APA Style 6th Edition

Imelda Vetter Reference Librarian for Education Mervyn Sterne Library University of Alabama at Birmingham [email protected] 934-6364

Purpose of APA Style

• Uniform, professional look • Standardized rules to format in-text citations and references • Plagiarism prevention – give credit to the originator of an idea or thought

Formatting

• Margins One inch margins throughout

• Line spacing Double space entire document Exception: may use single or 1 ½ spacing within a table or figure

• Font and type size Times New Roman, 12 pt. for entire document (Rule 8.03)

Formatting (continued) • Indentation Indent each paragraph one-half inch On the reference page, each reference must have a hanging indent, i.e. every line except the first line of each reference is indented one-half inch (Rule 2.11)

• Page numbers Number each page with Arabic numerals; place on the right side in the page header Start the numbering on the title page (Rule 8.03)

Formatting (continued)

• Running head An abbreviated title which is positioned on the left side in the page header All capital letters with a maximum of 50 characters counting letters, punctuation, and spaces On the title page only, precede the running head by the words “Running head:” (Rule 8.03)

Sample Papers

• Publication Manual (2010) Figures 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3

• APA style website - http://apastyle.org/ Path: Publication manual → Browse all related resources →

sample papers (in left hand menu)

• Purdue University OWL

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/18/

Title Page - Sample

Running head: USING APA STYLE

Using APA Style: Formatting Research Papers in the Social Sciences Imelda Vetter University of Alabama at Birmingham

1

Title Page - Rules

• Contains the title, byline, institutional affiliation, page number, and running head (Rules 2.01, 8.03) Title should be title case, neither bold nor italicized, centered between the left and right margins, and placed in the upper half of the page Position the author’s name and the institutional affiliation below the title This page is numbered “1”

Text Page - Sample

USING APA STYLE

(Full title)

2

Using APA Style: Formatting Research Papers in the Social Sciences This is where the text begins. Centered at the top of the first text page above the text is the title, in title case, with no bolding. Each paragraph should be indented one half inch. As in all other sections of the paper, there are one inch margins and double spacing throughout. The recommended font is Times New Roman, 12 point. Do not put extra spaces between paragraphs. And so on . . .

Text Page - Rules

• The title is centered at the top of first page of text, neither bold nor italicized, in title case • Text begins immediately below title, no extra spacing other than the usual double spacing • The pages of text follow each other without a break (Rule 8.03)

References Page - Example

USING APA STYLE

17 References

Amatea, E., & Clark, M. (2005). Changing schools, changing counselors: A qualitative study of school administrators‘ conceptions of the school counselor role. Professional

School Counseling, 9(1), 20-36. Greenleaf, R. K., & Spears, L. C. (2004). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. New York, NY: Paulist Press.

References Page - Rules

• Begin the list of references on a new page • The word “References” is centered on the top of first page of references, neither bold nor italicized • Give no extra spacing below the title “References” before the first reference • No extra spacing between references • Use hanging indent for references • (Rule 2.11)

Hanging Indent

• Creating the hanging indent in Microsoft Word: Select the text. In the Home tab, click on the arrow next to the word “paragraph.”

In the pop-up window, choose the “Indents and Spacing” tab. In the “Indentation” section, choose “hanging” in the “Special” menu. Make sure the indentation is 0.5 inches.

Headings - Example (with three levels of headings) Method Sample and Participant Selection Assessments and Measures Q-sort measures of inhibition and aggressiveness. Live history calendar. Results Outcome of Inhibited Children at 23 Years Personality and self-esteem. Social network. Life history and IQ. Outcome of Aggressive Children at 23 Years (Publication Manual, 2010, p. 63, Section 3.03)

Headings - Format Level 1 Heading is Centered, Boldface, Title Case Level 2 Heading is Flush Left, Boldface, Title Case Level 3 heading is indented, boldface, sentence style, ending with a period. The text starts here. Fourth level heading is indented, boldface, italicized, sentence style, ending with a period. The text starts here. Fifth level heading is indented, italicized, sentence style, ending with a period. The text starts here.

Headings - Rules • Use only as many heading levels as needed. • Headings of equal importance are given the same heading level. • You must have at least two or more subsections to divide a section. Give each of these subsections a heading. • Do not label headings with letters or numbers. • Follow levels 3, 4, and 5 by a period, and begin the text immediately afterward on the same line as the heading. • (Rules 3.02-3.03)

When to Cite

• According to the Publication Manual (2010), Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories, or research have directly influenced your work. They may provide key background information, support or dispute your thesis, or offer critical definitions and data. Citation of an article implies that you have personally read the cited work. In addition to crediting the ideas of others that you used to build your thesis, provide documentation for all facts and figures that are not common knowledge. (p. 169)

• (Chapter 6, “When to Cite”)

Plagiarism

• To prevent plagiarism, credit the source whether: Directly quoting the author

Paraphrasing the author’s words Describing an author’s idea that influenced your work

(Rules 6.01-6.02)

• “Avoiding Plagiarism” by Purdue OWL. Purdue University.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/

In-Text Citations

• Follow the author(s) by the date. Smith and Adams (2007) found that . . . A recent study (Smith & Adams, 2007) showed that . . .

• When there are two or more authors, precede the last author with “and” in the following way: In the text, use the word “and” In the parenthesis, use the symbol for “and” – i.e. “&” (Chapter 6, sections 6.11-6.21, Table 6.1)

In-Text Citations (continued)

• When a work has 3, 4, or 5 authors, cite all the authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent intext citations, follow the first author’s name by et al. 1st time: In a recent study (Smith, Jones, Adams, & Ryan, 2010), the authors reported . . . 2nd time: Smith et al. (2010) concluded that . . .

• When a source has six or more authors, cite only the first author followed by et al. the first time and every time thereafter.

In-Text Citations (continued)

• When there is no author, cite the first few words of the reference list entry (the title), capitalizing all significant words, followed by the year of publication If the reference is a book, brochure, or report, italicize the title: o Merriam Webster Dictionary (2006) defines . . . If the reference is a web page, article, or book chapter, put the title in quotation marks: o The article “Reading Instruction” (1999) summarizes . . .

In-Text Citations (continued)

• If two or more works are referenced within the same in-text citation, order the citations alphabetically, i.e. in the same order they would appear in the reference list • Separate the citations by a semicolon • Example: Recent studies (Smith et al., 2006; Adams & Jones, 2004) indicate . . .

In-Text Citations - Direct Quotes

• When inserting a direct quote, include the page number(s), in addition to the author and the date. Jones (2007) stated, “Children of parents who regularly read to them are more likely to develop a good reading habit into adulthood” (p. 24). “There is a 20% chance that the child of an illiterate parent will also be illiterate” (Jones, 2007, pp. 15-16). (Rules 6.03-6.10, 4.08)

In-Text Citations - Length of Direct Quote

• If the quote is less than 40 words, include it in the flow of the text, as seen in the previous slide.

• If the quote is 40 or more words: Display in a free-standing block Indent entire quote one-half inch Do not enclose in quotation marks Double space the block quote

In-Text Citations - Example of Block Quote Smith (2008) summarized her findings: This is where the quotation of 40 words or more is inserted, followed by the ending punctuation. Then there will be the opening and closing parenthesis with the page number. Notice how the ending punctuation is in a different place as compared with a quotation which is less than 40 words. Make sure to indent the entire quote one-half inch. Don’t forget to double

space it. (pp. 55-56) These findings are indicative of . . . . . .

In-Text Citations - Direct Quotes from Web (HTML) Documents Containing No Page Numbers • If paragraphs are numbered, cite as follows: Use “para.” plus the paragraph number in the parentheses – (Smith, 2008, para. 6)

• If paragraphs are not numbered, cite the heading (if there is one) and number of paragraph: (Jones, 1998, Discussion section, para. 9) If heading is very long, use a shortened version of the heading and place in quotation marks: (Lee & Sutton, 2006, “IQ Tests Give Misleading,” para. 3)

Secondary Sources • Citing an author’s work which is referenced in an article but which you have not read: Use secondary sources sparingly If possible, locate and read the original source If this is not possible, cite as a secondary source. Scenario: Smith (1999) is cited in the article you are reading by Jones (2009). The in-text citation should read: o Smith (as cited in Jones, 2009) suggested that . . . o On the references page, list the Jones source only.

(Rule 6.17)

Reference List – Basic Rules

• (Chapter 6, sections 6.22 – 6.32, and Chapter 7) • Each reference should include an author(s) or editor(s), if there is one, title, publication date, and other publication information. • Include retrieval information for electronic resources.

Reference List – Basic Rules (continued)

• Rule 6.30 • Publication information for periodical references include source title (journal, magazine, or newspaper title), volume number, issue number, and page numbers. • Publication information for book references include publisher name and location.

Reference List - Basic Rules (continued)

• References without an author begin with the title. • References with no date have (n.d.) in place of the publication date. • The title of a stand alone work, such as a book or a report, is italicized. The title of a work that is part of a greater whole, such as an article, a book chapter, or a webpage) is not italicized. • Each reference should be formatted with a hanging indent.

Reference List - Authors • (Rule 6.27) • Invert authors names, last name first, followed by first and middle initials. • For up to seven authors, separate authors by commas, and precede last author with “&” • For 8 or more authors, include first six authors followed by three ellipses, and then the last author’s name. • If there is an editor(s), instead of an author(s), follow the name(s) by (Ed.) or (Eds.). • If the author is an organization or corporation, capitalize all significant words, and follow with a period.

Reference List - Titles

• Book or other freestanding document: • Capitalize the first word of the title and the subtitle and any proper nouns. • Italicize the title.

• Journal article: • Capitalize the first word of the article title and subtitle and any proper nouns, but do not italicize. • Capitalize all significant words of the journal title. • Italicize the journal title and the volume number.

Reference List – Examples of Books • Books: Author. (Year). Title. Location: Publisher. Gredler, M. E., & Shields, C. C. (2008). Vygotsky’s legacy: A foundation for research and practice. New York, NY: Gilford Press.

Webster’s biographical dictionary. (1974). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam. Horowitz, I. L. (Ed.). (1999). Russian musicians biography collection. Burlington, VT: Doubleday.

Reference List – Examples of Journal Articles • Journal articles: Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers.

Colombo, M., & Einstein, A. (2006). Building school partnerships with culturally and linguistically diverse families. Phi Delta Kappan, 88(4), 314-318. Bowers, D. C., Griffith, T., Gargan, L., Cochran, C. J., Kleiber, B., Foxwell, A. . . . Germann, J. N. (2012). Back pain among long-term survivors of childhood leukemia, 34(8), 624-629.

Reference List – Electronic Resources

• Electronic sources includes resources you locate on the open Web or items you find through the licensed databases at the library. • Include retrieval information with electronic resources. • The Publication Manual (2010) recommends that you give “as much electronic retrieval information as needed for others to locate the sources you cited” (Rule 6.31). • Retrieval dates are not necessary unless the resource may change over time, such as a wiki.

Reference List – Electronic Resources – Journal Articles • If the journal article has a DOI number, include it in the reference (Rules 6.31-6.32). This is the only retrieval information needed. Example: Murphy, S. A. (2010). Women's and children's exposure to mass disaster and terrorist attacks. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31(1), 45-53. doi:10.3109/01612840903200035

• To find a DOI number, look on the first page of the article, or submit a query at http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/ • Not all articles have a DOI number.

Reference List – Electronic Resources – Journal Articles (continued)

• If the journal article is freely available on the web, but there is no DOI number, provide the home page URL of the online journal. Example: Murphy, E., & Rodriguez-Manzanares, M. A. (2009). Learning centredness in high school distance learning: Teachers’ perspectives and research validated principles. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 25(5), 597-610. Retrieved from http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet

Reference List – Electronic Resources – Journal Articles (continued)

• If the journal article does not have a DOI number and it was accessed through a database, the Publication Manual (2010) suggests that you give the homepage of the journal as the URL: Register-Mihalik, J., Guskiewicz, K., McLeod, T., & Mann, J. (2009). Headache-related disability reported by collegiate athletes. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care: The Journal for the Practicing Clinician, 1(5), 227-233. Retrieved from http://www.atshc.com/

Reference List – Electronic Resources – Journal Articles (continued) • Alternately, if the journal article does not have a DOI number and it was accessed through a database, your professor may ask you to provide the database information in the retrieval statement. Here is how you would do that: Register-Mihalik, J., Guskiewicz, K., McLeod, T., & Mann, J. (2009). Headache-related disability reported by collegiate athletes. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care: The Journal for the Practicing Clinician, 1(5), 227-233. Retrieved from SPORTDiscus database.

Reference List – Electronic Resources – Web Pages or Web Documents • When citing a non-periodical Web page or Web document, include as much information as possible in order to help your reader find the resource. • Include author and date, if available, as well as the title and retrieval information. • The title of a stand alone work, such as a report, is italicized. The title of a work that is part of a greater whole, such as a webpage, is not italicized. • For technical or research reports, identify the organization responsible for the website in the retrieval statement, unless the organization is the author.

Reference List – Electronic Resources – Reports Examples • Denton, K., & West, J. (2002). Children’s reading and mathematics achievement in kindergarten and first grade. Retrieved from the National Center for Education Statistics website: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/2002125.pdf • United States Government Accountability Office. (2012). Financial literacy: Overlap of programs suggests there may be opportunities for consolidation (Report No. GAO-12-588). Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/assets/600/592849.pdf

Reference List – Electronic Resources – Web Pages or Web Documents – Examples Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): Facts about ASDs. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/NCBDDD/autism/facts.html Respiratory therapists. (2012). In Occupational outlook handbook (2012-2013 ed.). Retrieved from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics website: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/respiratorytherapists.htm

Reference List – Order of References • References are listed in alphabetical order by author or editor, or title (for those references without an author). • If listed by title, alphabetize by the first significant word in the title (i.e. not by A, The, An) • Multiple references by the same author (s) are listed in order of publication year, the earliest first. • Multiple references by the same author(s) and same publication year are arranged alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. Add lowercase letter after the publication year to distinguish them: Smith, L. B., & Adams, J. P. (2007a). Literacy . . . Smith, L. B., & Adams, J. P. (2007b). Parental participation . . .

Additional Resources

• Mervyn Sterne Library Research Guide “Citing Your Sources” https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/ref/guides/web/cys.html • OWL at Purdue APA Formatting and Style Guide (6th edition) http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ • APA style website – Basics of APA Style tutorial (6th edition) http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx • Harvard Graduate School of Education – APA Exposed online tutorial http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=apa_exposed

References Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). (2010). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.