-alive loop
create child server processes
restart loop
wait for child's death or time-out
shutdown
child server initialization
master server loop
wait for connection request
adjust number of idle child server
shutdown or restart
clean-up free resources
kill all child server
graceful restart
kill idle child server master clean-up
wait for request killed or new generation
timeout
process request update scoreboard
close connection update scoreboard
child server clean-up
[HPI Apache Modeling Project, http://apache.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/] © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
19
Spooning Model Master Server
First-time initialization
Child Servers
master / restart initialization
Init Memory read configuration
proclaim new generation, read configuration graceful restart
detach process init scoreboard request-response loop
startup child servers & register in scoreboard
keep-alive loop
create child server processes
restart loop
wait for child's death or time-out
shutdown
child server initialization
master server loop
Too much Child Labor! wait for connection request
adjust number of idle child server
shutdown or restart
clean-up free resources
kill all child server
graceful restart
kill idle child server master clean-up
wait for request
killed or new generation
timeout
process request update scoreboard
close connection update scoreboard
child server clean-up
[HPI Apache Modeling Project, http://apache.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/] © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
19
Spooning Model Master Server
First-time initialization
Child Servers
master / restart initialization
Init Memory read configuration
proclaim new generation, read configuration graceful restart
detach process init scoreboard request-response loop
startup child servers & register in scoreboard
keep-alive loop
create child server processes
restart loop
wait for child's death or time-out
shutdown
child server initialization
master server loop
Too much Child Labor! wait for connection request
adjust number of idle child server
shutdown or restart
clean-up free resources
kill all child server
graceful restart
kill idle child server master clean-up
wait for request
killed or new generation
timeout
process request update scoreboard
close connection update scoreboard
child server clean-up
[HPI Apache Modeling Project, http://apache.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/] © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
19
Spooning Model Master Server
First-time initialization
Child Servers
adult serfs
master / restart initialization
Init Memory read configuration
proclaim new generation, read configuration graceful restart
detach process init scoreboard
request-response loop
startup child servers & register in scoreboard
keep-alive loop
create child server processes
restart loop
wait for child's death or time-out
shutdown
child server initialization
master server loop
Too much Child Labor! wait for connection request
adjust number of idle child server
shutdown or restart
clean-up free resources
kill all child server
graceful restart
kill idle child server master clean-up
wait for request
killed or new generation
timeout
process request update scoreboard
close connection update scoreboard
child server clean-up
[HPI Apache Modeling Project, http://apache.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/] © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
19
Less Configuration Default to SAFE and SIMPLE configuration no (default) configuration files no compile-time settings
All settings designed for PROGRAMMER TESTING start up using current owner and group listen to localhost:8080 default to content/manual all other settings must be on command-line httpd -c configuration.txt httpsd -C directory
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
20
Waka A new protocol designed to match the efficiency of well-designed Web Applications Why “waka”? Mäori word (pronounced “wah-kah”) for the outrigger canoes used to travel safely on the Pacific Ocean, across hundreds of islands, to Aotearoa (New Zealand) Also, one of the few four-letter words suitable for a protocol name
Deployable within an HTTP connection via the HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header field defined mapping to HTTP/1.1 for proxies
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
21
HTTP Syntax GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n … © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
22
HTTP Syntax GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n
typical headers 325-400B + cookies = 1079 Bytes
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n … © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
22
HTTP Syntax GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n
typical headers 325-400B + cookies = 1079 Bytes
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n typical headers Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n 300-400B + Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n set-cookies = Vary: Accept-Language\r\n 3487 Bytes \r\n 4090\r\n … © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
22
HTTP not self-descriptive GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n … © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
23
HTTP not self-descriptive GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n
Control Data
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n … © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
23
HTTP not self-descriptive GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n
Control Data
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n …
Message Metadata
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
23
HTTP not self-descriptive GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n
Control Data
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n …
Message Metadata Representation Metadata
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
23
HTTP not self-descriptive GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n
Control Data
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n …
Message Metadata
Representation Metadata Resource Metadata
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
23
HTTP not self-descriptive GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n
Control Data
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n …
Message Metadata
Representation Metadata Resource Metadata
Data
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
23
HTTP not self-descriptive GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n
Control Data
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n … Extensions cannot indicate scope or mandate
Message Metadata
Representation Metadata Resource Metadata
Data
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
23
HTTP not self-descriptive GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n
Control Data
Messages associated by order sent/received
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n … Extensions cannot indicate scope or mandate
Message Metadata
Representation Metadata Resource Metadata
Data
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
23
HTTP Syntax Wasted GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n … © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
24
HTTP Syntax Wasted GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n
content negotiation is a waste of bits
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Content-Language: en\r\n Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n … © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
24
HTTP Syntax Wasted GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n
content negotiation is a waste of bits
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Dates need 8 Content-Language: en\r\n bytes max Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Useless product Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n advertising Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n Header names 4090\r\n need 1-2 bytes … © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
24
HTTP Syntax Wasted GET /Test/hello.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080\r\n Accept: text/html, text/*, */*\r\n User-Agent: GET/7 libwww-perl/5.40\r\n \r\n
content negotiation is a waste of bits
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 15:40:09 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/1.3.12\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n Dates need 8 Content-Language: en\r\n bytes max Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n Etag: “a797cd-465af”\r\n Useless product Cache-control: max-age=3600\r\n advertising Vary: Accept-Language\r\n \r\n Header names 4090\r\n need 1-2 bytes Mostly impacts low-power … and bandwidth-limited devices © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
24
HTTP/2.x Syntax ? G http://kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080/Test/hello.html HTTP20\r\n \r\n HTTP20 200\r\n DT:47FC71DD\r\n CT:t/html\r\n CL:en\r\n TE:c\r\n ET:“a797cd-465af”\r\n CC:ma=3600\r\n VY:AL\r\n \r\n 4090\r\n …
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
25
Waka Syntax
waka22\r\n QAG100#http://kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080/Test/hello.html SSakaw\r\n waka22\r\n RAG120#http://kiwi.ics.uci.edu:8080/Test/hello.html D847FC71DDCT6t/htmlCL2enTEL1c0ETCa797cd-465afCCLmav36VYL2AL0 D2h4…
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
26
Unified Protocol and API
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
27
Unified Protocol and API Protocols are the heart of a server Apache 1.0: HTTP/1.0 Apache 1.2: HTTP/1.1 Apache 2.0: HTTP/1.1, POP3, ECHO Apache 2.2: HTTP/1.1, POP2, ECHO, SMTP, FTP Apache 3.0: waka, HTTP/1.1
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
27
Unified Protocol and API Protocols are the heart of a server Apache 1.0: HTTP/1.0 Apache 1.2: HTTP/1.1 Apache 2.0: HTTP/1.1, POP3, ECHO Apache 2.2: HTTP/1.1, POP2, ECHO, SMTP, FTP Apache 3.0: waka, HTTP/1.1
The request_rec is replaced with waka_rec waka messages are a tokenized data structure memcopy, validate, pass by reference coordinate using blackboard style, semaphores no more DIY request/response construction
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
27
Canned Error Responses
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
28
Canned Error Responses Status codes and HTML aren’t strong enough frequently overridden by stupid browsers often ignored by complacent users
This is the YouTube generation it’s time for some fresh thinking!
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
28
Canned Error Responses Status codes and HTML aren’t strong enough frequently overridden by stupid browsers often ignored by complacent users
This is the YouTube generation it’s time for some fresh thinking!
Samuel L. Jackson highest grossing actor over 100 movies translated worldwide
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
28
Canned Error Responses Status codes and HTML aren’t strong enough frequently overridden by stupid browsers often ignored by complacent users
This is the YouTube generation it’s time for some fresh thinking!
Samuel L. Jackson highest grossing actor over 100 movies translated worldwide
401 Oh, Hell No! © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
28
Canned Error Responses Status codes and HTML aren’t strong enough frequently overridden by stupid browsers often ignored by complacent users
This is the YouTube generation it’s time for some fresh thinking!
Samuel L. Jackson highest grossing actor over 100 movies translated worldwide
401 Oh, Hell No! 404 Where’s... my... super suit! © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
28
Canned Error Responses Status codes and HTML aren’t strong enough frequently overridden by stupid browsers often ignored by complacent users
This is the YouTube generation it’s time for some fresh thinking!
pe nd D isn by ing Samuel L. Jackson M e a y, r highest grossing actor Un . Ja ppro over 100 movies ite ck va d A son l translated worldwide rt , ist 401 Oh, Hell No! s, ... 404 Where’s... my... super suit! © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
28
Summary
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
29
Summary
Apache 3.0 is our best product ever! [aside from some minor implementation details] © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
29
Outline a bit of history what does a web server do introducing Apache 3.0 the nature of collaboration
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
30
Collaboration
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
31
Collaboration Somebody always leads we can take turns leading only if we also take turns following
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
31
Collaboration Somebody always leads we can take turns leading only if we also take turns following
Apache doesn’t select the leaders leaders are defined by what they do and how enticing they are to follow
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
31
Collaboration Somebody always leads we can take turns leading only if we also take turns following
Apache doesn’t select the leaders leaders are defined by what they do and how enticing they are to follow
If you don’t like where we’re heading ... maybe it’s time for you to lead!
© 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
31
Collaboration Somebody always leads we can take turns leading only if we also take turns following
Apache doesn’t select the leaders leaders are defined by what they do and how enticing they are to follow
If you don’t like where we’re heading ... maybe it’s time for you to lead!
See you on © 2008 Roy T. Fielding
Apache 3.0
31
