innate behaviors § automatic, fixed, “built-in”, no “learning curve” § despite different environments,
all individuals exhibit the behavior § ex. early survival, reproduction, kinesis, taxis u
learned behaviors § modified by experience § variable, changeable § flexible with a complex & changing
environment AP Biology
Innate behaviors § Fixed action patterns (FAP)
male sticklebacks exhibit aggressive territoriality
sequence of behaviors essentially unchangeable & usually conducted to completion once started u sign stimulus u
§ the releaser that triggers a FAP
AP Biology
attack on red belly stimulus court on swollen belly stimulus
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP) Digger wasp egg rolling in geese
Do humans exhibit Fixed Action Patterns?
AP Biology
The “eyebrow-flash”
Innate: Directed movements § Taxis change in direction u automatic movement toward (positive taxis) or away from (negative taxis) a stimulus u
§ phototaxis § chemotaxis
§ Kinesis u
change in rate of movement in response to a stimulus
AP Biology
Innate & Learning: Imprinting § Learning to form social attachments at a specific critical period u
AP Biology
both learning & innate components
Konrad Lorenz
Conservation Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting by young whooping cranes as a means to teach the Wattled crane conservation birds a migration teaching cranes to migrate route. A pilot wearing a crane suit in an Ultralight plane acts as a surrogate parent.
AP Biology
Learned behavior § Associative learning u
learning to associate a stimulus with a consequence § operant conditioning w trial & error learning w associate behavior with reward or punishment w ex: learning what to eat
§ classical conditioning w Pavlovian conditioning w associate a “neutral stimulus” with a “significant stimulus”
AP Biology
Operant conditioning § Skinner box
mouse learns to associate behavior (pressing lever) with reward (food pellet) AP Biology
B. F. Skinner
Classical conditioning § Ivan Pavlov’s dogs u
AP Biology
connect reflex behavior (salivating at sight of food) to associated stimulus (ringing bell)
Learning: Habituation § Loss of response to stimulus “cry-wolf” effect u decrease in response to repeated occurrences of stimulus u enables animals to disregard unimportant stimuli u
§ ex: falling leaves not
triggering fear response in baby birds AP Biology
Learning: Insight Learning § Do other animals reason? chimpanzee
problem-solving
tool use
sea AP Biology
otter
crow
Social behaviors § Interactions between individuals develop as evolutionary adaptations u communication / language u agonistic behaviors u dominance hierarchy u cooperation u altruistic behavior u
AP Biology
Language § Honey bee
communication dance to communicate location of food source u waggle dance u
AP Biology
Let’s go to the videotape!
Communication by song § Bird song species identification & mating ritual u mixed learned & innate u critical learning period u
§ Insect song mating ritual & song u innate, genetically controlled u
AP Biology
Red-winged blackbird
Social behaviors § Agonistic behaviors u
threatening & submissive rituals § symbolic, usually no harm done
u
AP Biology
ex: territoriality, competitor aggression
Let’s go to the videotape!
Social behaviors § Dominance hierarchy u
social ranking within a group § pecking order
AP Biology
Social behaviors § Cooperation u
working together in coordination
Pack of African dogs hunting wildebeest cooperatively
AP Biology
White pelicans “herding” school of fish
Social behaviors § Altruistic behavior reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient u kin selection u
§ increasing survival of close relatives passes
these genes on to the next generation
I would lay down my life for 2 brothers or 8 cousins! AP Biology
How can this be of adaptive value?
Belding ground squirrel
Social interaction requires communication
§ Pheromones u
chemical signal that stimulates a response from other individuals § alarm pheromones § sex pheromones
AP Biology
human sex pheromone?
Pheromones Female mosquito use CO2 concentrations to locate victims marking territory
Spider using moth sex pheromones, as allomones, to lure its prey
AP Biology
The female lion lures male by spreading sex pheromones, but also by posture & movements
