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Chapter 5 Analyzing Consumer Markets
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Chapter Questions y How do consumer characteristics
influence buying behavior? y What major psychological processes influence consumer responses to marketing? y How do marketers analyze consumer decision making? 5-2
What Influences Consumer Behavior? y Consumer behavior—the study of how individuals,
groups, and organizations select, buy, and dispose of goods, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and desires. needs and desires y Influences: y Cultural factors y Social factors y Personal factors
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Cultural Factors y Culture is the most fundamental determinant of a
person’s wants and behavior. y Consists of subcultures that provide more specific
identification and socialization for their members. identification and socialization for their members y Social class—relatively homogeneous and enduring
divisions in a society.
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Social Classes y y y y y y y
Upper uppers Lower uppers Upper middles Middle class Working class Upper lowers Lower lowers
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Social Factors y Reference groups—consist of all of the groups that
have a direct or indirect influence on a person’s attitudes or behavior. y Membership groups (primary and secondary)—groups
having direct influence. y Aspirational groups—those a person hopes to join. y Dissociative groups—those whose values or behavior an
individual rejects. y Opinion leader—the person who offers informal advice or
information about a specific product or product category.
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Social Factors y Family y Family of orientation—parents and siblings. y Family of procreation—spouse and children. y Roles and Status R l d S y Role—the activities a person is expected to perform. y Status—each role carries a status.
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Personal Factors y Age
y Personality
y Life cycle stage
y Self‐concept
y Occupation
y Lifestyles
y Economic circumstances
y Values
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Key Psychological Processes y Motivation y Perception y Learning y Memory
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Motivation y Freud’s Theory y Behavior is guided by subconscious motivations. y Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory y Human needs are arranged in a hierarchy from most to least pressing—physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self‐actualization. y Behavior is driven by lowest unmet need. y Herzberg’s Two‐Factor Theory y The absence of dissatisfiers is not enough to motivate a purchase;satisfiers must be present. 5-10
Perception y Perception—the process by which we select,
organize, and interpret information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. y Selective attention y Selective distortion y Selective retention
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Learning y Learning induces changes in our behavior arising
from experience. y Drive—a strong internal stimulus that impels action. y Cues—minor stimuli that determine when, where, C i i li h d i h h
and how a person responds.
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Memory y Short‐term memory (STM)—a temporary and limited repository
of information.
y Long‐term memory (LTM)—a more permanent, essentially
unlimited repository.
y Associative network memory model—views LTM as a set of nodes
and links. y y
Nodes—stored information. N d d i f i Links—connections between nodes and vary in strength.
y Memory encoding—describes how and where information gets
into memory.
y Memory retrieval—the way information gets out of memory. y Brand Associations – all brand related thoughts, feelings,
perceptions, images, experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and so on that becomes linked to the b rand node. y Mental map – Figures 5.2.
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The Buying Decision Process y Problem recognition y Information search y Evaluation of alternatives y Purchase decision y Postpurchase P h behavior b h i
Information Sources y Personal y Commercial y Public y Experiential 5-14
Successive Sets y Total set y Awareness set y Consideration set y Choice set y Decision
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Basic Concepts Underlying the Consumer Evaluation Process y Consumer is trying to satisfy a need. y Consumer is looking for certain benefits. y Consumer sees each product as a bundle of attributes with
varying abilities for delivering the benefits to satisfy this need. y Belief—a descriptive thought a person holds about B li f d i i h h h ld b something. y Attitude—enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, feelings, and action tendencies toward some object or idea. y Expectancy‐value model—consumers evaluate products and services by combining their brand beliefs according to importance.
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Purchase Decision y Consumer forms preferences among brands in the
choice set and may also form an intention to buy the most preferred brand. y Intervening factors: y Attitudes of others y Unanticipated situational factors
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Postpurchase Behavior y Postpurchase satisfaction y Postpurchase actions y Postpurchase product uses
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