T H E SOUTHERN M ID N IG H T SUN.

TO L O O K DO W N T H R O U G H T H E

S O L ID G L O B E ,

as represented by the line A C, a distance of some four or five thousand miles ! If our friends claim the ability to see through either land or water for four or five thousand miles, or to see the sun when below their horizon some thousands of miles, as represented by the “ dip ” from L to C, th en I will yield, and confess th at the southern m idnight sun could be seen from the position assigned upon a globe. B ut if not — and notw ithstanding the tem erity of the astronom ers in m aking some of their preposterous claims and hypotheses, we hardly think they will claim this ability— then, if not, I claim the fact th at the m idnight sun has been seen in ex ­ trem e south latitudes as another proof that

A S P LE N D ID

TH E EARTH

PR O O F T H A T

NOT A G L O B E ,'

B U T A VA S T O U T S T R E T C H E D

AND

CIR C ULAR

PLANE.

T H E E.JiR T H IS N O T A G LOBE !

T hus we have so far answered our friend’s defiant query, and shown the globularist what we can “ do with this fact.” A nd in the sam e way it can be proved th at it would be im ­ possible to see th e northern m idnight sun at G, from the p oint K, if th e earth was a globe. B ut as the w riter gave this proof some years ago in a pam phlet entitled T h e M id ­ n ig h t S u n (north), reprinted from the E a r th not-a-globe R eview , the reader is referred to it for the elaboration of this splendid proof th at the earth is an extended plane. If our friend at the antipodes, or if any of our astronom ­ ical friends, or foes, will deal with the dem onstrated fact th at the surface of still w ater is level, absolutely level, we will, God willing, deal further with this last reported fact of the S outhern M idnight Sun, and offer an explanation of the sam e on purely Z etetic lines.

BY “ Z e t e t e s .”

P r i c e 2V>.

“ TH E

LAND

OF TH E

M ID N IG H T

PO ST F R E E .

SUN. ”

T h e above is th e title of an interesting book by P aul B, D u Cliaillu, in which he describes his journeys through N orway and Sweden, L apland and N orthern Finland. In this book the writer unconsciously gives us proof th a t th e earth is n ot a revolving globe such as the A stronom ers teach, although of course he tries to explain the phenom enon of th e m idnight sun in harm ony with the astronom ical theories he w>as taught a t school. W hile we have no space here for these theories we shall try to find room for the facts brought before us ; then we shall proceed to shew how these facts conflict with th e globeearth doctrine, an d how they harm onise with th e tru th th at the earth is a m otionless plane, with sun revolving daily above and around the N orth Centre, com m only but erroneously called th e north “ pole.” In his preface M. D u Chaillu says ; “ T h e tid e of the book is derived from one of th e m ost striking p henom ena , in the n orth of the country, and one which I w itnessed with w onder and adm iration on many occasions.” In chapter v. h e states how, between the 13th and the 18th of June, h e sailed “ towards the m idnight s u n ” in a steam er leaving Stockholm for H aparanda, “ the m ost northerly town in Sweden,” on or “ near th e right bank of th e picturesque T o rn e river." The passage lasting about th ree days ; while, he says, “ T h e Bothnia was not yet free from ice.” H e proceeds to describe

THE

M IDNIGHT

SUN.

The Jo u rn ey . ;ii

i"

“ As the voyage drew to a close, an d we approached the u p p e r en d of the G ulf of Bothnia the twilight had disappeared, and between the setting and rising of the sun hardly one hour elapsed.” H ap aran d a “ is in 65° 51' N lat., an d forty-one miles so u th of the arctic circle. It is 1° 18' farther north than A rchangel, an d in the sam e latitude as th e m ost northern part o f Iceland. T h e sun rises on th e 2 ts t of Ju n e at 12.o t a.m., an d sets at 11.37 p.m. From the 22nd to the 25th of Ju n e the traveller may enjoy th e sight of the midnight sun from Avasaxa, a hill six hundred an d eighty feet high, an d about forty-five miles distant, on the o th er side of the stream ; an d should he be a few days later, by driving north on the high road he may still have the opportunity of seeing it.” This intrepid explorer then describes his journey overland from H ap aran d a to the A rctic sea, “ the distance as the crow flies being over S° of latitude to th e most northern extrem ity of the lan d ,” b ut by the route about 500 miles. T h e country is inhabited by Finns, who are cultivators o f the soil. T h e L aplanders roam over the land with their herds of reindeer. T h e sum m er clim ate is delightful, an d during the period o f continuous daylight one can travel all night if he pleases.”

S tr a n g e N ig h ts. Speaking o f a station called Pajala, M. Chaillu says ; “ F rom the high hills on th e other side of th e stream at this place one may enjoy the sight o f th e m idnight sun a few days later. H ow strange are those evening an d m orning twilights w hich m erge insensibly into each o th e r ! to travel in a country where there is no night, and no stars to be seen ; where the m oon gives no light, and, going further north, where th e sun shines continuously day after day ! T h e stranger at first does not know w hen to go to bed an d when to r is e ; b ut th e people know the hours of rest by their clocks an d watches, an d by looking at the sun.” W e may m ention that at R anea, which skirts the Baltic, M. Du Chaillu was told they had snow on the ground so late as the 2nd of Ju n e, after a winter during which th e therm om eter had fallen to 40° an d 45° below zero ; yet at the tim e o f his visit he saw garden peas “ about two inches above th e ground which would be fit for the table a t the end o f A ugust or the beginning o f S eptem ber.” R eferring again to P ajala he says ; “ In these latitudes th e snow has hardly melted when the m osquitoes appear in countless m ultitudes, an d the people have no rest night or day.” “ T h e traveller is surprised to m eet so many com fortable farms, with large dwelling houses, which with the barn and cow-house are the three prom inent dwellings.”

THE

M ID N IG H T

SUK.

“ Betw een the stations of Kunsijiirvi and Ruokojarvi means lake in F innish) we crossed the A rctic circle a t 66° 32' N, or 1,408 geographical miles (?) south from the pole, where the sun shines for an entire day on the 22nd of June, an d th e observer will see it above the horizon at m idnight, and due north. After th at date, by journeying north on an average o f about ten miles a day he would continue to see the m idnight sun till he reached th e pole. O n the 22nd of Septem ber the sim descends to the horizon, where it will rest, so to speak, all day long ; on the following day it disappears till the 22nd of M arch.” “ W hen returning southw ards at the sam e rate th e traveller^ will continue to see th e m idnight sun in his horizon till he reaches the A r c t i c Circle, where for one day only, as we have seen, the Sun is visible.”

T h e S u n ’s IVlotion. F u rth er quoting from these interesting travels we read ;—■“ T h e sun at m idnight is always north o f the observer, on account of the position of the earth (?) I t .se e m .s t o t r a v e l a r o u n d i n a c i r c l e , requiring twenty-four hours for its com pletion, it being noon when it reaches th e greatest elevation, and m idnight at th e lowest. Its ascent and descent are so im perceptible at the pole, and th e variations so slight, th at it sinks south very slowly, and its disappearance below the horizon is alm ost im m ediately followed by its reappearance.” After giving the m odern astronom ical “ explanation ” of these northern phenom ena, an explanation founded on half-a-dozen unproved and unprovable assum ptions, the writer naively and unconsciously owns that appearances are against these assum ptions. H e proceeds ; “ T h e nearer any point is to the pole the longer during this tim e ” (from the vernal to the autum nal equinox) “ is its day. T h e num ber of days, therefore, of constant sunshine depends on the latitude of the o b se rv e r; and the farther north he finds him self the greater will be this num ber. Thus at the pole ” (the north centre ?) “ the sun is seen for six m onths ; at the arctic circle for one (whole) day ; and at th e base of the N orth Cape from the 15th of M ay to th e is t of August. At the pole the

observer seems to be in the centre o f a

g ra n d

s p ira l

m ovem ent o f

S u n , which, further south, takes place north of him .”

th e

{Italics ours).

T hus we see, th a t in spite of educational bias and N ewtonian belief, the tru th will unconsciously and innocently crop up in any description which is true to the facts of N ature. B ut before we criticise these phenom ena further we prefer first to give all the facts which the interesting writer of The L and o f the M idnight Sun has so carefully gleaned for us. H e goes on to describe

!

THE

M IDN IGH T

THE

SUN.

C iv iliz a tio n

H o w t h e S u n Is s e e n . “ We have liere spoken as if the observer were on a level with the horizon ; but should he clim b a m ountain, the stui o f course w ill appear higher ; and should he, instead of travelling fifteen miles north, climb about 220 feet above the sea level (I) each day, he would see it the same as if he had gone north ; consequently if he stood at the-arctic circle at that elevation, and had an unobstructed view o f the horizon, he would see th e sun one day sooner. H ence tourists from H ap aran d a prefer going to Avasaxa, a hill 680 feet above th e sea, from which, though eight or ten miles south of the arctic circle, they can see the midnight SLin for three days.” “ T here are days when the sun has a pale whitish appearance, and w hen even it can be looked at for six or seven hours before midnight, As this hour approaches the sun becom es less glaring, gradually changing into m ore brilliant shades as it dips towards the lowest point of its course. I t . s m o t i o n is very slow, and for quite awhile it appar­ ently follows //w during which there seems to be a pause, as when the sun reaches noon. T his is m idnight. F or a few m inutes the glow o f sunset mingles with that of sunrise, and one cannot tell which prevails ; but soon the light becom es slowly an d gradually m ore brilliant, announcing the birth of another day— and often before an hour has elapsed the sun becom es so dazzling that one cannot look at i't with the naked eye.”

N a t u r e A s l e e p in S u n s h i n e . Again, ascending the river M uonio, on the last day of June, M. D ll Chaillu says ; “ I came to Kicksisvaara, the first boat station situated on a hill com m anding a fine view of the country, and over­ looking the river M uonio. T h e people were all asleep as it was mid­ night ; the sun had becom e paler and paler, its golden glow shedding a drowsy quiet light over all the landscape, an d a heavy dew was falling ; the house-swallows had gone to their nests, the cuckoo was silent, and the sparrows could not be heard.” “ H ow beautiful was the hour of m idnight ! H ow red an d gorgeous was the sun ! H ow drowsy was the la n d sca p e; N ature seem ed asleep in the midst of sunshine. Crystal dew-drops glittered like precious stones as they hung from the blades of grass, the petals of wild flowers, and th e leaves o f the birch trees. Before two o’clock the swallows were out of their nests, which they had constructed on the different buildings of the farm. H ow far they had com e to enjoy the spring of this rem ote region ! I did not wonder that they loved that beautiful but short summ er, or th at they came year after year to the L and of the M idnight Sun.”

M IDNIGHT

SUN,

N o rth .

At a short distance from latitude 70°, near a place called Wind, on ,he banks of the Alten, a few miles from the sea, our traveller and writer says ; “ I could hardly believe I was so far north, the birds were so num erous.” N ear this place at Bosekop he found a .^village of “ scattered farms, with a church, a school, several stores, and a comfo r la b le inn.” Bosekop is the seat of a fair, an d “ in winter is a place o f great resort for the L aplanders ; court is also held here.” H ere too he met with a “ small society of educated people,” with whom he spent a pleasant evening, an d had a game of T sg. H e says ; “ I liked the g a m e amazingly ; at 11 p.m., the sun shining brightly, they bade me good night, and went to their homes, leaving me full of adm iration at their simplicity, innocence, an d gentle m anners.” T here also, “ in 70^ of north latitude, in th e quiet parlour of the hotel at Bosekop,” he delivered a lecture, by request, on his travels in the E quatorial regions of Africa ! O f the A lten Fjord he says ; “ T here is no part of our globe (I) where vegetation is so thriving at so high a latitude as on the Alten Fjord.” H e m ight have said that there is nothing at all like it in equal latitudes south \ — How is this pray “ N ear Bosekop, rhubarb, barley, oats, rye, turnips, an d potatoes grow well, also carrots, strawberries, currants and peas. “ T h e therm om eter sometim es rises to wannest tem perature during my stay being 63° in the shade, the coolest 55°.” Looking over a dreary waste, he says ; “ from the top of the hills the m idnight sun can be seen as late in the season as on N orth Cape, b ut the scenery is not so impressive.”

A F a r e w e l l V ie w . But we m ust conclude, for the present, with a brief description of the final view, from the island of Mageroe, the m ost northern land in Europe. T h e north Cape is its northern e.Ktremity. On the 20th of July, M. Du Chaillu hired a boat and landed on the island. He p ro c e e d s After a walk of several miles I stood upon the extreme point of N orth Cape, in latitude 71° 10', nine hundred an d eighty feet above the sea-level.” Sea “ level.” (H ear, hear !). “ Before me, as far as the eye could reach, was the deep blue A rctic Sea, disappearing in the northern horizon. W herever I gazed, I beheld N ature bleak, dreary, desolate ; grand indeed, b u t sad. A sad repose rested upon the desolate landscape, which has left an indelible impress upon my memory.” “ Lower and lower the sun sank, and as the hour of m idnight approached, it seem ed for awhile to follow slowly the line o f the horizon; and at th at hour it shone beautifully over that lovely sea an d dreary land.

THE

MIDNIGHT

StIN.

As it disappeared, behind th e clouds, I exclaim ed from the very brink of the precipice, Farewell to th e M idnight Sun.”

THE M ID N IG H T

SUN,

T H E E A R T H AS A CLOHE.

I had now seen the m idnight sun from m ountain tops and weird plateaus, shining over a barren, desolate, an d snow-clad country ; I lia(j watched it when ascending or descending picturesque rivers, or crossing lonely la k e s ; I had beheld m any a landscape, luxuriant fields, verdant meadows, g rand old forests, dyed by its drowsy lig h t; I h ad follow ed it from the Gulf of B othnia to the P olar sea as a boy would chase a will, o ’-the-wisp, an d I could go n o further.” “ I now retraced my steps to where we had left our little boat. The m en were w atching for u s ; it had begun to rain, and when we got back to Gjcesver I was wet and chilly, an d my feet were like ice. I was ex­ hausted, for I h ad passed two-and-twenty hours w ithout sleep, but to this day I have before me those dark rugged cliffs, th at dreary silent landscape, th a t restless .Arctic Sea, an d th at serene m idnight sun shin­ ing OVER ALL ; and I still hear the sad m urm ur of the waves beating upon th e lovely N orth C ape.”

P r o o f t h a t t h e E a r t h is n o t a G l o b e , H aving given the facts connected with this interesting enquiry, we now proceed to show how those facts utterly conflict with the globular theory, and how beautifully they harm onise with the plane-earth truth. T o do this effectually we m ust have recourse to diagrams. As these increase th e cost of printing we hope our friends will m ake it up by doing what they can to increase the circulation of our paper. We willingly give our services, b u t we can n o t expect th e printers to do so. AVe will now refer to diagram i, which represents the sea-earth world according to the globular theory. L et A C B D represent th e “ globe,” rotating upon its “ axis ” A 1]. (see next page). T h e line C D will represent th e circle of th e equator midway between the “ poles ” A an d B. T h e line F G will shew th e position of th e tropic of C ancer said to be 23^° north of the equator, which is the highest north declination the sun attains on or ab o u t m idsum m er day, Ju n e 24th. L et P represent the position of the sun directly vertical over this tropical line at this period. In this position it would be mid-day on the side of the earth next the sun along the m eridian L F N ; an d it would be m idnight on the opposite side along the m eridian M D O. L et L.M . represent the A rctic Circle said to be 23^° from the North “ Pole ’’ A, or about 66^° of north latitude ; which latitude, or ciicle, runs across the northern parts of Norway and Sweden or Scandinavia.

IMOw we are creaioiy inrcrm ea uy [raveneis uiat lu uua lam uuc, cuju at or about th e above m entioned date, a spectator at M can see the sun at midnight, above the horizon, looking directly over the north “ pole ” in the direction M Q . T h e horizon is a straight line tangential to th e surface of the sphere at the point of observation, an d it must therefore be placed at right angles to th e dotted line E M running from the centre o f the sphere to th e latitu d e an d position o f th e observer. But we have already alluded to th e fact th at the sun is never seen directly over any part of the earth north of the tropic of Cancer ; that is, th e sun is never m ore than 23^° north o f th e equator. Persons living further north than this have always to look in a southerly direction for the sun at noon ; an d it ought therefore never to be seen to the north of them at any time, so we m ust place the sun in the diagram som e­ where on the line P F G. Let it be placed at any point P. Now it is m anifest that for an observer at M, near the latitude of H aparanda, to see the sun at m idnight at P, over the tropic at Cancer, he would have to look downwards and be able to see right t h r o u g h t h e “ (.lo h e ” for about five or six thousand miles along the dotted line M R ! ! I am not aware of any traveller who claims this ability ; n o r yet that the “ g lo b e ” to oblige the astronom ers, becom es transparent at this period 1 I am not aware that any spectator of the phenom enon o f the midnightsun has to look do^on at all upon this gorgeous spectacle. T h e traveller sees it above his horizon, and the higher he ascends the higher the sun is seen. T herefore the earth cannot be a ^lobc ■, an d thus the m idnight sun is a splendid and periodic witness to the fallacy of this absurd u n ­ scientific and infidel hypothesis.

THE

F u rth e r

M ID N IG H T

SUN.

A ssu m p tio n s

needed.

We are well aware of the further assum ptions the astronom ers make to get over these difficulties ; and we are quite prepared to m eet them when occasion requires. T hey have first to rem ove the sun millions of miles from where we know an d can see that he is ; an d then they have to assume that he is millions of tim es larger than he is. In fact assum p­ tions vitiate their whole system. For the m idnight sun to be seen, as it is, by a spectator at the point M looking directly over the north “ pole,” it would have to be placed somewhere on orabo%;e, the line M Q, say at Q. T h e further off the sun is placed from the “globe” and the greater diverg­ ence there would be between its proper place at Q, above the northern horizon, and its hypothetical position at P. I f the spectator could look right through the earth and sea the sun ought to be found on th e line G F P to satisfy the conditions o f the globular theory ; but as a m atter of fact it is found many thousands (and according to astronom ical ideas many millions) of miles north and away from where it ou^/it to be. I fear that the sun has not yet been converted to the N ew tonian way of thinking or of acting. Its course of conduct is rather inconsistent with m odern scientific “ b e lie f”—-and there are philosophical creeds as well as religious “ b eliefs”— an d it is very well known that the behaviour of the moon is even more outrageous, considered from an astronom ical point of view. T here may be some little excuse for the moon in her wayward wanderings, considering her changeable character an d the se.x generally applied to her ; but surely the suii ought to keep his place better with respect to the “ globe ” than to go out at nights staring at travellers nearly at the “ north pole.” But perhaps, if they could only see it, he is staring with astonishm ent at som e of their unphilosophical ideas ; and if their •* scicntific” consciences be not utterly seared he m ust stare them out of all countenance with such ideas. T here must be som ething sadly wrong somew/ure, for both luminaries regularly to shew their smiling faces in positions both when and where they ought never to be seen. H ow is it ? Perhaps “ gravitation ” gets a bit slack at times, and kindly allows them these little excursions ! However, we pianists have no need to com plain, although it rather frets the A stronom ers. Why should the sun not visit the north pole, and m ake a considerable stay there too, for the benefit of .Arctic explorers ? B ut here is the strange part of the question. Why is he, and why are they, so partial to the twrih “ p o le ” ? Why n ot try the south sometimes in the same way ? It seems rath er strange : does it not ? Very I How is it th a t vegetation, flowers, fruits, birds, anim als, men, civilization, &c. cannot be found so far south as they can north ? T h e Plane truth explains it. H ow ever we will now proceed to show how simply the phenom enon of the M idnight Sun can be explained in harm ony with the

T H E M inNT fiHT

SUN.

truth th at the earth is a vast o utstretched and m otionless plane with the sun circling above it in a spiral orbit around the N orth Centre.

THE

PLANE

TRUTH .

T h e earth an d sea together form a vast circular plane. T h e surface of standing water has been abundantly proved to be leiiel. We cannot repeat the evidence h e r e ; b ut those who want it may find th e evidence given in an excellent book by “ Parallax ” (Dr. Birley) which has never yet been answered. T his book though out of print at present may be reprinted before long, or as soon as the necessary m eans are available. Oh ! Is there no one with sufficient means, a 7td sufficient love o f the truth, to do him self so great an honour and the truth so great a service ? (But sec a letter in the April num ber of the “ E arth Review.”) However, to our subject. As water is level, the earth must be a plane. T H E E A R T H AS A P L A N E .

L et A B C H represent t h e great circular plane, with N for the north centre. T he thicker circle E F G H will represent t h e e q u a to ro rsu n ’s daily path at the equinoxes in March and Septem ber, half way between the N orth C en­ tre N, and the outer Southern ice circle A B C D . A ll countries i n -

side the equatorial circle have N orth la titu d e ; an d all outside it South latitude. L et the outer and thinner circle J K L M represent the tropic of Capricorn, or th e sun’s expanded an d daily path in our mid-winter, and th e New Zealand m id -su m m er; an d the inner and thinner circle P Q R O the tropic of Cancer, or the sun’s contracted and more north­ erly path or circle at the tim e of our m id-sum m er and the southern m id­ winter. T h e small doited circle S T V" W will show the position of the A rctic circle, and the larger d o tted circle near the outer circumference, the A ntarctic circle.

10

THE

M IDN IGH T

SUN.

THE

‘‘ D e g r e e s . ” Now a glance at this diagram will reveal another very popular fallacy in connection with this subject. T here cannot be ninety “ degrees ” of the ordinary geographical extent, between any point on the equator and the north centre. T h e num ber and th e length of “ degrees ” of latitude north an d south of the equator have been “ cal­ culated ” on the assumption that the earth is a globe. But as the “ le v e l” of the surface of the sea proves the earth to be a plane these “ degrees ” are so far misleading. I f we allow 360 degrees for the equatorial circle E F G H , there would only be about 1144 “ degrees ” in its diam eter say from E to G, or F to H ; an d only about S 7 j of such “ degrees” in its radius, or from th e equator to the so-called “ pole,” or N orth Centre. So th at if we take all the “degrees’’ as equal, the distance from any point G, on the equator, to the N orth C entre, N, instead of being 6,250 miles, or one quarter of a m eridional circle of 25,000 miles in circum ference, as the astronom ers assume, it would really be only about 3980, or a little u nder 4,000 miles. W e should have to substract about one-third. B ut m ore about this “ degree ” delusion another tim e. See E arih Review for April, 1893.

THE

SU N ’S SP IR A L

PA TH .

Now when th e sun is on or over the equator, say at the point G, it is acknow ledged that its light extends to the N orth Centre, at the point N.

V

Therefore the distance G N represents the distance which th e sun’s rays can pierce through our atm ostphere, in a northerly or southerly direction, so as to show the full body of the sun to an observer north or south. H ence when the sun is on the tropic o f Capricorn in our mid-winter, say at the point L, its direct rays cannot be seen beyond the point V in the A rctic Circle V W S T . H ence all who live within the A rctic Circle at this season of the year are in darkness as far as the sun’s direct rays are concerned, the distance L V being the sam e as the distance G N. B ut when the sun’s daily circular path has contracted towards th e north so as to bring that luminary to th e point R in the tropic o f C ancer at our midsummer, then it is evident his rays m ust shine right across the whole A rctic Circle from R to S, the distance again being the same as that from G to N.

A P la in P ro o f. So th a t if the earth be a plane with the sun moving over it as already described, a spectator on or near the A rctic Circle at the point S ought to see the sun at m idnight at the point R as he looks over and across the N orth Centre. But this is just what the spectator in such a position does see according to the abundant evidence already adduced. T h ere­ fore the earth is again clearly and abundantly p r o v e d t o b e a p l.- v n e .

M tD N taK T

SUK.

It

In such a position on a plane the spectator although in a high northern latitude, m ust necessarily look still further north to see th e sun at m id­ night as he circles round the N orth C entre ; but on a globe, as we have already seen, w here the body of the sun never attains more than 23^” north declination, a spectator in such a position, 6 6 ^° north latitude, would, (if he could see the sun at all) be com pelled to look downwards through the “ globe ” and in a southerly direction. T his cannot b e -

Prom T h e E a r t h (Not-a-Qlole) E b v iew , January, 1894.

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