Annual Report 2009

2009

Annual Report PGP

PGP Achievements 2009 in brief

A total of 77 papers were published in Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) recognized journals. Journals include Nature geoscience, Proceedings of the National Academy of Scíence (PNAS), Physical Review Letters, Reviews in Geophysics, and Earth and Planetary Science Letters. In addition, 36 ISI articles are currently in press or already published in 2010. PGP was ranked as one of the 7 top research groups in physics in Norway by the international panel evaluating Norwegian physics for NRC. Norwegian geosciences will be evaluated in 2010. PGP staff and students gave 58 invited scientific talks in 2009, and 98 regular conference contributions (≈80 at international meetings outside Norway). PGP scientists organized a special session “Pattern formation through growth, dissolution or reth placement processes” at the 19 Goldschmid meeting in Dath vos, Switzerland, and 3 seminars in Norway, including the 22 Kongsberg seminar on ‘Physics of hydrocarbon-bearing systems”’. PGP contributed to 8 radio or TV programs, 12 articles in newspapers or magazines (not counting Web-publications), and one popular book in 2009. PGP carried out 20 fieldtrips in 7 countries on 3 continents. The field trips included international and national collaborators and students. 7 students (5 PhDs and 2 Masters) graduated from PGP in 2009. 31 out of the 33 students graduated from PGP so far have full time paid jobs. 9 are working in petroleum related businesses, 14 are in academia (5 abroad). Of former PGP post docs and senior researchers, 9 are working in academic institutions abroad. 3 guest students visited PGP for one semester, and 27 invited scientists gave talks at PGP in 2009.

Table of Contents

About 12 MNOK of the total 2009 budget of 41 MNOK came from externally funded projects, including 7 NRC projects, 2 EU-projects and 2 projects sponsored by Statoil (to PGP via NGU). Current postdoc and coordinator of the Earth Materials group, Marcin Dabrowski, received the King`s gold medal for the best PhD thesis at the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Univeristy of Oslo in 2008. Victorya Yarushina and Ingrid Aarnes won the best poster awards at the 22th Kongsberg seminar. Among the seniors, Dag K. Dysthe and Joachim Mathiesen were promoted to professors at the Department of Physics, whereas Henrik Svensen was promoted to a senior researcher with professor competence.

Directors comments ................................................................. 4 Physics of Geological Processes .............................................. 5 Mission Statement ................................................................. 5 Main Challenges ...................................................................... 5 Aim ............................................................................................. 5 Scientific status – Main projects ............................................ 6 A. Geodynamics ........................................................................ 7 B. Fluid processes................................................................... 16 C. Localisation processes...................................................... 32 D. Microstructures.................................................................. 38 E. Interface processes ......................................................... 44 Education ................................................................................... 52 Petromax and Industry funded projects .............................. 54 Public relations ......................................................................... 55 Organisation ............................................................................ 56

160

PGP products 2003-2009

2003 2007

140

2004 2008

2005 2009

Infrastructure and laboratories ............................................ 59

2006

Finances ..................................................................................... 61

120 100 80 60

40 20 0

Papers in Papers in press reviewed journals

800 700

Papers in books, proceedings

TV & Radio

Newspapers & magazines

Invited talks

Conf. Presentations

Appendices ............................................................................... 63 List of staff .......................................................................... 64 Student list ........................................................................... 66 Numerical models ................................................................. 68 Registered field work .......................................................... 69 Project portfolio .................................................................. 69 Invited talks 2008 ................................................................. 72 Experimental laboratory activities .................................... 72 Production list ....................................................................... 74

PGP ISI citations

600

500 400 300

200 100 0 2003

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PGP Achievements 2008 in brief............................................ 2

PGP Annual Report 2009

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

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Director’s comments

Physics of Geological Processes Bjørn Jamtveit

The output of PGP-papers in the most prestigious international journals has risen strongly during the last three years. From a level of 20-25 PGP-papers in Institute for Scientific Information (ISI-) journals during the first couple of years, we are up 77 in 2009. The current output corresponds to more than 4 ISI-papers per senior researcher per year. Although 75% are published in earth science journals (and 25% in physics), we consider about half of the papers to be truly cross disciplinary in the sense that they are based on a combination of competences that cannot be found in a traditional discipline-oriented research group. About 25% of all papers are co-authored by both geoscientists and physicists, and many of those produced by geoscientists only are co-authored by both field geologists and ‘modelers’. Papers produced in the CoE period by researchers with PGP address were cited about 700 times in 2009. This corresponds to approximately 3.5 citations per paper per year, which is very satisfactory for any branch of Earth Sciences, and in particular for cross-disciplinary research which tends to be cited less than the more established disciplines. PGP continues to produce young researchers for the international academic market. Christophe Galerne left for a postdoc postion in Bonn Germany, after his dissertation in January, while Karen Webb started working for the Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK, after having received her PhD in June. Johannes Vrijmoed (dissertation in June), Victorya Yarushina (dissertation in June) and Luiza Angheluta (dissertation in December) continued in Postdoc positions at PGP in 2009. Vrijmoed is a postdoc researcher at University of California at Santa Barbara from February 2010. New PGP projects include: An “Akademia” project to UiO from Statoil to cover salary and running costs for Professor Trond Torsvik, and adjunct professors Susanne Buiter (20 %) and Carmen Gaina (20 %). Torsvik also brought along post doc Douwe van Hinsbergen supported by another Statoil project through the Norwegian Geological Survey. Four new NRC project were started in 2009. The Primary Migration project (NRC Petromaks), with Paul Meakin as PI, inlcudes Maya Kobchenko and Hamed Panahi (employed by Statoil) as PhD students and Adriano Mazzini as a researcher. The Mantle Forcing (Eurocores-) program with Trond Torsvik as PI, includes Pavel Doubrovine as postdoc. The Geothermal Energy project (Renergi program from NRC) with Inga Berre (UiB) as

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PI, include Nina Simon as a researcher at PGP. Finally, Karen Mair received travel support from the Aurora programme for Torbjørn Bjørk`s laboratory work at ENS Paris, France. PGP continued to receive a high level of media coverage in 2009. Ebbe Hartz and his collaborator Niels Hovius (University lecturer at Cambridge University) received a grant from the International Polar Year funding at The Norwegian Research Council to support the work on the book “ Reisen til istiden” (“The journey to the Ice Age”), published by Gyldendal Forlag in 2009. Their field trip to Greenland, along with their sons Torjus and Miro, who are the key characters in the book, was covered in 5 popular science programs (Newton) in Norwegian TV. PGP`s researcher Olivier Galland and his partner Caroline Sassier cycled 9000 kilometres along the Andes Mountains as a part of The Andean Geotrail Project. They communicated with the society by a large number of talks, school visits, blogs and articles. The PNAS paper “Scaling properties of European research units” by B. Jamtveit, E. Jettestuen and J. Mathiesen attracted considerable media interest in Norway, but even more so in Denmark where it sparked a high level political debate around the pros and cons of merging academic units.

Mission Statement

Our mission is to obtain • a fundamental and quantitative understanding of the Earth’s complex patterns and processes • efficient ways of transmitting our basic research to the educational system, the industry and the public

Main Challenges

Our main challenges are • establishing an adequate conceptual framework for dealing with the Earth’s complex materials and processes • attracting highly qualified national and international scientists and students

Aim

Our aim is to establish an interdisciplinary science centre that includes scientists from the fields of Physics, Geology, and ­Applied Mathematics • where geological processes are approached by integrated fieldwork, experiments, theory and computer modelling • with an active and challenging program for master students • with active support from commercial enterprises, national and international foundations, and public agencies

PGP`s senior researcher Karen Mair works with the internationally recognized composer Natasha Barrett on the interactive sound installation “Crush”, inspired by the physical processes of geological faulting and associated seismic activity. The installation was presented during the Nordic Geological Winter meeting in Oslo 11-13 January 2010. During its first 7 years of existence, PGP has grown into one of Europe’s leading research groups focusing on fundamental geological processes. Our prime goals are to continue our cross-disciplinary crusade to provide quantitative understanding of how the Earth works and to produce students with a unique competence to address problems of relevance for both science and society.

PGP Annual Report 2009

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A. Earth Materials Research in Earth Materials covers a wide range from brittle to ductile behavior. The following research highlights reflects this. First, fundamental rock properties in mixtures of non-linear materials are discussed with the example of crystal bearing melts. Then the results of brittle fault gauge formation are presented, followed by folding, which is indicative of ductile material behavior. The example of the fold formation in a cylinder clearly shows how these end-member cases are linked. Finally, a section called ‘Spin Offs’ is presented, which shows how PGP research is useful for other fields of science.

Scientific status – Main projects

Introduction

1. Effective non-linear viscosity of a crystal-bearing melt

In January 2010 PGP organized its research activities into three main groups (see figure below): Earth materials, Fluid Earth, Solid Earth. The motivation is to improve the focus of the current and near future research activities, and to prepare the ground for new major and competitive research initiatives as PGP approaches its planned termination in February 2013. Our goal is still to investigate fundamental geological processes across scales by combining field, experimental, modeling and theoretical approaches. However, the time has come to actively apply the insights that we have gained to address critically important challenges related to energy and the environment. New projects focusing on the generation of organic fluids from shales, and carbon storage by carbonate precipitation are significant steps in this direction.

Introduction

Rocks are always heterogeneous and not the homogenous idealizations that are often assumed to simplify their investigation. Often some, or all, of the phases exhibit non-linear mechanical material properties and it is therefore crucial to be able to predict the collective effective material behavior from the information that is available regarding the individual phases. Crystal bearing melts are an example of such a system, which we study here.

Physics of Geological Processes

A better understanding of the complex rheological behavior of suspensions is essential in modeling magma ascent and emplacement, as well as assessing volcanic hazard. The viscosity of a silicate melt is primarily dependent on temperature, water content and chemical composition. A pure hydrous melt can be approximated as a Newtonian fluid. Laboratory experiments have shown that the introduction of a crystalline phase into a Newtonian liquid ubiquitously results in a

Material Earth

Fluid Earth

Solid Earth

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PGP Annual Report 2009

stress-dependent, i.e. non-Newtonian effective rheology. This non-Newtonian effect has been attributed to several mechanisms such as the development of shape-preferred orientation, micro-structural changes, shear heating or localization and the development of the solid framework (percolation models). To gain insights into the mechanisms operating, we study the effective non-linear rheological behavior of a suspension consisting of non-Newtonian crystals embedded in a linear fluid. We approach the problem using two-dimensional finite element numerical simulations and the effective medium approach. Numerical results obtained for a circular inclusion phase in a linear fluid exhibit a non-linear effective rheological behavior (), which is manifested only for a narrow range of the apparent viscosity ratio close to unity (the apparent viscosity ratio is defined as the ratio between the apparent inclusion viscosity evaluated using an ambient rate-of-deformation and the melt viscosity). Thus, the effective mechanical behavior can be approximated by a Carreau fluid rather than a simple power-law fluid. A maximum non-linearity is attained for a value of the apparent inclusion viscosity exceeding a unity, i.e. for inclusions that appear more viscous than the melt. The apparent power-law exponent decreases significantly with increasing apparent viscosity ratio and is virtually equal to one for the apparent viscosity ratio of one hundred. The maximum value of the apparent power-law exponent is two for a crystalline phase characterized by a power-law exponent of four at a fraction of fifty percent. The main characteristics of the effective non-linear viscosity are reproduced by the differential effective medium scheme that we propose.

Figure A1. Apparent power-law exponent of a suspension consisting of non-Newtonian inclusions of a power-law exponent of 4 and a fraction of 50% as a function of apparent viscosity ratio. Results obtained using finite element simulations (dots) are shown alongside predictions of differential effective medium scheme (dashed line).

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A. Earth Materials

A.A. Earth Geodynamics Materials

2. Gauge Formation

A suspension of non-Newtonian circular inclusions effectively behaves as a linear fluid whenever the crystalline phase is significantly more viscous than the melt. Despite the high viscosity ratio, the resulting effective viscosity is only four times higher than the melt viscosity at a fraction of fifty percent. On the contrary, laboratory experiments show non-linear mechanical behavior and a high relative effective viscosity for a comparable scenario. A common explanation is to assume that the crystalline phase is already at the percolation threshold and forms a skeleton that determines the effective mechanical behavior. Based on our results obtained for mixtures of Newtonian materials (Figure A2), we propose that

the inclusion phase can grossly affect the effective rheological behavior without necessarily forming an interconnected solid framework, provided that the aspect ratio of individual inclusions is high. Further simulations are planned to assess the impact of the aspect ratio on the effective non-linear viscosity.

References

Dabrowski, M., Schmid D.W. Effective mechanical properties of composite rocks. The 17th conference on Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics, Liverpool, 7-9. September 2009.

�Figure A2. Effective viscosity is plotted as a function of strong phase fraction. The viscosity ratio between the strong and weak phase is set at 100 and effective viscosity is normalized by viscosity of the weak phase. Results of numerical simulations are shown by red and blue squares for composites of circular inclusions and green triangles for models with elliptical inclusions. Results obtained using the differential effective medium sche�me are shown as colored curves. The insets highlight model geometry, where the black phase corresponds to the weak material.

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PGP Annual Report 2009

Our main focus has been to closely track the evolution of damage in our numerical fault models both temporally and spatially, with increasing amounts of slip. Importantly, we have also shown the strong influence of fault roughness and gouge fragment shape on the frictional resistance of a fault. We have demonstrated the development of an internal structure of preferentially crushed regions which closely correspond to zones of enhanced local strain i.e. concentrated deformation (Figure A3). These features resemble those observed in field and laboratory faults, and allows us to verify assumptions inferred from geological data that crush zones are the signature of localized strain. We have shown how different deformation mechanisms are favored at different conditions or stages of the model run. For example, grain splitting is dominant in the initial stages of slip whereas a switch to abrasion/grinding occurs with accumulated slip as our fault zone matures (or may in fact dominate from the outset in low stress conditions).

With our most recent simulations, we have investigated the influence of boundary roughness and gouge fragment shape on fault zone evolution. We have chosen configurations that closely match laboratory experiments thus allowing model validation. Our results indicate that gouge fragment shape and boundary roughness strongly control frictional strength, see Figure A4. A major shortcoming of previous models was their failure to reproduce realistic (laboratory measured) values of friction (ca. 0.6). We have successfully reproduced these friction values and have revealed that gouge fragment angularity was the essential ‘missing ingredient’ responsible for this discrepancy. An important conclusion from this work is that adding more realistic geometries (such as angular fragments) in 3D fault simulations is a crucial (and relatively straightforward) step that will make future models significantly more applicable to nature.

�Figure A4. Frictional strength as a function of gauge fragment shape and boundary roughness.

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A. Earth Materials

A.A. Earth Geodynamics Materials

3. Fold Formation

Our main focus has been to closely track the evolution of damage in our numerical fault models both temporally and spatially, with increasing amounts of slip. Importantly, we have also shown the strong influence of fault roughness and gouge fragment shape on the frictional resistance of a fault.

Outlook

Our future work will investigate the interaction between fault boundary evolution/erosion and fault debris evolution and its combined influence on mechanical properties of the fault. This work promises new insights into fault zone initiation, structural development and fault stability.

References

Abe, S., Mair, K. 2009. Effects of gouge fragment shape on fault friction: New 3D modelling results. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, (In press).

We have demonstrated the development of an internal structure of preferentially crushed regions which closely correspond to zones of enhanced local strain i.e. concentrated deformation (Figure A3). These features resemble those observed in field and laboratory faults, and allows us to verify assumptions inferred from geological data that crush zones are the signature of localized strain. We have shown how different deformation mechanisms are favored at different conditions or stages of the model run. For example, grain splitting is dominant in the initial stages of slip whereas a switch to abrasion/grinding occurs with accumulated slip as our fault zone matures (or may in fact dominate from the outset in low stress conditions).

Fold formation in a non axially confined thin walled cylinder Introduction

Everybody is familiar with the surface patterns produced when a thin sheet of paper is crumpled (Figure A5). These same patterns and their associated statistics can be observed in a wide variety of systems ranging from large scale deformations of the earth’s crust down to microscopic polymeric membranes in which thermal fluctuations control the crumpled state. In crumpled systems the deformation is typically focused onto folds and vertices and plastic relaxation usually occurs in these highly deformed regions, thus the commonly recognized pattern in an un-ironed shirt or un-crumpled piece of paper. When studying the mechanical response of such systems, part of the challenge is to isolate the effects of the crumpled disorder from those of friction and internal material relaxation.

Figure A3. Initial (left) and final model of fault gauge evolution with compound grains modeling with ESyS-Particle code.

Results

In order to approach this problem we did experiments on the isolated folds formed when a thin walled cylinder is confined between a pair of parallel plates, see Figure A6. A6. The experimental results have been compared to both analytic and numerical 1D models of the system and unexpected geometrical effects have been observed. Namely that above a critical nominal strain in the system each contact between the cylinder and the confining plates bifurcates into two separate contacts, which migrates away from the central axis as the strain is further increased. Our study implies that extra frictional sliding may occur in plastically deforming crumpled systems. This extra frictional effect inhibits the system from attaining its minimum energy geometry, and thus could make a crumpled system stiffer than would be expected from the simple inclusion of plastic relaxation effects. Furthermore in small deformations of the crumpled system this effect might be absent, however as the system is further deformed, and more of the folds go through a critical strain, the stiffening of the system could increase adding further nonlinearity to the mechanical response. These effects are also potentially important in uniform thin walled systems where deformation of a folded material supports a load imposed on the system. Examples include buried pipes, various corrugated materials in the packaging industry, such as corrugated cardboard, or in the construction industry with corrugated steel or aluminum as well as numerous uses of thin walled structures in compliant mechanism engineering applications. If a system is subject to periodic loading combined with plastic relaxation over time, significant problems due to frictional sliding induced wear could develop depending on if the strain amplitude is above or below a critical value.

Figure A5. Satellite view of earth superimposed on crumpled paper (courtesy: Corey Matsumoto).

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A. Earth Materials

A.A. Earth Geodynamics Materials

What causes the formation of folds in rocks? Furthermore response testing of such a system may not pick up the full extent of the plastic relaxation due to the extra stiffening caused by the frictional constraint on the geometry. This could leave such a system susceptible to failure caused by changing environmental conditions which affect the coefficient of friction rather than bulk material properties of the constituent parts of the system.

References

deVilliers, S., Nermoen, A., Angheluta, L., Jettestuen, E. 2010. Fold formation in a non axially confined thin walled cylinder, Experimental Mechanics (submitted).

Introduction

Using the tools developed at PGP and the computational resources made available by NOTUR we can simulate fold pattern formation in three dimensions (Figure A1A7). The underlying assumption is that the folding instability is a purely mechanical one, at least on an outcrop scale. This view was recently challenged in a paper by Hobbs et al. (JSG, 2008, Folding with thermal-mechanical feedback) who claim that viscosity ratios in natural rocks are not sufficient to drive the folding instability and that thermo-mechanical feedback is responsible for the fold formation. We published a comment on the paper by Hobbs et al. where we state our point of view, which is summarized here.

This can also be confirmed by looking at experimental flow laws for a number of rock type pairs (Figure A3). There are many pairs, including the ones that correspond to Figure A2A8 that exhibit substantial viscosity ratio for middle to low-

er crustal conditions. It is surely possible to find pairs that do not show this, such as the aplite-quarzite pair, but these may be rather the exception that the rule.

Fold shapes and related viscosity ratios

The crucial parameter when inferring the effective viscosity ratio from folds is the arclength to thickness ratio. For the few examples shown in Figure A2A8 these range from 6 to 12, which is quite typical in that no very large values are observed. This indicates that the viscosity ratios are also not very large (analytical folding theory states that the dominant wavelength to thickness ratio is proportional to the third root of the viscosity ratio). However, for these rock pairs viscosity ratios up to 50 can be interpreted, which are certainly large enough to drive the folding instability.

�Figure A 2. Single-layer folds: (a) calc-silicate layer in coarsegrained calcite marble, Adamello, Italy. (b) Pegmatitic quartzfeldspar layer in coarse-grained calcite marble, Adamello, Italy. (c) Pegmatitic quartz-feldspar layer in quartz-feldspar-biotite gneiss, Roveredo, Switzerland.

�Figure A6. Shape evolution of a thin walled cylinder compressed between straight horizontal plates. Note the green lines where suddenly an additional ‘bump’ is formed.

�Figure A 1. Example of a 3D fold pattern in constriction.

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PGP Annual Report 2009

�Figure A 3. Effective viscosity ratio as a function of temperature for six layer–matrix pairs. Temperature covers the typical range from the brittle-ductile transition to the base of the crust; the range considered by Hobbs et al. (2008) is underlain in gray.

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A. Earth Materials

A.A. Earth Geodynamics Materials

References

Numerical Results

The above interpretation of viscosity ratios from arclength to thickness ratios is based on an analytical theory that is, strictly speaking, only valid for the initial phases of fold amplifications and it is uncertain to which extend this holds for large amplitude folds. We therefore used our finite element solver MILAMIN to investigate folding in layered linear and non-linear viscous rocks. All results shown in Figure A4 show fold development. In the case of linear viscous materials an effective viscosity ratio of 20 can probably be considered the lower limit for which folds develop for reasonable amounts of shortening (uppermost case). However, for non-linear rocks with power-law exponents of 5, both in layer and matrix, the effective viscosity ratio can be as low as 8.

Schmid, D.W., Schmalholz, S.M., Mancktelow N.S., Fletcher, R.C. 2009. Comment on ‘Folding with thermal-mechanical feedback’, Journal of Structural Geology, 30, 5, 649-663.

We have shown that natural viscosity ratios of many rock pairs are large enough for the development a pure mechanical folding instability. This is based on experimental flow laws, interpretation of natural folds, and confirmation by numerical experiments. Furthermore one can show that the thermomechanical feedback invoked by Hobbs et al. is only relevant for layers that are hundreds of meters thick.

A third folding paper that was published last year is by PGP professor II Ray Fletcher and co-worker Sue Treagus. The focus of their paper is contemporaneous folding on several scales, illustrated in Figure A5A11.

�Figure A 5. Schematic illustration of ‘minor’ folds in a thin single layer within ‘major’ folds of a multilayer. A traditional field method in structural geology is to use the asymmetry and vergence of minor folds to indicate the presence of larger-scale major folds.

References

Treagus, S.H., and Fletcher, R.C. 2009, Controls of folding on different scales in multilayered rocks, Journal of Structural Geology, 31, 11, 1340-1349.

Outlook

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Overview

Understanding of this is important because the shapes of minor folds can be used to determine the presence and shape of major folds that may not be visible due to exposure or erosion. Using the analytical theory for the initial fold development they analyze a pack with five layers and investigate the occurrence of multiple maxima in the growth rate – wavelength space, which is required for contemporaneous fold develop on different scales, e.g. Error: Reference source not found1. In models with a thicker central layer, amplification rate decreases as the layer thickness increases. Unusually thick competent layers in a confined multilayer do not act as ‘control units’ that enhance folding; instead they impede folding, which is contrary to the usual assumption.

Conclusions

With the published comment we tried to demonstrate our findings. However, when we presented this work in a specialist meeting (Deformation, Rheology & Tectonics 2009, Liverpool, UK) and it became evident that the community is split into two groups; one that believes that large (>10) viscosity ratios are common and another that believes the opposite. Given that mechanical property ratios larger than 10 are required for mechanics to be applicable to structural geology it will be interested to see where this development leads to.

Multiscale Folding

Figure A 4. Single-layer numerical simulations with free slip lateral boundary conditions, for the same initial random perturbation, for pure shear shortening of 50%. The code is: effective viscosity ratio - power law exponent matrix – power law exponent layer. h is the average ratio of final to original layer.

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A. Earth Materials

A.A. Earth Geodynamics Materials

4. Subcritical cracking and surface energy of calcite

Scientific problem

In geological settings, chemical and mechanical processes are intimately linked. Chemical processes in rocks can drive crack propagation through three main mechanisms: Volume changing reactions which set up stresses in the rock matrix, crystal growth in pores which apply stress on the surrounding rock, and stress corrosion or subcritical fracture, where the chemical environment alter the surface energy and fracture properties of the rock. It is well established that brittle materials exhibit slow crack growth below what is normally termed as their failure stresses. The mechanisms behind this slow crack growth, often referred to as stress corrosion, is well known for some materials such as quartz and glass. However, for many common geological materials, such as calcite, the mechanisms of subcritical crack growth are unknown. In order to fully understand the couplings between mechanical and chemical processes in rocks, we need to study these processes in more detail.

The crack velocity in calcite is a strong function of water concentration. Adding water can give orders of magnitude faster crack propagation at a constant load. This has implications for the mechanical stability of carbonate systems subject to water, such as in during weathering. When rescaling our crack velocity data by surface energy, we obtain fairly good data collapses. This is an indication that the mechanism of subcritical cracking in calcite is independent of water concentration (Figure A13).

References

Røyne, A.,  Bisschop, J.,  Dysthe, D.K. 2008. Mechanisms of subcritical cracking in calcite. AGU Fall Meeting San Francisco, 15 December 2008. Røyne, A., Dysthe, D.K., Bisschop, J. 2008. cracking in calcite single crystals. 21th Kongsberg Seminar, Norway, May 2008 (Poster).

Figure A12. Crack growth velocity as function of the energy release rate minus twice the interfacial energy for different mixtures of glycol and water. The growth velocity changes by almost 8 orders of magnitude in our experiments. The behavior as function of G-G_0 is more or less the same independently of fluid composition.

Approach and results

We have developed a double torsion setup which we use to study controlled slowly propagating cleavage cracks in single calcite crystals. The crystals are immersed in mixtures of water and ethylene glycol at varying concentrations. The crack is monitored both optically and through load measurements. We are able to follow crack propagation from almost 10-2 m/s to below 10-8 m/s in this setup (Figure A12). Our data show that the surface energy subcritical cracking behaviour of calcite is strongly influenced by water concentration. We use the lowest energy release rate at which we can detect crack propagation as an upper bound for the surface energy in a given environment. In going from 100% water to close to zero, the surface energy is almost doubled. Our values agree well with molecular simulations data from the literature, but are systematically lower.

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PGP Annual Report 2009

Figure A13. The minimum energy release rate for crack propagation G_0=2g, g is the interfacial energy of calcite at different water fractions in glycol. The data of Wan et al. are for mica at different water saturations in air and the data from deLeeuw et al. is for molecular dynamics simulations of a calcite surface at different water coverage of the surface in vacuum. Our data represents a upper bound for the surface energies to compare with simulation.

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A. Earth Materials

A.A. Earth Geodynamics Materials

4. Subcritical cracking and surface energy of calcite

Research at PGP frequently requires the development of new tools, which is an activity that often does not suite placement in one main PGP research directions but can be a very fruitful activity. Many of these tools are reused internally, but some also become available for a broader scientific community as new software / algorithm tools or new methods. An example of software that was developed at PGP is MILAMIN, our fast finite element solver, which has been released in 2008 and has hundreds of registered users. In order to increase its popularity we have now made it part of SourceForge.net, the world’s largest open source software directory (milamin.sourceforge. net). In this section two such tools are described that are PGP spin offs. The first one is concered with efficient computing on massively parallel supercomputers, the second one shows how methods developed at PGP can be used in different fields, here age dating based on lichen growth.

Efficient sparse matrix – vector product

Development

Our main massively parallel applications are 3D simulations of incompressible Stokes flow and thermal problems using unstructured tetrahedral meshes. For these problems the resulting system of linear equations is symmetric. Exploiting the symmetry of the matrix, i.e. storing only its upper triangular part, was believed to only bring storage savings, while the impact impact on the computational speed was insignificant. We have demonstrated that on today’s memory bandwidth bounded computers it is possible to achieve close to 100% speedup for symmetric matrices due to halved memory traffic (Figure A14). We have optimized the effective memory bandwidth of the algorithm and analyzed the impact on performance of a set of well-known optimizations: matrix reordering, software prefetching, and blocking. In addition, a modification to the CRS storage improving the performance on multi-core Opterons has been proposed. The performance of an entire SMP blade rather than the per-core performance was optimized. Even for the simplest 4 node mechanical element our code utilizes close to 100% of the per-blade available memory

bandwidth, see Figure A64. Thus, we have shown that reducing the storage requirements for symmetric matrices results in roughly two times speedup. Blocking brings further storage savings and a proportional performance increase. For symmetric matrices, our implementation is superior to available state-of-the-art implementations of SpMV, and to the dense BLAS2 performance. Parallel efficiency on 5400 Opteron cores of the Hexagon Cray XT4 cluster is around 80-90% for problems with approximately 25^3 mesh nodes per core (Figure A15). For a problem with 820 million degrees of freedom the code runs with a sustained performance of 5.2 TeraFLOPs, over 20% of the theoretical peak.

References

Krotkiewski, M., Dabrowski, M. 2010. Parallel symmetric sparse matrix-vector product on scalar multi-core CPUs, Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. In press.

Motivation

PGP researchers use more than one million CPU hours on the Norwegian supercomputing infrastructure. Access to these resources is granted through ‘NOTUR – The Norwegian metacenter for computational science’ and funded by the research council of Norway, which we hereby gratefully acknowledge. Access to this infrastructure is absolutely crucial for all our three dimensional numerical models. The cost, both in term of money and energy, involved in so many CPU hours requires responsible usage. One important aspect is therefore to develop codes that make as efficient use of the hardware as possible. Given that these are machines with thousands of processors, this is a complex task. At the innermost core of many numerical methods is the sparse matrix – vector product Thus, improving the performance of this this component has a significant effect on how much a numerical result costs in terms of money and energy consumed by the supercomputers. Note that this does not only apply to PGP researchers use of computational resources, but to all users of supercomputers worldwide. As part of the development described below we were able to demonstrate that our implementation is substantially faster than those available in other parallel numerical packages.

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�Figure A 64. Sequential (per-blade) performance of symmetric sparse matrix-vector product, 4 node tetrahedral elements. Effective memory bandwidth compared to the available memory bandwidth of the computer. For a range of problem sizes, the performance is above 90% of the optimal.

PGP Annual Report 2009

�Figure A15. Parallel efficiency (wrt. optimal sequential performance) of symmetric sparse matrix-vector product on up to 5400 CPU cores of the Hexagon Cray XT4 cluster, Bergen. Matrices resulting from different order elements are studied.

PGP Annual Report 2009

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A. Earth Materials

B Fluid Earth The Fluid Earth group at PGP augments the previous Fluid Processes group with a new effort in primary migration, covered in the first subsection. Subsequent subsections cover the ontinuing activities in venting, fluidisation and climate effects; sill emplacement; erosion and sedimentaiton by fluids; and violent processes. There are links and collaborations between p this group and other groups at PGP, and with scientists at other institutes, both in Norway and abroad. We are large users of the Norwegian computing infrastructure system through the NOTUR project, have published a score of scientific papers, and participated in a variety of international conferences.

1 Permanent CO2-sequestration by mineral-reactions in ultramafic rocks Lichen growth: Dynamic tessellation and natural selection Overview

Inverse dynamics

Dating with lichens

References

Lichen is an organism based on a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and algae. The algae are responsible for photosynthesis whereas the fungus form threads which keep the overall organism coherent and in many cases attached to a substrate. Map lichen is a subspecies of lichen which is often found in mountainous areas covering rock surfaces. In general the radial growth rate of this type of lichen is fairly small (typically less than 0.1 mm/yr) and steady. This makes it possible to use the spatial extent of lichens directly in dating time of exposure of rocks in e.g. glacial deposits, lake retreats or rock falls. Lichenometric dating is widely used in geosciences.

In general, the technique behind lichenometric dating has been limited to the study of single lichen individuals whose growth has been un-impeded by adjacent lichens. However, in many settings lichens meet and form networks of boundaries and it has thus been difficult to estimate accurately the exposure dates. Using Monte-Carlo simulations, we have provided precise estimates of the nucleation position, time and radial growth velocity of a colony of multiple lichens. Our method enables a careful lichenometric dating of systems that were hitherto inaccessible. In the Monte-Carlo simulation it is assumed that the patchwork field is a deterministic function of the nucleation points, nucleation times and growth rates of the individual lichens. Moreover equal species are assumed to have equal growth rates.

The inverse dynamics of the lichen formation has been studied and from a fully developed patchwork field, we have been able to provide estimates for both the nucleation and growth rates of individual lichens. In Figure A76 we show a model example of multiple lichens growing. While individual domains grow quadratically in time, we have demonstrated that the total coverage of rock surface grows exponentially as long as the contact between adjacent lichens is negligible. From the analysis of field samples, it is found that this is due to new lichen domains forming in the uncovered surface area at a rate proportional to the number of existing domains.

Central Scientific Problem

The increase of anthropogenic CO2 in atmosphere is claimed to drive climate change. Capturing and safe storage of CO2 is thus one of the central environmental problems of today. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) lists a series of solutions to this problem, among which reaction between olivine-rich rocks and CO2 to form carbonate is one. In nature, olivine is known to be reactive in contact with CO2, but ongoing experiments in laboratories around the world have proven it to be difficult to develop an industrial process. IPCC also suggests pumping CO2 into sedimentary strata. Such a solution, however, also requires that the CO2 can react with the material in the basin in order to obtain a safe storage.

Recent results

The rationale behind our investigation is to use nature as a laboratory in order to understand the mechanism behind the reactions between olivine and CO2 in the hope that we can develop a feasible industrial process and find a safe storage site for CO2. We have focused our investigation on two field areas where olivine–rich rocks are abundant: The Solund Basin where olivine rich rocks occur as clasts in Devonian conglomerate (Fig a); and the Oman ophiolite - the world’s largest olivine occurrence. Although the project in its start-up phase we have reached important results as outlined in Austrheim et al (submitted):

Jettestuen, E., Nermoen, A., Mathiesen, J. 2010. Lichen growth: Dynamic tessellation and natural selection. In prep.

Figure B1. (a, left) Altered and carbonatized ultramafic clast from the Solund basin showing a typical concentric build-up. (b, right) Back-Scattered Electron Image of extensively carbonatized peridotite from the Solund Basin. �Figure A 7. Numerical model of multiple lichen growth.

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2. Primary migration

1 The peridotite clasts in the Solund Basin are extensively reacted to form carbonates – dominantly calcite (Fig b). 2 Weathered olivine is both in Solund and Oman is far more reactive than non-weathered olivine and serpentine. Based on these observations we have conducted laboratory experiments with both weathered and fresh olivine. The results support the conclusions derived from observation on natural samples and show that the weathered olivine are replaced by carbonate (calcite) while the unaltered olivine remains virtually unreacted. PHREEQC modelling of the alteration sequence of the Solund clasts reproduces the observed spatial mineral distribution in the studied samples. The model shows that the clast alteration proceeded through initial serpentinization, followed by low temperature alteration under near surface conditions and subsequent carbonatization after burial in the basin. We have further undertaken a thorough Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) study of the clayphase after olivine. The TEM investigation shows that the clay phase is partly amorphous and very fine-grained and thus has a very large reactive surface area, which explains its reactivity.

References

Beinlich, A., Austrheim, H., Glodny, J. Erambert, M., Andersen, T.B. 2009. CO sequestration and extreme Mg2 leaching in serpentinized peridotite clasts of the Solund Devonian Basin, SW-Norway. GCA73, A105-A105. Beinlich, A., Hövelmann, J., Plümper, O., Austrheim, H. 2010. Mineral replacements during carbonation of peridotite: implications for CO sequestration in ultramafic 2 rocks. EGU Vienna, Abstract. Hövelmann, J., Austrheim, H. 2009. Guidelines for experiments on CO2 sequestration in peridotites based on a natural example. GCA 73, A539-A539.

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Sentral Scientific Problem

New research opportunities are opening because of the rapid growth in shale gas production in North America, and in estimates of the amount of natural gas that can be recovered from shales in North America and around the world. Because of its work on volcanic basins, venting, primary migration and computational geomechanics, PGP is well positioned to contribute. Carbon dioxide can be used to enhance the production of gas from shale and this process therefore also has a role in carbon dioxide sequestration. PGP has rapidly growing experience and capability in this area as well, giving good opportunities for further contributions. In 2010, PGP will assess the science and technology of shale gas production and carbon dioxide sequestration, and determine a course of action. As part of this activity we plan to organize a workshop on shale gas production and carbon sequestration.

Recent Results

The PETROMAKS project on primary migration started in 2009. Accomplishments so far include recruiting PhD students, acquiring organic-rich shale samples, performing preliminary high resolution synchrotron x-ray tomography and designing high pressure/high temperature experimental equipment. Three-dimensional high-resolution images of a variety of mature source rocks and organic rich shales were obtained at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France, and Swiss Light Synchrotron in Villigen, Switzerland at a resolution of 5 micrometers. With the same technique we recorded the growth of fractures and other changes that occurred as the temperature of a cylinder of Eocene Mahogany Formation Green River Shale (an organic rich, varved, lacustrine marl) was slowly increased. This experiment is illustrated in Figure B2. Correlation analysis was used to determine the strain field as the shale evolves. Future work will focus on correlating shale heterogeneity (organic content, mineralogical heterogeneity, and so on) with the evolution of the strain field and the growth of fractures. Future field work will focus on sites where volcanic intrusions have resulted in shales with a common origin and a wide range of reasonably well constrained temperature histories.

PGP Annual Report 2009

Figure B2. X-ray tomography images of Mahogany Formation Green River Shale at three stages during a heating experiment. Fractures began to appear at about 320 oC, and they can be clearly seen in the middle (348 oC) and right-hand-side (372 oC) images. The data were acquired on beamline ID19 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility.

The X-ray tomography work begun in 2009 is yielding key information that would be difficult or impossible to obtain in any other way. In 2010, we will use this approach to investigate the changes that occur when shale undergoes accelerated maturation under confinement. We will correlate deformation and fracturing with chemical and mineralogical heterogeneity using high-resolution chemical and mineralogical profiles and continuous gravimetric and chemical analyses of the fluids produced by thermal decomposition for the shales of interest.

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3. Venting, fluidised systems, and climate effects

Central Scientific Problem

The intrusion of hot magma into a sedimentary basin can lead to surface features including seeps, mud volcanos, and hydrothermal vent complexes. The heat introduced into the sediments by the intrusion catalyses reactions that result in the release of fluids and gases under pressure, which can eventually erupt at the surface. Faults or other fluid-focussing features control the surface manifestation of these phenomena, and activity along faults can contribute to the development of piercement structures through fluidisation. Large Igneous Provinces can produce volatiles in sufficient quantities to change Earth’s climate, as has happened a number of times in geologic time.

Recent Results

We have studied the reactions that occur around igneous intrusions in sedimentary basins in order to estimate how much gas can be emitted by Large Igneous Provinces (Figure B3). The aureoles surrounding sills are found to be strongly depleted in carbon, through the generation of methane and other hydrocarbons. Pressure builds up as these fluids accumulate within the aureole, depending on the reaction temperature and the permeability of the sediments. Under certain conditions the overpressure may lead to fracturing and breccia pipe formation. When multiple sills are present, volatile hydrocarbons are generated throughout the sedimentary section, depending on the spacing between the sills.

The temperature of seeps in the Salton Sea Geothermal System show surprisingly large variations on timescales ranging from minutes to days (Figure B4). The two main seepage structures in the Davis-Schrimpf seep field are gryphons and pools, representing common seep morphologies in many continental seep fields. The gryphons are hot and have temperature histories characterized by rapid changes and high amplitudes. The pools are cooler and have smoother temperature histories with lower amplitude variations. Diurnal temperature forcing is detected in the pools, but not in the gryphons. The fast and partly discontinuous variations in heat influx in the gryphons are controlled by bulk fluidization of hot mud from deep reservoirs. Gas released into the pools, on the other hand, is efficiently cooled in the shallow water. A conservative estimate from 86 measured vents shows that at least 2 000 kg of CO2 and 11 kg of CH4 are vented daily to the atmosphere from the system. Soil degassing in the area is even larger, and may be the dominant component of gas released from hydrothermal fields, even in systems with large and vigourous focussed vents. These results are important when calculating global budgets of CO2 emissions of hydrothermal fields. A parallel study analysed the thermal history of a hydrothermal vent complex in the Vøring basin offshore Norway, dating to the initial Eocene. This vent complex was known to have formed a long-lived migration pathway for hydrocarbons. Through analysis of samples taken from a borehole, and modelling of the reactions that seem to have occurred, we conclude that a rapid heat pulse through the vent conduit zone cooked the organic material to maturity, but this pulse was probably too brief to explain the lack of organicrich minerals in the rock. Figure B4. Seep morphology and temperature time series at the monitoring stations. A) West gryphon, persons for scale. The arrow shows the logging station. B) West pool, where the arrow shows the position of the thermometer (person for scale). The temperature traces (in degrees C) run in time from December 2006 to March 2007. Figure B3. Calculated methane potential in Gigatons as a function of the area covered by a cumulative intrusion corresponding to a continuous sill 200 m thick. Indicated are the generation potentials for the western Karoo basin, the Vøring and Møre Basins, and the total Karoo basin, for values of total organic content in the reacted shales varying from 1% to 6% by weight.

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We have continued to study strike-slip faulting as a trigger mechanism for the release of overpressure in mud volcanos, particularly in the case of the Lusi mud volcano in Indonesia. Four different approaches were combined: fieldwork, physical experiments, and mathematical modelling for brittle and ductile rheologies. Lusi became active the 29th of May 2006 on Java. Was Lusi triggered by the reactivation of a fault after a strong earthquake that occurred two days earlier? Or did a neighbouring exploration borehole induce a massive blowout? Field observations reveal that a fault crossing the Lusi mud volcano was reactivated after an earthquake on the 27th of May 2006. Ongoing monitoring shows that frequent seismic-

ity periodically reactivates this fault with synchronous peaks of flow rates from the crater. The experimental work (Figure B5) demonstrates that the critical fluid pressure required to induce sediment deformation and fluidisation is dramatically reduced when strike-slip faulting occurs. The proposed shearinduced fluidisation mechanism explains why piercement structures such as mud volcanoes are often located along fault zones. These results support a scenario where the strike-slip movement of the Watukosek fault triggered the Lusi eruption and synchronous seep activity witnessed at other mud volcanos along the same fault.

A multidisciplinary study of seep-related structures on Southern Vøring Plateau has been performed using high-resolution sidescan sonar and subbottom profiler data (Figure B6). Results show that most of the fluid discharge structures have a positive relief in their central part surrounded by a depression. The data also show that the present day fluid activity is concentrated on the tops of these ‘‘seep mounds’’. Although no obvious evidence of fluid seepage was observed during

the TV surveys, coring data revealed a broad distribution of living Pogonophora and bacterial colonies on sea bottom inside seep structures. These observations point to continuous seepage of methane through these structures. Combined geochemical and petrographic analyses suggest that seep activity on the Southern Vøring Plateau started with large input of deep thermogenic gas and was gradually replaced by biogenic constituents.

Figure B6. Fragment of high resolution 100 kHz sidescan sonar with subbottom 5 kHz profiler lines across seepage structures. Arrows show orientation of the liner depression, probably reflected of the polygonal faults. Dotted circles show acoustic shadows.

Figure B5. Analogue shearing experiments of overpressured granular media. (A1) Initial experiment setup using high cohesive China clay; (A2) beginning of shearing and occurrence of tensile cracks; seepage of air occurs along the tensile cracks (arrowed); (A3) shearing continues and a vigorous burst occurs along the sheared zone (arrowed). (B1) Initial experimental setup using cohesionless glass beads; (B2) beginning of shearing; (B3) sudden burst along the sheared zone (arrowed). (C1) Initial experimental setup using cohesionless silica spheres; (C2) beginning of shearing and the formation of tensile cracks propagating from the sheared zone; (C3) sudden burst along the sheared zone (arrowed).

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New data from a Lower Jurassic shale section in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina constrain the triggering mechanism for the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (TOAE) and the associated negative carbon isotope excursion. Chemostratigraphy from a 65 m thick shale-dominated marine section of Late Pliensbachian to Early Toarcian age, shows the presence of a 19.5 m thick interval of organic-rich black shale. A negative carbon isotope excursion is recorded over five stratigraphic meters. Twelve interbedded tuff layers, representing fallout from paleo-Andean arc magmatism, were discovered in the section. Dating by ID-TIMS of zircons from two tuff beds located within the carbon isotope excursion interval show that

the initiation of the anoxic event occurred at 182.16 ± 0.6 Ma, lasting until 180.16 ± 0.66 Ma. The U/Pb age of the initiation of the observed carbon isotope excursion overlaps the U/Pb emplacement ages of mafic sill intrusions in the Karoo Basin in South Africa, and support the hypothesis that thermogenic methane released during contact metamorphism within the Karoo Basin was the main trigger of the anoxic event. Our findings show that the Toarcian carbon isotope excursion is present also in the southern hemisphere and that the TOAE was a global phenomenon likely triggered by a massive greenhouse gas release.

Experiments in a Hele-Shaw cell filled with a bimodal distribution of large and small grains allow us to study segregation patterns in partially fluidised mixtures. Depending on the relative concentration of large and small grains, and the velocity at which air is injected at the bottom of the cell conditions, a variety of patterns can develop (Figure B7). The local permeability is greater in regions where large grains are more common, so air flow tends to localise in these regions, causing more fluidisation and removal of the small grains, further increasing the concentration of the large grains to these regions. Hence pipe structures develop, growing toward the surface. These dynamics could explain observations of pipes within pipes in hydrothermal vent complexes such as the Karoo Basin. Similar processes occur on Mars as well. The geology of Mars and the stratigraphic characteristics of its uppermost crust suggest that some of the pervasively-occurring pitted cones, mounds, and flows may have formed through mud volcanism. A comparison with terrestrial mud volcanism suggests that equivalent Martian processes likely required discrete sedimentary depocenters, volatile-enriched strata, buried rheological instabilities, and a mechanism of destabilisation to initiate subsurface flow. Scenarios by which Martian mud volcanism might have occurred, include rapid deposition of sediments volcano-induced destabilisation. Comparisons with similar Earth structures helps evaluate he role of water as a functional component of geological processes on Mars and could lead the way to samples that could contain astrobiological evidence.

References

Figure B7. Patterns seen in a Hele-Shaw cell filled with grains of two different sizes as air is injected in uniformly across the bottom. As the air velocity increases the flow pattern changes from Darcy percolation (DA) to pipe nucleation (NP) to deeply rooted pipes (DRP) and finally to full segregation (FS).

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Ivanov, M., Mazzini, A., Blinova, V., Kozlova, E., Laberg, J.-S., Matveeva, T., Taviani, M., Kaskov, N. 2010. Seep mounds on the Southern Vøring Plateau (offshore Norway). Marine and Petroleum Geology, doi:10.1016/j. marpetgeo.2009.11.009.Gisler, G (2009). Simulations of the explosive eruption of superheated fluids through deformable media. Marine and Petroleum Geology Journal Special Issue, 26, 1888-1895. Mazzini, A. 2009. Mud volcanism: Processes and implications. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1677-1680. Mazzini, A., Nermoen, A., Krotkiewski, M., Podladchikov, Y., Planke, S., Svensen, H. 2009a. Strike-slip faulting as a trigger mechanism for overpressure release through piercement structures. Implications for the Lusi mud volcano, Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1751-1765.

Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Planke, S., Guliyev, I., Akhmanov, G.G., Fallik, T., Banks, D., 2009b. When mud volcanoes sleep: Insight from seep geochemistry at the Dashgil mud volcano, Azerbaijan. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1704-1715. Skinner Jr, J.A., Mazzini, A. 2009. Martian mud volcanism: Terrestrial analogs and implications for formational scenarios. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1866-1878. Svensen, H., Hammer, Ø., Mazzini, A., Onderdonk, N., Polteau, S., Planke, S. 2009a. Dynamics of hydrothermal seeps from the Salton Sea Geothermal System (California, USA) constrained by temperature monitoring and time series analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research (Solid Earth), 114, B09201, doi:10.1029/2008JB006247. Svensen, H., Hammer, Ø., Mazzini, A., Onderdonk, N., Polteau, S., Planke, S. Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2009b. Dynamics of hydrothermal seeps from the Salton Sea geothermal system (California, USA) constrained by temperature monitoring and time series analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research (Solid Earth), 114, B09201, doi:10.1029/2008JB006247. Svensen, H., Planke, S., Polozov, A., Schmidbauer, N., Corfu, F., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Jamtveit, B. 2009c. Siberian gas venting and the end-Permian environmental crisis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 277, 490500. Svensen, H., Schmidbauer, N., Roscher, M., Stordal, F., Planke, S. 2009d. Contact metamorphism, halocarbons, and environmental crises of the past. Environmental Chemistry, 6, 466-471. Svensen, H., Aarnes, I., Podladchikov, Y., Jettestuen, E., Harstad, C.H., Planke, S. 2010a. Sandstone dikes in dolerite sills: Evidence for high pressure gradients and sediment mobilization during solidification of magmatic sheet intrusions. Geosphere, In press. Svensen, H., Planke, S., Corfu, F. 2010b. Zircon dating ties North Atlantic gas eruptions to Eocene warming. Journal of the Geological Society, In Press.

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5. Fluids and sediments

4. Sill emplacement

Central Scientific Problem

The mechanical coupling between magma intrusions and the surrounding rocks plays a major role in the emplacement of volcanic plumbing systems. Deformations associated with magma emplacement include caldera inflation/deflation, volcano deformation during dike intrusion, and doming above laccoliths. The feedback processes, including the effect of deformation resulting from intruding magma on the propagation of the intrusion itself, have rarely been studied. Observations show that saucer-shaped sills are often associated with dome-like structures in the overlying sediments, with dome diameters almost identical with the saucers, and the tips of the inclined sheets of saucers superimposed on the edges of the domes.

Recent Results

In order to address the processes of saucer-shaped sill emplacement, we have developed physical models using cohesive fine-grained silica flour, representing brittle crust, and molten low-viscosity oil, representing magma. The surface of the model is digitised through an optical technique based on moiré projection. This provides topographic maps of the surface of the model and allows frequent monitoring of the model topography. When the model magma starts intruding, a symmetrical dome rises above the inlet. Subsequently, the dome inflates, widens, and evolves to a plateau-like feature, with nearly flat upper surface and steep sides. At the end of the experiments, the intruding liquid erupts at the edge of the plateau. The intrusions formed in the experiments are saucer-shaped sills, with flat inner sills, steep inclined sheets and flatter outer sills. As in nature, there is detailed geometrical correspondence between intrusion and dome. The diameter of sills and domes increases with increasing injection depth.

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The evolution of the deforming surface reflects the evolution of the intrusion. The first doming phase corresponds to the emplacement of a horizontal basal sill, and the dome-to-plateau transition corresponds to the transition from a basal sill to an inclined sheet. The correlation between the dome and intrusion suggests that the development of the doming exerts feeds back on the sill propagation and controls the formation of the inclined sheets. Thus, our study shows that the coupling between magma emplacement and the associated deformation has major implications for magma transport in volcanic systems.

References

Galland, O., Planke, S. Neumann, E.-R. 2009. Experimental modelling of shallow magma emplacement: Applications to saucer-shaped intrusions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 277, 373-383.

PGP Annual Report 2009

Central Scientific Problem

The precipitation of suspended sediment from fluids in motion, and the ablation and suspension of sediments removed from topographic irregularities, shape patterns that occur worldwide in earth’s crust, including travertine terraces surrounding mineral-bearing springs and pockmarks on the seafloor. These features often provide unique biological habitats. The physics of fluids, reactive chemistry, biology and interaction with granular material are used to understand these processes.

Recent Results

The NFR-funded project on pockmarks ended in 2009. This work was part of the PGP activities on fluid expulsion and venting, and provided the first scientific descriptions of pockmarks in the Oslofjord and the first quantitative studies of macrofauna in pockmarks, demonstrating extremely high biodiversity in North Sea pockmarks. Modelling and field work demonstrated that pockmarks may stay open long after fluid expulsion has ceased, through persistent patterns of deflection of oceanic currents near the seafloor (Figure B8). A PhD project on the sedimentology of pockmarks was begun im 2009, including numerical simulation, wave-tank experiments, and observational field data. Field work included deployment of seafloor current sensors and sediment traps in Oslofjord pockmarks (Figure B9). Additional field work planned for 2010 includes large-scale studies on the Norwegian continental shelf together with industrial partners. Work on carbonate precipitation and dissolution processes has continued in 2009, with a focus on spectacular travellingwave (“soliton”) dissolution flutes in limestone, gypsum and ice. A numerical model coupling turbulent flow with water chemistry and dissolution kinetics has been developed, and is giving new insights.

Figure B8. Velocities of bottom currents around a pockmark. These data are a horizontal slice extracted from a threee-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation.

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6. Violent processes

References

Hammer, Ø. 2009. New methods for the statistical detection of point alignments. Computers & Geosciences, 35, 659-666. Hammer, Ø. 2010a. Pattern formation by local amplification and lateral inhibition: examples from biology and geology. In Skjeltorp, A.T. & Helgesen, G. (eds.), Order, Robustness and Instabilities in Complex Systems. European Physical Journal Special Topics, In press. Hammer, Ø. 2010b. Travertine terracing: patterns and mechanisms. In: Tufas and Speleothems: Unravelling the Microbial and Physical Controls. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 336, In press.

Hammer, Ø., Webb, K.E., Depreiter, D. 2009. Numerical simulation of upwelling currents in pockmarks, and data from the Inner Oslofjord, Norway. Geo-Marine Letters, 29, 269-275. Hammer, Ø., Webb, K.E. 2010. Piston coring of Inner Oslofjord pockmarks: constraints on age and mechanism. Norwegian Journal of Geology, In press. Meakin, P., Jamtveit, B.  2010. Geological pattern formation by growth and dissolution in aqueous systems II: Applications. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 466, 659-694. Webb, K.E. 2009. Ecology and geology of pockmarks. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo. ISSN 1501-7710 No. 867.

Central Scientific Problem

While most of Earth’s crust is shaped by processes that take millions of years to unfold, Nature sometimes reveals herself in events of enormous violence. Explosive volcanism, meteor impacts, tsunamis, and earthquakes are among the violent processes that influence life on Earth. Some of these, indeed, are associated with the mass extinction events that have changed the course of biological evolution several times in Earth’s history. We have a compelling moral interest in understanding violent processes that can lead to loss of life and property.

Recent Results

The multi-material adaptive-mesh hydrocode Sage (from Los Alamos and Science Applications International) has been applied to an increasing variety of violent processes in geophysics during 2009, including asteroid impacts, mud volcanism, pipe formation, and landslide-driven tsunamis. Our work on asteroid impacts into the ocean demonstrates that the near-field effects from impacts in the ocean are more dangerous than the waves generated for asteroids smaller than about 500 m in diameter. This is in contrast to previous work that regarded tsunamis as the greatest concern from small impacts. Small asteroids are far more common than large ones and impact the Earth more frequently. The international planetary defence community is concerned with taking measures to mitigate or prevent a damaging asteroid impact, should one be predicted. Since the impact of an asteroid less than 500 m in diameter may not be damaging if it lands in the ocean far from a populated shoreline, it may be better to let it fall than to undertake a hazardous and expensive deflection mission. This recommendation was made to the planetary defence community at its conference in Granada in March 2009. Impacts in the range 100 m to 500 m could occur with a frequency of once per 10 000 years; asteroids smaller than 100 m in size impact Earth’s atmosphere more frequently, but do not survive the passage through the atmosphere.

Landslides in the ocean leave remnants on the seafloor that can be diagnostic of the rheology of the slide material. That rheology, and the mixing that occurs as the slide moves through water, affect in turn the tsunami that results from the slide. Stiff slides make smooth remnants and low-amplitude tsunamis; runny slides leave bumpy remnants with turbidite deposits and produce higher amplitude tsunamis. Runny slides also have longer runouts, in general. Unfortunately, the calculation of slides to match the long runouts that are often observed requires at the same time very high resolution and very large computing volumes. The adaptive mesh features of Sage help with this, of course, but the calculation times are still very long.

References

Gisler, G. 2009a. Calculations of tsunamis from submarine landslides. In Submarine Mass Movements and their Consequences, Springer, pp 695-704. Gisler, G. 2009b. Simulations of the explosive eruption of superheated fluids through deformable media. Marine and Petroleum Geology Journal, Special Issue Volume 26, pp 1888-1895. Gisler, G. 2009c. Tsunami generation - other sources, chapter 6 in The Sea: Volume 15, Tsunamis, edited by Alan Robinson and Eddie Bernard, Harvard University Press, pp 179-200.

Figure B9. Deployment of acoustic Doppler current velocity profiler in an Oslofjord pockmark.

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C. Solid Earth

C. Solid Earth

As a consequence of the recent reorganization and the inclusion of the geodynamics group that was previously largely located at the Norwegian Geological Survey, the Solid-Earth research at PGP now covers small-, regional- to global-scale as well as planetary dynamic processes. The geodynamic efforts are concentrated on plate-tectonic reconstructions, lithosphere dynamics, subduction and links between surface processes and mantle heterogeneities.

1. Geodynamics: Earth and Planets Plate Tectonics and Net Lithosphere Rotation

During the 20th century our description of the movement and deformation of the Earth’s outer rigid layer evolved from the hypothesis of Continental Drift into Sea-Floor Spreading and to the theory of Plate Tectonics. Now a fourth shift is underway in which Plate Tectonics is being subsumed into a new Mantle Dynamics framework that requires plate motion reconstructions through time to include not only improved relative plate motions but also refined plate motions with respect to the mantle.

NR fluctuates and gradually increases back in time, and by removing a linear time-trend in the data (Figure C1c), avero ages to ~0.12 /Myr for the past 150 Myr. However, the oceanic area reconstructions rely on few constraints and many assumptions for older time intervals; about 60% of the lithosphere has been subducted since 150 Ma and plate motions are uncertain for this fraction. To realistically reconstruct the proto-Pacific through time, information about the oceanic crust consumed by subduction is needed.

By combining relative and absolute plate motion frames from the Indo-Atlantic (Torsvik et al. 2008; Steinberger & Torsvik 2008) and the Pacific (Steinberger & Gaina 2008) we have reconstructed first order palaeo-plate boundaries for the last 150 Ma (Torsvik et al. 2010). The plate polygons (C-1) are closed polygons that outline a rigid block (tectonic plate) that has moved relative to neighbouring rigid blocks for a finite amount of time as indicated by the type of the plate boundary between them. This global model can be used for many purposes in geodynamic modeling. Here we describe a single important example, namely the calculation of net lithosphere rotation (NR). If mantle convection is the principal driving mechanism for plate motions, NR should be zero unless individual lithospheric plates have different couplings to the underlying mantle flow. Figure C1 summarizes NR calculations through geological time and we draw the following conclusions:

Subducted slabs imaged by tomographic models (e.g. van der Meer et al. 2010) and the next generation of global plate reconstructions and plate boundaries developed at PGP in cooperation with NGU will incorporate at least the first order estimate of the amount of subducted material based on tomography and iterative plate reconstructions. Absolute plate models and digital plate boundaries are currently being devised back to the formation of the Pangaea supercontinent (ca. 320 Ma), and the ultimate challenge is to develop such models back to the dawn of the Palaeozoic (ca 545 Ma).

o 1 NR with respect to the mantle has been ~0.13 /My for the past 5 My. 2 NR is approximately westward (~1.5 cm/yr; Figure C1b), but only for the past 30 My. It is currently dominated by Pacific plate motion. o 3 NR has increased from ~0.08 /My during the past 50 My (Figure C1c), which we attribute to a steadily growing/accelerating Pacific plate. o 4 NR show a pronounced peak (0.33 /My) between 60 and 50 Ma. We consider that this peak in NR was caused by the Indian plate accelerating to speeds of more than 15 cm/year followed by a rapid deceleration after India collided with Eurasia (5 cm/yr).

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Absolute plate motions constrained by lowermantle slab remnants

Since the first reconstruction of the supercontinent Pangaea, key advances in plate tectonic reconstructions have been made (e.g. Müller et al., 1999; Stampfli & Borel, 2004; Steinberger & Torsvik, 2008; Torsvik et al., 2008). Although the movement of the plates since the start of the mid-Cretaceous period (~100 Myr ago) is relatively well understood, the longitudinal position of plates before this period is not well constrained. We have used a global mantle tomography model to estimate the longitude of past oceanic subduction zones (van der Meer et al. 2010). We identified 28 remnants of oceanic plates that were subducted into the lower mantle and link these to the mountain building zones from which they are likely to have originated. Assuming that these remnants sank vertically through the mantle, we reconstruct the longitude at which they were subducted. Our estimates for the location of the subduction zones are offset by up to 18° (Figs. C-2, C-3) compared with plate tectonic reconstructions for the corresponding period. We did not detect oceanic plate remnants from the Carboniferous period (~300–360 Myr ago) or before, suggesting that the tomographic visibility of subduction is limited to the past 300 Myr.

PGP Annual Report 2009

Figure C1. (a) Global plate reconstructions and plate polygons (red lines) at 10Ma. Dominantly oceanic plates are shaded blue. Absolute velocity fields are projected 5 My forward from the reconstructed age. (b) Net rotation velocity field (10 x 10o grid) from 10 Ma to present. Because the counter-clockwise net rotation pole is at high southerly latitudes (69.3oS, 122.5oE) this results in westward drift. We calculate the total vector velocity at three equatorial locations (1.48-1.56 cm/year; vectors with black circles). The NR velocity field is draped on a simplified present day plate polygon model. Mollweide projection. (c) NR, calculated from our plate polygons and reference frames, shows fluctuations and a gradual increase with time (fitted linear trend in stippled blue). The latter we relate to increasing ‘world uncertainty’ (‘making up more and more’ of oceanic plates). NR for the past 150 Ma probably averages to 0.12o/Ma (Torsvik et al., 2010).

Figure C2. Spatial longitude correction. North Pole orthographic projections. a) Tomographic depth slice at 1,900 km, colour scale red (-0.4%) to blue (+0.4%) with present-day continents. Interpreted slabs are outlined in purple: Far, Farallon; Aeg, Aegean Tethys; MO, Mongol-Okhotsk. b) Unmodified reconstruction at 160 Myr. Offsets exist between the three slabs (purple) and their corresponding subduction complexes/sutures (red outlines). c) To obtain an improved fit between subduction complexes/sutures (green) and slab locations (purple), the plate tectonic reconstruction was shifted westward (van der Meer et al., 2010).

PGP Annual Report 2009

35

C. Solid Earth

C. Solid Earth

Figure C4. Isostatic response due to ice-cap unloading. The amplitude of the peripheral bulging (negative values) is only 2% of the total isostatic motion.

Figure C3. Longitude-corrected plate tectonic reconstructions. The colour scale is given in Figure C2 and slab name abbreviations are given in Table 1. a–d, A good fit is obtained between the tomographic depth slices at 1,325 km (a) and 2,650 km (b) depth and the modified plate tectonic reconstructions3,4 at 120 Myr (17° corrected) (c) and 240 Myr (10° corrected) (d). Tectonic interpretation: lines with triangles, subduction zone of the slab data set (red) and other slabs with only a qualitative interpretation (orange); green line, transform zone; yellow double line, spreading ridge.

Vertical motions of the passive margins of Greenland: influence of ice sheet, glacial erosion, and sediment transport

The sub-ice topography of Greenland reveals a scoop-shaped landform characterized by elevated margins and by a central depression below sea level. Whereas the central depression can be explained by significant load of the Greenland ice sheet, the origin of the peripheral relief remains unclear. Evidence for uplifted margins is shown by the presence of Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine sediments at an altitude of 1.2 km in both central East and West Greenland. We have analyzed the isostatic response of ice loading by removing the entire ice cap of Greenland and calculating the corresponding elastic flexure of the lithosphere. Whereas the central part of Greenland responses significantly (~850 m), the associated peripheral bulging is only a few meters (Figure C4). We argue that elastic bulging of the lithosphere due to the ice loading is not an effective mechanism in generating topography around Greenland.

36

The carving of rocks by glacial erosion from Greenland toward the continental and oceanic shelves is responsible for the formation of the long and deeply incised fjords. An uplift of 1.2km or more may affect some areas due to erosion process and isostatic readjustment (Medvedev et al., 2008). Here we reassess the mass redistribution during erosion-sedimentation process focusing on the source and sink pairs (Figure C5). Combining this analysis with the data on age of offshore sediments allows us to estimate the timing of erosion along the margins of Greenland. The Cenozoic offshore sediments appear to be largely insufficient to fill the eroded topography to infer the paleosurfaces, thereby suggesting significant erosion of the Greenland landscape and shaping of the fjord systems before the Miocene, perhaps linked directly to Mesozoic basins on the continental margins.

PGP Annual Report 2009

Figure C5. (a) Sub-ice topography of Greenland. We have divided the margins of Greenland into several windows combining inland sources and offshore sinks. Mass balance is performed within each of those windows separately. (b) Isostatic response due to mass redistribution during erosion-sedimentation process considering source and sink pairs.

PGP Annual Report 2009

37

C. Solid Earth

C. Solid Earth

The African Plate (TAP) project: Evaluation of stresses within the plate

TAP is a multidisciplinary project, run in collaboration between NGU, PGP and Statoil with close cooperation with leading universities worldwide. One of the main goals of TAP, and the main PGP activity, is to estimate (palaeo-) stresses within the plate. This study considers different models for density structure of the lithosphere of the African Plate and contribution of the lateral variations of the lithospheric structure, topography, density and rheology to the stresses within the plate (Figure C6). We also consider contribution from the drag inferred from mantle convection models. A completed set of reliable and yet simple models based on the available data on the present day structure and compare model stresses with stress measurements is presented (Figure C7). Even simplified models, however, rely on large number of parameters that cannot be directly measured. The systematic variations of such a parameters and comparison of our model results with observed stress orientation allowed us to chose the best values for such parameters. The calculations were performed using the Matlab based software suite ProShell developed at PGP.

Gravity anomalies, topography and the spatial distribution of volcanism on Earth, Mars and Venus as well as on the Earth’s Moon

The relation between gravity anomalies, topography and volcanism yield important insights about the internal dynamics of planets. We understand from studying the Earth that density anomalies inferred from tomography models drive flows, which can be computed with spectral methods. On other planetary bodies this information can be used to derive density anomalies from the observed geoid pattern. From the power spectra of gravity and topography on the Earth, Venus, Mars and the Moon we infer that gravity anomalies have likely predominantly sources below the lithosphere up to about spherical harmonic degree (l) = 30 for the Earth, 40 for Venus and 5 for Mars and the Moon. We combine an empirical power spectrum of density anomalies inferred from seismic tomography in the Earth’s mantle with gravity kernels to model the gravity power spectrum. A good match between modeled and observed gravity power spectrum is observed for all three planets, except for the lowest degrees on Venus. Density anomalies in the Venusian mantle for these low degrees thus appear

to be very small. We combine gravity kernels and the gravity field to derive radially averaged density anomaly models for the Martian, Lunar and Venusian mantles. Gravity kernels for l ≥5 are very small on Venus below about 800 km depth. Thus our inferences on Venusian mantle density are basically restricted to the upper 800 km. On Mars, gravity anomalies for 2≤l≤5 may originate from density anomalies anywhere within its mantle. On the Moon, large-scale impact basins cause a pronounced near-side far-side distinction, however, for degrees 2≤l≤5 could again gravity sources in the mantle become dominant. For Mars and Moon as for Earth, inferred density

anomalies are dominated by strong degree-2 structure, but we cannot infer whether there are features in the lowermost mantle of Mars or the Moon that correspond to Earth’s Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs). We find that volcanism on Mars tends to occur primarily in regions above inferred low mantle density, but our model cannot distinguish whether or not there is a Martian analogue for the finding that Earth’s Large Igneous Provinces mainly originate above the margins of LLSVPs. For the Moon the volcanism is correlated to largescale impact basins.

Figure C7. Comparison of the modeled stress orientation (red segments) with observed stress orientation (stress data compilation, including the World Stress Map, 2008 release). The results matching measured observations are replaced by green circles.

Figure C6. General view on the African plate and examples of data used to constrain the models: (a) Topography with plate boundaries marked by cyan line and coloured ribbons corresponding to the age of the oceanic floor (red stands for age 100 Ma). All compositions produce subsidence due to loading, but dry rocks expand and uplift upon heating. Dry MORB expands 7 times more than predicted by the commonly used thermal expansion coefficient. Hydrated compositions contract or expand depending on P-T conditions. Fe-Mg pelite compositions cause strong subsidence after a period of near constant density at ∆T >150 ºC. b) Initially 140 km thick lithosphere and large pressure increase (0.7 GPa), which may be expected for large burial (orogeny, subduction) or strong compression (over-pressure). Dry rocks contract more during pressurization, but wet compositions show protracted densification during heating, in particular the Fe-Mg-rich pelite. Near-linear scaling of subsidence with ∆ρ breaks down for large ∆ρ .

Reference Semprich, J., Simon, N.S.C., Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2010. Density variations in the thickened crust as a function of pressure, temperature and composition. International Journal of Earth Sciences, In press. Figure C14. Density as a function of pressure and temperature for a) a water saturated Fe-Mg-rich meta-pelite and b) average mafic lower crust with initially 4 wt% H2O (compositions in Semprich et al., 2010). White contours in a) show wt% H2O. Dehydration is associated with a strong increase in density and is complete at 600-1000 ºC, depending on pressure. Also shown in b) is a simplified geotherm and a schematic illustration of a burial path (pressurization of a point in the crust followed by heating) as modelled here.

46

PGP Annual Report 2009

PGP Annual Report 2009

47

Education

The educational activities at PGP include teaching, supervising and administrating a master programme, running a graduate school for PhD students, and contributing to the teaching activities at the Departments of Physics and Geosciences.

PGP master program

The centre hosts a two-year master programme. The programme is based on the principle that the most effective crossdisciplinary collaborations are rooted in the excellence of the collaborators in the respective fields. In order to ensure a sufficient level of specialization, and at the same time build an interdisciplinary activity, students with Bachelor degrees in Physics, Geosciences, Applied mathematics or Computer modelling are offered a common programme with specializations within their respective fields.

Bachelor

Master

Physics

Distribution of marks for PGP master 04 - 09

PGP-physics

Material science Geology

PGP-geology

Geophysics Mathematics

PGP-simulation

Computer science

4 semester

Specialization courses

Master thesis

Master thesis

3 semester

Specialization courses

Master thesis

Master thesis

2 semester

Specialization courses

Master thesis

Master thesis

1 semester

FYS-GEO4200 - Case study in Physics of Geological Processes

FYS-GEO 4300 - Methods in Physics of Geological Processes

Specialization course

 

10 ECTS credits

10 ECTS credits

10 ECTS credits

Physics: FYS3410 - Condensed matter physics, FYS4150 Computational Physics, FYS4410 - Computational physics II, FYS4430 - Condensed matter physics II, FYS4460 - Disordered systems and percolation Geology: GEO4230 - Basin formation and sequence stratigraphy, GEO4250 - Reservoir geology, GEO4260 - Reservoir geophysics, GEO4620 - Seismic waves and seismology, GEO4630 - Geodynamics, Analytical methods in geochemistry, GEO4840 - Tectonics, GEO4850 - Advanced structural geology Applied mathematics: MEK4550 - The finite element method in solid mechanics I, INF-MAT5370 - Trianguleringer og anvendelser, INF5600 - Iterative methods and multigrid, INF5620 - Numerical methods for partial differential equations

48

FYS-GEO4510 was evaluated by 8 participants in the spring semester. The Physics Student`s Union (Fysisk fagutvalg) was responsible for the evaluation and concludes that the students overall impression of the course is satisfactory. However, students request information about the content before a lecture, they report that information is lacking on the course website and that the course goes on for too long without a break. The PGP Master Board (Master-programrådet) will see to improved course information, but since the course will have a new lecturer next year, no additional action is needed. FYS-GEO4500 was evaluated by 7 participants in the autumn semester. The conclusion was that there are impressive few problems with the course, being a new course. With some minor adjustments, this can move towards a “perfect course”, according to The Physics Student`s Union.

For 2009, the Master programme has the following construction:

The master project provides a practical introduction to scientific work and to the issues relevant to the research activities within PGP. FYS-GEO4500 - Finite Volume Methods for Geophysical Fluid is now recommended to our Master students in their first semester. Other specialized courses are:

Teaching evaluation and statistics

Master and PhD student data

The master programme received 5 new students in 2009, 4 with a background from Physics and 1 from Applied mathematics. One of these was an external applicant from the University of Bergen, the others came fro University of Oslo. By December 2009, PGP has 3 female and 3 male Master students, and the challenge for 2010 is to recruit students with a background in Geology. Two Masters graduated in 2009, and altogether 20 Master students have now graduated from PGP, 16 of these have obtained the grade A or B, as shown in the figure below. 18 PhD students were registered at PGP at the end of 2009 and 17 were fully financed by a research project. 5 students defended their doctorates in 2009, and 11 PhD students have now defended their PhD at PGP since its start. Our candidates have continued to be attractive employees in industry or for academic research fellowships. (For details, see appendix).

PGP Annual Report 2009

PGP staff members teach at 3 departments, as well as the FYS-GEO courses. The table shows the teaching statistics. (Source: The official UiO teaching database FS, 19 January 2010). FYS-GEO courses Course title

Responsible

Given

# students pass/fail

Average grade

FYS-GEO4010+4030 FYS-GEO4200+9200 Case study FYS-GEO4300+9300 Methods FYS-GEO4500+9500 Finite Volume FYS-GEO4510+9510 Mechan.Geomod FYS-GEO4520+9520Thermod.Geomod

Malthe-S. Austrheim* Dysthe Gisler Podladchikov Yarushina

Aut. & Spring Autumn 09 Autumn 09 Autumn 09 Spring 09 Autumn 09

1+1/0+0 5+2/0+0 5+2/0+1 4+1/2+1** 2+3/0+0 1+1/0+0

Passed B B B Passed Passed

Other courses Course title

Responsible / involved

Comment

GEO4810 GEO4830 GEO4840 GEO4850 GEO4860 GEL2130 FYS-MEK1110 FYS2150 FYS4190 FYS4460 BIO4210

A.Beinlich H. Austrheim T.B.Andersen / D. Schmid, 2 hours E.R. Neumann / H. Austrheim D.W.Schmid & T.B. Andersen A. Malthe-Sørensen D.K. Dysthe / A. Røyne J. Mathiesen A. Malthe-Sørensen / Ø. Hammer, 7 hours

Autumn Autumn Spring Spring Spring Autumn Spring Spring Spring Spring Autumn

PGP Annual Report 2009

49

Petromax & industry funded projects

PGP had a close relationship with the industry in 2009, and several new industry-related projects have been funded (Table 1). PGP has arranged two seminars with particular relevance for the petroleum industry, the 22nd Kongsberg Seminar and the VISTA day. A pre-proposal for a center of innovation (SFI) on production and storage of gas in tight rocks was submitted to NFR in December. The center will build on core activities in PGP with large innovation potential for the petroleum industry. The topic of the 22nd Kongsberg Seminar 6-8 May was “Physics of hydrocarbon-bearing systems”. The seminar was very successful, and a wide range of new scientific results on formation and transport of hydrocarbon-bearing fluids where presented to participants from the academia and from the industry.

The VISTA day 23 November was dedicated to a presentation of PGP as a cross-disciplinary center of excellence at the University of Oslo. The full-day seminar was well attended by administrators and scientists from Norwegian universities, politics and the industry. The VISTA programme is a joint cooperation between the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and Statoil, and Prof. Bjørn Jamtveit has served as a board member on the programme since 2008. A significant PGP activity is related to understanding the formation, migration and climatic impact of hydrocarbon fluids and gases. A four-year project on the mechanisms of primary migration was started in 2009. This project will study how hydrocarbons are formed and migrate out of source rocks. Experimental modeling, high-resolution 3D imaging and field work campaigns were conducted last year. A complimentary project on permanent CO2 sequestration in igneous rocks will commence in 2010.

Table 1. Industry-related externally funded projects in 2009 Project title

Funding

PI at PGP

Resources

Duration

PetroBar project: Petroleum-related regional studies of the

PETROMAKS

Y. Podladchikov

1 Post.Doc.

2006-2009

Barents Sea region

Statoil

Aureole project: Hydrocarbon maturation in aureoles around

PETROMAKS

The consequences of intrusive magmatism on hydrocarbon generation and paleoclimate have been the focus of several publications in 2009. This work is particularly useful for understanding the petroleum prospectivity in the Vøring and Møre basins which were subject to a major intrusive event about 55 million years ago. However, the results are just as applicable for exploration worldwide, e.g., offshore Greenland, in the eastern Barents Sea, in Siberia, and in the Amazon Basin.

kongsberg

2009

the 22nd kongsberg seminar 6- 8 may 2009

1 Ph.D. H. Svensen

sill intrusions in organic-rich sedimentary basins

1 Post.Doc.

2005-2009

1 Ph.D.

Paleoclimate project: Processes in volcanic basins and the implications for global warming and mass extinctions

YFF

Shear heating project: The thermal evolution in sedimentary

VISTA

T. B. Andersen

1 Ph.D.

2009-2011

H. Svensen

2 Post.Doc.

2007-2011

Primary migration project: Mechanisms of primary migration

PETROMAKS

P. Meakin

1 Post.Doc.

2009-2012

The African plate

Statoil

T. Torsvik

1 Researcher

2008-2010

Improved plate models for Splates/4DLRM

Statoil

T. Torsvik

1 Researcher

2008-2010

CO2 storage: Permanent CO2 storage by injection into in-situ mafic and ultramafic rocks

CLIMIT

A. MaltheSørsenen

2 Ph.D.

2010-2013

2 Ph.D.

basins above large shear zones and detachments

50

A special issue on “Mud volcanism: Processes and implications” was published in Marine and Petroleum Geology with PGP scientist Adriano Mazzini as editor. PGP contributed with research on the catastrophic LUSI eruption in Indonesia, mud volcanism in the petroleum provinces of Azerbaijan, and Martian mud volcanism. Additional work on hydrocarbon seepage in the Salton Sea area in California was also published in 2009.

2 Ph.D.

PGP Annual Report 2009

of PhPhysics y s i c s of hydrocarbon-bearing hydrocarbon-bea ring systems systems

PGP Annual Report 2009

51

PGP Outreach highlights

Organization

PGP would like to highlight some of the >70 paper that we published in international journals in 2009. All together, the papers produced at PGP span a remarkable range of scientific problems, as exemplified here: • • • • • • • • •

Magma emplacement modelling Simulations of explosive gas eruptions The behaviour of crystals under stress Biology and simulations of the Oslofjord pockmarks Scaling properties of European research units. A new explanation for intermediate-depth earthquakes Plate tectonics the last 150 million years The thermodynamics of complex solid interfaces A new mechanism to explain the biggest mass extinction on Earth

The paper on European research units by Jamtveit et al. in the well-renowned journal PNAS attracted considerable media interest, and was highlighted on radio and in magazines in Norway and Denmark. In addition, PGP researchers are

frequently used as expert commentators by the media, in both radio, television, and in national and international magazines. Finally, PGP is sharing the research results and experiences to the general public by producing books, magazine articles, and blogs. Among the highlights from 2009 is a popular science book by Ebbe Hartz and others (Reisen til istiden, Gyldendal Forlag), the continuing debates and discussions about the Lusi mud volcano in Indonesia, and the outreach activities related to The Andean Geotrail Project, where PGP researcher Olivier Galland cycled 9000 kilometres along the Andes Mountains. Moreover, PGP researchers Karen Mair and Øyvind Hammer were involved in an art project where composer Natasha Barrett created an interactive sound installation called “CRUSH” based on rock crushing in fault zones. “CRUSH” was premiered during the Nordic Geological Winter Meeting in Oslo in January 2010. The project was successful and further exhibitions are planned.

PGP is headed by a director, and Bjørn Jamtveit is appointed in a full time position for PGP`s second 5-year period. The director, assisted by an administrative manager Trine-Lise Knudsen, has responsibility for project management, administration and technical and financial delivery. The director reports to the board.

The scientific organization is divided in three core projects, each led by a group coordinator which reports directly to the director. All postdocs, PhD students and master students are associated with a research group, while senior scientists may participate in more than one group. In addition, PGP has coordinators for media contact, industry contact, field activities and education.

PGP board PGP director: Bjørn Jamtveit Seminar responsible External seminars: K.Mair Internal seminars: O.Galland Friday seminars: B.Jamtveit

SFF financed researchers and students

Coordinators for • Industry: S.Planke • Education: T-L.Knudsen • Media: H.Svensen • Field: H.Austrheim • Lab: O.Gundersen • IT: G.Gisler

PGP Master programme T-L. Knudsen D.K. Dysthe H. Dypvik (IG) K. Myhre (stud.)

NRC

EU

YFF Frinat Petrobar Ren energi IPY Aurora

2 Marie Curie actions

Industry & Other research institutions

Statoil NGU MIT VISTA

UiO

Start packages PhD pos. Strategic pos. Research school

PGP core projects:

52

PGP Annual Report 2009

Earth Materials (A)

Fluid Earth (B)

Solid Earth (C)

Coordinators: M.Dabrowski D.K.Dysthe

Coordinators: G.Gisler P.Meakin

Coordinators: T.H.Torsvik T.Andersen

PGP Annual Report 2009

53

Infrastructure and laboratories

Staff

In 2009, 62 employees from 15 countries had PGP as a working place, and the total work force constituted 40.7 man-labour years. The scientific staffs have background in physics, earth science and computational science. Their work integrates field studies, laboratory experiments, computer simulations and theoretical calculations. The status of the work force is summarized below, while a complete list of staff and students is found in the appendix. In addition, 3 professor emeriti are associated with PGP and 3 guest students stayed for a full semester, performing research projects and participating in PGP courses. Numerous short term visitors stayed at PGP for a few days, of which 20 gave invited talks at the PGP external seminar series (see the appendix).

Laboratories PGP work force in 2009: Title

Number

Man-l. years

Comment

Professors, seniors and researchers Professor emeriti Postdoc researchers PhD students

30

15.8

3 9*

6 started, 1 finished and left PGP

4.5

22

14.0

Techn/admin. staff

4

6.4

*3 started after PhD. 3 finished, 2 left PGP Man-labour years funded, only. 7 started, 1 left PGP after PhD defence. Excluding 2 tech. at D.Geo. and support from D.Phys and MN-faculty.

Delphine Croizé from geology has been doing single contact experiments on calcite crystals. Matthieu Angeli from NGI is doing salt hydration with temperature, imbibitions of porous media and salt crystallization during drying of porous media. Fredrik Qvale from Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History is doing his master thesis on the problem of rock disintegration.

PGP employees 2003-2009

The board

These students are all supervised by Dag Kristian Dysthe.

The advisory board evaluates and advises on the centre’s scientific performance and assesses recent progress and future strategies. The board`s mandate is further to ensure that the interaction between PGP and the host institution functions smoothly.

Experimental activity

This year we started to prepare a new high pressure laboratory at PGP: We have specified and purchased 12 (6+6) autoclaves designed for up to 700bars pressure, 350°C temperature and 95ml volume, and with a temperature controlled heater plate. The laboratory is built for two projects:

PGP has a seven-member board. The chairman is a high-level manager in the petroleum industry, while four board members are scientists, two from physics and two from geosciences. Two board members are representatives from UiO. The board’s comprehensive management experience has played an important role in cases of strategic importance. The board meetings in 2009 took place on 31 January and 28 September.

1 Hydrothermal batch experiments on the carbonatization of peridotite rocks 2 Mechanism of primary migration of hydrocarbon fluids in the source rocks

The board members: Name

Institution

Research area

Country

Knut Åm (chairman) Prof. Amnon Aharony Prof. Elisabeth Bouchaud Prof. Jon Blundy Prof. Andrew Putnis Prof. Roy H. Gabrielsen Prof. Annik M. Myhre

Industry representative Tel Aviv University CEA-Saclay Univ. of Bristol University of Münster Dept. Geosciences,Univ. of Oslo MN-faculty, Univ. of Oslo

Physics Physics Geology Geology Geology Dean of studies

Norway Israel France Great Britain Germany Norway Norway

54

The activity in the laboratory has been good but has varied through the year, since one active experimentalist quit and one left on maternity leave. There were 10 active experimentalists in the lab during 2009. Seven of these were PGP’ans, and three are external doctor and master students that have been doing their experimental activity in our facilities:

PGP Annual Report 2009

Such high pressures with mixtures of fluids and gasses cause a potential risk of harm and must be handled carefully, so with a high pressure laboratory we have to implement additional safety precautions. The lab will be organized and setup during first half of 2010.

Fredrik Qvale’s project with disintegration of rock through freezing/heating and salt crystallization process has resulted in a very nice setup for running rock samples through frost cycles. We are now able to take rock samples through a frost/ defrost cycle at almost any rate and speed. Currently we run at 29cycles/day, take pictures every 10 minutes and log the temperature inside the rock samples. The experiments of Julien Scheibert have challenged the physical boundaries and us. To measure the friction force with 6 orders of magnitude dynamic range, is neither simple nor trivial. At steady state it is not a challenge, but to acquire precision over a dynamic range 1000 times/second is difficult. Currently we are close to 5 orders of magnitude with a new capacitance distance meter, but we are working on other solutions to get higher dynamic range.

Environment, Health and Safety (EHS)

Some negative attention in media about the work environment at UiO and a report about the laboratory safety at Department of Biology, resulted in a high focus on EHS in 2009. Laboratory security became a main issue, and a safety inspection carried out by the Physics institute, gave PGP some minor remarks regarding storing of chemicals and keeping datasheet locally available for the user. We are currently taking care of these deviations. As a result of the inspection, we also lost access to the small workshop for minor mechanical tools including an electric drill, a saw plus various hand tools used for setting up experiments. We hope to get access to this workshop again soon. A survey regarding room temperature was required to get a renovation of the heaters and an approval of using extra electrical heaters. A noise survey made the HMS section instruct the Department of Physics to reduce the ventilation noise. This is now being carried out and will hopefully be satisfactory during 2010. Annual local safety inspections at PGP are carried out annualy, where we talk to each employee to find out if their work environment is satisfactory and do our best to make improvements.

PGP Annual Report 2009

55

Finances

PGP accounting 2009

New projects

PGP received 8 new research projects in 2009. Of these are 4 funded by the Norwegian Research Council, 3 are industryfunded and 1 came from EU, as shown in the figure below. The Akademia research agreement between Dept. of Geosciences

and Statoil finances salary and running costs for Professor T.H. Torsvik (100 %) and the researchers C. Gaina (20 %) and S. Buiter (20 %). All three have their working place at PGP. A complete project portfolio for 2009 is given in the appendix.

Source of financing

UiO incl. "Basis"

SFF grant 142042

Other NRC projects

Other funding

TOTAL

Project number

accounting

accounting

accounting

accounting

Income

 

 

 

 

UiO/MN grant

SFF from NRC

NRC Ren energi Geothermal Energy 190538 I. Berre, UiB Y. Podladchikov 2009-2012 Researcher N. Simon (from 1 Oct)

Eurocores Mantle Forcing 143248 T. Torsvik 2009-2013 Postdoc: P.Doubrovine (from 1 Nov).

Petromaks Primary Migration 143199 P. Meakin 2009-2012 Researcher: A.Mazzini Postdoc: NN from 2010 PhD students: M. Kobchenko H. Panahi (salary from Statoil)

Industry projects

EU

Industry / other grants

Aurora 143152 K.Mair 2009-2010 100 kkr

Vista Thermal evolution T.B. Andersen 2009-2012 PhD student: A. Souche

UiOGeosciences /Statoil ForskningsSamarbeid 420973 T.H.Torsvik 2009-2012 Professor II: S.Buiter C.Gaina

 

4 120

4 494

 

 

960

 

 

4 689

9 327

4 124 5 699

960

14 996

 

   

1 251

19 685

9 327

4 124 5 699

2 211

16 947

13 991

1 200 5 640

2 632

5 898

9 327

4 494

5 080

24 799

16 247

41 046

40 410

2 203

2 097

134

8 725

0

8 725

 

-2 173

2 128

45

 

0

0

0

 

D.K. Dysthe 2009-2010

Transfer between accounts SUM income incl. money transfer Costs

8 016

13 658

6 636

5 214

33 524

16 247

49 771

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

Postdoc: J.Schreibert

Overhead (-in/+out)

Marie Curie Earth Cracks 650024

T.Torsvik 2009-2012 Researcher: D.van Hinsbergen

total income pr. man-labour year was 1.009 kkr, while operating costs plus investments were 193 kkr pr. man-labour year. Salary costs and operating costs & investments constituted 75 % and 25 % of the costs, respectively. PGP is on track financially, the full SFF grant of 13 991 kkr for 2009 will enter PGP`s account in February 2010. The funding from UiO, international funding, and other NRC grants were higher than anticipated in 2008 in the long term contract with NRC, while the funding from other private grants and the ratio operating costs / employment costs were lower than anticipated.

PGP Annual Report 2009

 

 

 

 

 

4 291

Accounting and balance

The SFF grant and UiO grants & permanent positions constituted 23 % and 48 % of the income for 2009, respectively. The remaining income came from other NRC projects (14 %), international funding (10 %) and industry grants (5 %). The

1 205

 

 

 

 

accounting

According to long term contract with NRC  

SUM income

Employment

4 853

-16

10 880

1 293

2 887

635

2 103

180

20 723

2 092

14 587

1 460

35 310

3 552

 

 

SUM employment & overhead Equipment investments

218

691

39

 

948

 

948

1 600

Operating costs

1 032

3 106

1 827

751

6 716

200

6 916

7 328

SUM operating costs and investments SUM Total expenses

The centre had 33 524 thousand Norwegian kroner (kkr) to its disposal for 2009 (income in 2009 and money transferred from 2008). The expenses were 30 479 kkr, while 3 045 kkr is transferred to 2010 for future activities and salary obligations. Activities finances outside PGP`s accountings constituted a VISTA project, the Akademia project at Department of Geosciences, salary payment directly by Statoil, and permanent positions and overhead costs at UiO, and represents 16  247 kkr.

4

 

9 327

GRAND TOTAL

Transfer 2008-2009

NGU/Statoil Improved plate models 211478

New projects from 2009.

56

International funding (EU, MIT) Other NRC grants*

4 689

 

accounting

Additions to UiO accounts

4 837

12 173

3 522

2 283

22 815

16 047

38 862

31 482

1 250

3 797

1 866

751

7 664

200

7 864

8 928

6 087

15 970

5 388

3 034

30 479

16 247

46 726

40 410

Transfer 2009-2010

1 929

-2 312

1 248

2 180

3 045

0

3 045

 

Balance

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

 

All numbers are in 1000 NOK (kkr), * according to contracts. Internal OH= 125 kkr/year in 2009. Lower salary increase in 2009 than expected.

Comments Basis: Income other NRC grants includes Petrobar (1195 kkr), this is misplaced as “Frikjøp prosjekter” under employment expenses in the official UiO accounting system. Comments SFF grant: Income: 4664 kkr from NRC for December will enter in 2010. 26 kkr from Vista is incorrect and not included here; overhead from Vista is transferred to a central UiO account only. Comments other NRC projects: Delayed activity on the projects 142919 and 142953, not received final income on 121114. Enters in 2010: (230-163) kkr on 143248, 667 kkr on 143199, and 24 kkr on 143152. Comments Other funding: Income for 2009 and 2010 entered in 2009 for the EU project Delta Min. Comments Additions to UiO accounts: Permanent scientific positions = OH/man working year covered by UiO: (461+270)/2 -internal OH, 199 kkr-internal OH pr techn/ admin. position. Salary for HP at Statoil & AS from Vista, Salary & running costs SB and CG from project under Geosciences. Overhead: lower OH on EU-projects than budgeted.

PGP Annual Report 2009

57

Appendices

Appendices

1 List of staff ................................................................... 60 2 Student list .................................................................. 62 3 Field work................................................................... 64 4 Project portfolio ....................................................... 66 5 Invited talks ................................................................. 67 6 Production list ............................................................ 68

58

PGP Annual Report 2009

PGP Annual Report 2009

59

Appendices

List of staff To

Man-labour year

Background

Angheluta Luiza

PhD student

100

152500

Basis, tiltak 16-10-06

31-12-09

1,0

Romania

NA

Contract from 01-02-03

NA

0,2

Israel

Beinlich Andreas

PhD student

50

152500

01-09-08

31-08-12

0,5

Germany

152200

NA

NA

NA

0,8

Norway

Bjørk Torbjørn

PhD student

100

152500

142042

01-02-08

31-01-11

0,5

Norway

75

152200

NA

NA

NA

0,8

Norway

Fristad Kirsten

PhD student

100

152500

142953

11-06-08

10-06-11

1,0

USA

Professor

100

150000

NA

NA

NA

1,0

Norway

Ghazian Khabbaz

PhD student

100

NGU

01-07-09

31.06.2012

0,5

Iran

Fletcher Ray

Professor 20 %

20

0,2

USA

Hövelmann Jørn-Erik PhD student

100

152500

650010

25-01-09

24-01-12

0,9

Germany

Gaina Carmen

Senior res. 20 %

20

152200

152200

01-01-10

31-12-10

0,0

Romania

Kobchenko Maya

PhD student

100

152500

143199

01-09-09

31-08-12

0,3

Russia

Galland Olivier

Senior researcher

100

152500

142042

01-12-09

30-11-10

0,1

France

Krotkiewski Marcin

PhD student

50

152500

0

01-01-08

31-12-11

0,5

Poland

Gisler Galen

Senior researcher

100

152500

142042

01-04-06

31-01-13

1,0

USA

Nermoen Anders

PhD student

100

152500

0

21-08-06

20-08-10

1,0

Norway

Hammer Øyvind

Senior researcher

50

152500

142042

01-02-03

31-01-13

0,5

Norway

Panahi Hamed

PhD student

75

Statoil

01-08-09

30-07-12

0,3

Iran

Hartz Ebbe Hvidegård Jamtveit Bjørn

Professor 20 %

20

152500

142042

01-02-07

31-12-12

0,2

Denmark

Pau Mauro

PhD student

100

152500

142042

01-04-09

31-03-12

0,8

Italy

Plümper Oliver

PhD student

100

152500

650010

15-01-09

14-01-12

1,0

Germany

Professor

100

152500

142042

01-02-03

1,0

Norway

Reber Jacquline

PhD student

100

152500

142042

01-10-09

30-09-12

0,3

Switzerland

Jettestuen Espen

Researcher 20 %

20

152500

142042

01-01-09

0,2

Norway

Røyne Anja

PhD student

100

150400

NA

08-08-05

0,3

Norway

Mair Karen

Senior researcher

0-100

152500

142042

01-09-09

31-12-12

0,3

UK

152500

tilt. 104026 01-05-07

Malthe-Sørenssen Anders Mathiesen Joakim

Professor

75

150400

NA

NA

NA

0,8

Norway

Professor

20-100

150400

NA

01-01-10

30-06-10

0,8

Denmark

Mazzini Adriano

Researcher

100

152500

142953

01-10-07

30-09-09

0,8

Italy

Mazzini Adriano

Researcher

100

152500

143199

01-10-09

30-09-11

0,3

Meakin Paul

Professor 30 %

29

152500

142042

01-01-08

31-12-13

0,3

USA

Medvedev Sergei

Senior researcher

100

152500

211445

01-01-08

31-12-10

1,0

Russia

Planke Sverre

Senior res. 20 %

20

152500

142042

01-02-03

31-01-13

0,2

Norway

Podladtchikov Yuri

Professor

100

152500

0

01-07-03

NA

1,0

Russia

Polozov Alexander

Senior res. 20 %

20

152500

142953

01-09-07

30-06-10

0,2

Russia

Polteau Stephane

Researcher 50 %

50

152500

142561

01-02-08

31-07-09

0,3

France

Renard Francois

Professor 20 %

20

152500

142042

01-04-03

31-03-11

0,2

France

Schmid Daniel W.

Senior researcher

75

152200

NA

01-04-03

31-12-12

0,8

Switzerland

Simon Nina S.C.

Researcher

100

152500

tilt. 104026 20-07-09

30-09-09

0,7

Germany

Simon Nina S.C.

Researcher

100

152500

190538

01-10-09

30-09-10

0,3

Steinberger Bernhard Svensen Henrik

Professor 20 %

20

152500

142042

01-10-09

31-12-12

0,0

Senior researcher

100

152500

142042

01-09-05

31-12-12

Torsvik Trond Helge

Professor

20-100

152500

142042

01-04-07

van Hinsbergen Douwe Werner Stephanie

Researcher

100

152500

211478

Researcher

100

152500

142042

Name

Title

% 20

Place code 150400

Aharony Amnon

Professor 20%

Andersen Torgeir B.

Professor

75

Austrheim Håkon

Professor

Dysthe Dag

# senior scientific staff: 30

Project

31-01-10

Semprich Julia

PhD student

100

Souche Alban

PhD student

100

31-08-10

1,0

Germany

1,0

France

Villiers, Simon de

PhD student

100

152500

142042

20-12-09

Vrijmoed Hans

PhD student

100

152500

142042

26-09-08

19-03-10

0,0

UK

31-03-09

0,3 0,1

The Netherlands UK

Webb Karen

PhD student

100

152500

121116

31-01-09

Yarushina Victoria

PhD student

100

152500

142042

18-10-08

14-10-09

0,8

Aarnes Ingrid

PhD student

100

152500

142561

01-10-06

28-02-10

1,0

Russia Norway

# PhD students: 22

 

 

 

 

 

 

14,0

 

VISTA

Brastad Karin

Administration

100

152500

142042

01-09-03

30-06-11

1,0

Norway

Corell, Gro

Administration

25

150000

NA

NA

NA

0,3

Norway

Cristopher Jesmine

IT-assistance

50-60

152500

142042

03-05-06

31-10-09

0,6

Sri Lanka

Erambert Muriel

Technical support

30

152500

142042

01-01-04

31-12-12

0,3

France

Gundersen Olav

Ingeneer

100

152500

142042

08-09-03

31-12-13

1,0

Norway

Knudsen, Trine-Lise

Administration

100

152500

142042

01-07-09

31-01-13

1,0

Norway

NN - from D.Phys

Technical support

200

150400

NA

NA

NA

2,0

Germany

Raebiger Lysann

Technical support

50

152500

142561

01-09-09

31-08-10

0,2

Germany

1,0

Norway

Sarwar, Munib

Technical support

100

152500

142042

01-01-09

11-02-09

0,1

India

30-12-12

0,5

Norway

# staff: 8

 

 

 

 

 

 

6,4

 

01-10-09

31-03-12

0,2

Master student

100

aug-07

aug-09

Norway

Mulyukova Elvira

Master student

100

aug-09

june 11

Russia

01-07-09

31-12-12

0,5

The Netherlands Germany

Løberg Magnus Myhra Kristin S.

Master student

100

aug-08

june 10

Norway

15,8

 

Nyhagen Daniel S.

Master student

100

jan-09

june 11

Norway

Oust Bodil

Master student

100

aug-07

june 09

Norway

Paulsen Kristin

Master student

100

aug-09

june 11

Norway Norway

Vrijmoed Hans

Postdoc res

100

152500

tilt. 104026 01-10-09

Dabrowski Marcin

Postdoc

100

152500

142042

01-07-08

31.06.2010

0,9

The Netherlands Poland

Storheim Håkon

Master student

100

aug-09

june 11

Doubrovine Pavel

Postdoc

100

152500

143248

01-11-09

31-10-12

0,2

Russia

Tobiassen Pål

Master student

100

aug-09

june 11

Løvoll Grunde

Postdoc res

100

152500

142042

01-11-09

31-12-09

0,2

Norway

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Raufaste Christophe

Postdoc

100

152500

142042

01-01-08

01-09-09

0,7

France

Red: started & grey: finished in 2009

 

 

 

 

 

 

Roscher Marco

Postdoc

100

152500

142953

01-04-09

30-03-11

0,8

Germany

Scheibert Julien

Postdoc res

100

152500

142042

01-02-09

28-02-09

0,1

France

Professors:

 

 

 

 

 

 

7,8

Scheibert Julien

Postdoc

100

152500

650024

01-03-09

28-02-11

0,8

Senior researchers:

 

 

 

 

 

 

5,1

Vrijmoed Hans

Postdoc res

100

152500

142561

01-04-09

30-09-09

0,5

Researcher

 

 

 

 

 

 

3,3

Postdocs:

 

 

 

 

 

 

4,7

 

 

14,1

 

 

6,5

Yarushina Victoria

31-01-10

Postdoc res

100

152500

142042

15-10-09

28-02-10

PhD student

100

152500

142042

22-08-08

31-12-09

# postdocs: 9 Adamuzek Martha

60

PGP Annual Report 2009

0,3

0,2

The Netherlands Russia

4,5

 

1,0

Poland

PhD students (including 2 students with financiation not included the UiO accounting system) Other (including contributions form DG       and the MN-faculty):

PGP Annual Report 2009

Norway  

61

Appendices

Student list

PhD students

Topic

Main supervisor

Financiation

Aarnes, Ingrid Adamuszek, Marta Beinlich, Andreas Bjørk, Torbjørn De Villiers, Simon Fristad, Kirsten Ghazian, Khabbaz Reza  Hövelmann, Jörn E.  

Metamorphism around sill intrusion Thrust and fold belts CO2 sequestration in ultramafic rocks Faults and fault rocks Crumpled sheets Lacustrine geochemistry and the End-Permian Extinction Numerical models of subduction and collision The replacement of plagioclase feldspar by albite: observations from hydrothermal experiments Mechanics of primary migration Computational geodynamics

Svensen Schmid Austrheim Mair  Feder Svensen Buiter, Andersen Austrheim

NRC CoE, NRC UiO; PG & DG CoE, NRC NRC NRC NRC to Buiter EU

Dysthe Schmid

Nermoen, Anders Nicolaysen, Fillip Pau, Mauro Panahi, Hamed  Plümper, Oliver Reber, Jaqueline Røyne, Anja Semprich, Julia Souche, Alban

Particle flow in microphores Numerical simulation of hydrothermalvents The sedimentology of pockmarks Primary migration Deformation-enhanced reactions of olivine in the presence of a fluid phase The influence of simple shear on fold development Weathering   Basin formation The thermal evolution in sedimentary basins above larges scale shear zones and detachments

Podladchikov Malthe-S. Hammer, Gisler Dysthe Austrheim Schmid Dysthe Simon Andersen

NRC UiO, PGP & CMA UiO, MN-Fac NRC CoE, NRC NRC EU CoE, NRC UiO; MN-Fac NRC VISTA

PhD students finished 2009:

Topic / dissertation / Main supervisor

Position after PhD / PGP

Beuchert, Marcus

Viscoelasticity, Centrifugal Forces and Long-Term stability of Boundary Layer Anomalies in Mantle Convection Models / Jan 10 / Podladchikov Instabilities in Reactive and deformable Two Phase Media / Dec 09/ Mathiesen (De)compaction waves in porous viscoelastoplastic media. Oct 09 / Podladchikov Ecology and geology of pockmarks  / Jun 09 / Hammer

Postdoc at University of Frankfurt

Kobchenko, Maya E. Krotkiewski, Marcin

Angheluta, Luiza Yarushina, Victorya Webb, Karen Vrijmoed, Johannes Galerne, Christiophe 

Physical and chemical interaction in the interior of the Caledonian mountains of Norway  / Jun 09 / Podladchikov Emplacement Mechanisms and Magmatic Differentiation Induced by Magma Flow in Sill Intrusions in Sedimentary Basins   / Jan 09 / Neumann

Postdoc PGP Postdoc PGP to 2009 Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK Postdoc PGP Postdoc  Bonn, Germany

Finished 2004-2008:

Topic / dissertation / Main supervisor

Position after PhD / PGP

Dabrowski, Marcin

Anisotopy and heterogeneity in infinite deformation: resolving versus upscaling  / Apr 08 / Schmid Mechanism of serpentinization and some geochemical effects  / Dec 07 / Jamtveit Mechanical failure of viscoelastic solids by self-localizing thermal runaway  /  Jun 07 / Podladchikov Role of seepage forces on hydraulic fracturing and failure patterns  /  Dec 07 / Podladchikov Compaction of ductile granular media: an experimental study  /  Mar 06 / Feder Dissolution, growth and recrystallisation of calcite and limstone: effects of impurities  /  Jan 06 / Jamtveit Characterization of scaling behavior for chritical systems far from equilibrium  /  Jun 04 / Feder

Postdoc PGP

Iyer, Karthik  Bræck, Simen Rohzko, Alexander  Uri, Nina  Harstad, Andreas  Jettestuen, Espen 

62

PGP Annual Report 2009

Master students:

Topic

Paulsen, Kristin Mulyukova, Elvira  Myhra, Kristin  Nyhagen, Daniel S. Storheim, Håkon Tobiassen, Pål

Supervisor

Background

Schmid Gisler Angheluta 

Physics Physics Physics Mathematics Physics Physics

Malthe-S. Malthe-S.

Finished 2009:

Topic / examination / Main supervisor

Occupation after PGP

Løberg, Magnus Oust, Bodil

Thermodynamics of a two-component porous medium / Sep 09/ Podladchikov Laplacian growth patterns /  Jun 09 / Mathiesen

Vit.ass, UiB Norway Lecturer, H. i Sogn&Fjordane

Finished 2004-2008:

Topic / examination / Main supervisor

Occupation after PGP

Eriksen, Ola K. Ydersbond, Yngve W. Sarwar, Munib

An experimental study of stylolite formation / Oct 08 / Dysthe Extrusion of plastic crystals  / Oct 08 / Dysthe Energy dissipation in a simulated fault system  / Oct 08 / Mair

VBPR Vindteknikk A/S PGP short term

Husdal, Thomas

Kjemiske og strukturelle undersøkelser av et Ca-Th-silikatmed apatittstruktur  / May 07 Massive dolomite-magnesite deposits from the Sigurdfjell volcano, NW Sptisbergen / May 07 / Amundsen Quantification and modeling of deformation processes / Dec 06 / Austrheim Bending and crumpling of plates and shells : theory, numerical methods, and applications to litospheric deformation / Dec 06 Geochemical evolution and formation of wrinkles in a magmatic body / Dec 06 / Neumann Viscous driven fluidization of porous media / Jun 06  /  Jun 06 Modeling of mid-ocean ridges / Jun 06 Processes in a saucer shaped sill / Jun 06 / Neumann Percolation model for cementation of veins / Aug 06 The interplay of metamorphism and deformation : exemplified by granulites and eclogites from Hisarøya, Gulen, western gneiss complex, Norway / Jun 05 Metamorphic and petrophysical effects of sill intrusions in sedimentary strata : the Karoo Basin, South Africa / Feb 05 Seismic characteristics and formation of hydrothermal ventcomplexes / Feb 05 Brecciation within the Solund Devonian Basin, Western Norway / Feb 05 Petrografiske og petrofysiske egenskaper av et hydrotermalt ventkompleks fra Karoo-bassenget, Sør-Afrika / Dec 04

Bodin vidregående skole

Henriksen, Hilde Bjørk, Torbjørn Nygård, Helena K. Haaberg, Kristin Nermoen, Anders Røyjom, Solveig Waag, Grunde Aarnes, Ingrid Søreng, Martin  Røhr, Torkil S.  Haave, Camilla  Mattson, Berit  McGrath, Eoin  Sali, Siri A.L. 

PhD at PGP Studies at UiO EMGS  PhD at PGP Statoil/Hydro EMGS PhD at PGP Telenor PhD, Dept. of Geology Geoservices SA Petroleum Geoservices Univ. College Dublin Geoservices SA

Postdoc Univ. Kiel, Germany Ass.Professor, Høgskolen i Oslo EMGS ASA, Trondheim  EMGS ASA  DNO  Postdoc PGP, then Iris Research

PGP Annual Report 2009

63

Appendices

Field work

 

Norway:

1

 

Fys-Geo4200 in Feragen-Røragen, Røros, Norway 13-18.9. H.O. Austrheim, D.K. Dysthe, M. Dabrowski, P. Meakin, T.-L. Knudsen with K.S. Myhra, H. Storheim, Å. Tobiassen, E. Mulyukova, M. Kobchenko, J.E. Hövelmann, O. Plümper.

2

1

Corsica field work 16-21. March T.B. Andersen

2

Atløy, Wstern Norway, GEL2130

Corsica April 22-29, Geo4840 Field course,   T.B. Andersen

D. Schmid: Field course 13-19.9. 3

Europe outside Norway:

3

Field seminar: High and Ultra-High Pressure rocks, Western Norway, 17-21 June

Dorset (UK) 17-03 to 20-03 A. Mazzini. Sampling organic-rich clays.

T.B.Andersen, H. Austrheim, Y.Y.Podladchikov, J.C. Vrijmoed 4

Inner Oslo Fjord 23.6, 26.6, 1-3.7, 29.7, 5-6.8, 8-9.9, 16.9, 18.9, 1.10:  study of rock structures

5

 

M. Adamuszek, with one-day assistances from M. Krotkiewski, L. Angheluta, J. Vrijmoed, G. Gisler,, K. Fristad, S. Werner, J. Reber, I.Aarnes, C. Raufaste, A. Souche,

1

Sogndal, Western Norway  29.7 - 5.8.

2

H. Austrheim, D. Schmid. Topic: CO2 sequestration

J.C. Friemoed, J. Semprich, N. Simon 6

3

N. Simon

The Etandeka plateu, Namibia, Africa 19-26.11 T.H. Torsvik, D. van Hinsbergen, S. Medvedev, S. Werner,

Solund, Western Norway 5-12.7

4

T.B. Andersen, A. Souche, H. Austrheim, A. Beinlich 8

Mexico Ø. Hammer, S. deVilliers (participating)

Sogndal , Western Norway 25.8

7

Oustide Europe: Oman 11.2 - 16.2

South Africa, Vederfort impact structure and Barberton Greenstone belt 3-7 January T.B. Andersen, T.H. Torsvik, S. Werner

Western Norway 28.4 - 1.5 H. Austrheim, A.-C. Ganzhorn

9

Leka, Norway 20.5 - 25.5 O. Plümper, H.O. Austrheim

10

Flatraket, Måløy, Western Norway 28-29.5 H. Austrheim teaching West of the Oslo fjord, 3 June

11

T.B. Andersen, D. Schmid, R. Fletcher, M. Adamuszek. 12

Solund, western Norway. 05.07.2009 – 12.07.2009 A. Beinlich

13

Inner Oslo Fjord 9.11.09 M. Pau, Ø. Hammer deploying instruments

64

PGP Annual Report 2009

PGP Annual Report 2009

65

Invited talks 2008

PGP project portifolio, funding according to contracts and in 1000 kr UiO financiation, Basis

Startpackage J. Mathiesen (104024)

 

Startpackage D.K. Dysthe (150102) Research strategy

UIO FINANCIATION:

SFF grant Funding, kkr:

Other NRC projects

 

143199

Petromax Primary migration 193186/S60 P. Meakin

142919

IPY grant Torjus and Miro explore Arctic, 182146/S30 E. Hartz

0/104016 142953 143152

143160

143248

190538

International funding

Petromax Hydrocarbon in aureoles 169457/S30 H. Svensen

Aurora: Force Patterns, 193565/V11 K. Mair Feder seminar 09 T. Jøssang

Mantle forcing, 195911/V30 T. Torsvik

650024

EU: Earth cracks D. Dysthe / J. Scheibert

Other /Industry

211445 211478

Grant from MIT: Siberian Traps, H. Svensen

Statoil/NGU: African Plate T. Torsvik

Permanent positions (salary costs only, incl THT, DKD)

VISTA

Vista: The thermal evolution, T.B. Andersen / A.Souche

152200/420973

Akademia, running costs THT, CG, SB

NGU/NRC

Salary and running costs, K. Ghazian

 

152200/420965 Statoil  

 

729

1 395

100 163

       

 

4 925

2 538

700

5 045

2 195

77

874

5 546    

 

700

5 026

10 200

Akademia, salary T. Torsvik, S. Buiter,C. Gaina

108

325

Salary H. Panahi

158

350

ADDITIONAL FINANCIATION:

PGP Annual Report 2009

730 200

260

 

16 247

560

 

November 19, 12:15 Holger Stunitz, University of Tromso Water in quartz (and other silicates) during deformation - still many open questions November 12, 12:15 Inga Berre, Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen Deep Geothermal Energy - Status, Prospects, and Challenges November 10, 12:15 Joachim Mathiesen, PGP, University of Oslo Hierarchical patterns in natural and social systems (including PGP) November 3, 12:15 Kay Wiese, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris

October 29, 12:15 Knut Jorgen Maloy, University of Oslo Pattern formation: building mazes with grains

9 951

150

December 3, 12:15 Kim Christensen, Imperial College London Ant colonies as complex systems 

186

1 740

575

December 4, 15:15 Sigurdur Reynir Gislason, University of Iceland The Carbfix Project:  Mineral CO2 Sequestration into Basalt

186

1 040

 

December 8, 2009, 12:15 Delphine Croizé (Geology, UiO) Calcite pressure solution at the grain scale - An experimental study 

November 5, 12:15 Eyvind Aker, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Acoustic emission experiments and microcrack modelling in porous rock

1 600

960  

2 400

835

260

Overhead (according to UiO rates):

red: new and grey: finished in 2009

66

10 187

18 655

4 120

FINANCIATION, INDUSTRY GRANTS:

 

2 000

1 425

Statoil/NGU: Improved plate models, THT/van Hinsbergen

Additions to the UiO accounting

801

157

TOTAL INTERNATIONAL FINANCIATION :

 

728

10

 

263

2 098

1 195

 

2010

2 730

1 333

 

EU: Delta-min H. Austrheim

690249

 

 

650010

 

9 327

Ren energi Geothermal energy, 190761/S60 N. Simon

TOTAL FINANCIATION, OTHER NRC PROJECTS :

 

10 928

Petromax Petrobar, 175973/S30 Y. Podladchokov YFF grant Henrik Svensen 180678/V30

200

2 000

Research school, salary Podladchikov (104020) 142042

2009

225

4 PhD positions (410000)

142561

Appendices

Project portfolio

17 391

October 29, 09:15 **NOTE SPECIAL TIME** Nikolai Pedentchouk, University of East Anglia Hydrogen and carbon isotopes of higher plant leaf waxes: Modern systematics and applications in the geological record October 13, 12:15 Einat Aharonov, Hebrew University, Israel Coupled fluid-granular deformation: Understanding liquefaction October 8, 12:15 James G. Clough (Alaska Div Geol & Geophys Surveys, Fairbanks) Neoproterozoic through Early Devonian Passive MArgin Carbonate Rocks of the Northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska  October 1, 12:15 Alexandre Schubnel, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris Does the brittle - ductile transition really correspond to the aseismic - seismic transition: a laboratory perspective

August 14, 12:15, Faraj Zarei, Iran Optimiztion of well placement using genetic algorithms June 12, 12:00, Travis McLing, Idaho National Laboratory The Science of Carbon Sequestration in an Uncertain Regulatory Environment: Is the Cart before the Horse? June 11, 12:15, Robert Smith, University of Idaho - Center for Advanced Energy Studies Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Options in Idaho, northwestern United States May 14, 12:15, Joseph Henry Lacasce, Geosciences Oslo Turbulent dispersion in the Nordic Seas  May 14, 12:15, Andreas Kääb, Geosciences Oslo Remote sensing in Geosciences, in particular geohazards and cryosphere  April 30, 12:15, Chen Zhu, Indiana University A new hypothesis for the apparent field-lab discrepancy of feldspar weathering rates April 28, 12:15, David Dolejs, Charles University Halogens in silicic magmas: experimental constraints and thermodynamic models March 24, 12:15, Leonid Ya. Aranovich, Institute of Experimental Mineralogy Fluid-present granulite facies metamorphism: evidence from oxygen isotopes, Porya Guba shear zone, Lapland Granulite Belt March 19, 12:15, Christian Marlière, Geosciences Montpellier The crack tip vicinity: a new nanoscale laboratory for studying physical, chemical and biological phenomena  March 12, 12:15, Grethe Winther, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy Microstructures and dynamics of plastically deformed and annealed metals February 26, 12:15, Benjamin Dollet, Institut de Physique de Rennes Interfacial phenomena in bubbles, soap films and foams  February 12, 12:15, Birkeland Innovation AS, Technology Transfer Office at UIO Who are we and what can we offer? February 5, 12:15, Maarten Aerts, ETH-Zurich Phase relations galore, why ignore? New experiments resolving old problems January 28, 15:15, Jan Bisschop, ETH-Zurich Size, boundary, and rate effects on shrinkage-induced fragmentation  

PGP Annual Report 2009

67

Appendices

2009 Producton list 1. Abe, S., Mair, K. 2009. Effects of gouge fragment shape on a fault fricion: New 3D modelling results. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L23302.

15. Engvik , A.K., Putnis ,A., Gerald, J.D.F., Austrheim, H.,et al.  Feldspars 2007. Session held at the Frontiers in Mineral Sciences Symposium, JUN, 2007 Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, England. Canadian Mineralogist, 46, 1401-1415. 

2. Adamuszek, M., John, T., Dabrowski, M., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Gertisser, R. 2009. Assimilation and diffusion during xenolith-magma interaction: a case study of the Varscian Karkonosze Granite, Bohemias Massif. Mineralogy and Petrology, 97, 203-222.

16. Fletcher, R. 2009. Deformable, rigid, and invicid  elliptical inclusions in a homogenous incompressible anisotropic viscous fluid. Journal of Structural Geology, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2009.01.006.

3. Angheluta, E. Jettestuen,  Mathiesen, J. 2009. Thermodynamics and roughening of solid-solid interfaces”, Physical Review E, 79, 031601.

17. Frehner, M., Schmalholz, S.M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2009. Spectral modification of seismic waves propagating through solids exhibiting a resonance frequency. Geophys. J. Int., 176, 589-600.

4. Austrheim, H., Corfu, F. 2009. Formation of planar deformation features (PDFs) in zircon during coseismic faulting and an evaluation of potential effects on U-Pb systematics. Chemical Geology, 261, 24-30.

18. Galland, O.,  Planke, S.,  Neumann,  E.-R.,  Malthe-Sørenssen, A. 2009. Experimental modelling of shallow magma emplacement: Application to saucer-shaped intrusions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 277, 373-383.

5. Bahr, A., Pape, T., Bohrmann, G., Mazzini, A., Haeckel, M., Reitz, A., Ivanov, M. 2009. Authigenic carbonate precipitates from the NE Black Sea: a mineralogical, geochemical, and lipid biomarker study. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98, 677-695.

19. Gisler, G., 2009. Simulations of the Explosive Eruption of Superheated Fluids through Deformable Media. Marine & Petroleum Geology, 26, 1888-1895.

6. Bjørk, T.E., Mair, K. Austrheim, H. 2009. Quantifying granular material and deformation: Advantages of combining grain size, shape, and mineral phase recognition analyses. Journal of Structural Geology, 31, 637-653. 7. Bonnetier, E., Misbah, C., Renard, F., Gratier, J.-P., Toussaint, R. 2009. Stability of an elastically stressed rock-fluid interface: effect of the orientation of the main compressive stress, European Physics Journal B, 67, 121-131. 8. Braeck, S., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Medvedev, S. 2009. Spontaneous dissipation of elastic energy by self-localasing thermal runaway, Phys. Rev. E., 80, 046105. 9. Candela, T., Renard, F., Bouchon, M., Brouste, A., Marsan, D., Schmittbuhl, J., Voisin, C. 2009. Characterization of fault roughness at various scales: Implications of three-dimensional high resolution topography measurements. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 166, 1817-1851. 10. Cohen, Y., Mathiessen, J., Procaccia, I. 2009. Drying patterns: sensitivity to residual stresses. Physical review E, 79, 046109. 11. de Mahiques, M.M., Wainer, I.K.C., Burone, L., Nagai, R., de Mello e Sousa, S.H., Figueira, R.C.L., da Silveira, I.C.A., Bicego, M.C., Alves, D.P.V., Hammer, Ø. 2009. A high-resolution Holocene record on the Southern Brazilian shelf: Paleoenvironmental implications. Quaternary International, 206, 52-61

20. Gratier, J.-P., Guiguet, R., Renard, F., Jenatton, L., Bernard, D. 2009.  A pressure solution creep law for quartz from indentation experiments, Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, B005652. 21. Gregory, L.C., Meert, J.G., Bingen, B., Torsvik, T.H.,  Pandit, M. 2009. Paleomagnetism and geochronology of the Malani Igneous Suite, Northwest India: Implications for the configuration of Rodinia and the assembly of Gondwana. Precambrian Research, 170, 13-26. 22. Grob, M.,  Schmittbuhl, J.,  Toussaint, R.,  Rivera, L.Santucci, S., Maloy, K.J. 2009. Quake Catalogs from an Optical Monitoring of an Interfacial Crack Propagation.  Pure and Applied Geophysics, 166, 777-799. 23. Hammer, Ø. 2009. New statistical methods for detecting point alignments. Computers & Geosciences, 35, 659-666. 24. Hammer, Ø., Webb, K.E., Depreiter, D. 2009. Numerical simulation of upwelling currents in pockmarks, and data from the Inner Oslofjord, Norway.Geo-Marine Letters, 29, 269-275. 25. Iyer, K., Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2009. Transformation-induced jointing as a gauge for interfacial slip and rock strength. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 280, 159-166. 26. Jamtveit, B., Jettestuen, E., Mathiesen, J. 2009. Scaling properties of European research units. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 13160-13163.

12. Ebner, M., Koehn, D., Toussaint, R., Renard, F. 2009. The influence of rock heterogeneity on the scaling properties of simulated and natural stylolites. Journal of Structural Geology, 31, 72-82.

27. Jamtveit, B., Putnis, C., Malthe-Sørenssen, A. 2009. Reaction induced fracturing during replacement processes, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 157,127-133.

13. Ebner, A.K., M., Koehn, D., Toussaint, R., Renard, F., Schmittbuhl, J. 2009. Stress sensitivity of stylolite morphology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 277, 394-398.

28. Jettestuen, E., Bisschop, J., Dysthe, D.K. 2009. Dissolution-precipitation recrystallization of miscut crystal surfaces under stress. Journal of Chrystal Growth, 311, 1576-1583.

14. Engvik, A.K., Golla-Schindler, U., Bernd, J., Austrheim, H., Putnis, A. 2009. Intragranular replacement of chlor-apatite by hydroxyfluor-apatite during metasomatism. Lithos, 112, 236-246. 

29. John, T., Medvedev, S., Rüpke, L., Andersen, T.B., Podladchikov, Y.Y.,  Austrheim, H.O. 2009 Generation of intermediate-depth earthquakes by self-localizing thermal runaway. Nature Geoscience, 2, 137-140.

68

PGP Annual Report 2008

30. Kruglikova, S.B., Bjørklund, K.R., Hammer, Ø., Anderson, O.R. 2009. Endemism and speciation in the polycystine radiolarian genus Actinomma in the Arctic Ocean: Description of two new species Actinomma georgii n. sp. and Actinomma turidae n. sp. Marine Micropaleontology 72,26-48.

44. Montes-Hernandez G, Pommerol A, Quirico E, Renard, F. 2009. Characterization of water distributed in geo-materials and their thermo-reactivity by using infrared microscopy coupled to a vacuum-temperature drying cell. Meteorites and Planteray Science, 44, A147-A147.

31. Letts, S., Torsvik, T.H., Webb, S.J. and Ashwal, L.D., 2009. Palaeomagnetism of the 2054 Ma Bushveld Complex (South Africa): implications for emplacement and cooling. Geophys. J. Intern., 179, 850-872.

45. Neumann, E.-R., Simon, N.S.C. 2009. Ultra-refractory mantle xenoliths from ocean islands: how do they compare to peridotites retrieved from oceanic sub-arc mantle? Lithos, 107, 1-16.

32. Lothe, J., Alshits,  V.I. 2009. Surface Waves, Limiting Waves and Exceptional Waves: David Barnett’s Role In the Development of the Theory: Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids, 14, 16-37. 33. Marques F.O., Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2009. A thin elastic core can control large-scale patterns of lithosphere shortening. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 297, 80-85.

46. Planet, R., Santucci, S., Ortin, J. 2009. Avalanches and NonGaussian fluctuations of the global velocity of imbibition fronts. Physical Rev. Letters, 102, Article 094502. 47. Plumper, O., Putnis, A. 2009. The Complex Hydrothermal History of Granitic Rocks: Multiple Feldspar Replacement Reactions under Subsolidus Conditions. Journal of Petrology, 50, 967-987.

34. Mazzini, A. 2009. Mud volcanism, processes and implications. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1677-1680.

48. Prevost, A.,  Scheibert, J., Debrégeas, G.  2009. Effect of fingerprints orientation on skin vibrations during tactile exploration of textured surfaces.    Communicative and Integrative Biology 2, Issue 5.

35. Mazzini, A., Nermoen, A., Krotkiewski, M., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Planke, S., Svensen, H. 2009. Fault shearing as a mechanism for overpressure release and trigger for piercement structures. Implications for the Lusi mud volcano, Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1751-1765.

49. Quintal, B., Schmalholz, S.M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2009. Low-frequency reflections from a thin layer with high attenuation caused by interlayer flow. Geophysics, 74, N14-N22.

36. Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Planke, S, Guliyev, I., Akhmanov, G.G., Fallik, T., Banks, D. 2009. When mudvolcanoes sleep: Insight from seep geochemistry at the Dashgil mud volcano, Azerbaijan. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1704-1715. 37. Meakin, P., Tartakovsky, A. 2009. Modeling and simulation of pore scale multiphase fluid flow and reactive transport in fractured and porous media. Reviews of Geophysics, 47, RG3002. 38. Meakin, P., Xu, Z.J., 2009. Dissipative particle dynamics and other particle methods for multiphase flow in fractured porous media. Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, 9, 399-408. 39. Milke, R., Abart, R., Kunze, K., Koch-Muller, M., Schmid, D.W., Ulmer, P. 2009. Matrix rheology effects on reaction rim growth I: evidence from orthopyroxene rim growth experiments. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 27, 71-82, 40. Molenaar, D. 2009. Free-surface stability of a damped thin-film flow. J. Eng. Math., 65, 221-228. 41. Montes-Hernandez, G., Concha-Lozano, N., Renard, F., Quirico, E. 2009. Removal of oxyanions from synthetic wastewater via carbonation process of calcium hydroxide: fundamentals and applications, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166, 788-795. 42. Montes-Hernandez, G., Fernandez-Martinez A., Renard, F. 2009. Novel method to estimate the linear growth rate of sub-micrometric calcite produced in triphasic gas-liquid-solid system. Crystal Growth & Design, 9, 4567-4573. 43. Montes-Hernandez, G., Pérez-López, R., Renard, F., Nieto, J. M.,  Charlet, L. 2009. Mineral sequestration of CO2 by aqueous carbonation of coal combustion fly-ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials,  161, 1347-1354.

50. Raufaste C., Foulon A., Dollet B. 2009. Dissipation in quasi-twodimensional flowing foams. Physics of Fluids, 21, 053102. 51. Renard, F., Bernard, D., Desrues, J., Ougier-Simonin, A. 2009. 3D imaging of fracture propagation using synchrotron X-ray microtomography.  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 286, 285-291. 52. Renard, F., Dysthe, D., Feder, J., Meakin, P., Morris, S. J., Jamtveit, B. 2009. Pattern formation during healing of fluid-filled fractures. Geofluids, 9, 365-372. 53. Rozhko, A.Y. 2009. Benchmark for poroelastic and thermoelastic numerical orders. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 171, 170-176. 54. Sassier C., Leloup, P. H., Rubatto, D., Galland, O., Yue, Y.,  Lin , D. 2009. Direct measurement of strain rates in ductile shear zones: A new method based on syntectonic dikes, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B01406.  55. Sassier, C., Leloup, P.H., Rubatto, D., Galland, O., Yue, Y., Lin, D. 2009. Direct measurement of strain rates in ductile shear zones: A new method based on syntectonic dikes. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 114, B01406. 56. Scheibert, J., Debregeas, G., Prevost, A. 2009. Mécanique du contact rugueux et perception tactile. Reflets de la Physique, 16, 17-19. 57. Scheibert, J., Prevost, A., Debregeas, E., Katzav, E., Abba-Bedia, M. 2009. Stress field at a sliding frictional contact: Experiments and calculations.Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 57, 1921-1933, 58. Schmid, D.W., Abart, R., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Milke, R. 2009. Matrix rheology effects on reaction rim growth II: coupled diffusion and creep model. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 27, 83-91.

PGP Annual Report 2008

69

Appendices

59. Schmidt, A., Weyer, S., John, T., Brey, G.P. 2009. HFSE systematics of rutiles and MORB-type eclogites during subduction: some insights into Earth’s HFSE budget. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, 83-91. 60. Skinner, J., Mazzini, A. 2009. Martian mud volcanism: Terrestrial analogs and implications for formational scenarios. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1866-1878. 61. Svensen, H., Hammer, Ø., Mazzini, A., Onderdonk, N., Polteau, S., Planke, S., Podladchikov, Y.Y., 2009. Dynamics of hydrothermal seeps from the Salton Sea geothermal system (California, USA) constrained by temperature monitoring and time series analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, B09201. 62. Svensen, H., Planke, S., Polozov, A., Schmidbauer, N., Corfu, F., Podladschikov, Y., Jamtveit, B. 2009. Siberian gas venting and the end-Permian environmental crisis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 277, 490-500. 63. Svensen, H., Schmidbauer, N., Roscher, M., Stordal, F. 2009. Contact metamorphism, halocarbons, and environmental crises in the past. Environ. Chem, 6, 466-471. 64. Tartakovsky, AM; Ferris, KF; Meakin, P. 2009. Lagragian particle model for multiphase flow. Computer Physics Communications, 180, 1874-1881.

73. Webb, K.E., Barnes, D.K.A,. Planke, S. 2009. Pockmarks: Refuges for marine benthic biodiversity. Limnology and oceanography, 54, 1776-1788. 74. Webb, K.E., Hammer, Ø., Lepland, A., Gray, J.S. 2009. Pockmarks in the Inner Oslofjord, Norway. Geo-Marine Letters, 29, 111-124. 75. Xu Z.J,. Meakin, P. 2009. A phase-field approach to no-slip boundary conditions in dissipative particle dynamics and other particle models for fluid flow in geometrically complex confined systems. Journal of Chemical Phys., 130, Article Number: 234103.

11. Hammer, Ø. 2010. Pattern formation by local amplification and lateral inhibition: examples from biology and geology. In Skjeltorp, A.T. & Helgesen, G. (eds.), Order, Robustness and Instabilities in Complex Systems. European Physical Journal, Special Topics, in press.

76. Xu, Z.J.,  Meakin, P., Tartakovsky, A.M... 2009. Diffuse-interface model for smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Physical Review E, 79, Article Number: 036702.

12. Hammer, Ø.,  Webb, K.E. 2010. Piston coring of Inner Oslofjord pockmarks: constraints on age and mechanism. Norwegian Journal of Geology, in press.

77. Zhijie, X., Meakin, P. 2009. A phase-field approach to no-slip boundary conditions in dissipative particle dynamics and other particle models for fluid flow in geometrically complex confined systems. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 130, 234103.

13. Hammer, Ø, Dysthe, D.K., Jamtveit, B. 2010.Travertine terracing: patterns and mechanisms. In: Tufas and Speleothems: Unravelling the Microbial and Physical Controls. Geological Society of London Special Publications (accepted).

Publications 2010 and in press

14. Hövelmann, J., Putnis, A., Geisler, T., Schmidt, B.C., Golla-Schindler, Y. 2010. The replacement of plagioclase by albite; observationbs from hydrothermal experiments. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. DOI 10.1007/s00410-009-0415-4.

1. Angheluta, L., J. Mathiesen, C. Misbah, F. Renard. 2010. Morphological instabilities of stressed and reactive geological interfaces, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2009JB006880, in press.

65. Torsvik,  T.H. , Cocks, L.R.M. 2009. The Lower Palaeozoic palaeogeographical evolution of the Northeastern and Eastern periGondwana margin from Turkey to New Zealand. J. Geol. Soc. London Special Publication, 325, 3-21.

2. Beinlich, A., Klemd, R., John, T., Gao, J. 2010. Trace-element mobilization during Ca-metasomatism along a major fluid conduit: Eclogitization of blueschist as a consequence of fluid-rock interaction. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 1892-1922.

66. Torsvik, T.H., T.S. Paulsen, N.C. Hughes, P.M. Myrow, M. Ganerød. 2009. The Tethyan Himalaya: Paleogeographic and Tectonic Constraints from Ordovician Paleomagnetic data. Geol. Soc. London, 166, 679-687.

3. Corfu, F., Svensen, H., Neumann, E.-R., Nakrem, H.A., Planke, S. U-Pb and geochemical evidence for a Cryogenian magmatic arc in central Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia. Terra Nova, 00, 1-9.

67. Torsvik, T.H., T.H., Rousse, S., Labails, C., Smethurst, M.A. 2009. A new scheme for the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and dissection of an Aptian Salt Basin. Geophysical Journal International, 177, 1315-1333.

4. Corfu, F., Svensen, H., Neumann, E-R., Nakrem, H.A., Planke, S. 2010. Geochemistry and U-Pb age of mafic intrusives in central Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia: a Neoproterozoic magmatic arc, not a Mesozoic LIP. Terra Nova, In Press.

68. Torsvik, T.H., Steinberger, B., Gurnis, M., Gaina, C. 2009. Plate tectonics and net lithosphere rotation over the past 150 MY. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 291, 106-112.

5. Croizé, D., Ehrenberg, S. N., Bjørlykke, K., Renard, F., Jahren, J., 2010. Petrophysical properties of bioclastic neretic carbonates: implication for porosity controls during burial of carbonate platforms. Marine and Petroleum Geology, accepted.

69. Treagus, S.H., Fletcher, R.C. 2009. Controls of folding on different scales in multilayered rocks. Journal of Structural Geology, 31, 1340-1349.

6. Engvik, A., Austrheim, H.O. 2010. Formation of sapphirine and corundum in scapolitised and Mg-metasomatised gabbro. Terra Nova, in press. 

70. Van Lente, B., Ashwal, L.D., Pandit, M.K., Bowring, S.A, Torsvik,  T.H., 2009. Neoproterozoic hydrothermally altered basaltic rocks from Rajasthan, northwest India: Implications for late Precambrian tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Craton. Precambrian Research, 170, 202-222.

7. Fletcher, R.C., Brantley, S.L. 2010. Reduction of corestones in the weathering profile: observations and model.  American Journal of Science, In press.

71. Van Lente, B., Ashwal, L.D., Pandit, M.K., Bowring, S.A, Torsvik, T.H., 2009. Neoproterozoic hydrothermally altered basaltic rocks from Rajasthan, northwest India: Implications for late Precambrian tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Craton. Precambrian Research, 170, 202-222. 72. Vrijmoed, J.C., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Andersen, T.B. 2009. An alternative model for ultra-high pressure in the Svartberget Fe-Ti garnet-peridotite, Western Gneiss Region, Norway. European Journal og Mineralogy, 21, 1119-1133.

70

10. Hacker, B.R., Andersen, T.B. Johnston, S., Kylander-Clark, A.R.C., Peterman, E. Walsh, E.O.,  Young D. 2010. High-temperature deformation during continental margin subduction and exhumation: The Ultrahigh-Pressure Western Gneiss Region of Norway. Tectonophysics , 480, 149–171.

8. Gaina, C., S Werner, R Saltus, S Maus and the CAMP-GM group. 2010. Circum-Arctic Mapping Project: New Magnetic and Gravity Anomaly Maps of the Arctic (in press, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ.) 9. Galerne, C.Y., Neumann, E.-R., Aarnes, I., Planke, S.  2010. Magmatic Differentiation Processes in Saucer-Shaped Sills: Evidence from the Golden Valley Sill in the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Geosphere, in press.

PGP Annual Report 2008

23. Meijers, M.J.M., Kaymakci, N., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Langereis, C.G., Stephenson, R.A., Hyppolyte, J.-C. 2010. Late Cretaceous to Paleocene oroclinal bending in the Central Pontides (Turkey): Tectonics,  (in press). 24. Noiriel, C., Renard, F., Doan, M.-L., and Gratier, J.-P. 2010. Intense fracturation and fracture sealing induced by mineral growth in porous rocks. Chemical Geology , in press. 25. Putnis, A., Austrheim, H. 2010. Fluid-induced processes: metasomatism andmetamorphism. Geofluids,  in press.   26. Ravna, E.J.K., Andersen, T.B., Jolivet, L .,  de Capitani, C. 2010. Cold subduction and the formation of lawsonite eclogites – constraints from prograde evolution of eclogitized pillow lava from Corsica. Journal Metamorphic Geology, doi:10.1111/j.15251314.2010.00870.x 27. Roberts, R., Corfu, F., Torsvik, T.H., Hetherington, C., Ashwal LD. 2010. Alkaline and carbonatitic magmatism coeval with mafic plutonism in the Seiland Igneous Province, Northern Norway: age and palaeotectonic significance. J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 167, 71-81. 28. Scheibert, J. , C. Guerra, F. Célarié, D. Dalmas, D. Bonamy, 2010. BrittleQuasibrittle Transition in Dynamic Fracture: An Energetic Signature Physical Review Letters, 104, 045501 (2010)

15. Ivanov, M., Mazzini, A., Blinova, V., Kozlova, E., Laberg, J.-S., Matveeva, T., Taviani, M. and Kaskov, N., 2010. Seep mounds on the Southern Vøring Plateau (offshore Norway). Marine and Petroleum Geology, doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.11.009.

29. Svensen, H., Jamtveit, B. 2010. Metamorphic fluids and global environmental changes. Elements, In press.

16. Jamtveit, B., Austrheim, H.O. 2010. Metamorphism: The role of fluids. Elements, (in press).

30. Svensen, H., Planke, S., Corfu, F. 2010. Zircon dating ties North Atlantic gas eruptions to Eocene warming. Journal of the Geological Society, In Press.

17. John, T., Scherer, E.E., Schenk, V., Herms, P., Halama, R., Garbe-Schönberg. 2010. Subducted reamounts in an eclogite-facies ophiolite sequence: the Andean Raspas Complex, SW Equador. Contrib. MIneral. Petrol., doi 10.1007/s004100-009-0427-0.

31. Svensen, H., Aarnes, I., Podladchikov, Y., Jettestuen, E., Harstad, C.H., Planke, S. 2010. Sandstone dikes in dolerite sills: Evidence for high pressure gradients and sediment mobilization during solidification of magmatic sheet intrusions. Geosphere, In Press.

18. Krotkiewski, M., Dabrowski, M. 2010, Parallel symmetric sparse matrix-vector product on scalar multi-core CPUs. Parallel Computing, In press, doi:10.1016/j.parco.2010.02.003.

32. Torsvik, T.H., Steinberger, B., Gurnis, M., Gaina, C. Plate tectonics and net lithosperer rotation over the past 150 My. Earth and Planet. Science Letters, doi: 10.1016/j.epls.2009.12.055.

19. Köhler, C., Krijgsman, W., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Heslop, D. 2010. Concurrent tectonic and climatic changes recorded in upper Tortonian sediments from the eastern Mediterranean: Terra Nova, 22, 52-63.

33. van Hinsbergen, D.J.J.,  Dekkers, M.J.,  Koc, A. Testing Miocene remagnetization of Bey Daglari: Timing and amount of Neogene rotations in SW Turkey, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 19, p. doi:10.3906/yer-0904-1.

20. Labrousse, L., Hetény, G., Raimbourg, H., Jolivet, L. & Andersen, T.B.  Initiation of crustal -scale thrusts triggered by metamorphic reactions at depth: insights from a comparison between the Himalayas and the Scandinavian Caledonides.   Tectonics, doi:10.1029/2009TC002602, in press.

34. van Hinsbergen, D.J.J.  Dekkers, M.J., Bozkurt, E. Koopman, M.  Exhumation with a twist: paleomagnetic constraints on the evolution of the Menderes metamorphic core complex (western Turkey), Tectonics  v. 29, p. TC2596, doi:10.1029/2009TC002596.

21. Lebedeva, M.I., R.C. Fletcher, S.L. Brantley. 2010. A mathematical model for steady-state regolith production at constant erosion rate. Journal of Geophysical Research, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, doi: 10.1002/esp.1954 22. Meakin, P., Jamtveit, B.  2010. Geological pattern formation by growth and dissolution in aqueous systems II: Applications. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 466, 659-694.

35. van der Meer, D., Spakman, W., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Amaru, M.L., Torsvik, T.H. 2010. Absolute plate motions since the Permian interred from lower mantle slab remnants. Nature Geoscience, 3, 36-40. 36. Werner, S.C., Torsvik, T.H. 2010. Downsizing the Mjolnir impact structure, Barents Sea, Norway. Tectonophysics, 483, 191-202.

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In books and proceedings 2009

1. Gisler, G. 2009. Tsunami generation - other sources, chapter 6 in The Sea: Volume 15, Tsunamis, edited by Alan Robinson and Eddie Bernard  pp 179-200. 2. Gisler, G.R., Weaver, R.P., Gittings, M.L. 2009. Oblique impacts into volatile sediments: ejection distribution patterns, PARA 08 Conference Proceedings, Trondheim, in press.  3. Gisler, G.R., Weaver, R., Gittings,  M. 2009.  Near-field effects of asteroid impacts in deep water. Planetary Defence conference, Grenada Spain 27 April, 8 pp. 4. Guerra, C., J. Scheibert, D. Dalmas, D. Bonamy, Morphological aspects of the fracture surfaces generated by the dynamic fracture of brittle heterogeneous materials and their correlation with crack velocity. International Conference on Fracture 12, Ottawa, 2009 5. Hartz, E.,  Hartz, T.D., Glimmerveen, S. Reisen til istiden - To gutter på arktisk ekspedisjon. Gyldendal norsk forlag ISBN: 9788205389298, 128 pp. 6. Labails C., Torsvik T.H., Gaina C., Cocks R., 2009. Global Plate Polygons 2009, SPlates Model (version 2.0). NGU Report 2009.047, 270 p. 7. Mazzini, A. 2009. (Editor).  Mud volcanism: Processes and implications. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26(9). 8. Scheibert, J., C. Guerra, D. Dalmas, D. Bonamy. Energetic aspects of dynamic fracture in glass and plexiglas. International Conference on Fracture 12,0ttawa, 2009.

5. Yarushina, V. 2009. (De)compaction waves in the porous viscoelastic media. University of Oslo. ISSN 1501-7710 No. 896.

Invited talks 2009

1. Aagaard, P., Austrheim, H. CO2 sequestration in serpentinized peridotite - thermodynamic modeling of a natural occurrence. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Invited talk). 2. Austrheim, H.O. Formation of quartz after olivine during wathering of peridotite. University of Munster, Germany 26.11.09 (Invited talk). 3. Abe, S., Mair, K. Simulating fault gouge dynamics. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Invited talk). 4. Andersen, T.B. Burial and exhumation of high- to ultra-high pressure rocks in the Scandinavian Caledonides.  University of Rome 3, Italy 19.2. Guest lecture. 5. Andersen, T.B.  Earthquakes at depth in subduction and collision: Geological observations, mechanical problems and possible solutions. University of Rome 3, Italy.  5.3. Guest lecture. 6. Andersen, T.B.  Tectonic history of the Scandinavian Caledonides. University of Rome 3, Italy.  12.3. Guest lecture. 7. Andersen, T.B. Geology of subduction related pseudotachylytes in Corsica. Wits Univ. 8.1.Student seminar. 8. Angheluta, L., Jettestuen, E., Mathiesen, J. Thermodynamics and roughening of interfaces. University of Grenoble, France. 07-11 January.

9. Tantserev, E. C.Y. Galerne, Y.Y. Podladchikov. 2009. Multiphase flow in multi-component porous visco-elastic media. The Fourth Biot Conference on Poromechanics. 959-964.

9.   Dabrowski, M. Unravelling the puzzle of numerical modeling, 28.6. - 5.7. Braunwald, Switzerland.

10. van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Edwards, M.A., Govers, R. 2009. Collision and collapse at the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia subducion zone (Eds). Geological Society, Special Publication 331.

10. Dabrowski, M. Development of efficient numerical tools for geodynamic modeling. 11th Worksop on „Modeling of Mantle Convection & Lithospheric Dynamics”, Braunwald, 28.06-03.07, Switzerland.

In books and proceedings 2010 in press

1. Meakin, P., Jamtveit, B. Geological pattern formation by growth and dissolution in aqueous systems, Proceedings of the Royal Society, published online November 26, 2009.

PhD thesises

11. Feder, J. Extrusion:  Plastic Deformation & Friction”, Norsk Hydro, Vekerø, 5. Jan 2009. 12. Feder, J. Fractal Fronts in Porous Media”,  Workshop on „Models and Images for Porous Media” Universtité Paris Descartes, Paris, January 12-16, 2009 

1. Angheluta, L. 2009. Instabilities in Reactive and Deformable Two Phase Media. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo. ISSN 1501-7710 No. 910.

13. Feder, J. “Particles in a Microscopic Pore „, 15. Jan 2009. Workshop on „Models and Images for Porous Media” Universtité Paris Descartes, Paris, January 12-16, 2009.

2. Galerne, C. 2009.Emplacement Mechanisms and Magmatic Differentiation Induced by Magma Flow in Sill Intrusions in Sedimentary Basins. University of Oslo. ISSN 1501-7710 No. 853.

14. Feder, J. “Universality in Stress Relaxation “Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, 6. Oct. 2009.

3. Vrijmoed, J.C. 2009. Physical and chemical interaction in the interior of the Caledonian mountains of Norway. University of Oslo. ISSN 1501-7710 No. 862. 4. Webb, K.E. 2009. Ecology and geology of pockmarks. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo. ISSN 1501-7710 No. 867.

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15. Jens Feder, de Villiers, S., Malthe-Sørenssen, A. „ Universality in Plastic Relaxation at Fixed Strain” PLASTICITY 2010, St. Kitts, Jan. 3-8 16. Gisler, G.R., Weaver, R.P., Gittings, M.L. Calculations of asteroid th impacts into deep and shallow water. 24 International Tsunami Symposium, Novosibirsk, Russia, July 14-17, 2009.

PGP Annual Report 2008

17. Gisler, G.R. Weaver, Tsunamis from asteroid impacts in deep water. SIAM Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE09) Miami, Florida, USA. 2-6 March.

33. Podladchikov, Y.Y. Continuum modeling of ”discontinuities”: strain localization and reaction fronts. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Invited talk).

18. Hammer, Ø. Livets utvikling og koblingen til hydrokarbonreservoarer, klimaendringer og geologiske prosesser. The Vista day, Oslo 23.11.09.

34. Podladchikov, Y.Y. High Stress and Strength of the Lithosphere. AGU Fall meeting in San Fransisco, USA. 14-18 December. (Invited talk).

19. Hartz, E. et al. Force, energy and mass-balanced basin models: An academic game or an exploration tool? The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Invited talk).

35. Raufaste C. Mechanical coupling in chemical alteration: role of the volume changes, LPMC Nice, May 5, 2009.

20. Jamtveit, B. Stress generation and hierarchical fracturing in reacth tive rocks. The 15 International symposium on plasticity and its current applications. St.Thomas, U.S.Virgin Islands, 3-8 Jan 2009. (Keynote) 21. Jamtveit, B. Reaction-driven hierarchical fracturing. 5th International Conference on Fractals and Dynamic Systems in Geoscience, Townsville, Australia. 14 August 2009. (Keynote) 22. Jamtveit, B. Om energi og miljørelevansen av PGP forskning. The Vista day, Oslo 23.11.09. 23. Jamtveit, B., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Mathiesen, J. Stress geneth ration and hierarchical fracturing in reactive rocks. The 15 International symposium on plasticity and its current applications. St.Thomas, U.S.Virgin Islands, 3-8 Jan. (Keynote). Stress generation and hierarchical fracturing in reactive rocks. The 15 International symposium on plasticity and its current applications. St.Thomas, U.S.Virgin Islands, 3-8 Jan. (Keynote).

36. Scheibert, J. Mécanique du contact frottant: rôle de la texture interfaciale. Seminar of the PHYMAT laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France  5.2. (Invited). 37. Scheibert, J. Une approche biomimétique pour étudier le toucher humain LPMCN, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France 6 Octobre 2009 (Invited) 38. Scheibert, J. Une approche biomimétique pour étudier le toucher humain LCVN, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France 5 Octobre 2009 (Invited) 39. Schmid, D. et al. Structure of fold traps. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Invited talk). 40. Schmid, D. Computersimulering av prosesser i bassenger og reservoarer. The Vista day, Oslo 23.11.09. 41. Svensen, H. Natural halocarbon emissions and the implications for the end-Permian mass extinction (252 Ma): Constraints from experiments and geological investigations in East Siberia. DFG Research Unit 763 Winter Meeting, Obejoch, Germany March 31. 

24. Krotkiewski, M. High performance computing in Physics of Geological Processes. The eighth Annual Meeting on High Performance Computing and Infrastructure in Norway, Trondheim 20.05.2009 (Invited speaker).  

42. Svensen, H. Climate effects of natural C-release. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Invited talk).

25. Malthe-Sørenssen, A. Fra tverrfaglig, petroleumsrelevant forskning på oppsprekkingsprosesser til CO2-lagringsprosjekt. The Vista day, Oslo 23.11.09.

43. Svensen, H. Jordens indre og raske endringer i karbonkretsløpet. Norsk Geologisk Forening, Vinterkonferansen 2009, Bergen, 13. January.

26. Mathiesen, J. The thermodynamics and roughening of solid-solid interfaces. 22 May. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Invited talk).

44. Svensen, H. Jordens indre og raske endringer i karbonkretsløpet. Universitetets aula, Oslo. 7. Februay 2009. Arrangement by Natural History Museum, Oslo.

27. Mathiesen, J. Scale selection and crack formation in shrinking solids, DTU, Denmark, Oct. 20, 2009. (Invited talk)

45. Svensen, H. Hva skjer når naturen selv slipper ut store mengder drivhusgasser? Universitetets aula, Oslo. 12. September 2009, Geologiens dag.

28. Mathiesen, J. The thermodynamics and roughening of solid-solid interfaces, Risø, Denmark, Oct. 1st. (Invited talk) 29. Mazzini, A. From source rocks to seeps. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Invited talk). 30. Mazzini., A., 2009.Paleao and modern eruptions and climate changes. Italian Embassy Research Venue. 4 September, Oslo (Invited talk). 31. Meakin, P. Fluid generaion and migration in low pwermeability organic-rich rocks. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Invited talk).

46. Svensen, H. How contact metamorphism and sediment degassing can trigger global warming and mass extinctions. The Institute for Paleoenvironments and Paleoclimate, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 13 October 2009. 47. Torsvik, T.H. A new scheme for the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. South Atlantic Margin Processes and Links with onshore Evolution, Priority program SPP1375 of the German Research Council, Benediktbeuern, 4 May.  48. Torsvik, T.H. Basins and topography in a plate tectonic context.  Physics of hydrocarbon-bearing systems. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Keynote lecture).

32. Planke, S., Svensen, H. Vulkanisme i sedimentære bassenger: - Fra et industrifinansiert tverrfaglig pilotprosjekt til en betydningsfull forskningsgruppe ved et SFF. The Vista day, Oslo 23.11.09.

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49. Torsvik, T.H. GPlates and Palaeogeographic Reconstructions. University of Fairbanks, Alaska, 30 March 2009. 50. Torsvik, T.H. Large Scale Plate Tectonics in the Circum Arctic. Alaska Geological Society, Anchorage, 29 March 2009. 51. Torsvik, T.H. Plate Tectonics and Creation of Europe: Past, Present and Future. Danish Academy of Sciences, Copenhagen, 5 February 2009. 52. Torsvik, T.H. From Plate Tectonics to Mantle Dynamics: A historical perspective. Geocentrum, University of Copenhagen, 5 February 2009. 53. Torsvik, T.H. Plate Tectonics and the shaping of Europe.  Norwegian Academy of Sciences, Oslo, 29 January 2009). Torsvik, T.H. 54. Torsvik, T.H. Diamonds sampled by plumes from the coremantle boundary. Out of Africa: 140 years with Kevin Burke and Lewis Ashwal. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 15-18 November 2009. 55. Torsvik, T.H. Diamonds sampled by plumes from the coremantle boundary. AGU Fall meeting in San Fransisco, USA. 14-18 December. (Invited talk).

7. Adamuszek, M., John T., Dabrowski, M., Podladchikov Y.Y., Gertisser R.  Assimilation and diffusion during xenolith-magma interaction: A case study of the variscian karkonosze granite, Bohemian massif. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).   8. Adamuszek, M., D. W. Schmid, M. Dabrowski. Numerical toolbox for analyzing the fold geometry in 2D and 3D. Deformation, Rheology & Tectonics, 7-9 September 2009, Liverpool (Poster).

22. Dabrowski, M., D.W. Schmid, Y.Y. Podladchikov.  Mechanical Anisotropy Development of a Two-Phase Composite Subject to Large Deformation. European Geological Union meeting Vienna 19-24 April (Poster).

9. Andersen, T.B., Austrheim, H.O., John, T.,  Medvedev, S.,  Mair, K.  Blueschist - and eclogite facies pseodotrachylites: products of earchquackes in collisoon- and subductions zones.   European Geological Union meeting Vienna 19-25 April (Talk).

23. Deseta, N., Longridge, L., Andersen, T.B., Ashwal, L.D. Structural constraints on the generation of ultramafic pseudotachylytes from Cima di Gratera, Corsica. Out of Africa conference: 140 years with Kevin Burke and Lew Ashwal; 15-18.11.2009.

10. Andersen, T.B.,  Ravna, E.K., Austrheim, H.O.,  Jolivet, L.,  Medvedev, S.,  John, T. Early-Alpine subduction between Africa and Europe: Earthquakes and Metamorphism on an extreemely cold geotherm. Out of Africa conference: 140 years with Kevin Burke and Lew Ashwal; 15-18.11.2009.

24. Domeier, M.M., Van der Voo, R., Tomezzoli, R., Torsvik, T.H., Tohver, E., Hendriks, B., Vizan, H. and Dominguez, A.R., The Pangea problem: Insights from New Permo-Triassic paleomagnetic data from Gondwana, AGU Fall meeting, San Francisco (Talk).  

11. Angeli, M., C. Raufaste., D. K. Dysthe. Evaporation and crystallization of soluble salts in a model porous network. The French Congress of Mechanics, Marseille, 24-28 august 2009 (Talk) 12. Angheluta, L., Mathiesen, J.  Instabilities in multiphase solids under stress. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).  

56. van Hinsbergen, D. Geological expressions of subduction, collision, delamination and slab break-off in western Turkey: a record of a continuous process. Out of Africa: 140 years with Kevin Burke and Lewis Ashwal. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 15-18 November 2009.

13. Austrheim, H. Jung, H., Prestvik, T. Seismic pumping and cataclastic flow - important transport mechanisms during hydration and metasomatism of the oceanic lithosphere. European Geological Union meeting Vienna 19-25 April (Talk).

57. Vrijmoed, J. C. Physical and chemical interaction in the interior of the Caledonian mountains of Norway. Invited seminar at the Institute fo Mineralogy Westfälische-Wilhelms University Münster, Germany, 16 July 2009.

14. Beinlich, A., Austrheim, H.O., Glodny, J., Erambert, M., Andersen, T.B. CO2 sequestration and extreme Mg leaching in serpentinized peridotite clasts of the Solund Devonian Basin, SW-Norway. Goldschmidt conference, Davos, Switzerland 17.6. - 5.7. (Poster).

Talks and posters at conferences

15. Beinlich, A.,  Austrheim, A., Glodny, J., Erambert, M., Andersen, T.B. CO2 sequestration and extreme Mg leaching in serpentinized peridotite clasts of the Solund Devonian Basin, SW-Norway. 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference, JUN 21, 2009 Davos, Switzerland (Talk).

1. Aarnes, I., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Neumann, E.R., Galerne, C. Postemplacement melt-flow as a feasible mechanism for reversed differentiation in tholeiitic sills.  European Geological Union meeting Vienna 19-25 April (Talk). 2. Aarnes, I., Svensen, H., Polteau, S., Connolly, J.A.D., Planke, S. Contact metamorphism of black shale: global carbon cycle and climate perturbations. European Geological Union meeting Vienna 19-25 April (Poster). 3. Aarnes, I., H. Svensen, S. Polteau, J. A. D. Connolly, Y. Y. Podladchikov. The impact of large scale contact metamorphism on global climate. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).   4. Aarnes, I., H. Svensen, S. Polteau, J. A. D. Connolly, Y. Y. Podladchikov. The impact of large scale contact metamorphism on global climate. Goldchmidt conference, Davos, Switzerland 17.6. - 5.7. 5. Abe, S., K. Mair. ’Simulating fault gouge dynamics.’  The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May, 2009 (Talk). 6. Abe, S., K. Mair. ’Fault Gouge, Grain Shape and Friction - new Results from 3D DEM Simulations’. European Geosciences Union meeting Vienna 19-25 April 2009 (Talk)

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21. Dabrowski, M., D.W. Schmid. Anisotropy and Heterogeneity Interaction in Shear Zones. European Geological Union meeting Vienna 19-24 April. (Talk).

16. Beinlich, A., John, T., Klemd, R. & Gao, J. Mobilization of trace-elements due to Ca-metasomatically induced eclogitization of blueschist. European Geological Union meeting Vienna 19-25 April. 17. Beinlich, A., O. Plümper, J. Hövelmann., H. Austrheim. Sequestering Carbon Dioxide via Mineral Reactions in Peridotites: Insights from Natural Examples and Experimental Approaches. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).   18. Bjørk, T., Mair, K., Austrheim, H. Quantifying granular material and deformation: Advantages of combining grain size, shape, and mineral phase recognition analyses. Norwegian Geological Winter Conference, 2009 13-15.01.09 (Bergen). 19. Burke, K., T.H. Torsvik, B. Steinberger, 2009. Implications of long-term stability of large-scale deep mantle structure, Gordon Research Conference - Interior of the Earth, South Hadley, MA, USA (Talk). 20. Dabrowski, M., D.W. Schmid. Effective mechanical properties of composite rocks.  Deformation, Rheology & Tectonics, 7-9 September 2009, Liverpool (Talk).

PGP Annual Report 2008

25. Domeier, M., R Van der Voo, R N Tomezzoli, T H Torsvik, H Vizan, A Dominguez, J Kirshner: Alternative Pangea Reconstructions A Matter of Flawed Data? Implications of a new Early Triassic Paleopole from Argentina. AGU spring meeting, Toronto (Talk).    26. Dominguez, A.R., R Van der Voo, T H Torsvik, B T Larsen, A Abrajevitch, M Domeier, Determining the Paleolatitude of Baltica during the Permo-Triassic to Test Existing Pangea Models. AGU spring meeting, Toronto (Talk). 27. Dupont-Nivet, G., D van Hinsbergen, T.H. Torsvik. Persistently low Asian paleolatitudes: implications for the Indo-Asia collision. AGU spring meeting, Toronto (Talk). 28. Dupont-Nivet, G., D van Hinsbergen, T.H. Torsvik. Persistently low Asian paleolatitudes: implications for the Indo-Asia collision. AGU spring meeting, Toronto (Talk.) 29. Fristad, K. Geochemistry of Early Triassic Crater Lake Sediments in the Tunguska Basin, Siberia: Implications for Extinction and Recovery. Goldschmidt 2009 June 22-26. (Poster). 30. Fristad, K., H. Svensen, S. Planke, A.G. Polozov. Geochemistry of early triassic crater lake sediments in the tunguska basin, Siberia: Implication for extinction and recovery. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).   31. Fry, A., N Kusznir, M Dabrowski, A Rietbrock, and I Podladtchikov.  Modelling stress accumulation and dissipation and the causes of intermediate depth seismicity in subduction zones. European Geological Union meeting Vienna 19-24 April. (Poster) 32. Fry, A., N. Kusznir, M. Dabrowski, A. Rietbrock, Y. Podladchikov. Subduction stress accumulation and dissipation in Wadati-Benioff zones. 11th Worksop on ”Modeling of Mantle Convection & Lithospheric Dynamics”, Braunwald, 28.06-03.07, Switzerland (Poster). 33. Gac S., R. S. Huismans, Y. Y. Podladchikov, N. S. C. Simon. J. Semprich. Can phase changes be at the origin of the large subsidence of Barents Sea basins? Insights from density modelling, EGU, Vienna (Austria), April 2009 (Talk).   34. Gaina, C. T. Torsvik, D. van Hinsbergen and the TAP group, THE AFRICAN PLATE: AN OVERVIEW OF PLATE TECTONIC FORCES SINCE THE JURASSIC, Lithosphere dynamics and sedimentary basins: The Arabian plate and analogues, ILP Task Force on Sedimentary basins workshop, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 6-11 Decemeber 2009.

35. Gaina, C., T.H. Torsvik, D. van Hinsbergen and the TAP group, THE AFRICAN PLATE: AN OVERVIEW OF PLATE TECTONIC FORCES SINCE THE JURASSIC, Out of Africa conference, Johannesburg, South Africa, 16-19 November 2009. 36. Ganerød, M., Torsvik, T.H., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Corfu, F., Gaina, C., Werner. S., Owen-Smith, T.M., Ashwal, L.D., Webb, S.J. and Hendriks, B.W.H. Paleoposition of the Seychelles continent in relation to the Deccan Traps and the Plume Generation Zone in KT boundary time. Out of Africa, a tribute to Kevin Burke and Lew Ashwal. 37. Galland, O., et al. Mechanical coupling between magma intrusion and deformation. 38. Sassier, C., Galland, O. et al. AGU Fall Meeting San Fransisco USA 14-18 December (poster). 39. Gisler, G. Near-Field Effects of Asteroid Impacts in Deep Water, Planetary Defence Conference, 27-30 April, Granada Spain (Talk). 40. Gisler, G.  Simulations of the Explosive Eruption of Superheated Fluids through Deformable Media. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).   41. Gisler, G., Weaver, R.P., Gittings, M. Calculations of Tsunamis th from Submarine Landslides. Ther 4 International Symposium: Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, 8-11 November, 2009, Austin, Texas (Talk). 42. Guerra, C., J. Scheibert, F. Célarié, D. Dalmas, D. Bonamy, Morphological Aspects on the Fracture Surfaces in Brittle Materials and their Correlation with Crack Velocity and Acoustic Emission, International Conference on Fracture 12, Ottawa, Canada, July 12-17 2009 (Talk). 43. Hacker, B.R., Andersen, T.B., Johnston, S., Kylander-Clark, A., Peterman, E.M., Walsh, E., Young, D. High-temperature deformation during continental-margin subduction  & exhumation: The Ultrahigh Pressure Western Gneiss Region of Norway. Tectonophysics (abstract). 44. Hartmann W. K., Quantin C., Werner S. C. ,Popova, O. Using Small Impact Craters to Date Surfaces on Mars: Successful Test and New Opportunities.  The Meteoritical Society Meeting: July, 13-18 2009, Nancy France (Talk). 45. Hendriks, B.W.H., Burke, K.C.A. and Torsvik, T.H., 2009, African 30 Ma and younger volcanism and its relationship to the Plume Generation Zone, Out of Africa Conference, November 2009, Wits University, Johannesburg. 46. Hövelmann, J. The replacement of plagioclase by albite in hydrothermal experiments: the replacement   mechanism and element   mobilisation. European Geological Union meeting  19-24 Apr. (Talk). 47. Hövelmann, J.E., Austrheim, H.O.  Guidelines for experiments ­­ on CO­­­ sequestration in peridotites based on a natural example. 2 Goldschmidt meeting Davos, Switzerland, 21.-26.06.2009 (Poster). 48. Jamtveit B, Hammer Ø, Dysthe D, Meakin P., Jettestuen E. Growth of Complex Mineral Surfaces with and Without Fluid Flow. 19th Goldschmict meeting, Davos, 25 June 2009 (Talk).

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Appendices

49. John, T., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Beinlich, A., Klemd, R. Channeled Fluid Flow Through Slabs: Reactive Porosity Waves. Goldschmidt  conference, Davos, Switzerland 17.6. - 5.7.

64. Piazolo, S., Austrheim, H., Roeffeis, C. Deformation and recrystallization of zircon: a case study from an amphibolite faceis shear zone in anorthiosite.  DRT meeting September 2009 (Talk).

80. Schmid, D., Dabrowski, M., Krotkiewski, M. 3D Fold Pattern Formation: a FEM Study. SHIRAZ Conference 4-6 May 2009 in Shiraz, Iran (Talk).

94. Vrijmoed, J.C., H. Svensen. Migration pathways for hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).  

50. Krotkiewski, M., Dabrowski, M. High-resolution 3D modeling of fluid transport in porous media. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).  

65. Plûmper, O., Austrheim, H.O., Jung, H. The role of crystal-plastic deformation in the serpentinization of olivine. Goldschmidt meeting Davos, Switzerland, 21.-26.06.2009 (Poster).

81. Schmid, D., Schmalholz, S.M., Manchtelow, N.S., Fletcher, R.C. Folding of power‐law single layers.  Deformation, Rheology & Tectonics, 7-9 September 2009, Liverpool (Talk).

95. Werner, S. The Lunar rayed crater population. Univeristy of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Afrika,  12-28 November (Poster).

51. Krotkiewski, M., Dabrowski, M., D.W. Schmid. Large resolution 3D geo-modeling on unstructured adaptive meshes. Deformation, Rheology & Tectonics, 7-9 September 2009, Liverpool (Poster).

66. Putnis, A., Janssen, A., Jamtveit, B., Putnis, C.V. Reaction-induced fracturing during replacement reactions. 19th Goldschmict meeting, Davos, 25 June 2009 .

82. Semprich, J.,   N.S.C. Simon., Y.Y. Podladchikov. Crustal phase transitions and basin subsidence in a compressional setting.  The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).  

52. Løberg M.,  Podladchikov, Y.Y. . On poroelasticity - one classical and one new result. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).  

67. Raufaste C. Coupling between chemical alteration and mechanics: an experimental approach, Geilo School, March 23 -April 2, 2009.

83. Souche, A., Medvedev, S., Hartz, E.H.: Vertical motions of passive margins of Greenland: influence of ice sheet, glacial erosion, and sediment transport. European Geoscience Union General Assembly 2009, Vienna, Austria (Poster)

96. Yarushina, V.M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. Modelling of reactive fluid transport in deformable porous rocks, EGU, Vienna 2009, (talk) V.M. Yarushina, Y. Podladtchikov, Low frequency attenuation due to pore scale Inelasticity, (talk), Euro-conference of Rock Physics and Geomechanics, Ascona 2009.

53. Mair, K., Abe, S. Effects of gouge fragment shape on fault friction: New 3D modeling results. AGU, San Francisco USA 12-20.12.09 (Talk). 54. Mathiesen, J., Angheluta, L., Renard, F. Stress relaxation and morphological instabilities at interfaces of contacting rocks, AGU, San Francisco USA 12-20.12.09 (Talk). 55. Mazzini, A., Etiope, G., Svensen, H., Polteau, S., Planke, S., 2009. CO2 and CH4 degassing from vents and soil in the Salton Sea Geothermal System (California, USA), AGU, 14-18 December, San Francisco, CA, USA (Talk).

68. Raufaste, C., J. Mathiesen, A. Røyne, D. K. Dysthe, A. MaltheSørenssen,  B. Jamtveit. Volume changes in solids induced by chemical alteration The French Congress of Mechanics, Marseille, 24-28 august 2009 (Talk). 69. Roffeis, C., Austrheim, H., Piazolo, S., Corfu, F., Simonsen, S. Deformation and recrystallization of zircon and its influence on the isotope systems: a case from a shear zone in anothosite of the Lindås nappe. AGU spring meeting  (Talk). 70. Roscher, M., Berner, U., Schneider, J. W. Climate of the Late Palaeozoic – New insights from climate modeling and its implications for reservoir rock exploration. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).  

84. Souche, A., Medvedev, S., Hartz, E.H.: Erosion driven mass redistribution and vertical motions of passive margins: Examples from Greenland: The 22rd Kongsberg seminar, 6-8 May 2009 (Poster). 85. Souche, A., Krotkiewski, M., Dabrowski, M.: 2D convection in saturated porous media: benchmarking numerical solvers. The rd 22 Kongsberg seminar, 6-8 May 2009 (Poster). 86. Souche, A., Medvedev, S., Hartz, E.H.: Vertical motions of passive margins of Greenland: influence of ice sheet, glacial erosion, and th sediment transport. The 11 International Workshop on Modeling of Mantle Convection and Lithospheric Dynamics, June 28 July 3, 2009, Braunwald, Switzerland (Poster).

97. Yarushina, V.M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. . Modelling of reactive fluid transport in deformable porous rocks. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).   98. Yarushina, V., Y.Y. Podladchikov. Low-frequency attenuation due to pore-scale inelasticity. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).  

Other talks

1. Jamtveit, B. Hva er supervulkaner og utgjør de en trussel i dag? Open seminar at the University of Oslo arranged by the Natural history museum, Mar 7. th 2. Jamtveit, B. Physics of Geological Processes. 70 anniversary seminar for Jens Feder. Norw. Academy of Science, 30 Jan 2009.

56. Mazzini, A., et al. CO2 and CH4 degassing from vents and soil in the Salton Sea Geothermal System (California, USA). AGU Fall meeting 14-18 December, San Francisco USA (Talk).

71. Sassier, C., Galland, O., et al. The Andean Geotrail 1. AGU Fall Meeting San Fransisco USA 14-18 December (Poster).

57. Mazzini A. 2009. From source rocks to seeps. 22th Kongsberg Seminar 2009, Norway, 6-8 May (Talk).

72. Sassier, C., Galland, O., et al. The Andean Geotrail 2. AGU Fall Meeting San Fransisco USA 14-18 December (Poster).

87. Souche, A., Andersen, T.B., Medvedev, S., Dabrowski, M.: Thermal evolution of sedimentary basins above large shear zones and detachments. Vista Scholar Day, Statoil research center, Trondheim, October 2009 (Talk).

58. Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Polteau, S., Planke, S. 2009. Water and gas seepage at the Salton Sea Geothermal System (California, USA). EGU, 20-24 April, Vienna, Austria (Talk).

73. Scheibert, J., C. Guerra, F. Célarié, D. Dalmas, D. Bonamy, Dynamic fracture: How brittle are brittle amorphous materials, International Conference on Complex Systems and Applications 2009, Le Havre, France, 29th June-2nd July 2009 (Talk).

88. Steinberger, S.C. Werner, T.H. Torsvik. 2009. Deep vs. shallow origin of gravity anomalies, topography and volcanism on Earth, Venus and Mars ESLAB09 International Conference on Comparative Planetology: Venus-Earth-Mars, Noordwijk, Netherlands (Talk).

TV

74. Scheibert, J., C. Guerra, F. Célarié, D. Dalmas, D. Bonamy. A new critical velocity in the dynamic fracture of brittle amorphous materials. International Conference on Fracture 12, Ottawa, Canada, July 12-17 2009 (Talk).

89. van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Dekkers, M.J., Bozkurt, E. and Koopman, M., Exhumation with a twist: paleomagnetic constraints on the evolution of the Menderes metamorphic core complex. AGU Fall meeting 14-18 December, San Francisco USA (Talk).

2. Hartz, E., Hartz, T.D., Glimmerveen, S. Reisen til istiden - To gutter på arktisk ekspedisjon. Story on ”Newton” five Sundays in September/October.

75. Scheibert, J., C. Guerra, F. Célarié, D. Dalmas, D. Bonamy. A new critical velocity in the dynamic fracture of brittle amorphous materials. International School on Complexity, Erice, Italie 20-25 Juillet 2009 (Poster). 

90. van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Dekkers, M.J., Bozkurt, E., Kaymakci, N. and Koopman, M., 2009, Exhumation with a twist: the Menderes Massif of western Turkey restored. AGU Fall Meeting, 14-18 December, San Francisco USA (Talk).

76. J.Scheibert, A. Prevost, G. Debrégeas, Local mechanics of frictional multicontacts: optical measurements. 11th International School on Complexity, Erice, Italie 20-25 Juillet 2009 (Poster)

91. van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Kaymakci, N., Bozkurt, E., Dekkers, M.J. and Koopman, M., 2009, Subduction, collision, delamination and slab break-off in western Turkey. Out of Africa conference, Johannesburg 2009.

59. Meakin, P. Fluid generaion and migration in low pwermeability organic-rich rocks. The 22 Kongsber seminar, Kongsberg Norway 6-8 May (Talk). 60. Medvedev, S. Generation of intermediate to deep earthquakes by self-localizing thermal runaway: insights from petrological and numerical studies. Mantle convection and lithosphere deformation Workshop. Zurich Switzerland (Poster). 61. Medvedev, S. Generation of intermediate to deep earthquakes by self-localizing thermal runaway: insights from petrological and numerical studies. Geodynamical Phenomena: From Field, Observational, Computational, Seismological and Rheological Perspectives. Suzdal, Russia 14-24 August (Talk). 62. Nermoen A.,  D. K. Dysthe, E. Jettestuen og C. Raufaste.  Pattern formation in a fluidized bimodal granular mixture. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).  

77. Scheibert, J., A. Prevost, G. Debrégeas. Local mechanics of frictional multicontacts: MEMS measurements, 11th International School on Complexity, Erice, Italie 20-25 Juillet 2009 (Poster)

63. Paulsen, K., D. W. Schmid, M., Dabrowski., M. Krotkiewski. Efficient two dimensional modelling in Earth science. Deformation, Rheology & Tectonics, 7-9 September 2009, Liverpool (Poster).

  . 78. Scheibert J.,  A. Prevost, G. Debrégeas  Frictional shear rupture in a lab-scale fault-like system. The 22th Kongsberg seminar, Norway 6-8 May (Poster).   79. Schmid, D.W., M. Dabrowski., M. Krotkiewski. 3D Folding. Deformation, Rheology & Tectonics, 7-9 September 2009, Liverpool  (Poster) .

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92. Webb, J Cole, S A Letts, C Finn, T H Torsvik, M D Lee, Magnetic modeling of the Bushveld Igneous Complex. AGU Fall meeting, San Francisco (Talk). 93. Vrijmoed, J.C., Podladchikov, Y.Y. Pressure variations during ultra-high pressure metamorphism? Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 11, EGU2009-12521 (Talk).

In the media 2009 1. Andsersen, T.B. Dagsnytt 18, Intervju og kommentarer vedrørene jordskjelv og tsunami i Indonesia og Samoa. TV NRK2 [TV] 200909-30  

3. Svensen, H. Om filmen 2012 og katastrofer. ”I Kveld”, NRK1, 19 November (talkshow). 4. Radio 5. Andsersen, T.B. Dagsnytt 18, Intervju og kommentarer vedrørene jordskjelv og tsunami i Indonesia og Samoa. NRK radio P2 200909-30   6. Svensen, H. Hva skjedde på jorden for 250 millioner år siden? Intervew, NRK P1 - Søndagsåpent, 04.01.2009. 7. Svensen, H. Supervulkanen Yellowstone. Intervjiew, NRK P1 Her og nå 05.01.2009. 8. Svensen, H. Masseutryddelsen for 250 millioner år siden. Verdt å vite, 22. January 2009 (interview). 9. Svensen, H. ABC Late Night Live, Australia, 22 April 2009: Dealing with natural disasters. (Interview).

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Appendices

Books 1. Hartz, Glimmerveen, Hovius, Dybendahl Hartz, Reisen til istiden: To gutter på Arktisk expedisjon, Gyldendal, 129 pages. (Popular science: Journey to the iceage: Two boys on an Arctic expedition).

6. Gisler, G. Corresponding interview on Wetenschap, web magazine in The Netherlands 24 April. 7. Gisler, G.  Corresponding presented in several Blogs, for instance http://io9.com/5214616/ about science fiction, 17. April

Magazines

8. Jamtveit et al. Københavns Universitet har skandinavisk rekord i bureaukrati. Ingeniøren 25 December 2009. Article based on on the article ”Scaling properties of European research units”.

2. Mazzini, A. Tar pulsen på slamvulkan. Apollon, 2/2009, pp. 46-47.

9. Svensen, H. Døden fra dypet. Forskning no. 2, January 2009 (interview).

1. Gisler, G. Asteriods won`t raise killer waves - but mind the splash. NewScientist 16 April 2009 (interview).

3. Mazzini, A. Mired in Mud. Global Knowledge, 2, 46-49 (interview). 4. Svensen, H. Discovery News, 4 February 2009. Toxic gases caused world’s worst extinction. (Interview).

Other activities 

1. Svensen, H. Hvordan redde verden og en stadig flatere rumpe. 5. september 2009. (Blog on forskning.no)

5. Svensen, H. Nature Geoscience, February 2009: Mass extinctions: Noxiouis traps. (Interview).

2. Svensen, H. Conspiracy. 15. September 2009. (Blog on forskning. no)

6. Svensen, H. Nature, 21 April 2009: Why big eruptions don’t always fuel mass extinctions. (Interview).

3. Svensen, H. Kill’em all. 28. Sptember 2009. (Blog on forskning.no)

7. Svensen, H. New Scientist, 15 April 2009: The End is Nigh. Bbook review. 8. Svensen, H. The Independent: 30 July 2009: Review of ”The End is Nigh”.

4. Svensen, H. Himmelske muligheter. Forskning.no, 2. November 2009 (blog). 5. Svensen, H. Budskapet som endret verden. Forskning.no, 10. November 2009 (blog).

9. Torsvik, T. Energikilder fra jordas indre. Nytt Fra Nord, The Norwegian Svalbard Society, Årgang 5 April 2009. 10. Werner, S., Gisler, G. Trussler utenfra. Forskning.no December 09, page 16.17 (interview).

Newspapers 1. Gjelsvik, O., Jamtveit, B., Stenseth, N.C., Østerud, Ø., Om bredde og elitisme. Aftenposten (reply) 27 March. 2. Jamtveit, B., Stenseth, N.C. En internasjonal rektor, Dagbladet, 22 March.

Online newspapers and magazines

1. Gisler, G. Hold deg langt unna. TV2 web 17 April 2009 (Interview). 2. Gisler, G. Asteroids won`t raise killer waves - but mind the splash. NewScientist 16 April (Interview). 3. Gisler, G. Corresponding interview in Science & Technology 16 April. 4. Gisler, G. Corresponding interview on Russian web page, 17 April 2009. 5. Gisler, G. Corresponding interview on TV2 web 17 April.

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COVERPHOTO: Tafoni (weathering cavities) in a sandstone cliff in Capitol Reef National Park, Southern Utah, USA. Tafoni form in a wide variety of rocks under all climatic conditions, but they are most abundant and well-developed in littoral zones and in arid regions. PGP has been investigating weathering because of its importance in the natural carbon cycle, as a source of soil and nutrients, and because of its intrinsic scientific interest. Photo © Paul Meakin

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