Chapter 3

Anatomy and Physiology of Speech

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Speech Process    

Respiration Phonation Articulation Resonance

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Respiratory System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea 16-20 incomplete rings

6. Lungs Bronchi alveoli 10/10/05

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Alveoli

www4.tpgi.com.au/.../body/respiratory.html

www.doctorslisted.com/images/

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300 million minute pits per lung 70 square meters (size of tennis court) Exchange between blood and oxygen-rich air in lungs

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Diaphragm  Primary muscle of respiration

whyfiles.org/204endurance_training/2.html

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Expiration & Inspiration

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•not talking –12 times per minute –2.5 second phase (both) •talking –2 to 3 second inspiration –up to15 second expiration

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Respiratory Physiology • 500 to 750 cubic centimeters per cycle (tidal air/volume) • 3500 to 5000 cubic centimeters (vital capacity) – spirometer – 1000 less for adult females over adult males)

• 1000 to 1500 cubic centimeters (residual capacity)

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Phonation     

Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilages Cricoid cartilage Trachea

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Phonation - Larynx

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http://ww2.med.jhu.edu/voice/larynx.html

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Phonation - Larynx

http://ww2.med.jhu.edu/voice/larynx.html

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Phonation - Larynx  Pitch (frequency)  Length  Thickness  Degree of tension

 Loudness (volume)  Duration of closed phase

http://www.aos-jax.com/nrml_lar.htm

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Vocal Tract         

Mandible Lips Alveolar ridge Teeth Hard palate Soft palate Uvula Tonsils Tongue

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Articulation

www.mouth-cancer-symptoms.com/

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Articulators lips teeth (central and lateral incisors), canine/cuspid, 1st premolar (bicuspid), 2nd premolar (Bicuspid), 1st, 2nd and 3rd molar. hard palate soft palate tongue Other landmarks uvula tonsils

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Resonance - Oral Cavity

www.drsinha.com/tonsillectomy.htm

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•oral cavity –Tongue Musculature •intrinsic muscles - changes shape of tongue •extrinsic - changes in tongue position –Mandibular Movement •elevators •depressors •protractor

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Resonance - Nasal Cavity

www.ghorayeb.com/CleftPalate.html

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•nasal cavity –soft palate or velum –raises to close off nasal cavity –muscles to elevate and depress

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Resonance - Pharynx  Nasopharynx  Oropharynx  laryngopharynx

www.cortexity.com:8080/nicksblog/

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Resonance - Larynx

www.p hon.ox.ac.uk/~jcoleman/phonation.htm

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Articulatory Physiology  Vowels  Shape of cavity

 Consonants  Voicing  Place of production  Manner of production

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The Nervous System and Speech Production

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synapse motor or efferent nerve

sensory or afferent nerve 10/10/05

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composed of billions of individual cells (neurons) and their supportive tissue cell body dendrites - short extensions around cell body axon - long extension end brushes - numerous branches which allow a synapse

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Nervous System

http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/large/central-nervous-system.jpg

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•central nervous system (CNS) –brain –spinal cord •peripheral nervous system (PNS) –voluntary •cranial nerves •spinal nerves –involuntary •autonomic nervous system

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Major Regions of the Brain http://w3.aces.uiuc.edu/AnSci/BSE/Figures/CNS_parts_85_rgb.jpg

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http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8888/Teachers/pphelps//Published_Trays/PS107-Fall98-Lec2/slide_9.html

The Brain

http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab/brainlab/braindevelopment.html

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M ajor embryonic areas of the brain. •Forebrain •M idbrain •Hindbrain

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The Forebrain - Cerebrum

http://www.newhopeforparkinsons.com/images/brainillustration2.gif

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laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8888/.../slide_21.html

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•cerebral hemispheres –cortex •outermost few millimeters •dark in color (gray matter) –nerve tracts (white matter) •projection fibers (from cortex down) •association fibers (front to back) •commissural (between hemispheres) •basal nuclei or ganglia –gray matter deep within the hemisphere •roll in cordination –athetosis (slow, writhing, snakelike movements) –chorea (jerky purposeless movements) •thalamus (walnut shaped) –synthesizer and relay center –regulates water balance, sleep and consciousness, body temperature and food intake •olfaction center

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Hemispheric Specialization

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T012861A.gif

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Landmarks

http://photos1.blogger.com/img/281/4281/320/Brain%20-%20Lobes.jpg

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•Frontal Lobe •Parietal Lobe •Occipital Lobe •Temporal Lobe •Lateral Fissure (deep) •Central Sulcus (shallow) •Precentral Gyrus (motor cortex) •Postcentral Gyrus (sensory cortex)

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Specialization for Speech 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Auditory area Visual cortex Wernicke’s Area Broca’s Area Motor cortex

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Midbrain (mesencephalon)

http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/ibank/0009.jpg

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•cerebral peduncles (paired, short thick stalks) •descending and ascending fiber tracts •connect cerebrum with hindbrain •centers for motor coordination

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The Hindbrain

http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/ibank/0012lll.jpg

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•cerebellum (little brain) –integrating and coordinating center •maintains muscle tone •posture •equilibrium •muscle coordination –ataxia •pons (bridge) –tranverse white fibers (cerebellum) –longitudinal white fibers (medulla and cerebrum) •medulla oblongata –continuous with spinal cord –all ascending and descending nerve tracts of spinal cord

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Cranial Nerves I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Trochlear V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial VIII. Acoustic IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal 10/10/05

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Spinal Cord and Nerves  Gray matter in center (H)  Ventral (motor) horns  Dorsal (sensory) horns  Reflex arc

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