ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT IN THE MOVIE FROZEN BY WALT DISNEY

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT IN THE MOVIE FROZEN BY WALT DISNEY AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as P...
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT IN THE MOVIE FROZEN BY WALT DISNEY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By KARANA LINTANG CAHYA Student Number : 104214080

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY 2016

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ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT IN THE MOVIE FROZEN BY WALT DISNEY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By KARANA LINTANG CAHYA Student Number : 104214080

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY 2016

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Alhamdulillahi Rabbil ‘Aalamiin. All gratitude for Allah SWT the almighty for all the blessing given to me in completing my undergraduate thesis. During the process of thesis completion, I met people who gave me support and help. I owe them so much due to the fact that without their contribution, this undergraduate thesis could not be completed. Therefore, I would like to express my gratitude to those who have supported and helped me in finishing my undergraduate thesis. I would like to deliver thanks to my advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum., for all her concern, advice, time and patience in guiding me to complete my undergraduate thesis. I would like also thank my co- advisor, Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum., for the detailed correction and valuable input. From the bottom of my heart, I want to thank my Dad, Drs. Widdi Srihanto, M.M., my Mom, Dra. Sulianti, and my Sisters, Imas and Sari, for their endless love and support that keep me motivated to complete this undergraduate thesis. I love them. For all of my friends in English Department ’10, I thank them so much for all the storms and rainbows we have been through and of course the never ending friendship. I treasure every moment we spend together.

Karana Lintang Cahya

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE………………………………...………………………………

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APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………….…………

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ACCEPTANCE PAGE……………………………………………………...

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH…………………………………………………………………….… v STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY………………………………………… vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………. viii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………..

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ABSTRAK……………….……………………………………………………

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………… 1 A. B. C. D.

Background of Study……….…………………………………….... Problem Formulation………….…………………………………… Objectives of the Study…………………………..………………… Definition of Terms…………………………….…………………..

1 3 3 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………..….. 6 A. Review of Related Studies………………………………………… B. Review of Related Theory………………………………………… 1. Pragmatics……………………………………………………... 2. Speech Act …………………………………………………….. 3. Requesting Speech Act ………………………………………... 4. Politeness……………………………………………………… C. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………

6 7 7 8 10 13 17

CHAPTER III: METHODOLODY………………………………………...

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A. Object of the Study………………………………………………. B. Approach of the Study……………………………………………. C. Method of the Study……………………………………………… 1. Data Collection ………………………………………………. 2. Data Analysis …………………………………………………

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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULT AND DISCUSSION)…………….

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A. The Strategy of Request Speech Act Employed by Character in

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Frozen Movie……………………………………………………… 1. The Strategy of Speaker-Based Condition in Request Speech Act…………………………………………………………….. a. Wishes or desires ………………………………………… b. Needs or demands ………………………………………… 2. The Strategy of Hearer-Based Condition in Request Speect Act…………………………………………………………….. a. Ability or willingness …………………………………….. b. Suggestory formulae ……………………………………… B. Type of Politeness Strategy Used to Make A Request Employed by Character in Frozen Movie…….…….……………………..… 1. Bald-on Record………………………………………………. 2. Positive Politeness……………………………………….…… 3. Negative politeness…………………………………………... C. Discussion…………….…………………………………………..

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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION..…………………………………………….. 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………..………………………………..………….…… 67 APPENDICES...…………………………………………….……………..…. 69 APPENDIX 1: Synopsis of Frozen ……..……...…….…………….…

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APPENDIX 2: Data …………………………………….…………...... 71

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ABSTRACT CAHYA, KARANA LINTANG. Analysis of Requesting Speech Act in the Movie FROZEN by Walt Disney. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016. Requesting speech act sometimes is used directly or indirectly in daily life. When someone request something to another, she or he can express it by uttering requesting, asking, greeting, giving information, complaining, offering, and criticizing. Based on this case, the researcher tries to analyze and classify request speech act and its politeness strategy in Frozen. In order to understand that background, the researcher provides two problem formulations. The first problem, the researcher describes and analyzes the strategies of request speech act of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition employed in character in Frozen. The second problem, the researcher describes and analyzes the types of politeness strategy used to make a request employed character in Frozen. This research belongs to descriptive qualitative study. The data of this research are all utterances in Frozen which indicates both kinds of requests to make a limitation of all the data showing request speech act. There are some steps to analyze the data in this research. First, the researcher determined all utterances which were categorized as request speech act using Searle’s theory. Next, the data of request were then classified based on speaker-based condition and heareroriented condition using Trosborg’s theory. To answer the problem of the research, the researcher analyzed the types of request using speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition. The researcher then determined the politeness strategy of each datum of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition based on Brown and Levinson’s theory. The researcher found 17 data showing request spech act. They were 7 data showing request of speaker-based condition and 10 data showing request of heareroriented condition. In speaker-based condition, the request was applied by using wishes or desires and demands or needs. The researcher only found three types of politeness strategy in this request, they were bald-on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. The researcher did not find speaker-based condition in request using off-record strategy because the request was applied by placing the speaker’s interest above the hearer while off-record strategy was applied indirectly. In hearer-oriented condition, the request was applied by using ability (willingness) and suggestory formula. Meanwhile, the politeness strategy used by the characters only consists of two kinds, they are positive politeness and negative politeness. Bald-on record strategy was not applied by the speaker in in such kind of request because the requests in Frozen are expressed more politely. Besides, the speakers (characters in the movie) also do not use off-record strategy because in heareroriented condition they expresses the request less indirectly by using modality (can or should).

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ABSTRAK CAHYA, KARANA LINTANG. Analysis of Requesting Speech Act in the Movie FROZEN by Walt Disney. Yogyakarta: Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016. Tuturan permintaan sering diterapkan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dalam komunikasi sehari-hari. Ketika seseorang meminta sesuatu kepada orang lain, dia akan mengucapkannya secara langsung, bertanya, memberikan informasi, mengeluh, menawarkan, mengkritik. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, peneliti mencoba untuk menganalisis dan mengklasifkasi tindak tutur dan kesantunan di Frozen. Melalui analisis tersebut dapat ditemukan bentuk, tipe, dan pola dari tuturan permintaan berdasarkan kondisi penuturnya dan mitra tuturnya, serta strategi kesantunannya dalam film tersebut. Untuk memahami latar belakang penelitian, peneliti menyertakan dua permasalahan. Pertama, peneliti mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis strategi tuturan permintaan berdasarkan kondisi penuturnya dan berdasarkan kondisi mitra tuturnya yang terdapat dalam Frozen. Kedua, peneliti mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis jenis strategi kesantunan tuturan permintaan yang digunakan oleh para tokoh dalam Frozen. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskripsi kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah semua permintaan dalam Frozen yang mengindikasikan kedua jenis tuturan permintaan tersebut untuk membuat batasan dalam penelitian ini. Terdapat beberapa langkah untuk menganalisis data di penelitian ini. Pertama, peneliti mengkategorikan semua permintaan berdasarkan teori dari Searle. Kemudian, data tersebut dikategorikan dalam tuturan permintaan berdasarkan kondisi penuturnya dan kondisi mitra tuturnya. Peneliti kemudian menentukan jenis strategi kesantunan dari data tersebut berdasarkan teori Brown dan Levinson. Peneliti menemukan 17 data tuturan permintaan, yaitu 7 data tuturan permintaan berdasarkan kondisi penuturnya dan 10 data tuturan permintaan berdasarkan kondisi mitra tuturnya. Dalam kondisi berbasis penutur, permintaan diterapkan dengan harapan atau keinginan dan tuntutan atau kebutuhan. Peneliti hanya menemukan 3 jenis strategi kesantunan dalam permintaan ini, bald-on record, kesantunan positif, dan kesantunan negatif. Peneliti tidak menemukan kondisi berbasis penutur dalam permintaan menggunakan strategi off-record karena permintaan ini diterapkan dengan menempatkan kepentingan penutur di atas mitra tuturnya sedangkan strategi ini diterapkan secara tidak langsung. Dalam kondisi yang berorientasi pada mitra tuturnya, permintaan diterapkan dengan kemampuan (kemauan) dan saran. Sementara itu, strategi kesantunan yang digunakan oleh karakter hanya terdiri dari 2 jenis, yaitu kesantunan positif dan negatif. Bald-on record tidak diterapkan penutur karena permintaan yang berorientasi pada mitra tutur disajikan lebih sopan. Selain itu, penutur tidak menggunakan strategi offrecord karena mereka mengungkapkan permintaan agak tidak langsung dengan menggunakan modalitas (dapat atau harus).

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study Language is one of important things in the world. If there is no language, there will be no communication from one people to another. Without communication, we do not know what happens around our environment. Communication is also one way to us to deliver or express our ideas and feelings. Speech act is the smallest unit of language communication. According to Searle (in Wijana, 2009: 20), speech act in Pragmatics can be classified into three kinds. They are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. Meanwhile, there also five kinds of speech act; they are assertive, directive, commissive, declarative, and expressive. The most frequently speech act used is an illocutionary act that is speech act that has force or intention behind the words uttered by the speaker to the hearer or addressee. Searle's then gives distinction between direct and indirect speech acts according to the relationship between the structural forms and communicative functions. A direct speech act refers to utterances whose meaning can be understood through linguistic forms, while indirect speech act is used to show an appropriate level of politeness in communication.

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Speech acts play an important role in daily communication, for example requesting. Requesting speech act sometimes is used directly or indirectly in the daily life. When someone requests something to someone, she or he can express it by uttering requesting, asking, greeting, giving information, complaining, offering, and criticizing. Besides, there are many factors influencing the relationships among the participants' request behaviors, such as social status, familiarity, and etc. The following is the example of requesting speech act which the researcher finds in Frozen (2013) . The King

: Please... Help!My daughter!

Grand Pabbie

: Cuties. I'm gonna keep you.

The conversation above takes place in Grand Pabbie’s village, the valley of the living rock. The participants are between the King of Arendelle and Grand Pabbie, a wise and elderly ruler of the trolls (a group of ancient creatures there). The King of Arendelle has two little daughters, Elsa and Anna. One day, Anna asks Elsa to play magic by making snowman but accidentally Elsa’s magic hits and almost kills her sister (Anna). Then, the King and Queen come to Elsa to know what happens with Anna. Anna is getting hurt and the King has to save her quickly by carrying her to Grand Pabbie. When he comes there, the King asks Grand Pabbie to save her by requesting. In the dialogue above, the King requests to Grand Pabbie by saying “Please... Help!My daughter!”. It means that the King uses speech act of request for action. He wants Grand Pabbie to do what he says, that is to save

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his daughter. In this case, Grand Pabbie complies the King request by comforting his daughter by saying “Cuties. I'm gonna keep you.” The King also applies politeness strategy called negative politeness strategy in delivering his request. It is shown by the use of the word “Please” at the beginning of his utterance. Hence, the factor influencing the relationships between the King’s request behaviors towards Grand Pabbie is because of familiarity of each other and the king is one who needs a help from Grand Pabbie. Based on the example above, I am interested in analyzing the requesting speech act in Frozen by Walt Disney. Therefore, I conduct a research entitled Analysis Of Requesting Speech Act In The Movie Frozen By Walt Disney.

B. Problem Formulation The problem formulation in this research is: 1.

What strategies of request expression of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition are employed by characters in Frozen?

2.

What types of politeness strategy are used to make a request employed by characters in Frozen?

C. Objectives of the Study The objectives of studying this research are: 1. To describe the types of request expression of speaker- based condition and hearer-oriented condition employed by characters in Frozen.

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2. To describe the types of politeness strategy used to make a request employed by characters in Frozen.

D. Definition of Terms The analysis in this research provides some definitions of “Speech act”, “Request”, and “Politeness” to make it clear and to avoid ambiguity. Searle (1969: 16) state that the unit of linguistics communication is not the symbol, word or sentence, but rather the production or issuance of the symbol or word or sentence in the performence of the speech acts. It means that the basic minimal unit of linguistic comunication are speech acts. Meanwhile, Yule (1996: 47) says that speech act is action pearformed via utterence. Request speech act subsumes utterances which have been referred to, in the speech act literature as request, invite, ask for permission, and offer (Tsui, 1994: 91). Meanwhile, Trosborg (1995: 187) gives definition that “Request is an illocutionary act whereby a speaker convise a hearer to peform an act which is for the benefiit of the speaker.” Brown and Levinson (1987: 13) define politeness as a complex system for softening face threats. Meanwhile, Leech (1983: 19) state that politeness is strategic conflic avoidance which can be measured in terms of the degree of effort put into the avoidance of a conflict situation. Then, politeness is defined as using communicative strategies to create and maintain social harmony as stated by Culpeper (1996: 349). Politeness can be done in

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many various ways, they are being contextually appropriate, following social and cultural nouns, and being socially positive by addresing face needs.

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, the writer provides three parts that will be discussed. The first part is review of related studies, including other related studies previously. Second part is review of related theories which provides some theories in doing this research. Third part is theoretical framework which explains the contribution between the theories and the reviews to solve the problem formulation.

A. Review of Related Studies This research consists of only one previous study. That research tells about discussing the analysis of directive speech act. The first undergraduate thesis entitled Politeness Strategies Applied in Directive Speech Acts According to The Interpersonal Relationships in “The IT Crowd: Moss and The German by Ciptaningrum (2011) from Sanata Dharma University. The results of the research are: there are five directive speech acts (request, suggestion, comment, prohibition, and invitation), four politeness strategies (off record, bald on record, positive, and negative strategy), six types of interpersonal relationship among the characters (samesex friendship, cross-sex friendship, friendship association, workplace mentoring relationship, networking workplace relationship, and romantic workplace relationship).

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Related to the Ciptaningrum’s research which analyzes about directive speech ach, politeness strategy, and interpersonal relation among the characters, the writer uses different ways in conducting the result through linguistics. However, Ciptaningrum only focuses on those matters without analyzing the factors influencing the character to apply politeness strategy in directive speech act.

B. Review of Related Theories 1. Pragmatics Pragmatics refers to speaker’s meaning or utterance interpretation. The first definition of pragmatics is quoted from Steven C. Levinson, followed by Jenny Thomas and the last is George Yule. Levinson (1983: 21) states that pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate. It means that pragmatics cannot be separated from context and principles of language usage. Then, Thomas (1995: 23) defines pragmatics as meaning in interaction. Another definition of pragmatics is also proposed by Yule (1996: 34). He says that pragmatics is the study of the relationship between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. Yule divides the definition of pragmatics into four. First, Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. It means that pragmatics analyzes the meaning behind what people say rather than what the words mean literally. Second, Pragmatics is the study of

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contextual meaning. Context here includes to whom the speaker talking, where, when, and under what circumstances. Context has important role in communication between the speaker and the hearer. Third, Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than what is said. By understanding pragmatics, people can explore what is unsaid be recognized as part of what is communicated. Fourth, Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. Relative distances means how close between the speaker and the hearer are communicating each other including physical, social or conceptual closeness. From the definitions above, it can be concluded that Pragmatics is a significant field to study in communication that is about language, context, and the meaning of the utterances between the speaker and the hearer. 2. Speech Act Pragmatics studies how people understand and produce a speech act in a social situation, usually in conversation. Speech act is a part of pragmatics that studies about utterances. According to Searle (in Levinson, 1983: 240), speech act can be classified into five categories, they are representative, directive, commisive, expressive and declaration. a. Representative Representative is a kind of speech acts that commits the speaker to state his/her belief about something. Acts of asserting, describing, explaining, concluding and making a statement are the examples of the

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speakers’s intention in uttering his/her belief. Example: The earth is flat. (Yule, 1996: 53) b. Directive Directive is a kind of speech act that is intended to make someone do something. In this case, the speaker utters directive in order to get the prospective action. Acts of requesting, commanding and persuading can be classified into directive. Example: Could you lend me a pen, please? (Yule, 1996: 54) c. Commisive Commisive is kind of speech act that commits the speaker to some future action. Acts of promising, refusing, threatening and pledging can be classified into commisive. Example: We will not do that. (Yule, 1996: 54) d. Expressive Expressive is a kind of speech act that is used by the speaker to express their feeling that are either pain or pleasure. Acts of apologizing, congratulating and thanking can be classified into expressive. Example: Congratulations! (Yule, 1996: 53) e. Declarative Declarative is kind of speech act that is used by the speaker to change the reality in accordance with proposition content of the declaration. Act of naming and pronouncing are the example of declarative.

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Example: I now pronounce you husband and wife. (Yule, 1996: 53)

3. Requesting speech act Requesting speech act is commonly used in daily communication which focuses on asking someone (the addressee/ hearer) to do something by giving him or her an option for complying and not complying the request. It is a part of directive speech act in pragmatics as stated by Searle because request action has an illocutionary purpose to get the hearer to do something. Trosborg (1995: 192) has divided the requesting speech act according to what the benefit to the speaker and the hearer when they are having conversation. This strategy classifies requesting speech act into four catagories and involves them eight-sub strategies, namely indirect request, hearer-oriented condition, speaker-based condition and direct request. a) Indirect request Indirect request is a

request without explicit requestive

illocutionary force. Consequently, the speaker omits to mention (or specify) the desired act and avoids mentioning the hearer as the intended agent (Trosborg, 1995:192). There is only one strategy of indirect request called hinting strategy. Hinting strategy is used by the speaker by making a request which does not explicitly state that the speaker’s request for the desired action. There are two kinds of hinting strategy. They are (1) mild hint, used by the speaker by leaving out the

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desired action altogether, and (2) strong hint, used by the speaker by mentioning his/her wish. For example: I have to be at the airport in half an hour. (Trosborg, 1995: 205) The request above employs indirect request expression with mild hint strategy. The speaker does not explictly mention that the speaker asks the taxi driver to speed up the taxi since he is in hurry. The speaker leaves out the request, he lets the hearer to figure out by himself whether the speaker wants to speed up the taxi. b) Hearer-oriented condition This request conveys that hearer is in a position of control to decide whether or not to perform the request. This request uses two strategies, that strategies are ability (willingness) and suggestory formula. 1. Ability (willingness) The condition of ability refers to hearer’s capacity to perform the desired act. Two different conditions are relevant: 1) the inherent capacities of the hearer both physical and mental, 2) the external circumstances relates to time and place of the action. For example : Could you lend me your car? (Trosborg, 1995: 205)

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2. Suggestory formulae By using suggestory formulae, the speaker makes his/her request more tentative and plays down his/her own interest as a beneficinary of the action. For example : How about lending me your car? (Trosborg, 1995: 205) c) Speaker-based condition By placing the speaker interest above the hearer’s, this request becomes more direct in its demand. There are two strategies in speaker-based condition. They are by using whises/desires and needs/demands. 1. Wishes or desires The speaker’s statement of his/her intention maybe expressed politely as a wish. For example : I would like to borrow your car. (Trosborg, 1995: 205) 2. Needs or demands Its a request strategy which expresses the speaker’s request more blindly as demand. For example : I needs to borrow your car. (Trosborg, 1995: 205) d) Direct Request The speaker who wants to make the request in the form of performative statement or an imperative, thereby isuing an order. This

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request uses three strategies namely obligation, performative, and imperative. 1. Obligation This strategy is used by employing a statement of obligation. When employing this strategy, the speaker exerts either his/her authority, or he/she refers to some authority outside the speaker. For example : You have to lend me your car. (Trosborg, 1995: 205) 2. Performative The inclusion of performative verb conveys requestive intent, e.g. asking, requesting, demanding, commanding, and explicitly marking the utterence as an order. For example : I would like to ask you to borrow your car. (Trosborg, 1995: 205) 3. Imperative Imperative is the grammatical form directly signaling that the utterance is an order. An order issued by authority figures must be obeyed, such as the older’s to the younger’s. For example : Lend me your car! (Trosborg, 1995: 205) 4. Politeness Politeness is a complex system for softening face threats (Brown and Levinson, 1978: 13). It is also defined as the strategies employed by the speaker to achieve a variety of goals, such as promoting or maintaing harmonious relationship. Then, Leech (1983: 19) states that

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politeness is strategic conflic avoidance which can be measured in terms of the degree of effort put into the avoidance of a conflict situation. In short, politeness is defined as using communicative strategies to create and maintain social harmony as stated by Culpeper (1996: 349). Politeness can be done in many various ways, they are being contextually appropriate, following social and cultural norms, and being socially positive by addresing face needs. There are many experts discussing about politeness strategy. This research only uses politeness strategy proposed by Brown and Lenvinson as an approach to analyze the data. This theory is choosen to explain about politeness strategy in detail. Brown and Levinson (1987: 92) have divided the politeness strategies according to how much the speakers and the hearers minimize the threat when they are having conversation. The strategies range from doing the FTA directly without minimizing the threat at all to not doing FTA. They are baldon record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategy. a. Bald-on Record Bald-on record strategy does not attempt to minimize the threat to hearer’s face. Brown and Levinson state that speaker mostly uses bald-on record strategy when she wants to do FTA (Face Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward the hearer’s face (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 95). This strategy will make the

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hearer feels uncomfortable. This strategy is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear, unambiguous, and concise way. This strategy is usually employed in some occasion, such as in emergency situation, unequal power relationship, and task oriented activities. For example: Give me a pen! (Yule, 1996: 63) b. Positive Politiness Positive politeness provides an attempt to minimize the damage to the hearer’s face (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 101). This strategy is intended to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. There are some indication of positive politeness strategy, such as using in-group indetity makers, offering solidarity through friendship, seeking agreement, avoiding disagreement, presupposition/ raise/ assert common ground, joking, asserting or presuppose speaker’s knowledge, concerning for hearer’s wants, offering and promising, being optimistic, including both speaker and hearer in the actvity, giving (or asking) reasons, assuming or asserting recipocity, giving gifts to hearer (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation), etc (1987: 102). For example : How about letting me use your pen? (Yule, 1996: 64)

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c. Negative Politeness Brown and Levinson (1987: 129) state that negative politeness attends to a person’s negative face needs, which appeals to the hearer’s desire not to be impeded or put upon and to be left free to act as they want. This strategy is to express respect and consideration. There are some indication of negative politeness strategy, such as being conventionally indirect, questioning, hedge, being pesimistic, minimizing the imposition or friction, formality in language use, apoligizing, giving deference and respect (1987: 130). For example: Could you lend me your pen? (Yule, 1996: 64) d. Off-record Strategy A communicative act is done by using off record strategy if it is not possible to attribute only one clear intention act (Brown and Levinson, 1987). When the speaker uses this strategy, she/ he wants to avoid the responsibility for doing FTA. As stated by Brown and Levinson, 1987: 211, this strategy is used when the speaker wants to damage another’s face without any responsibility of doing it, by leaving it up to the hearers to be interpreted by themselves. For

example:

Uh,

I

forgot

my

pen.

(Yule,

1996:

63)

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C. Theoretical Framework The aim of this study is to know the strategy of requesting speech act in the Frozen and the types of politeness strategy applied in that movie. Some applicable theories are used in this research to support the process of the data analysis. First, researcher uses Searle’s theory about classification speech act especially directive requesting speech act. And then, researcher uses Trosborg’s theory in Searle’s statement about speaker based-condition and hearer oriented-condition to solve the problem one. From that theory, researcher can classify the strategies is applied in Frozen. Last, the researcher uses Brown and Levinson’s theory about politeness strategy to solve last problem that is the type of politeness strategy that applied in the movie. The end of this process produces the classification of speakerbased condition and hearer-oriented condition also politeness strategy applied in Frozen.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is important to know how research is done scientifically to solve the research problem (Kothari, 1990: 8). This research belongs to descriptive qualitative study. It means that this research uses descriptive method which emphasis on describing the data used in the research. In conducting the research, the researcher only examines the data and it is not propose any hypothesis as it started from a phenomenon. In qualitative research, the data can be in the form of words, sentences, and terminology. Milles and Huberman (1984: 21) state that the qualitative research is essentially an investigating process: someone investigates a kind of social phenomenon by contrasting, comparing, replicating, cataloging, or classifying the object. This research does not include any calculation or enumeration, since the data produced are in the form of word. It is like what is stated by Bogdan and Taylor (in Moleong, 2000: 3) that qualitative research is a research that produces descriptive data consisting of written and spoken words and also behavior. In this research, the researcher finds the phenomena which are in the form of subtitle of original movie script Frozen. There are some utterances to be analyzed. Therefore, the researcher is interested in conducting a research to analyze request speech act of the subtitle.

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A. Object of the Study The object of this research is Frozen. Frozen is a 2013 American 3D computer-animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 53rd animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. Inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale The Snow Queen, the film tells the story of a fearless princess who sets off on an epic journey alongside a rugged iceman, his loyal pet reindeer, and a naïve snowman to find her estranged sister, whose icy powers have inadvertently trapped the kingdom in eternal winter. This movie is directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee. This movie became the best-selling film of the year in the United States. By January 2015, Frozen became the alltime best-selling Blu-ray Disc in the United States. It won two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film. This research is conducted to find out the types of request speech act using speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition, as well as the politeness strategy used in the request. By focusing on request speech act in that movie, the researcher collected the data using speech act theory under pragmatics study. The data were classified based on its types and forms of request. They were then analyzed speaker-based condition, hearer-oriented condition and the politeness strategy in order to understand how request is applied to get the hearer’s agreement in directive speech act.

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B. Approach of the Study In conducting this research, the researcher analyzed all utterances from Frozen which indicate request speech act. The researcher uses pragmatics theory about request which is included in directive speech act as proposed by Searle (in Levinson, 1983: 240). Then, the researcher only focuses on request of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition to make a limitation of all the data showing request speech act. In speaker-based condition, the request is focused on the speaker as the one who places the interest above the hearer. So, the request becomes more direct as wishes or desires and needs or demands. Meanwhile, in hearer-oriented condition the request is focused on the hearer’s position of control to decide whether or not to perform the request. Both of us these types of request are also more polite than direct request. Consequently, the researcher prefers to analyze the politeness strategy in speaker-based condition of request based on Brown and Levinson’ theory.

C. Method of Study This method of study is used to accomplice the purposes which are used to find out the types of request of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition in directive speech act employed by all characters in Frozen and to find out the politeness strategy used in both of requests. This method includes two parts. They are the data collection and the data analysis.

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1. Data Collection The object of this study is the application of request of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition, also politeness strategy used by the character in Frozen. It means that the researcher collected the data purposively. The data is limited only speaker-based condition and heareroriented condition in request. The first step to get the data, the researcher watches Frozen for several times in order to understand the whole story. Then, the researcher searched the transcript of Frozen on the internet and compared it to the movie. The researcher also underlined the dialogues employed by the characters which indicated a request speech act of speaker-based condition and heareroriented condition using Searle and Trosborg’s theory. The next step in collecting the data is by giving code on each type of datum. The coding of the datum in this research is as follows: a. The number of the datum b. The title of the movie. This research uses a movie entitled Frozen c. The types of request speech act employed by the characters based on Searle’s theory the researcher used speaker-based condition type and hearer-oriented condition. d. The type of condition of request speech act based on Searle’s theory. e. The type of politeness strategies on Brown and Levinson’s theory To make the coding of datum clearer, the researcher gives an example as presented below:

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08/ F/ SBC/ W/ N The coding above means that the datum is number eight (8). F means Frozen. Meanwhile SBC is the type of request speech act that is speakerbased condition. Then, W is the condition of speaker-based condition that is Wishes. Last, N is one of the politeness strategies is applied in that datum, that is Negatives. 2. Data Analysis There are some steps to analyze the data in this research. First, the researcher determined all utterances which were categorized as request speech act using Searle’s theory. Next, the data of request were than classified based on speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition using Trosborg’s theory. After that, the researcher labeled the data in the form of code based on the number of datum, the title of the movie, and the type of request speech act (speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition). To answer the problem of the research, the researcher analyzed the types of request using speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition. Speaker-based condition consists of wishes or desires and demands or needs. Meanwhile, hearer-oriented condition consists of ability or willingness and suggestory formulae. The researcher than determined the politeness strategy of each datum of speaker-based condition and heareroriented condition based on Brown and Levinson’s theory. They are bald-on record strategy, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record

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strategy. Finally, the researcher could find out the factors which influence the speaker to use request speech act of speaker-based condition by considering the politeness strategy.

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is analysis result. Based on the objectives of the result, the analysis result in this research focuses on analyzing the strategies of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition in request speech act using Trosborg’s theory and analyzing types of politeness strategy used to make a request employed by characters in Frozen using Brown’s and Levinson’s theory. The second part of this chapter is discussion. It provides the discussion of some finding from the analysis results that are relevant to the research objectives. In this research, the total data are 17 data of request speech act to analyze.

A. The Strategies of Request Speech Act Employed by Character in Frozen Movie In this part, there are two strategies of request speech act are used to analyze the character in Frozen, namely Speaker-Based Condition and HearerOriented Condition by Trosborg’s theory. 1. The Strategy of Speaker-Based Conditions in Request Speech Act In this kind of request speech act, the speaker places his or her interest above the hearer’s. This request becomes more direct in its demand. There are two strategies used in speaker-based condition. They are by using whises or desires and needs or demands. In this research, the

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speaker finds both kinds of those strategies. Therefore, the total data using this strategy are 7 data. There are 4 data that show the strategy of wishes or desires and 3 data that show the strategy of needs or demands. The description of each strategy of speaker-based conditions in request speech act can be shown in the following table. Table 4.1. The strategies of speaker-based conditions in request speech act Kinds of strategies Wishes or desires

Datum Number

Number of Occurrences

01/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,

4

02/ F/ SBC/ W/ N, 07/ F/ SBC/ W/ N, 10/ F/ SBC/ W/ N Needs or demands

11/F/SBC/ D/ BR,

3

12/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR, 17/ F/SBC/ D/ BR Total

7

a. Wishes or Desires In this kind of request, the speaker’s statement of his/her intention maybe expressed politely as a wish. There are 8 data of request using wishes or desires in this research. The following is the description of each datum showing request by wishes or desires. 1) Datum number Duration

: 01/ F/ SBC/ W/ N : 00:08:39,886  00:08:45,252

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Context of situation

: Elsa wants to invite Anna to play together

by building a snowman with Anna’s magic. However, Anna does not want to do it because she is afraid that her magic can hurt Elsa. Elsa asks Anna by making a request from the outside of Anna’s room. Because Anna does not want to come out from her room, Elsa than becomes curious about what happens to her sister. She wishes her sister can tell her the reason. Elsa

: I wish you would tell me why

Anna

: - (not answering) The datum above shows that Elsa, as the speaker, is in a

position of control of Anna, as the hearer. Then it is marked by the use of subject “I” as the person who needs something from the hearer. In this context, Elsa wishes Anna to tell her about why Anna always locks herself in her room and does not want to play with her like before. Elsa makes a request by using the word “wish” to make it polite. Therefore, it can be said that Elsa makes a request to Anna by showing her wish. 2)

Datum number

: 02/ F/ SBC/ W/ N

Duration

: 00:17:46,437  00:17:47,720

Context of situation

: Anna is very happy after hearing that her

sister, Elsa, will be crowned as the Queen of Arendelle tonight. She then walks around and also dances while singing outside the palace. When she walks near the sea, she accidentally steps on painting can.

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She almost falls down but a horse ridden by Hans, the Prince of Southern Island, helps her. Next, Hans gets off from the horse and helps her to stand up. But the horse bothers them by stamping on the boat, so that both of them fall down. Hans feels guilty toward Elsa and makes a request to forgive him and his horse. Hans

: I'd like to formally apologize for hitting the Princess of Arendelle. With my horse.

Anna

: No. No-no. It's fine. The datum above shows that Hans as the speaker places her

interest above Anna as the hearer. Hans is in a position of control of Anna. It is marked by the use of subject “I” as the person who needs something from the hearer. In this context, Hans makes request by showing his desire. Hans wants Anna to forgive him about the mistake caused by his horse. Hans makes a request by using the words “Would like to” to make it acceptable for hearer. From the datum above, it can be said that Hans makes a request to Anna by showing his desire. 3)

Datum number

: 07/ F/ SBC/ W/ N

Duration

: 00:25:57,498  00:26:00,421

Context of situation

: Because Anna has agreed Hans’ request to

marry him, Anna and Hans go into the dance’s floor to meet Elsa. They ask Elsa for her blessing to their marriage. They ask for it by using request.

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Anna and Hans

: We would like... your blessing of... our marriage!

Elsa

: Marriage? I'm sorry, I'm confused. The datum above, the request of speaker-based condition is

expressed by both Anna and Hans. Anna and Hans make a request to Elsa by showing their wish. It means that Anna and Hans as the speaker places their interest above Elsa as the hearer. Then it is marked by the use of subject “We” as the persons who need something from the hearer. In this context, Anna and Hans want to tell something to Elsa that is to get blessing for marrying Anna as her little sister. Anna and Hans make a request by using the words “We would like…” to make it polite and acceptable. It can be said that the speakers use the request rather indirectly by showing their desire. 4)

Datum number

:10/ F/ SBC/ W/ N

Duration

: 00:27:04,101  00:27:08,024

Context of situation

: Elsa does not agree with Anna and Hans

marriage. Elsa then wants to leave the party because of Anna’s stubbornness. However, Anna still wants to get Elsa’s blessing for her marriage before Elsa leaves the party. Anna

: Elsa, please. Please. I can’t live like this anymore.

Elsa

: Then leave. From the datum above, Anna as the speaker places her

control of Elsa as the hearer. It is marked by the use of subject “I” as

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the person who needs something from the hearer. The word “I” has in a position of control in this request. In this context, Anna wants to get Elsa’s blessing for her marriage. Anna makes a request by using the words “Please. Please. I…” to show her wish or desire. It can be said that Anna makes a request to Elsa rather indirectly by showing her wish.

b.

Needs or Demands In this request strategy, the speaker expresses his or her request more blindly as a demand or need. There are 3 data of request using needs or demands in this research. The following is the description of each datum showing request by needs or demands.

1)

Datum number

: 11/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR

Duration

: 00:30:24,108  00:30:27,210

Context of situation

: Elsa leaves her palace after she did magic

with her hands. All people in palace have known her secret so she must run away. Anna then chases after her to bring her back to the palace. Elsa chooses Hans to replace her sister to handle Arendelle for a moment. Anna

: I need you here to take care of Arendelle.

Hans

: On my honor. From the datum above, Anna as the speaker places her

interest more blindly above Hans as the hearer. It is marked by the use

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of subject “I” has in a position of control in the request. In this context, Anna wants to hand her palace over to Hans for a moment. Anna makes a request by using the words “I need you here to…” to make Hans do her request without rejecting it. It can be said that Anna makes a request to Hans directly by showing her need. 2) Datum number

:12/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR

Duration

: 00:39:29,319  00:39:32,081

Context of situation

: After Kristoff sings a song at her room,

Anna comes and she makes request to Kristoff that she wants to go to North Mountain to find her sister, Elsa. At first, Kristoff rejects Anna’s request, after that he agrees with Anna’s plan and they will go in the morning before sun rises. Anna

: I want you to take me up the North Mountain.

Kristoff : I don't take people places. From the datum above, Anna as the speaker places her interest more blindly above Kristoff as the hearer. Anna has in position of control in this request. Then it is marked by the use of subject “I” as the person who needs something from the hearer. In this context, Anna wants to him to take her to North Mountain. She wants to find her sister, Elsa. Anna makes a request by using the words “I want you to…” to make Kristoff do her request immediately. It can be said that Anna makes a request to Kristoff directly by showing her need.

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3)

Datum number

:17/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR

Duration

: 01:30:03,000  01:30:04,999

Context of situation

: After Anna backs to home, she makes

many new rules. One of the rules is to stops make a business with Weselton because Duke of Weselton has bad motive toward her and her palace and he has aligned with Hans. Soldiers of Arendelle catch Duke of Weselton and they will give Duke of Weselton back to his hometown, but Duke of Weselton does not accept the reality because he feels as the victim of Hans’ deed. However the effort of Duke of Weselton does not succeed, the soldiers then take him back to the ship. Duke of Weselton

: I demand to see the Queen!

Soldiers of Arendelle

: - (not answering)

Chief Minister of Arendelle

: Oh I have a message from the Queen.

From the datum above, Duke of Weselton as the speaker places her interest more blindly above the soldiers as the hearer. Then it is marked by the use of subject “I” as the person who needs something from the hearer. In this context, Duke of Weselton demands his soldier of Arendelle to do his request. Duke of Weselton makes a request by using the words “I demand…” to make the soldiers of Arendelle do his request without rejecting it. It can be said

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that Duke of Weselton makes a request to soldiers directly by showing his demand.

2. The Strategy of Hearer-Oriented Conditions in Request Speech Act In this kind of request speech act, the hearer is in a position of control to decide whether or not to perform the request. In this research, there are 10 data showing request of hearer-oriented condition. The data use ability (willingness) and suggestory formula. There are 5 datum that show the strategy of willingness or ability and 5 data that show the strategy of suggestory formulae. The description of each strategy of hearer-oriented conditions in request speech act can be shown in the following table Table 4.2. The strategies of hearer-oriented conditions in request speech act Kinds of strategies in

Datum Number

Number of Occurrences

Willingness or ability

03/ F/ SBC/ A/ P,

5

04/ F/ SBC/ A/ P, 05/ F/ SBC/ A/ P, 06/ F/ HBC/ A/ P, 08/ F/ SBC/ A/ P Suggestory formulae

09/ F/ HBC/ S/ P, 13/ F/ HBC/ S/ P, 14/ F/ HBC/ S/ N,

5

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15/ F/ HBC/ S/ P, 16/ F/ HBC/ S/ P Total

10

a) Ability or Willingness The condition of ability refers to hearer’s capacity to perform the desired act. In this research, there is only 5 datum using this kind of request strategy and it is related to hearer’s capacity of both physical and mental. 1) Datum number

: 03/ F/ SBC/ A/ P

Duration

: 00:23:43,753  00:23:46,650

Context of situation

: Anna meets Hans in the dance’s floor.

Hans helps Anna because Anna almost falls down after Anna and Elsa have a little trouble. Hans asks Anna to dance with him. After that, Anna asks Hans to get out from the dance’s floor. They then get exciting conversation in the balcony of dance’s floor. Anna

: Okay, Can I just say something crazy?

Hans

: I love crazy. The datum above shows Anna becomes the speaker and Hans

becomes the hearer, then it is marked by the expression “Can I” as a kind of request using hearer-oriented condition which focuses on the hearer’s willingness. It means that Hans as the hearer is the person who will do or refuse the Anna’s request. In this context, Anna asks for Hans’ permission to say something crazy that is to marry him. It

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can be said that Anna makes a request to Hans by asking for Hans’ willingness.

2) Datum number

: 04/ F/ SBC/ A/ P

Duration

: 00:25:28,732  00:25:30,933

Context of situation

: Hans and Anna talk each other in the

balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa shuts her out. And then Hans says that he will not shut her out because Hans has falling in love with her. Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him. Hans

: Can I say something crazy? Will you marry me?

Anna

: Can I just say something even crazier? Yes! The datum above shows, Hans becomes the speaker and

Anna becomes the hearer, then it is marked by the expression “Can I” is a kind of request using hearer-oriented condition which focuses on the hearer’s willingness. It means that Anna as the hearer is the person who will do or refuse Hans’ request. In this context, Hans asks for Anna’s permission to say something crazy that is to marry him. It can be said that Hans makes a request to Anna by asking for Anna’s willingness. 3) Datum number

: 05/ F/ HBC/ A/ P

Duration

: 00:25:32,976  00:25:35,196

Context of situation

: Hans and Anna talk each other in the

balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa shuts her out. And then Hans says

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that he will not shut her out because Hans has falling in love with her. Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him. Hans

: Can I say something crazy? Will you marry me?

Anna

: Can I just say something even crazier? Yes! From the datum above, it can be said that Hans makes a

request to Anna by asking for Anna’s willingness. It means that Hans becomes the speaker and Anna becomes the hearer, then it is marked by use of object “you” as the person who will do or refuse the speaker’s request, to emphasize the request towards the hearer. In this context, Hans asks something crazy to Anna that is to marry him. Hans makes a request to by using the word “Will you....” to ask Anna’s willingness that is hearer’s condition both physical and mental. 4) Datum number

: 06/ F/ SBC/ A/ P

Duration

: 00:25:53,134  00:25:55,631

Context of situation

: Because Anna has agreed Hans’ request to

marry him, Anna and Hans go into the dance’s floor to meet Elsa. They ask Elsa for her blessing to their marriage. They ask for it by using request. Anna: May I present, Prince Hans of the Southern Isles. Hans

: Your Majesty.

Elsa

: - (surprised)

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The datum shows that Anna becomes the speaker and Elsa becomes the hearer, then it is marked by the expression “May I” as a kind of request using hearer-oriented condition which focuses on the hearer’s willingness. It means that Elsa as the hearer is the person who will do or refuse the Anna’s request. In this context, Anna asks for Elsa’s permission to present Hans and to give her blessing to their marriage. It can be said that Anna makes a request to Elsa rather directly by asking for Elsa’s willingness. 5)

Datum number

: 08/ F/ SBC/ A/ P

Duration

: 00:26:28,606  00:26:31,991

Context of situation

: Elsa does not agree with Anna’s plan to

marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is to sudden because they know each other not too long ago. Elsa then wants to talk with Anna without Hans about Anna and Hans’s plan by using a request. Elsa

: May I talk to you, please? Alone.

Anna

: No. Whatever you have to say, you... you can say to both of us. From the datum above, it can be said that Elsa makes a

request to Anna by asking for Anna’s willingness. It means that Elsa becomes the speaker and Anna becomes the hearer, then it is marked by the expression “May I” as a kind of request using hearer-oriented condition which focuses on the hearer’s willingness. It means that Anna as the hearer is the person who will do or refuse the Anna’s

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request. In this context, Elsa asks for Anna’s permission to talk with her alone without Hans that is to discuss about Anna’s plan to marry Hans.

b) Suggestory formulae By using suggestory formulae, the speaker makes his/her request more tentative and plays down his/her own interest as a beneficinary of the action. The followings are 5 data using this kind of request strategy. 1. Datum number

: 09/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

Duration

: 00:26:36,434  00:26:39,511

Context of situation

: Elsa does not agree with Anna’s plan to

marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is too sudden because they know each other not too long ago. She makes a request to Anna by giving suggestion about her plan of marrying with Hans. Anna

: Fine. You can't marry a man you just met…You Can if it's true love.

Elsa

: Anna, what do you know about true love? From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a

request to Elsa in the form of suggestion. It means that Annabecomes the speaker and Elsa becomes the hearer, then it is marked by use of object “you” as the person who will do or refuse the speaker’s request, to emphasize the request towards the hearer.

In this context,

Annamakes a request by giving suggestion to Elsa that is not to marry

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someone who just met. It is shown by the utterance “you can’t ... you can if ... “. 2. Datum number

: 13/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

Duration

: 00:53:31,708  00:53:33,507

Context of situation

: Anna finds where her sister, Elsa, is hiding.

It is an ice palace in the top of mountain. Anna then opens the door and makes request to her two companions, Krisstof and Olaf by suggesting them to wait in front of the door. Anna

: It opened. That's a first. You should probably wait out here.

Krisstof

: What ?

From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a request to Krisstof in the form of suggestion. It means that Anna becomes the speaker and Krisstof becomes the hearer, then it is marked by use of object “you” in the utterance as the person who will do or refuse the speaker’s request, to emphasize the request towards the hearer. In this context, Anna makes a request by giving suggestion to Krisstof that is to wait in front of the door because Anna wants to say something privately with her sister meanwhile Krisstof is just a stranger who wants to help her. The request using suggestory formulae is marked with the use of modal ‘should’ in the utterance “You should probably wait out here”. 3. Datum number

: 14/ F/ HBC/ S/ N

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Duration

: 00:54:38,650  00:54:41,693

Context of situation

: Anna apologizes to Elsa for her mistake

about what happened in Arendelle. But, Elsa does not want to blame Anna and she just wants her to leave. Elsa does not want to cause Anna’s condition worse with hermagic. : No, it's okay… You don't have to apologize. But you

Elsa

should probably go, please. Anna

: But I just got here. From the datum above, it can be said that Elsa makes a request

to Anna in the form of suggestion. It means that Elsa becomes the speaker and Anna becomes the hearer, then it is marked by use of object “you” in the utterance as the person who will do or refuse the speaker’s request, to emphasize the request towards the hearer. In this context, Elsa makes a request by giving suggestion to Anna that isto leaver her alone so that nothing bad will happen again because of her uncontrolled magic power. The request using suggestory formulae is marked with the use of modal ‘should’ in the utterance “But you should probably go, please.” 4. Datum number

: 15/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

Duration

: 00:58:09,749  00:58:11,099

Context of situation

: accidentally Elsa’s magic comes out and

hurts Anna again. Then, Krisstof helps Anna to stand up and makes a

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request by suggesting her to go home. Anna refuses to go home without bringing Elsa back to Arendelle. Krisstof

: Anna, I think we should go.

Anna

: No. I'm not leaving without you, Elsa. From the datum above, it can be said that Krisstof makes a

request to Anna in the form of suggestion. It means that Krisstof becomes the speaker and Anna becomes the hearer, then it is marked by use of object “we” in the utterance that refers to both speaker and hearer. However, the speaker rather uses ‘we’ than ‘you’ so that the hearer will do what he asked though he is also do it too. In this context, Krisstof makes a request by giving suggestion to Anna that is to go back to Arrendele so nothing bad happened again to her. The request using suggestory formulae is marked with the use of modal ‘should’ in the utterance “Anna, I think we should go.” 5. Datum number

: 16/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

Duration

: 01:01:59,602  01:02:01,573

Context of situation

:

Krisstof wonders

why Anna’s hair

becomes white. It may be caused by Elsa’s magic that makes her “Frozen”. Anna thinks that her white hair is caused by the snow when she falls from the cliff. Anna makes a request by suggesting Krisstof see his hair too because his hair is full of snow. However, Krisstof does not believe that Anna’s white hair is caused by snow and keeps

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saying that her hair is turning white. It means that Anna’s conditon worsen. Anna

: Just fell off a cliff. You should see your hair.

Krisstof

: No, yours is turning white.

From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a request to Krisstof in the form of suggestion. It means that Anna becomes the speaker and Krisstof becomes the hearer, then it is marked by use of object “you” in the utterance as the person who will do or refuse the speaker’s request, to emphasize the request towards the hearer. In this context, Anna makes a request by giving suggestion to Krisstof that is to see his hair turning white. On the other hand, Anna’s hair is actually turning white naturally not because of the snow like Krisstof’s but she does not believe it. The request using suggestory formulae is marked with the use of modal ‘should’ in the utterance “You should see your hair.”

B. Types of Politeness Strategy Used to Make a Request Employed by Characters in Frozen The researcher uses Brown and Levinson’s theory to analyze the politeness strategy used in Frozen. They propose four kinds of politeness; namely bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and offrecord strategy. However, the researcher finds only three of politeness

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strategies in this research. They are bald-on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. The followings is the descriptions of each strategy. Table 4.3. Types of politeness strategy used to make a request employed by characters in Frozen Types of politeness

Datum Number

strategies Bald-on record

Number of Occurrences

11/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR,

3

12/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR, 17/ F/SBC/ D/ BR Positive politeness

03/ F/ SBC/ A/ P,

9

04/ F/ SBC/ A/ P, 05 / F/ HBC/ A/ P 06 / F/ SBC/ A/ P, 08/ F/ SBC/ A/ P, 09/ F/ HBC/ S/ P 13/ F/ HBC/ S/ P 15/ F/ HBC/ S/ P, 16/ F/ HBC/ S/ P Negative Politeness

01/ F/ SBC/ W/ N, 02/ F/ SBC/ W/ N, 07/ F/ SBC/ W/ N, 10/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,

5

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14/ F/ HBC/ S/ N, Off record

Total

17

1. Bald-on Record In this research, there are only 3 data of request of speaker-based condition using bald on record strategy. Bald-on record strategy does not attempt to minimize the threat to hearer’s face. Brown and Levinson state that speaker mostly uses bald-on record strategy when he wants to do FTA (Face Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward the hearer’s face. This strategy will make the hearer feels uncomfortable. This strategy is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear, unambiguous, and concise way. This strategy is employed by the characters in some occasion, they are emergency situation and unequal power relationship. 1) Datum number

: 11/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR

Duration

: 00:30:24,108  00:30:27,210

Context of situation

: Elsa leaves her palace after she did magic

with her hands. All people in palace have known her secret so she must run away. Anna then chases after her to bring her back to the palace. Elsa chooses Hans to replace her sister to handle Arendelle for a moment.

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Anna

: I need you here to take care of Arendelle.

Hans

: On my honor. From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a

request to Hans by using politeness of bald-on record strategy. Anna as the speaker does not try to minimize the threat to Hans’ face as the hearer. When making a request, Anna wants to do FTA (Face Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward Hans’ face. Baldon record strategy is marked by using the expression ‘I need you here to …. ‘ so that this strategy will make Hans feels uncomfortable and cannot reject Anna’s request. Anna makes request directly, without any minimization to the imposition because the conversation happens in an emergency situation. 2) Datum number

: 12/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR

Duration

: 00:39:29,319  00:39:32,081

Context of situation

: After Kristoff sings a song at her room,

Anna comes and makes request to Kristoff that she wants to go to North Mountain to find her sister, Elsa. At first, Kristoff rejects Anna’s request, after that he agrees with Anna’s plan and they will go in the morning before sun rises. Anna

: I want you to take me up the North Mountain.

Kristoff : I don't take people places. From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a request to Kristoff by using politeness of bald-on record strategy.

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Anna as the speaker does not try to minimize the threat to Kristoffs’ face as the hearer. When making a request, Anna wants to do FTA (Face Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward Kristoffs’ face. Bald-on record strategy is marked by using the expression ‘I want you to…. ‘ so that this strategy will make Kristoff feels uncomfortable and cannot reject Anna’s request. Anna makes request directly, without any minimization to the imposition because of unequal power between Anna and Kristoff. Anna has a power as the Princess of Arendelle while Kristoff is just a true outdoorsman. He lives high up in the mountains where he harvests ice and sells it to the kingdom of Arendelle. 3) Datum number

: 17/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR

Duration

: 01:30:03,000  01:30:04,999

Context of situation

: After Anna goes back home, she makes

many new rules. One of the rules is to stop making a business with a Duke of Weselton because he has bad motive toward her and her palace and he has aligned with Hans. Soldiers of Arendelle catch Duke of Weselton and they will give Duke of Weselton back to his hometown, but Duke of Weselton does not accept the reality because he feels as the victim of Hans’ doing. However the effort of Duke of Weselton does not succeed, the soldiers then take him back to the ship. Duke of Weselton

: I demand to see the Queen!

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Soldiers of Arendelle

: - (not answering)

Chief Minister of Arendelle

: Oh I have a message from the Queen.

From the datum above, it can be said that Duke of Weselton makes a request to the soldiers of Arendelle by using politeness of bald-on record strategy. Duke of Weselton as the speaker does not try to minimize the threat to soldiers’ face as the hearer. When making a request, Duke of Weselton wants to do FTA (Face Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward the soldiers’ face. Bald-on record strategy is marked by using the expression ‘I demand you…. ‘ so that this strategy will make the soldiers feel uncomfortable and cannot reject Duke of Weselton’s request. Duke of Weselton makes request directly and briefly, without any minimization to the imposition because of unequal power between Duke of Weselton and the soldiers. Duke of Weselton has higher position than the soldier.

2. Positive Politeness In this research, there are 9 data of request of speaker-based condition using positive politeness. Positive politeness provides an attempt to minimize the damage to the hearer’s face. This strategy is intended to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. There are some indication of positive politeness strategy,

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such as requesting through friendship or family, seeking agreement, and avoiding disagreement. 1) Datum number

: 03/ F/ SBC/ A/ P

Duration

: 00:23:43,753 --> 00:23:46,650

Context of situation

: Anna meets Hans in the dance floor. Hans

helps Anna because Anna almost falls down after Anna and Elsa have a little trouble. Hans asks Anna to dance with him. After that, Anna asks Hans to get out from the dance’s floor. They then get exciting conversation in the balcony of dance’s floor. Anna

: Okay, Can I just say something crazy?

Hans

: I love crazy. From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a

request to Hans by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive politeness applied by Anna as the speaker provides an attempt to minimize the damage to Hans’ face as the hearer. This strategy is intended to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. Anna is the princess of Arendelle while Hans is the prince of Northern Island. Both of them have not known each other yet but they fall in love. Hans wants to express his love first by requesting permission to Anna. This strategy is marked by the expression ‘…Can I …?” in order to make the request more polite to hear than it is said directly. Besides, she wants to seek an agreement from Hans. Anna wants to request something from Hans

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that is a permission to say something crazy. As a result, Hans accepts Anna’s request. 2) Datum number

: 04/ F/ SBC/ A/P

Duration

: 00:25:28,732  00:25:30,933

Context of situation

: Hans and Anna talk to each other in the

balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa chases her away. And then Hans says that he will not chase her away because Hans has falling in love with her. Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him. Hans

: Can I say something crazy? Will you marry me?

Anna

: Can I just say something even crazier? Yes! From the datum above, it can be said that Hans makes a

request to Anna by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive politeness applied by Hans as the speaker provides an attempt to minimize the damage to Anna’s face as the hearer. This strategy is intended to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. Anna is the princess of Arendelle while Hans is the prince of Northern Island. Both of them have not known each other yet but they fall in love. Hans wants to express his love first by requesting permission to Anna. This strategy is marked by the expression “Can I …?” in order to make the request more polite to hear than it is said directly. Besides, he wants to seek an agreement from Anna. Hans wants to request something from Anna that is a

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permission to say something crazy about proposing her. As a result, Anna accepts Hans’s request to marry him. 3) Datum number

: 05/ F/ HBC/ A/ P : 00:25:32,976  00:25:35,196

Duration Context of situation

: Hans and Anna talk each other in the

balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa shuts her out. And then Hans says that he will not shut her out because Hans has falling in love with her. Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him. Hans

: Can I say something crazy? Will you marry me?

Anna

: Can I just say something even crazier? Yes! From the datum above, it can be said that Hans makes a

request to Anna by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive politeness applied by Hans as the speaker provides an attempt to minimize the damage to Annas’ face as the hearer. This strategy is intended to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. Anna is the princess of Arendelle while Hans is the prince of Northern Island. Both of them have not known each other yet but they fall in love. Hans wants to express her love first by requesting permission to Anna. This strategy is marked by the expression “Will you …?” in order to make the request more polite to hear than it is said directly. Besides, he wants to seek an agreement from Anna. Hans wants to request something from Anna

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that is a permission to say something crazy about proposing her. As a result, Anna accepts Hans’s request to marry him. 4) Datum number

: 06/ F/ SBC/ A/ P

Duration

: 00:25:57,498  00:26:00,421

Context of situation

: Because Anna has agreed Hans’ request to

marry him, Anna and Hans go into the dance’s floor to meet Elsa. They ask Elsa for her blessing to their marriage. They ask for it by using request. Anna

: May I present, Prince Hans of the Southern Isles.

Hans

: Your Majesty.

Elsa

: - (surprised) From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a

request to Elsa by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive politeness applied by Anna as the speaker provides an attempt to minimize the damage to Elsa’ face as the hearer. This strategy is intended to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. Anna is Elsa’s little sister and also Elsa is the queen of Arrendele. This strategy is marked by the expression “May I present…?” in order to make the request more polite to hear than it is said directly. Besides, she wants to seek an agreement from Elsa. Anna wants to introduce Hans to Elsa as her boyfriend. However, Elsa feels surprised because Elsa had just known

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him not too long ago and then she wants to introduce him as her future husband. 5) Datum number

: 08/ F/ SBC/ A/ P

Duration

: 00:26:28,606  00:26:31,991

Context of situation

: Elsa does not agree with Anna’s plan to

marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is to sudden because they know each other not too long ago. Elsa than wants to talk with Anna without Hans about Anna and Hans’s plan by using a request. Elsa

: May I talk to you, please? Alone.

Anna

: No. Whatever you have to say, you... you can say to both of us. From the datum above, it can be said that Elsa makes a

request to Anna by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive politeness applied by Elsa as the speaker provides an attempt to minimize the damage to Anna’ face as the hearer. This strategy is intended to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. Anna is Elsa’s little sister and also Elsa is the queen of Arendelle. This strategy is marked by the expression “May I talk…?” in order to make the request more polite to hear than it is said directly. Elsa wants to talk to Anna alone. As a result, Anna accepts Elsa’s request. 6) Datum number Duration

: 09/ F/ HBC/ S/ P : 00:26:36,434  00:26:39,511

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Context of situation

: Elsa does not agree with Anna’s plan to

marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is too sudden because they know each other not too long ago. She makes a request to Anna by giving suggestion about her plan of marrying with Hans. Anna

: Fine. You can't marry a man you just met…You can if it's true love.

Elsa

: Anna, what do you know about true love? From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a

request to Elsa by showing her suggestion using positive politeness. In this case, Anna has position as the speaker and Elsa is as the hearer. Then, positive politeness is marked by the use of modal “can/ can’t” in the utterance ‘You can't marry a man you just met…You can if it's true love’ as a form of suggestion so the hearer is willing to do what the speaker said. In this context, Anna wants Elsa not to marry Hans by giving suggestion. 7) Datum number

: 13/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

Duration

: 00:53:31,708  00:53:33,507

Context of situation

: Anna finds where her sister, Elsa, is hiding.

It is an ice palace in the top of mountain. Anna then opens the door and makes request to her two companions, Krisstof and Olaf by suggesting them to wait in front of the door. Anna

: It opened. That's a first. You should probably wait out here.

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Krisstof : What ? From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a request to Kristoff by showing her suggestion using positive politeness. In this case, that Anna becomes the speaker and Kristoff becomes the hearer. Then, positive politeness is marked by the use of modal “should” in the utterance ‘You should probably wait out here’. In this context, Anna wants Krisstof as the hearer to wait in front of the door when Anna enters the palace to meet Elsa. 8)

Datum number

: 15/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

Duration

: 00:58:09,749 - 00:58:11,099

Context of situation

: accidentally Elsa’s magic comes out and

hurts Anna again. Then, Krisstof helps Anna to stand up and makes a request by suggesting her to go home. Anna refuses to go without bringging Elsa back to Arendelle. Krisstof : Anna, I think we should go. Anna

: No. I'm not leaving without you, Elsa. From the datum above, it can be said that Krisstof makes a

request to Anna by showing her suggestion. In this case, Kristoff becomes the speaker and Anna becomes the hearer. Then, positive politeness is marked by the use of modal “should” in the utterance ‘Anna, I think we should go’. In this context, krisstof gives suggestion to Anna to go home because of Elsa’s magic can hurt Anna again. But, Anna refuses Krisstof’s suggestion.

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9) Datum number

: 16/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

Duration

: 01:01:59,602 --> 01:02:01,573

Context of situation

: krisstof wonders why Anna’s hair becomes

white. It may be caused by Elsa’s magic that makes her “Frozen”. Anna thinks that her white hair is caused by the snow when she falls from the cliff. Anna makes a request by suggesting Krisstof see his hair too because his hair is full of snow. However, Krisstof does not believe that Anna’s white hair is caused by snow and keeps saying that her hair is turning white. It means that Anna’s conditon worsen. Anna

: Just fell off a cliff. You should see your hair.

Elsa

: No, yours is turning white. From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a

request to Elsa by showing her suggestion. In this case, Anna becomes the speaker and Elsa becomes the hearer. Then, positive politeness is marked by the use of modal “should” in the utterance ‘You should see your hair’. In this context, Anna gives suggestion to Elsa to see her hair becomes white. She remembers Kristoff’s said about her hair is turning white because of Elsa’s magic.

3. Negative Politeness In this research, there are 4 data of request of speaker-based condition using negative politeness. Negative politeness attends to a person’s negative face needs, which appeals to the hearer’s desire not to be

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impeded or put upon and to be left free to act as they want. This strategy is to express respect and consideration. There are some indication of negative politeness strategy, such asformality in language use, apoligizing, and giving respect. 1) Datum number

: 01/ F/ SBC/ W/ N

Duration

: 00:08:39,886  00:08:45,252

Context of situation

: Elsa wants to invite Anna to play together

by building a snowman with Anna’s magic. However, Anna does not want to do it because she is afraid that her magic can hurt Elsa. Elsa asks Anna by making a request from the outside of Anna’s room. Because Anna does not want to come out from her room, Elsa than becomes curious about what happens to her sister. She wishes her sister can tell her the reason. Elsa

: I wish you would tell me why

Anna

: - (not answering) From the datum above, the speaker makes a request and

applies negative politeness.Elsa as the speaker uses negative politeness by using expression ‘I wish you would…’ to express Elsa’s respect and consideration towards Anna as the hearer. By telling her wish to make a request, Elsa has applied negative politeness so that Anna can grant it willingly. Elsa wants Anna to tell her why she does not want to play together like before. However, Anna does not respond it and she feels guilty towards Elsa.

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2)

Datum number

: 02/ F/ SBC/ W/ N

Duration

: 00:17:46,437  00:17:47,720

Context of situation

: Anna is very happy after hearing that her

sister, Elsa, will be crowned as the Queen of Arendelle tonight. She then walks around and also dances while singing outside the palace. When she walks near the sea, she accidentally steps on painting can. She almost falls down but a horse ridden by Hans, the Prince of Southern Island, helps her. Next, Hans gets off from the horse and helps her to stand up. But the horse bothers them by stamping on the boat, so that both of them fall down. Hans feels guilty toward Anna and makes a request to forgive him and his horse. Hans

: I'd like to formally apologize for hitting the Princess of Arendelle. With my horse.

Anna

: No. No-no. It's fine. From the datum above, the speaker makes a request and

applies negative politeness.Hans as the speaker uses negative politeness by using expression ‘I’d like to…’ to express Hans’s respect and consideration towards Anna as the hearer. By telling his wish to request forgiveness, Hans has applied negative politeness so that Anna can grant it willingly. Hans wants to apologize to Anna because his horse has hit Anna until she almost falls down. 3) Datum number Duration

: 07/ F/ SBC/ W/ N : 00:25:53,134  00:25:55,631

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Context of situation

: Because Anna has agreed Hans’ request to

marry him, Anna and Hans go into the dance’s floor to meet Elsa. They ask Elsa for her blessing to their marriage. They ask for it by using request. Anna and Hans : We would like... your blessing of... our marriage! Elsa

: Marriage? I'm sorry, I'm confused. From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a

request to Elsa by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive politeness applied by Anna as the speaker provides an attempt to minimize the damage to Elsa’ face as the hearer. This strategy is intended to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. Anna is Elsa’s little sister and also Elsa is the queen of Arendelle. Meanwhile, Hans is the prince of Northern Island. This strategy is marked by the expression “We would like to…?” in order to make the request more polite to hear than it is said directly. Besides, she wants to seek an agreement from Elsa. Anna wants to get permission to get married with Hans. 4)

Datum number

: 10/ F/ SBC/ W/ N

Duration

: 00:27:04,101  00:27:08,024

Context of situation

: Elsa does not agree with Anna and Hans

marriage. Elsa then wants to leave the party because of Anna’s

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stubbornness. However, Anna still wants to get Elsa’s blessing for her marriage before Elsa leaves the party. Anna

: Elsa, please. Please. I can’t live like this anymore.

Elsa

: Then leave.

From the datum above, the speaker makes a request and applies negative politeness.Anna as the speaker uses negative politeness by using expression ‘… Please. Please…’ to express Anna’s respect and consideration towards Elsa as the hearer.

By telling her wish to

request a blessing for her marriage, Anna has applied negative politeness so that Elsa can grant it willingly. However, Elsa does not agree with Anna’s plan because Elsa has not known Elsa’s future husband yet. 5) Datum number

: 14/ F/ HBC/ S/ N

Duration

: 00:54:38,650  00:54:41,693

Context of situation

: Anna apologizes to Elsa for her mistake

about what happened in Arendelle. But, Elsa does not want to blame Anna and she justwants her to leave. Elsa does not want to cause Anna’s condition worse with hermagic. Elsa

: No, it's okay… You don't have to apologize. But you should probably go, please.

Anna

: But I just got here. From the datum above, the speaker makes a request using

suggestion and applies negative politeness. Elsa as the speaker uses

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negative politeness towards the hearer by using expression ‘…should…, please’ to express Elsa’s deep request towards Anna. In this context, Elsa does not want to blame Anna and she just wants her to leave her alone. She also does not want to cause Anna’s condition worse with her magic. By using negative politeness with the utterance ‘…., please’, Elsa wants Anna to grant her suggestion for the sake of Anna willingly. c) Discussion Based on Frozen, the researcher found 17 data showing request spech act. They are 7 data showing request of speaker-based condition and 10 data showing request of hearer-oriented condition. In speaker-based condition, the speaker places his/her interest aboves the hearer’s, this request becomes more direct in its demand. The 7 data are then categorized into two kinds of speaker-based condition in request. They are speaker-based condition using wishes or desires and speaker-based condition using demands or needs. In using wishes, the speaker’s statement of his/her intention is expressed more politely than using demands or needs. Generally, most data of request in speaker-based condition are expressed using wishes or desires than demands or needs. It is because most data of request happen in formal situation. The data using wishes or desires are marked by the use of expression, such as I wish you…, I’d like to…., we would like to…. Meanwhile, demands or needs are used when the speaker makes a request

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more blindly as something that must be granted by the hearer. The data are marked by the expression, such as I need you to… and I want you to…. Politeness strategy used by the characters of the movie is also analyzed and categorized, based on Brown and Levinson’s theory. However, the researcher only finds three types of politeness strategy. They are bald-on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. The researcher does not find speaker-based condition in request using offrecord strategy because the request is applied by placing the speaker’s interest above the hearer. On the other hand, off-record strategy is applied by avoiding the responsibility for doing FTA. As stated by Brown and Levinson (1987: 211), this strategy is used when the speaker wants to damage another’s face without any responsibility of doing it, by leaving it up to the hearers to be interpreted by themselves. Bald-on record strategy in request used by the characters in the movie does not attempt to minimize the threat to hearer’s face. The speakers want to do FTA (Face Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward the hearer’s face so this strategy will make the hearer feels uncomfortable. Most characters use this strategy in a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition. This strategy employed by the characters is found in some occasion, such as in emergency situation and unequal power relationship. In emergency situation, the speaker tends to make a request directly.

Meanwhile,

unequal power relationship causes the speaker use bald on record strategy

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because the speaker who has higher position tends to ask for something or make a request directly to the hearer who has lower position. Some data showing bald on record strategy are marked by the expression like ‘I need you here to….’, ‘I want you to …’, and ‘I demand to…’ Positive politeness used by the characters provides an attempt to minimize the damage to the hearer’s face. The speaker wants to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. There are some indication of positive politeness strategy applied in request using speaker-based condition in this movie, such asrequesting something to friend or family and then seeking agreement. Some data showing positive politeness are marked by the expression like ‘Can I….’ and ‘May I…’. Negative politeness is applied by considering hearer’s desire not to be impeded. The characters use this strategy to express respect and consideration. There are some indication of negative politeness strategy used in request of speaker-based condition, such as formality in language use, apoligizing, and giving respect. Some data showing negative politeness are marked by the expression like ‘I wish you would….’, ‘I’d like to formally apologize…’, ‘We would like…’ and ‘…Please, please…’ In hearer-oriented condition, the hearer is in a position of control to decide whether or not to perform the speaker’s request. The 10 data are then categorized into two kinds of hearer-oriented condition in request. They are hear-based condition using ability (willingness) and suggestory

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formula. There are 5 data that shows the strategy of willingness or ability and 5 data that show the strategy of suggestory formulae. In accordance withability or willingness in request, the speaker focuses on the hearer’s condition or capacity to perform the desired act. Based on the analysis result, the researcher only finds one type of ability (willingness). It is the inherent capacity of the hearer both physical and mental. It is shown in the utterance “will you marry me?”. The use of modal ‘will’ and the addressee ‘you’ are related to the hearer’s ability or willingness towards the speaker’s request. Besides, the speaker also uses other expression like “Can I… and May I…” as a request to get hearer’s permission. Meanwhile, in request by using suggestory formulae the speaker makes his/her request more tentative and plays down his/her own interest as a beneficinary of the action. Based on the analysis results, this strategy is dominantly used by the characters of the film. This strategy is marked by the use of modal ‘can’ and ‘should’ in the utterance. It seems the request is not clearly shown by the speaker because she/he uses suggestion to replace her/his request, so it can be said that the request in this context is tentative. In the request of hearer-oriented condition, politeness strategy used by the characters of the movie just consists of two kinds, they are positive politeness and negative politeness. Bald-on record strategy is not applied by the speaker in such kind of request because the request is expressed

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more politely. Besides, the speaker also does not use off-record strategy because in hearer-oriented condition he/she expresses the request less indirectly by using modality (can or should). There are some indication of positive politeness strategy applied in request using hearer-oriented condition in this movie, such as requesting something to someone and then seeking agreement. Some data showing positive politeness are marked by the expression like ‘Will you.....?’,‘you can/ cannot….’, ‘you should…’, and ‘we should…’so the speaker does not threaten the hearer’s face. The speaker asks for the hearer’s ability or willingness politely to seek agreement. Negative politeness is applied in hearer-oriented condition by considering hearer’s desire not to be blocked. There are some indication of negative politeness strategy used in this kind of request, such as formality in language useand giving respect. There is only one datum showing negative politeness in this research in accordance with hearer-oriented condition, marked by the expression “you should......, please”. The word ‘please’ is used by the speaker to express his/her respect and consideration towards the hearer. As a result, the hearer aggrees to do what the speaker suggests to the him or her.

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

There are two problems stated in the problem formulation. First is the type of request speech act of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition applied in Frozen and the second is the type of politeness strategy used in each request of speaker-based condition. To solve the first problem, the researcher conducted the analysis by applying the theory of request and politeness strategy using pragmatic approach. By using the theory of request, the researcher found 4 types of request speech acts. They are indirect request, hearer-oriented condition, speaker-based condition, and direct request. However, the researcher only used the data of request of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition to limit the data analysis. In speaker-based condition,the researcher found the data of request of both wishes or desires and needs or demands. Most data use the request of speakerbased condition in the form of wishes or desires than needs or demands. It is because the conversations applied by the characters mostly happen in formal situation. Meanwhile, demands or needs are used when the speaker makes a request more blindly as something that must be granted by the hearer. In hearer-oriented condition,the researcher found the data of request of both ability or willingness and suggestory formula. Most data use the request ofhearer-oriented condition in the form of suggestory formula than ability or

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willingness. It is because the conversations applied by the characters mostly happened in bad situation. Meanwhile, ability or willingness is used when the speaker makes a request in a formal situation. Lastly, the researcher analyzed politeness strategy used by the characters of the movie. However, the researcher only found three types of politeness strategies. They are bald-on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. The researcher did not find off-record strategy in speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented conditionof request because the speaker-based condition of request is applied by placing the speaker’s interest above the hearer, by using subject ‘I’ or ‘we’ while the hearer-oriented condition of request is applied by placing the hearer’s interest above the speaker, by using subject ‘you’ or ‘we’. On the other hand, off-record strategy is applied by avoiding the responsibility for doing face threatening act (FTA). This strategy is used when the speaker wants to damage another’s face without any responsibility of doing it, so it will not appropriate if it is applied in request of speaker-based condition or hearer-oriented condition. The politeness strategies frequently used in request of both speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition are positive and negative politeness. Positive politeness used by the characters provides an attempt to minimize the damage to the hearer’s face. The speaker wants to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. Negative politeness is applied by considering hearer’s desire not to be impeded. The characters use this strategy to express respect and consideration. Bald-on record

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strategy in request used by the characters in the movie does not attempt to minimize the threat to hearer’s face. This strategy employed by the characters is found in some occasion, such as in emergency situation and unequal power relationship. In emergency situation, the speaker tends to make a request directly. Meanwhile, unequal power relationship causes the speaker use bald on record strategy because the speaker who has higher position tends to ask for something or make a request directly to the hearer who has lower position. From this study, the researcher realizes that there is a close relation between the use of request speech act of speaker-based condition and heareroriented condition, and politeness strategy with the factors influencing it. There are some possibilities of finding of many other studies. The researcher hopes that the result of this research can be used for other researcher as a reference to assist them to overcome the problem in analyzing request speech act using speaker based condition. This research is expected to be beneficial for other researchers who want to conduct a deeper research about request speech act particularly speaker-based condition or hearer-oriented condition in relation with politeness strategy.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brown, P and Levinson, S. C. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Ciptaningrum, V. N. Politeness Strategies Applied in Directive Speech Acts According to The Interpersonal Relationships in “The IT Crowd : Moss and The German. Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2011. Culpeper, J. Towards An Anatomy of Impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics 25: 349-367, 1996. Kothari, C. R. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publisher, 1990. Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman, 1983. Lenvinson, S. C. Pragmatics. London: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Milles, M. B & A. M. Huberman. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Source of New Methods. Beverly Hills: Sage Publication, 1984. Moleong, L. J. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rasda Karya, 2000. Searle J.R. (ed.). The Philosophy of Language. Oxford: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1969.

Thomas, J. Meaning In Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London and New York: Longman, 1995. Trosborg, A. Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin, New York: Mouton Gruyter, 1995. Tsui, A. B. M. English Conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

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Wijana, I Dewa Putu. Dasar-dasar Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press, 1996. Yule, George. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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APPENDICES

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Appendix 1: The Synopsis of Film Frozen is animated film for children which was producedby Peter Del Vecho in 2013. It was directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee (http://www.dove.org/review/10157-”Frozen”/ accesed in January 10th, 2016). This film tells about the two princesses, Elsa and Anna, are inseparable as children. Elsa, the elder, has magic powers. She can create snow and ice from her fingers, which is a lot of fun indoors in the palace, until she zaps her sister's head, almost killing her. The king and queen consult the elves in the forest, who tell them to separate the sisters. When she wakes up, Anna has no memory of what happened. She just knows she's not allowed to see Elsa any more. A few years later, Elsa leaves the kingdom after a mishap that brings on a seemingly permanent winter freeze. Anna sets off to find her, with the aid of a handsome but not terribly quickwitted ice-cutting farmer, Kristoff. Prince Hans, Anna's fiance, sets about his dastardly

plan

to

take

over

the

kingdom.

(http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/”Frozen”-review-a-tale-offire-and-ice-20131225-2zw8z.html/ accesed in January 10th, 2016).

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Apppendix 2: Data

No.

1

2

3

4

Datum Number

01/ F/ SBC/ W

Utterance

Elsa

: I wish you would tell me why : - (not answering)

Condition Speaker-based Hearer-oriented Wishes/ Needs/ Ability Suggestory desires demands formulae



Politeness Strategy Bald on Record

Positive politeness

Negative politeness

Off Record



Anna Explanation: Elsa wants to invite Anna to play together by building a snowman with Anna’s magic. However, Anna does not want to do it because she is afraid that her magic can hurt Elsa. Elsa asks Anna by making a request from the outside of Anna’s room. Because Anna does not want to come out from her room, Elsa than becomes curious about what happens to her sister. She makes request by telling her wish that her sister can tell her the reason. 02/ F / SBC/ W Hans : I'd like to formally   apologize for hitting the Princess of Arendelle. With my horse. Anna : No. No-no. It's fine. Explanation: Anna is very happy after hearing that her sister, Elsa, will be crowned as the Queen of Arendelle tonight. She then walks around and also dances while singing outside the palace. When she walks near the sea, she accidentally steps on painting can. She almost falls down but a horse ridden by Hans, the Prince of Southern Island, helps her. Next, Hans gets off from the horse and helps her to stand up. But the horse bothers them by stamping on the boat, so that both of them fall down. Hans feels guilty toward Elsa and makes a request to forgive him and his horse. 03/ F / SBC/ W Anna : Okay, Can I just say   something crazy? Hans : I love crazy. Explanation: Anna meets Hans in the dance’s floor. Hans helps Anna because Anna almost falls down after Anna and Elsa have a little trouble. Hans asks Anna to dance with him. After that, Anna asks Hans to get out from the dasnce’s floor. They then get exciting conversation in the balcony of dance’s floor. 04/ F / SBC/ W Hans : Can I say something   crazy? Will you marry 71

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Anna

me? : Can I just say something even crazier? Yes!

Explanation: Hans and Anna talk each other in the balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa shuts her out. And then Hans says that he will not shut her out because Hans has falling in love with her. Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him. 5

05/ F / HBC/ A

Hans

Anna

6

7

: Can I say something crazy? Will you marry me? : Can I just say something even crazier? Yes!





Explanation: Hans and Anna talk each other in the balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa shuts her out. And then Hans says that he will not shut her out because Hans has falling in love with her. Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him. 06/ F / SBC/ W Anna : May I present, Prince   Hans of the Southern Isles. Hans : Your Majesty. Elsa : - (surprised) Explanation: Because Anna has agreed Hans’ request to marry him, Anna and Hans go into the dance’s floor to meet Elsa. They ask Elsa for her blessing to their marriage. They ask for it by using request 07/ F / SBC/ W Anna and Hans :   We would like... your blessing of... our marriage! Elsa : Marriage? I'm sorry, I'm confused.

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8

09

10

11

Explanation: Because Anna has agreed Hans’ request to marry him, Anna and Hans go into the dance’s floor to meet Elsa. They ask Elsa for her blessing to their marriage. They ask for it by using request. 08/ F/ SBC/ W Elsa : May I talk to you,   please? Alone. Anna : No. Whatever you have to say, you... you can say to both of us. Explanation: Elsa does not agree with Anna’s plan to marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is to sudden because they know each other not too long ago. Elsa than wants to talk with Anna without Hans about Anna and Hans’s plan by using a request. 09/ F / HBC/ S Anna : Fine. You can't marry a   man you just met…You Can if it's true love. Elsa : Anna, what do you know about true love? Explanation: Elsa does not agree with Anna’s plan to marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is too sudden because they know each other not too long ago. She makes a request to Anna by giving suggestion about her plan of marrying with Hans. 10/ F/ SBC/ W Anna : Elsa, please. Please. I   can’t live like this anymore. Elsa : Then leave. Explanation: Elsa does not agree with Anna and Hans marriage. Elsa then wants to leave the party because of Anna’s stubbornness. However, Anna still wants to get Elsa’s blessing for her marriage before Elsa leaves the party. 11/ F/ SBC/ D Anna : I need you here to take   care of Arendelle. Hans : On my honor.

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12

13

14

15

Explanation: Elsa leaves her palace after she did magic with her hands. All people in palace have known her secret so she must run away. Anna then chases after her to bring her back to the palace. Elsa chooses Hans to replace her sister to handle Arendelle for a moment. 12/ F/ SBC/ D Anna : I want you to take me   up the North Mountain. Kristoff : I don't take people places. Explanation: After Kristoff sings a song at her room, Anna come and she makes request to Kristoff that she wants to go to North Mountain to find her sister, Elsa. At first, Kristoff rejects Anna’s request, after that he agrees with Anna’s plan and they will go in the morning before sun rises. 13/ F / HBC/ S Anna :It opened. That's a first.   You should probably wait out here. Krisstof : What? Explanation: Anna finds where her sister, Elsa, is hiding. It is an ice palace in the top of mountain. Anna then opens the door and makes request to her two companions, Krisstof and Olaf by suggesting them to wait in front of the door. 14/ F / HBC/ S Anna : No, it's okay… You don't   have to apologize. But you shouldprobably go, please. Elsa `: But I just got here. Explanation: Anna apologizes to Elsa for her mistake about what happened in Arendelle. But, Elsa does not want to blame Anna and she justwants her to leave. Elsa does not want to cause Anna’s condition worse with hermagic. 15/ F / HBC/ S Krisstof : Anna, I think we   should go. Anna : No. I'm not leaving without you, Elsa.

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16

17

Explanation: Accidentally Elsa’s magic comes out and hurts Anna again. Then, Krisstof helps Anna to stand up and makes a request by suggesting her to go home. Anna refuses to go home without bringing Elsa back to Arendelle. 16/ F / HBC/ S Anna :`Just fell off a cliff. You   should see your hair. Elsa : No, yours is turning white. Explanation: 17/ F/ SBC/ D Duke of Weselton :   I demand to see the Queen! Soldiers of Arendelle : - (not answering) Chief minister of Arendelle:Oh I have a message from the Queen. Explanation: Krisstof wonders why Anna’s hair becomes white. It may be caused by Elsa’s magic that makes her “Frozen”. Anna thinks that her white hair is caused by the snow when she falls from the cliff. Anna makes a request by suggesting Krisstof see his hair too because his hair is full of snow. However, Krisstof does not believe that Anna’s white hair is caused by snow and keeps saying that her hair is turning white. It means that Anna’s conditon worsen.

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