Portuguese intensive animal production systems and the manure issue João Paulo Carneiro
Portugal
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Portugal Area – 92 090 km2 (2 % of EU)
Population – 10 487 289 inhab. Exclusive economic zone 1 727 408 km2 (19x)
Active population (2013) – 5 284.6 thousand Gross Domestic Product per capita (2013) 15 842 € Utilized agricultural area - 3 668 145 ha
≈ 1500 km
Number of farms - 305 266 Agricultural area per farm – 12 ha (EU: 34 ha)
≈ 1000 km
Farmers - 750 000 ; 2% < 35 years Economically active population in agriculture (2013) 523 thousands (9.9% of total) Agri-food sector represent 3.9% of Gross Domestic Product
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Contour map (hypsometry) m
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Precipitation (annual mean values)
Temperature (daily mean air temperature)
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Inhabitants per km2
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Major Techno-Economic Orientations of animal production
Farms > 50 ha occupy 2/3 of utilized agricultural area
¾ of the farms explore less then 5 ha of utilized agricultural area
Utilized agricultural area (ha)
Alentejo 59% of total utilized agricultural area
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In the past two decades the intensive livestock production restructured itself through:
Reduction in the number of farms
Increase in average farm size Greater specialization and concentration of the production
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Poultry
Number of poultry
Poultry slaughtered and approved for consumption (2013): 188 583 486 (Aves abatidas e aprovadas para consumo)
Number Of Laying Hens Housed (2011): 68 494 000 (Efetivo de Galinhas Poedeiras Alojadas)
BL
About 84% of heads are concentrated in 33% of the farms located in the Beira Litoral and Ribatejo Oeste RO
Poultrymeat (2012): 335 000 t ≈ 2% of EU Degree of Self-Sufficiency: 89.1% Per capita Consumption: 35.6 Kg/inhab/year Production Of Chicken Eggs for Consumption (2012): 1 406 273 000 1.7% of EU Degree of Self-Sufficiency: 102.6% Per capita Consumption: 8.4 Kg/inhab/year
1000 poultry heads 1000 chicken heads 8
Chickenmeat Supply (carne de frango)
Number of heads
Per capita Consumption: 26.5 Kg/inhab/year Degree of Self-Sufficiency: 100%
Duckmeat (carne de pato) Per capita Consumption: 0.98 Kg/inhab/year Degree of Self-Sufficiency: 90.8%
Turkeymeat Supply (carne de peru) Per capita Consumption: 4.9 Kg/inhab/year Degree of Self-Sufficiency: 75.9% Broilers Laying hens and breeding hens Turkeys Ducks Other poultry
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Laying hens and breeding hens Number of farms (142) by type of installation Number of animals (68 494 000) 3% 33% 64%
in floor with litter
in battery cages others
BL
Largest poultry farms
RO 94% with manure removal system (conveyor belt)
Average size 157 000 heads farm-1
Housed chickens 75% of farms and 88% of heads are concentrated in the Ribatejo e Oeste and Beira Litoral
in floor with litter in battery cages in free-range 10
Pigs
1.4% of EU
Pigmeat Supply Degree of Self-Sufficiency: 69.8% Per capita Consumption: 42.9 Kg/inhab/year
50 heads 11
Pigs distribution (%) traditional family farms ¾ of the farms have 1 or 2 pigs (3% of pig population)
90% of the swine are concentrate in 1% of the farms
1 2
17 Largest number
50
2
1
2
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1
Vulnerable area
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Over 70% of the influent load in basin of Lis river (Leiria) comes from pig farms
Number of heads per farm
Fonte: Associação de suinicultores de Leiria; http://asl.suinicultura.com/
BL
Leiria Beira Litoral 39% of farms
RO
About 60% of the effluent produce in central region of Portugal is originate by farms not tied to the land (without land)
5 to < 50 50 to < 500 500 to < 2500 > 2500
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Leiria region 250 pig farms 15% of national production Slurry production: 1500 m3 day-1
discharges on water lines Use on the farm as fertilizer Use on the farm to produce energy Other use on the farm To outside the farm Loose housing with slurry production Tethered stalls with slurry production Loose housing with manure production Tethered stalls with manure production
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Classification of organic matter content (% of samples)
Number of samples collected
Very low
Low
Mean
High
Very High
EDM
29 245
0.8
2.9
59.0
36.8
0.5
BL
36 365
4.1
20.2
63.0
12.1
0.6
BI
13 773
11.1
39.8
41.3
7.4
0.4
RO
44 189
27.4
50.9
20.8
0.8
0.1
ALE
24 988
24.1
53.8
21.3
0.7
0.1
ALG
4 379
26.8
44.5
28.7
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Region
Class
Course texture
Medium and fine texture
Very Low
OM < 0.5%
OM < 1%
Low
0.6 < OM < 1.5%
1.1 < OM < 2%
Mean
1.6 < OM < 5%
2.1 < OM < 7%
High
5.1 < OM < 7%
7.1 < OM < 10%
Very High
OM > 7.1%
OM > 10.1%
Areas with Low and Very low OM levels
The situation of impoverishment of the agricultural soil on OM, reaches alarming proportions in the southern half of the country, where the influence of the Mediterranean climate is more pronounced.
24.5% 50.9%
78.3%
77.9%
71.3% 19
Importance of utilized agricultural area with manure application
Importance of utilized agricultural area with slurry application
Effluents are being apply in restrict areas, usually only on forage crops.
In Portugal 157 202 farms (52% of total) apply manure on 252 597 ha (7% of UAA) In Portugal 7 045 farms (2 % of total) apply slurry on 49 868 ha (1% of UAA) In same farms, the high livestock unit don’t permit the compliance of the effluents management requirements established by national legislation!
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Study carried out in EDM and BL municipalities
45% of total national dairy cows Livestock density: 4 to 9 livestock unit ha-1
maize × ryegrass (or oats) double-cropping forage system
Simple : 252 and 96 farms located EDM and BL, respectively Estimate of cattle slurry excess EDM ≈ 550 000 m3 BL ≈ 184 559
m3
(EDM) Vulnerable area
Estimate of pig slurry production EDM ≈ 13 500 m3 BL ≈ 30 000 m3
(BL)
Excess of N and P considering the areas occupied by forage crops in main municipalities (excess of N and P that should not continue being apply in areas occupied by forage crops)
N
P
EDM = 0 – 745 kg N ha-1
EDM = 1 – 481 kg P2O5 ha-1
BL = 12 – 215 kg N ha-1
BL = 12 – 146 kg P2O5 ha-1
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Bottlenecks • Concentration of production and scarcity of cultivated agricultural areas (especially in farms not tied to the land) to absorb the livestock effluent produced; • Significant production in Vulnerable Zones; • Important amount of livestock effluent in liquid form (slurry) - greater management difficulties; • Lack of storage capacity which difficult a better matching between effluent availability and crops needs; • Proximity to urban agglomerates; • Technical and legal constraints to the use of slurry/manure in agriculture.
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Solutions • Soil application as fertilizer - but to do that properly we will need: •
Adequate characterization of livestock effluents for more rigorous estimate of nutrients incorporated into the soil;
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Calculate amounts of nutrients to be applied to a crop using scientific concepts and national information (example, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency);
•
Export surplus for neighbour farms with demanding crops in nutrients (namely N and P).
• Treatment solutions
(cost of operation and value of final product obtained must be considered)
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Solids separation, composting and exporting solid fraction;
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Anaerobic digestion of effluents with application of digested with or without solid separation and export of these; (energy production);
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Pretreatment and later transfer of liquid fraction to collective treatment solutions;
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Treatment of original effluent in collective treatment plant. 23
Planning livestock production ???
For instance, transference of pigs for fattening ???
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Annual Meeting, Portugal September 8th-10th 2014
Portuguese intensive animal production systems and the manure issue João Paulo Carneiro
