Introduction • All specific functions are performed by specific structures.
An Introduction to Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
• Therefore: – “Structure determines function.”
Microscopic Anatomy: Different Scales
• Microscopic anatomy: the study of structures that can not be seen without magnification. – Fine anatomy: type of image depends on the equipment used. • Light microscope • Electron microscope
• Histology: tissue anatomy – Primarily viewed at the light microscopic level
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Ways to Approach Gross Anatomy
Composition of the Body
• Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy): study of structures visible to unaided eye.
• Chemical/Molecular Levels of Organization
• Surface anatomy = general form (morphology) + superficial anatomical markings. • Regional anatomy = all structures in a specific body area – Superficial & deep
• Systemic anatomy = study of anatomy one organ system at a time.
Elemental & Molecular Composition of Body
– 12+ elements in the body – 4 of them make up 99% of the body body. • Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, & nitrogen • Linked together to form molecules
• Major classes of molecules (compounds): • • • • •
Water Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
From Cells to Organ Systems • Cells = smallest living units p of many y cells,, • Tissues = composed generally connected, plus surrounding materials • Organs = combinations of tissues. • Organ systems = organs working together – The human has 11 organ systems.
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Levels of Organization
See Figure 1-4
The Integumentary System
Some Organ Systems Functions • Metabolism = all of the chemical reactions in the body. • Absorption = process of bringing chemicals into the body. • Respiration = uptake, transport, and use of oxygen by cells. • Excretion = removal of wastes wastes. • Digestion = processes that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed • Transport = moving molecules
The Skeletal System
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The Muscular System
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
The Cardiovascular System
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The Lymphatic System
The Respiratory System
The Digestive System
The Urinary System
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The Male Reproductive System
The Language of Anatomy • Early Anatomists studied primarily superficial anatomy – They y used Latin and Greek roots to formulate the language of anatomy • Today, anatomists continue to use these names – See the Appendix on p. 822: Foreign Word Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, etc.
• To describe Location: – Anatomical landmarks – Anatomical Regions – Directional terms
The Female Reproductive System
Anatomical Regions
It is i essential ti l th thatt you learn the anatomical names and names of anatomical regions in order to do well in this course
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Anatomical Regions: Anterior
Anatomical Regions: Anterior
Learn the anatomical name & region (in parentheses)
Learn the anatomical name & region (in parentheses)
Anatomical Regions: Posterior
Anatomical Regions: Posterior
Learn the anatomical name & region (in parentheses)
Learn the anatomical name & region (in parentheses)
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants: Locating Deep Structures
Abdominopelvic Regions: Locating Deep Structures
Abdominopelvic Regions: Locating Deep Structures
Directional Terms • Anatomical Directional Terms are based on the Anatomical position: – Standing g upright, p g arms at sides, p palms facing g forward (little fingers by the thigh), feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead
• Additional terms: – Supine: S i l i d lying down with ith th the fface up – Prone: lying down with the face down
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Anatomical Directions: See Table 1.2
Planes of Sections: See Table 1.3
Sectional Anatomy
Body Cavities: “Internal Chambers” • Ventral body cavity: contains organs respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems – Diaphragm separates the ventral body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities • Dorsal Body Cavity: contains the brain & spinal cord
• Serous membranes: two-layer y membrane system that protects and lubricates the ventral body cavity
