Political Science 873 Prof. J. Coleman Office: Th 1:30-3:00 and by appt. 110 North Hall, 265-3680 [email protected]

I, 2008-09 Syllabus 422 North Hall Thursday 3:30-5:25 learnuw.wisc.edu

AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES This course provides a general overview of American political parties. With the parties in Washington and many state capitals seeming to be at loggerheads in recent years, the scholarly attention to political parties has grown accordingly. Scholars have returned to core theoretical questions and have increasingly explored change over time in addressing these questions. The place of party in representation, legislative productivity, governmental legitimacy, and mobilizing and integrating citizens into the political process— and obstacles facing parties in these arenas—are examples of these questions. Study of particular aspects of political parties—parties in government, in organizations, in the electorate—continues apace, but scholars have begun to recognize the need to focus more intently on the relationship between these different aspects of political parties. Some of the most interesting recent work uses the political party as a lens with which to understand other key developments, institutions, and processes in American politics, rather than focusing centrally on party per se. For all these reasons, the study of political parties cuts across many subfields and is important for scholars with a wide range of interests. This course will necessarily return often to the topic of historical changes, of the decline and resurgence of political parties, and so on. Key periods in party history will be explored. And while the focus of the course is not necessarily comparative, we will on occasion want to place American parties within the larger universe of political representation. Much of the scholarship on American parties is motivated by explicit or implicit comparisons with other countries (and other periods), so we will occasionally want to examine these comparisons. Along the way a wide array of methodological approaches will be discussed. As in many seminars, some of the topics we discuss could well deserve seminars in their own right and can be investigated further in courses in this department or others. Requirements: •

Attendance, preparation, and participation are expected and will be taken into account in assigning final grades. Students not submitting a reaction paper for a given week must still read the course material carefully by the date indicated on the syllabus and be prepared to participate in class discussion. As you know, the success of seminars depends critically on members being prepared and participating.

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You will write two reaction papers of about 3-4 pages in length. You need not cover each and every reading for the week in these papers. The point is to focus on and analyze what you see as the important, interesting issues in the reading. The paper should be analytical, not a long summary. Because these papers are short, I do expect that they will be tightly focused, thoughtful, and well written. You will post your essay to the class email list (cut and paste it into the body of an email message preferably) by 3:30pm on the day before class. All seminar members must read these reactions prior to class.

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You will open up class discussion on one week’s readings by responding to the reaction papers that have been posted to the class email list. The intent is to open up possible lines of discussion around key issues. You should focus on what you find to be particularly interesting, problematic, or persuasive in the reaction papers and take a maximum of 10 minutes to do so. Your

presentation should clearly identify key questions or issues as you see them. •

You will write either a research paper or a 25-30 page literature review. The research paper should have some plausible connection to this course. The review would cover a topic of your choice on the syllabus or a related topic. You will assess the state of the field on this topic by reviewing existing literature and identifying promising areas and methods for future research. The chief distinction between these two is that the research paper will in fact contain research. It would have a brief literature review. The literature review will be a more in-depth study of a body of literature. For either of these options, you will submit a one-page progress report on October 30. If you have successfully completed your prelims and are working on a dissertation proposal, you may use your proposal as your paper, assuming it has some passing connection to the content of this course.

Materials: I have ordered many books for purchase at the University Bookstore. You do not need to purchase all of these as some will only receive a short reading for course purposes: John H. Aldrich, Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America (1995) Lawrence Goodwyn, The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America (1978) E. Pendleton Herring, The Politics of Democracy: American Parties in Action (1940) Paul Frymer, Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America (1999) David Mayhew, Electoral Realignments: A Critique of an American Genre (2002) Donald Green, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler, Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters (2002) Morris P. Fiorina, Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America 2nd ed. (2006) John Gerring, Party Ideologies in America, 1828-1996 Nolan McCarty et al., Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (2006) Andrew Gelman, Red State, Blue State, Rich State, Poor State: Why Americans Vote the Way They Do (2008) Mark A. Smith, The Right Talk: How Conservatives Transformed the Great Society into the Economic Society (2007) Books are on reserve at Helen C. White. Other reading is online at learnuw.wisc.edu. I will adjust the reading load along the way. Recommended reading listed below is for future perusal and to impress friends and relatives. Outline and reading list: I.

Overview of Major Approaches toward Political Parties

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Introduction to the Course

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American Political Parties 2008 Morris P. Fiorina, Culture War?, entire McCarty et al., Polarized America, chs. 2, 3, 7 (skim graphs in ch. 1) Gelman, Red State, Blue State, Rich State, Poor State, chs. 4-9 Laura Stoker and M. Kent Jennings, “Of Time and the Development of Partisan

Polarization,” American Journal of Political Science 52, 3 (2008): 619-35 Recommended: Marc J. Hetherington, “Resurgent Mass Partisanship: The Role of Elite Polarization,” American Political Science Review 95, 3 (2001): 619-31 Geoffrey C. Layman and Thomas M. Carsey, “Party Polarization and ‘Conflict Extension’ in the American Electorate,” American Journal of Political Science 46, 4 (2002): 786-802 Gary C. Jacobson, “Party Polarization in National Politics: The Electoral Connection,” in Bond and Fleisher, Polarized Politics (2000) Richard Fleisher and Jon R. Bond, “Evidence of Increasing Polarization Among Ordinary Citizens,” in Jeffrey E. Cohen, Richard Fleisher, and Paul Kantor, eds., American Political Parties: Decline or Resurgence? (2001) 9/18

Features of American Political Parties Theodore Lowi, “Party, Policy, and Constitution in America,” in Chambers and Burnham, The American Party Systems Aldrich, Why Parties?, ch. 1 Frymer, Uneasy Alliances, ch. 1 Alan Ware, Political Parties and Party Systems, introduction, chs. 5-6 Ronald P. Formisano, “The ‘Party Period’ Revisited,” Journal of American History (1999): 93-120 Howard L. Reiter, “The Study of Political Parties, 1906-2005: The View from the Journals,” American Political Science Review 100, 4 (2006): 613-18 Ingrid van Biezen and Michael Saward, “Democratic Theorists and Party Scholars: Why They Don’t Talk to Each Other, and Why They Should, Perspectives on Politics 6, 1 (2008): 21-35 Recommended: Russell Muirhead, “A Defense of Party Spirit,” Perspectives on Politics 4, 4 (2006): 713-27 Richard McCormick, The Party Period and Public Policy, pp. 143-76 Sharon Jarvis, The Talk of the Party, chs. 3-4 Stonecash, Brewer, and Mariani, Diverging Parties, ch. 7 Tasha S. Philpot, “A Party of a Different Color? Race, Campaign Communication, and Party Politics,” Political Behavior 26, 3 (2004): 249-70 James M. Snyder Jr. and Michael M. Ting, “An Informational Rationale for Political Parties,” American Journal of Political Science 46, 1 (2002): 90-110 Joel H. Silbey, “The Salt of the Nation”: Political Parties in Antebellum America,” in Joel H. Silbey, The Partisan Imperative: The Dynamics of American Politics Before the Civil War (essay 1984) William N. Chambers, “Party Development and the American Mainstream,” in William N. Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development, 2nd ed. (1975) Walter Dean Burnham, “Party Systems and the Political Process,” in Chambers and Burnham, The American Party Systems Denise Baer and David Bositis, Elite Cadres and Party Coalitions: Representing the Public in Party Politics, ch. 2 (1988) William Crotty, “Political Parties: Issues and Trends,” in William Crotty, ed., Political

Science: Looking to the Future (1991) Gerald M. Pomper, Passions and Interests: Political Party Concepts of American Democracy, ch. 1 (1992) Maurice Duverger, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activities in the Modern State (1954) Roberto Michels, Political Parties M. Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties, volume 2: The United States Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks V.O. Key, Southern Politics: In State and Nation, pp. 302-310 Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis (1976) Leon D. Epstein, Political Parties in the American Mold (1986) Samuel J. Eldersveld, Political Parties in American Society (1982) Alan Ware, Political Parties and Party Systems (1996) William N. Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development, 2nd ed. (1975) Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System (1969) Steven J. Rosenstone, Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazarus, Third Parties in America, 2nd ed. (1996) Joseph Schlesinger, Political Parties and the Winning of Office (1991) Harmon Ziegler, Political Parties in Industrial Democracies, ch. 2 (1993) Gary W. Cox, Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World’s Electoral Systems (1997), ch. 11 Jeffery A. Jenkins, “Why No Parties? Investigating the Disappearance of Democrat-Whig Divisions in the Confederacy,” Studies in American Political Development 13, 2 (1999): 245-262; rejoinder by Richard Bensel and response by Jenkins, pp. 263-87 9/25

Functional versus Responsible Parties Herring, The Politics of Democracy, (1940), chs. 1, 4, 7-8, 10-17, 21-22, 30 E.E. Schattschneider, Party Government (1942), pp. 123-69 Anthony Downs, “An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy” APSA Committee on Political Parties, “A Report of the Committee on Political Parties,” American Political Science Review 44 (1950): i-xii, 1-99 Evron M. Kirkpatrick, “’Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System’: Political Science, Policy Science, or Pseudo Science,” American Political Science Review 65 (1971): 96590 Nicol C. Rae, “Be Careful What You Wish For: The Rise of Responsible Parties in American National Politics,” Annual Review of Political Science 10 (2007): 169-91 Recommended: Stephen K. Bailey, “The Condition of Our National Political Parties,” Occasional Paper on the Role of the Political Process in the Free Society, Fund for the Republic (1959) James MacGregor Burns, The Deadlock of Democracy Charles O. Jones, The Presidency in a Separated System Morris P. Fiorina, “The Decline of Collective Responsibility in American Politics,” Daedulus 109 (1980): 25-45 Gerald M. Pomper, “Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: What, Again?” Journal of Politics 33 (1971): 916-40

John J. Coleman, “Responsible, Functional, or Both? American Political Parties Fifty Years After the APSA Report,” in John C. Green, ed., The State of the Parties, 4th ed.

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Two-Party Dominance in the United States Aldrich, Why Parties?, chs. 2-5 Goodwyn, The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America, Introduction, chs. 1-2, 4, 7-8, pp. 293-310 (1978) Amy, Real Choices / New Voices, ch. 4 William H. Riker, “The Two-Party System and Duverger’s Law: An Essay on the History of Political Science,” American Political Science Review 76 (1982): 753-66 Josep M. Colomer, “It’s Parties That Choose Electoral Systems (Or, Duverger’s Laws Upside Down),” Political Studies 53, 1 (2005): 1-21 Pradeep Chhibber and Ken Kollman, “Party Aggregation and the Number of Parties in India and the United States,” American Political Science Review 92 (1998): 329-42 Recommended: Lisa Disch, The Tyranny of the Two-Party System Pomper, Passions and Interests (1992) Mark Voss-Hubbard, Beyond Party: Cultures of Antipartisanship in Northern Politics before the Civil War (2002), pp. 71-104 Anna L. Harvey, “The Political Economy of Minor Party Support,” paper prepared for the 1997 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association John Zaller and Mark Hunt, “The Rise and Fall of Candidate Perot: Unmediated Versus Mediated Politics—Part I,” Political Communication 11 (1994): 357-90 Steven J. Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America (1993) Paul R. Abramson, John H. Aldrich, and Phil Paolino, “Third-Party and Independent Candidates in American Politics: Wallace, Anderson, and Perot,” Political Science Quarterly 110 (1995): 349-67

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The Realignment Synthesis in American Politics Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics, ch. 1 (1970) James Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, chs. 2, 13 (1983) Aldrich, Why Parties?, ch. 8 Carmines and Stimson, Issue Evolution, ch. 6 Mayhew, Electoral Realignments, entire James W. Ceaser and Robert P. Saldin, “A New Measure of Party Strength,” Political Research Quarterly 58, 2 (2005): 245-56 Gary Miller and Norman Schofield, “Activists and Partisan Realignment in the United States,” American Political Science Review 97, 2 (2003): 245-60 Recommended: Paul Allen Beck, “A Socialization Theory of Partisan Realignment,” in Richard Niemi, ed., The Politics of Future Citizens (1974) David W. Brady, “Critical Elections, Congressional Parties, and Clusters of Policy Changes,” British Journal of Political Science 8:79-99 (1978) John R. Petrocik, “Realignment: New Party Coalitions and the Nationalization of the South,” Journal of Politics 49:347-375 (1987)

Joel H. Silbey, “Beyond Realignment and Realignment Theory: American Political Eras, 1789-1989,” in Shafer, ed., The End of Realignment? Interpreting American Electoral Eras (1991) V. O. Key, “Secular Realignment and the Party System,” Journal of Politics 21 (1959): 198210 Everett Carll Ladd, “Like Waiting for Godot: The Uselessness of ‘Realignment’ for Understanding Change in Contemporary American Politics,” in Shafer, ed., The End of Realignment? Interpreting American Electoral Eras (1991) Lawrence Dodd and Calvin Jillson, eds., The Dynamics of American Politics Everett Carll Ladd, “1996 Vote: The ‘No Majority’ Realignment Continues,” Political Science Quarterly 112 (1997): 1-28 William G. Mayer, “Changes in Elections and the Party System: 1992 in Historical Perspective,” in Bryan D. Jones, ed., The New American Politics: Reflections on Political Change and the Clinton Administration (1995) Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make (1993) Walter Dean Burnham, “Critical Realignment: Dead or Alive?” in Shafer ed., The End of Realignment? Interpreting American Electoral Eras (1991) Walter Dean Burnham, “Pattern Recognition and ‘Doing’ Political History: Art, Science, or Bootless Enterprise?” in Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson, eds., The Dynamics of American Politics (1994) Walter Dean Burnham, “Realignment Lives: The 1994 Earthquake and Its Implications,” in Colin Campbell and Bert Rockman, eds., The Clinton Presidency: First Appraisals (1996) Calvin Jillson, “Patterns and Periodicity in American National Politics,” in Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson, eds., The Dynamics of American Politics (1994) Byron E. Shafer, “The Notion of an Electoral Order: The Structure of Electoral Politics at the Accession of George Bush,” in Shafer ed., The End of Realignment? Interpreting American Electoral Eras (1991) Richard McCormick, The Party Period and Public Policy, ch. 2 (1986) Gerald H. Gamm, The Making of New Deal Democrats: Voting Behavior and Realignment in Boston, 1920-1940 (1989) Paul Allen Beck, “The Electoral Cycle and the Patterns of American Politics.” British Journal of Political Science (1979) Peter F. Drucker, “New Political Alignments in the Great Society,” in Bertram M. Gross, ed., A Great Society?, ch. 7 Edward G. Carmines, “Political Issues, Party Alignments, Spatial Models, and the Post-New Deal Party System,” in Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson, eds., New Perspectives on American Politics (1994) Thomas L. Brunell and Bernard Grofman, “Explaining Divided U.S. Senate Delegations, 1788-1996: A Realignment Approach,” American Political Science Review 92 (1998): 391-99 Thomas Ferguson, Golden Rule: The Investment Theory of Party Competition and the Logic of Money-Driven Political Systems (1995), chs. 1-2 John J. Coleman, “Clinton and the Party System in Historical Perspective,” in Stephen E. Schier, ed., The Postmodern Presidency: Bill Clinton’s Legacy in U. S. Politics (2000)

10/16 Parties and the State Claus Offe, “Competitive Party Democracy and the Keynesian Welfare State: Factors of Stability and Disorganization,” Policy Sciences 15:225-46 (1983) Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction, pp. 138-145 (1978) Peter Mair, Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations (1997), pp. 93-119, 13744 Shefter, Political Parties and the State, ch. 3 Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities (1982), pp. 8-14, 19-84, ch. 6, epilogue Richard McCormick, The Party Period, pp. 176-92 Sidney M. Milkis, “The Presidency and Political Parties,” in Michael Nelson, ed., The Presidency and the Political System, 3rd ed. (1992) Scott James, Presidents, Parties, and the State, introduction Howard Gillman, “How Political Parties Can Use the Courts to Advance Their Agendas: Federal Courts in the United States, 1875-1891,” American Political Science Review 96, 3 (2002): 511-524 Recommended: Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, ch. 2 (1968) Otto Kirchheimer, “The Transformation of Western European Party Systems,” in Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Weiner, Political Parties and Political Development (1966) Sidney M. Milkis, The President and The Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal (1993) John J. Coleman, Party Decline in America: Policy, Politics, and the Fiscal State (1996) Harvey C. Mansfield Jr., “Political Parties and American Constitutionalism,” in Peter W. Schramm and Bradford P. Wilson, eds., American Political Parties and Constitutional Politics (1993) Kenneth Finegold and Theda Skocpol, State and Party in America’s New Deal (1996) Robert Eden, “The New Deal Revaluation of Partisanship,” in Peter W. Schramm and Bradford P. Wilson, eds., American Political Parties and Constitutional Politics (1993) Donald R. Brand, “Political Parties and the New Deal,” in Schramm and Wilson, American Political Parties and Constitutional Politics Robert W. Mickey, “Ruling Parties in a Bind: The Transitions of South Carolina and Mississippi in Comparative Perspective,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, 2000 Andrew J. Polsky, “’Mr. Lincoln’s Army’ Revisited: Partisanship, Institutional Position, and Union Army Command, 1861-1865,” Studies in American Political Development 16, 2 (2002): 176-207

II. The Parties in Operation 10/23 Party Organization Old and New Aldrich, Why Parties? ch. 6 Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, “Direct Democracy and Political Parties in America,” Party Politics 12, 5 (2006): 649-69 Ingrid van Biezen, “Political Parties as Public Utilities,” Party Politics 10, 6 (2004): 701-22 Leon Epstein, Political Parties in the American Mold, tba Alan Ware, “Anti-partism and Party Control of Political Reform in the United States: The Case of the Australian Ballot,” British Journal of Political Science 30, 1 (2000): 1-29 John C. Green and Paul S. Herrnson, “Party Development in the Twentieth Century: Laying the Foundations for Responsible Party Government?” in Green and Herrnson, Responsible Partisanship? L. Sandy Maisel and John F. Bibby, “Election Laws, Court Rulings, Party Rules and Practices: Steps Toward and Away from a Stronger Party Role,” in Green and Herrnson, Responsible Partisanship? Raymond J. La Raja, Small Change: Money, Political Parties, and Campaign Finance Reform (2008), ch. 6 Recommended: Lauri Karvonen, “Legislation on Political Parties: A Global Comparison,” Party Politics 13, 4 (2007): 437-55 Jason D. Berggren, “Two Parties, Two Types of Nominees, Two Paths to Winning a Presidential Nomination, 1972-2004,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 37, 2 (2007): 20327 Frank J. Sorauf, “Power, Money, and Responsibility in the Major American Parties,” in Green and Herrnson, Responsible Partisanship? Michael J. Malbin, “Political Parties Under the Post-McConnell Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act,” Election Law Journal 3, 2 (2004): 177-91 John F. Bibby, “Party Organizations, 1946-1996,” in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Partisan Approaches to Postwar American Politics (1998) Harold F. Bass Jr., “Partisan Rules, 1946-1996,” in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Partisan Approaches to Postwar American Politics (1998) John F. Reynolds, Testing Democracy: Electoral Behavior and Progressive Reform in New Jersey, 1880-1920 (1988), chs. 3, 6 Gerald Pomper, Passions and Interests, ch. 5 James L. Gibson, Cornelius P. Cotter, John F. Bibby, and Robert J. Huckshorn, “Assessing Party Organizational Strength,” American Journal of Political Science 27 (1983): 193222 Amy Bridges, “Textbook Municipal Reform,” Urban Affairs Review 33, 1 (1997): 97-119 Kenneth Finegold, Experts and Politicians: Reform Challenges to Machine Politics in New York, Cleveland, and Chicago (1995) Walter Dean Burnham, “The System of 1896: An Analysis,” in Paul Kleppner, ed., The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1981) Scott C. James and Brian Lawson, “The Political Economy of Voting Rights Enforcement in America's Gilded Age: Electoral College Competition, Partisan Commitment, and the Federal Election Law.” American Political Science Review 93 (March 1999):115-31.

Mark Wahlgren Summers, “Party Games: The Art of Stealing Elections in the LateNineteenth Century United States,” Journal of American History (September 2001): 42435 David Plotke, “Party Reform as Failed Democratic Renewal in the United States, 19681972,” Studies in American Political Development 10 (1996): 223-88 William J. Crotty, “Party Reforms and Party Adaptability,” in Eric M. Uslaner, ed., American Political Parties: A Reader (1993) Ronald F. King and Susan Ellis, “Partisan Advantage and Constitutional Change: The Case of the Seventeenth Amendment,” Studies in American Political Development 10 (1996): 69-102 J. Morgan Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910 (1974) Amy Bridges, “Creating Cultures of Reform,” Studies in American Political Development 8 (1994): 1-23 Amy Bridges, Morning Glories: Municipal Reform in the Southwest. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1997) Amy Bridges and Richard Kronick, “Writing the Rules to Win the Game,” Urban Affairs Review 34, 5 (1999): 691-706 Byron E. Shafer, Quiet Revolution:The Struggle for the Democratic Party and the Shaping of Post-Reform Politics (1983) Everett Carll Ladd, “Party Reform and the Public Interest,” Political Science Quarterly 101 (1987): 355-69 Howard L. Reiter, “The Limitations of Reform: Changes in the Nominating Process,” British Journal of Political Science 15 (1987): 399-417 Andrew Busch, Outsiders and Openness in the Presidential Nominating System, ch. 6 Kelly Patterson, Political Parties and the Maintenance of Liberal Democracy, ch. 2 Robert Huckfeldt and John Sprague, “Political Parties and Electoral Mobilization: Political Structure, Social Structure, and the Party Canvass,” American Political Science Review 86 (1992): 70-86 Shefter, Political Parties and the State, ch. 4 Joseph Schlesinger, Political Parties and the Winning of Office Steven Erie, Rainbow’s End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840-1985 (1988) Alan Ware, The Breakdown of Democratic Party Organization, 1940-1980 (1985) Cornelius P. Cotter, James L. Gibson, John F. Bibby, and Robert J. Huckshorn, Party Organizations in American Politics (1984) John J. Coleman, “Resurgent or Just Busy? Party Organizations in Contemporary America,” in John C. Green and Daniel M. Shea, eds., The State of the Parties (1996) Paul S. Herrnson, “The Revitalization of National Party Organizations,” in Maisel, The Parties Respond (1994) John J. Coleman, “Party Organizational Strength and Public Support for Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 40 (1996): 805-24 John F. Bibby, “State Party Organizations: Coping and Adapting,” in L. Sandy Maisel, The Parties Respond: Changes in the American Party System, 2nd ed (1994) James L. Gibson and Susan E. Scarrow, “State and Local Party Organizations in American Politics,” in Eric M. Uslaner, ed., American Political Parties: A Reader (1993) John P. Frendreis, James L. Gibson, and Laura L. Vertz, “The Electoral Relevance of Local Party Organizations,” American Political Science Review 84 (1990):225-35 John C. Green and Daniel M. Shea, eds., The State of the Parties, any edition Robert Harmel and Kenneth Janda, Parties and Their Environments: Limits to Reform?

James A. McCann, Ronald B. Rapoport, and Walter J. Stone, “Heeding the Call: An Assessment of Mobilization into H. Ross Perot’s 1992 Presidential Campaign,” American Journal of Political Science 43 (1999): 1-28 Michael Margolis and David Resnick, “Responsible Political Parties and the Decentering of American Metropolitan Areas,” in The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties (1996) William C. Binning, Melanie J. Blumberg, and John C. Green, “Change Comes to Youngstown: Local Parties as Instruments of Power,” in The State of the Parties (1996) Byron E. Shafer, “Partisan Elites, 1946-1996,” in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Partisan Approaches to Postwar American Politics (1998) Robin Kolodny, Pursuing Majorities, chs. 2, 4, 5 10/30 Parties in Government Aldrich, Why Parties?, ch. 7 Keith Krehbiel, “Where’s the Party?” British Journal of Political Science 23 (1993): 235-66 John M. Carey, “Competing Principals, Political Institutions, and Party Unity in Legislative Voting,” American Journal of Political Science 51, 1 (2007): 92-107 Matthew J. Lebo, Adam J. McGlynn, and Gregory Koger, “Strategic Party Government: Party Influence in Congress, 1789-2000,” American Journal of Political Science 51, 3 (2007): 464-81 Sean M. Theriault, “Party Polarization in the US Congress: Member Replacement and Member Adaptation,” Party Politics 12, 4 (2006): 483-503 Gary W. Cox and Mathew D. McCubbins, Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House (1993), tba David K. Ryden, “Out of the Shadows, but Still in the Dark? The Courts and Political Parties,” in The State of the Parties, 4th ed. Charles O. Jones, “Presidential Leadership in a Government of Parties: An Unrealized Perspective,” in Green and Herrnson, Responsible Partisanship? Recommended: Jason M. Roberts and Steven S. Smith, “Procedural Contexts, Party Strategy, and Conditional Party Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1971-2000,” American Journal of Political Science 47, 2 (2003): 305-17 Gary W. Cox and Mathew D. McCubbins, Setting the Agenda: Responsible Party Government in the U.S. House of Representatives, chs. 2, 4, 8 John J. Coleman and Paul Manna, “Above the Fray? The Use of Party System References in Presidential Rhetoric,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 37, 3 (2007): 399-426 Sean Theriault, “An Integration Explanation for Party Polarization in the U.S. Congress,” mss, December 2005 Cary R. Covington and Andrew A. Bargen, “Comparing Floor-Dominated and PartyDominated Explanations of Policy Change in the House of Representatives,” Journal of Politics 66, 4 (2004) John H. Aldrich and David W. Rohde, “The Consequences of Party Organization in the House: The Role of the Majority and Minority Parties in Conditional Party Government,” in Bond and Fleisher, Polarized Politics (2000) Gary W. Cox and Jonathan N. Katz, “Gerrymandering Roll Calls in Congress, 1879-2000,” American Journal of Political Science 51, 1 (2007): 108–19 Barbara Sinclair, Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making (2006)

David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds., Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002) Stonecash, Brewer, and Mariani, Diverging Parties, chs. 1-3, pp. 69-77, chs 5-6 Kevin S. Price, “The Partisan Legacies of Preemptive Leadership: Assessing the Eisenhower Cohorts in the U.S House,” Political Research Quarterly 55, 3 (2002) Melissa P. Collie, “Universalism and the Parties in the U.S. House of Representatives, 19211980,” American Journal of Political Science 32:865-883 (1988) Gary W. Cox and Keith T. Poole, “On Measuring Partisanship in Roll-Call Voting: The U.S. House of Representatives, 1877-1999,” American Journal of Political Science 46, 3 (2002): 477-89 Forrest Maltzman, Competing Principals: Committees, Parties, and the Organization of Congress (1997), ch. 2 John J. Coleman, “The Decline and Resurgence of Congressional Party Conflict,” Journal of Politics 59 (1997, 1) Kevin S. Price and John J. Coleman, “The Party Base of Presidential Leadership and Legitimacy,” in Steven Schier, ed., High Risk and Big Ambition: The Presidency of George W. Bush (2004) David W. Rohde, Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House (1991) Eric Schickler and Andrew Rich, “Controlling the Floor: Parties as Procedural Coalitions in the House,” American Journal of Political Science 41 (1997): 1340-75, with response by Gary Cox and Mathew McCubbins and rejoinder by Schickler and Rice Samuel C. Patterson and Gregory A. Caldeira, “Party Voting in the United States Congress,” British Journal of Political Science 17:111-131 (1988) Keith Krehbiel, “Where’s the Party?” British Journal of Political Science 23 (1993): 235-66 Keith Krehbiel, “Party Discipline and Measures of Partisanship,” American Journal of Political Science 44, 2 (2000): 206-21 Sarah A. Binder, Minority Rights, Majority Rule: Partisanship and the Development of Congress (1997) James M. Snyder, Jr. and Tim Groseclose, “Estimating Party Influence in Congressional Roll-Call Voting,” American Journal of Political Science 44, 2 (2000): 187-205 Sarah Binder, “The Partisan Basis of Procedural Choice: Allocating Parliamentary Rights in the House, 1789-1990,” American Political Science Review 90 (1996): 8-20 Fenno, Learning to Govern (1997) Richard Fleisher and Jon R. Bond, “Partisanship and the President’s Quest for Votes on the Floor of Congress,” in Bond and Fleisher, Polarized Politics (2000) Gerald C. Wright and Brian F. Schaffner, “The Influence of Party: Evidence from the State Legislatures,” American Political Science Review 96, 2 (2002): 367-79 Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal, “The Hunt for Party Discipline in Congress,” American Political Science Review 95, 3 (2001): 673-87 John H. Aldrich and James S. Coleman-Battista, “Conditional Party Government in the States,” American Journal of Political Science 46, 1 (2002): 164-72

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Divided Government James L. Sundquist, “Needed: A Political Theory for the New Era of Coalition Government in the United States,” Political Science Quarterly 103 (1988-89): 613-35 Joel H. Silbey, “Divided Government in Historical Perspective, 1789-1996,” in Peter F. Galderisi, ed., Divided Government: Change, Uncertainty, and the Constitutional Order (1996) Keith Krehbiel, “Institutional and Partisan Sources of Gridlock: A Theory of Divided and Unified Government,” Journal of Theoretical Politics 8 (1996): 7-40 David R. Mayhew, “Clinton, the 103rd Congress, and Unified Party Control: What Are the Lessons?” in John G. Geer, Politicians and Party Politics (1998) George C. Edwards III and Andrew Barrett, “Presidential Agenda Setting in Congress,” in Bond and Fleisher, Polarized Politics (2000) Erik J. Engstrom and Samuel Kernell, “Manufactured Responsiveness: The Impact of State Electoral Laws on Unified Party Control of the Presidency and House of Representatives, 1840-1940,” American Journal of Political Science 49, 3 (2005): 531 Barry C. Burden and David C. Kimball, “A New Approach to the Study of Ticket Splitting,” American Political Science Review 92, 3 (1998): 533-44 Michael S. Lewis-Beck and Richard Nadeau, “Split-Ticket Voting: The Effects of Cognitive Madisonianism,” Journal of Politics 66, 1 (2004) William G. Howell and Jon C. Pevehouse, While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers (2007), ch. 4 Recommended: John R. Petrocik and Joseph Doherty, “The Road to Divided Government: Paved without Intention,” in Peter F. Galderisi, ed., Divided Government: Change, Uncertainty, and the Constitutional Order (1996) Morris P. Fiorina, Divided Government (1996) David R. Mayhew, Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations, 1946-1990 (1991) Susanne Lohmann and Sharyn O’Halloran, “Divided Government and U.S. Trade Policy: Theory and Evidence,” International Organization 48(1994): 595-632 John J. Coleman, “Unified Government, Divided Government, and Party Responsiveness,” American Political Science Review 93, 4 (1999): 821-36 Paul Frymer, “Ideological Consensus within Divided Government,” Political Science Quarterly 109(1994): 287-311 Lee Sigelman, Paul J. Wahlbeck, and Emmett H. Buell Jr., “Vote Choice and the Preference for Divided Government: Lessons of 1992,” American Journal of Political Science 41 (1997): 879-94 Charles O. Jones, “Separating to Govern: The American Way,” in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Present Discontents (1997) Keith Krehbiel, Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking (1998) Charles O. Jones, The Presidency in a Separated System (1994) George A. Krause, “Partisan and Ideological Sources of Fiscal Deficits in the United States,” American Journal of Political Science 44, 3 (2000): 541-59 Douglas D. Roscoe, “The Choosers or the Choices: Voter Characteristics and the Structure of Electoral Competition as Explanations for Ticket Splitting,” Journal of Politics 65, 4 (2003)

III. Parties and Society 11/13 The Party Relationship with Groups and Movements Richard McCormick, The Party Period and Public Policy, ch. 1 (1986) Denise Baer and David Bositis, Elite Cadres and Party Coalitions: Representing the Public in Party Politics, ch. 4 (1988) Giovanni Sartori, “The Sociology of Parties: A Critical Review,” in Peter Mair, ed., The West European Party System Frymer, Uneasy Alliances, chs. 2-6 Read one or more of the following: Jeffrey M. Stonecash, Class and Party in American Politics, appendix Anna Harvey, Votes Without Leverage: Women in American Electoral Politics, 19201970 (1998), ch. 6 Larry M. Bartels, “Where the Ducks Are: Voting Power in a Party System,” in Geer, Politicians and Party Politics Andrew Kohut, John C. Green, Scott Keeter, and Robert C. Toth, The Diminishing Divide: Religion’s Changing Role in American Politics (2000), ch. 5 Brett M. Clifton, “Romancing the GOP: Assessing the Strategies Used by the Christian Coalition to Influence the Republican Party,” Party Politics 10, 5 (2004): 475-98 Cathie Jo Martin, “Sectional Parties, Divided Business,” Studies in American Political Development 20, 2 (2006): 160-84 Recommended: Richard Oestreicher, “Urban Working-Class Political Behavior and Theories of American Electoral Politics,” Journal of American History 74 (1988): 1257-1286 Nicol C. Rae, “Party Factionalism, 1946-1996,” in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Partisan Approaches to Postwar American Politics (1998) John Gerring, “Culture versus Economics: An American Dilemma,” Social Science History 23, 2 (1999): 129-72 Dawson, Behind the Mule, chs. 4-5 Robert H. Salisbury, “Parties and Pluralism,” in Eric M. Uslaner, American Political Parties: A Reader (1993) Walter Dean Burnham, “The Turnout Problem,” in A. James Reichley, ed., Elections American Style (1987) Joel Silbey, “’Let the People See’: Reflections on Ethnoreligious Forces in American Politics,” in Joel H. Silbey, The Partisan Imperative: The Dynamics of American Politics Before the Civil War (essay 1982) Ronald P. Formisano, “The Invention of the Ethnocultural Interpretation,” American Historical Review 99 (1994): 453-77 Richard F. Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859-1877, ch. 7 Philip J. Ethington, “Urban Constituencies, Regimes, and Policy Innovation in the Progressive Era: An Analysis of Boston, Chicago, New York City, and San Francisco,” Studies in American Political Development 7 (1993):275-315 Frances Fox Piven, “Structural Constraints and Political Development: The Case of the American Democratic Party,” in Frances Fox Piven, ed., Labor Parties in Postindustrial Societies (1992) Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream, ch. 2

Jonathan Rieder, “The Rise of the ‘Silent Majority’,” in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930-1980 (1989) Ruy A. Teixeira, “Economic Change and the Middle-Class Revolt Against the Democratic Party,” in Stephen C. Craig, ed., Broken Contract? Changing Relationships Between Americans and Their Government (1996) Walter Dean Burnham, The Current Crisis in American Politics (1982) Robert Kelley, The Cultural Pattern in American Politics: The First Century (1979) Richard Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest, 1888-1896 (1971) Paul J. Kleppner, The Cross of Culture: A Social Analysis of Midwestern Politics, 1850-1900 (1970) Michael Hout, Jeff Manza, and Clem Brooks, “Classes, Unions, and the Realignment of US Presidential Voting, 1952-1992,” in Geoffrey Evans, ed., The End of Class Politics: Class Voting in Comparative Context (1999) James M. Glaser, Race, Campaign Politics, and the Realignment in the South (1996) Robert Huckfeldt and Carol Weitzel Kohfeld, Race and the Decline of Class in American Politics (1989) Victoria Hattam, Labor Visions and State Power: The Origins of Business Unionism in the United States (1993), ch. 6 Charles W. Wiggins, Keith E. Hamm, and Charles G. Bell, “Interest Group and Party Influence Agents in the Legislative Process: A Comparative Analysis,” Journal of Politics 54 (1992):83-100 Shefter, Political Parties and the State, ch. 6 Howard L. Reiter, “The Rise of the ‘New Agenda’ and the Decline of Partisanship,” paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (1991) Edward G. Carmines and Geoffrey Layman, “Issue Evolution in Postwar American Politics: Old Certainties and Fresh Tensions,” in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Present Discontents: American Politics in the Very Late Twentieth Century (1997) Geoffrey Layman and Edward G. Carmines, “Cultural Conflict in American Politics: Religious Traditionalism, Postmaterialism, and U.S. Political Behavior,” Journal of Politics 59 (1997): 751-77 E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign People (1960) Kristi Andersen, After Suffrage: Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal (1996) Byron Shafer and William Claggett, The Two Majorities: The Issue Context of Modern American Politics (1995) Paul Frymer and John David Skrentny, “Coalition-Building and the Politics of Electoral Capture During the Nixon Administration: African Americans, Labor, Latinos,” Studies in American Political Development 12 (1998): 131-61 Thomas R. Rochon and Ikuo Kabashima, “Movement and Aftermath: Mobilization of the African American Electorate, 1952-1992,” in Geer, Politicians and Party Politics Larry M. Bartels, “Where the Ducks Are: Voting Power in a Party System,” in Geer, Politicians and Party Politics Allan J. Cigler, “Political Parties and Interest Groups: Competitors, Collaborators, and Uneasy Allies,” in Eric M. Uslaner, ed., American Political Parties: A Reader (1993) Christina Wolbrecht, The Politics of Women’s Rights: Parties, Positions, and Change (2000) Kira Sanbonmatsu, Democrats, Republicans, and the Politics of Women’s Place (2002) David C.W. Parker and John J. Coleman, “Pay to Play: Parties, Interests, and Money in Federal Elections,” in Patricia Strach and Ken Goldstein, eds., The Medium and the Message (2004)

11/20 Voting, Elections, and Public Partisanship I Green, Palmquist, and Schickler, Partisan Hearts and Minds, chs. 2-5, 8 Jeffrey M. Stonecash, Political Parties Matter, ch. 7 Larry M. Bartels, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (2008), ch. 3 McCarty et al., Polarized America, ch. 4 Todd Donovan, Janine A. Parry, and Shaun Bowler, “O Other, Where Art Thou? Support for Multiparty Politics in the United States,” Social Science Quarterly 86, 1 (2005):147-59 Shigeo Hirano and James M. Snyder, Jr., “The Decline of Third-Party Voting in the United States,” Journal of Politics 69, 1 (2007): 1-16 Morris P. Fiorina, “Parties and Partisanship: A 40-Year Retrospective,” Political Behavior 24, 2 (2002): 93-115 11/27 No class -- Thanksgiving 12/4

Voting, Elections, and Public Partisanship II John R. Petrocik, William L. Benoit, and Glenn J. Hansen, “Issue Ownership and Presidential Campaigning, 1952-2000,” Political Science Quarterly 118, 4 (2003-04): 599-626 John G. Geer, “Campaigns, Party Competition, and Political Advertising,” in Geer, Politicians and Party Politics Tim Groeling and Samuel Kernell, “Congress, the President, and Party Competition via Network News,” in Bond and Fleisher, Polarized Politics (2000) David R. Jones, “The Responsible Party Government Model in House and Senate Elections,” American Journal of Political Science 48, 1 (2004): 1-12 James G. Gimpel, Frances E. Lee, and Joshua Kaminski, “The Political Geography of Campaign Contributions in American Politics,” Journal of Politics 68, 3 (2006): 626-39 Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Kathleen Knight, and Lee Sigelman, “The Interplay of Macropartisanship and Macroideology: A Time Series Analysis,” Journal of Politics 60 (1998): 1031-49 Kara Lindaman, Donald P. Haider-Markel, “Issue Evolution, Political Parties, and the Culture Wars,” Political Research Quarterly 55,1 (2002): 91-110 Recommended: Herbert F. Weisberg, “The Party in the Electorate as a Basis for More Responsible Parties,” in Green and Hernnson, Responsible Partisanship? Erik J. Engstrom, “Stacking the States, Stacking the House: The Partisan Consequences of Congressional Redistricting in the 19th Century,” American Political Science Review 100, 3 (2006): 419-27 Larry M. Bartels, “Partisanship and Voting Behavior, 1952-1996,” American Journal of Political Science 44, 1 (2000): 35-50 Steven E. Schier, By Invitation Only, chs. 1-3 Wendy M. Rahn, “The Role of Partisan Stereotypes in Information Processing About Political Candidates,” American Journal of Political Science 37, 2 (1993) William G. Mayer, “Mass Partisanship, 1946-1996,” in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Partisan Approaches to Postwar American Politics (1998) Gerald M. Pomper, “The Decline of the Party in American Elections,” Political Science Quarterly 92, 1 (1977): 21-41

Michael B. MacKuen, Robert S. Erikson, and James A. Stimson, “Macropartisanship,” American Political Science Review 83 (1989): 1125-42 Michael E. McGerr, The Decline of Popular Politics: The American North, 1865-1928 (1986) John J. Coleman, “Party Images and Candidate-Centered Campaigns in 1996: What’s Money Got to Do With It?” in Daniel M. Shea and John C. Green, eds., The State of the Parties. 3rd ed. (1998) Jack Dennis, “Political Independence in America,” parts 1, 2, and 3: British Journal of Political Science 18 (1988): 77-109; British Journal of Political Science 18 (1988): 197219; Political Behavior 14 (1992): 261-296 Charles H. Franklin, “Measurement and the Dynamics of Party Identification,” Political Behavior 14 (1992) Alan Gerber and Donald P. Green, “Rational Learning and Partisan Attitudes,” American Journal of Political Science 42 (1998): 794-818 John J. Coleman, “The Importance of Being Republican: Forecasting Party Fortunes in House Midterm Elections,” Journal of Politics 59 (1997): 497-519 Robert C. Luskin, John P. McIver, and Edward G. Carmines, “Issues and the Transmission of Partisanship,” American Journal of Political Science 33 (1989): 440-58 John Zaller, “Politicians as Prize Fighters: Electoral Selection and Incumbency Advantage,” in Geer, Politicians and Party Politics Paul R. Abramson and Charles W. Ostrom, “Macropartisanship: An Empirical Reassessment,” American Political Science Review 85 (1991): 181-92 Geoffrey C. Layman, “Religion and Political Behavior in the United States,” Public Opinion Quarterly 61 (1997): 288-316 Robert S. Erikson, Gerald C. Wright, John P. McIver, Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States, ch. 8 Paul R. Abramson and Charles W. Ostrom, “Question Wording and Partisanship: Change and Continuity in Party Loyalties during the 1992 Election Campaign,” Public Opinion Quarterly 58 (1994): 21-48 Donald Green, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler, “Macropartisanship: A Replication and Critique,” American Political Science Review 92 (1998): 883-99 Robert S. Erikson, Michael B. Mackuen, and James A. Stimson, “What Moves Macropartisanship? A Response to Green, Palmquist, and Schickler,” American Political Science Review 92 (1998): 901-12 Martin Wattenberg, The Decline of American Political Parties, 1952-1996 (1998) John E. Stanga and James F. Sheffield, “The Myth of Zero Partisanship: Attitudes toward American Political Parties, 1964-84,” American Journal of Political Science 31 (1987):829-855 Burnham-Rusk-Converse debate on nineteenth-century political parties: “The Changing Shape of the American Political Universe,” American Political Science Review 59 (1965):7-28 [Walter Dean Burnham] “The Effect of the Australian Ballot Reform on Split-Ticket Voting, 1876-1908,” American Political Science Review 64 (1970):1220-1238 [Jerrold Rusk] “Change in the American Electorate,” in The Human Meaning of Social Change, ed. Angus Campbell and Philip E. Converse (1972), pp. 263-301 esp. [Philip Converse] “Theory and Voting Research: Some Reflections on Converse’s ‘Change in the American Electorate,’” American Political Science Review 68 (1974):1002-1023 [Burnham] “Comment on Burnham’s ‘Theory and Voting Research,’” American Political Science Review 68 (1974):1024-1027 [Converse] “The American Electoral Universe: Speculation and Evidence,” American Political Science Review 68 (1974):1028-1049 [Rusk]

“Rejoinder to ‘Comments’ by Philip Converse and Jerrold Rusk,” American Political Science Review 68 (1974):1050-1057 [Burnham] 12/11 Party and Policy John Gerring, Party Ideologies in America, chs. 1-2 McCarty et al., Polarized America, chs. 5-6 Smith, The Right Talk, chs. 6-7 Two of the following: Ian Budge and Michael D. McDonald, “Choices Parties Define: Policy Alternatives in Representative Elections, 1945-1998,” Party Politics 12, 4 (2006): 451-66 David R. Mayhew, “Wars and American Politics,” Perspectives on Politics 3, 3 (2005): 473-93 Charles Barrilleaux, Thomas Holbrook, and Laura Langer, “Electoral Competition, Legislative Balance, and American State Welfare Policy,” American Journal of Political Science 46, 2 (2002): 415-27 Christopher Howard, “Protean Lure for the Working Poor: Party Competition and the Earned Income Tax Credit,” Studies in American Political Development 9 (1995): 404-36 Carmines and Stimson, Issue Evolution, either ch. 2 (presidents and race) or 3 (Congress and race) (1989) Ian Budge and Richard I. Hofferbert, “Mandates and Policy Outputs: U.S. Party Platforms and Federal Expenditures,” American Political Science Review 84 (1990): 111-32; and Gary King and Michael Laver, “Party Platforms, Mandates, and Government Spending,” American Political Science Review 87, 3 (1993): 744-50 Recommended: Keith Krehbiel, Adam Meirowitz, and Thomas Romer, “Parties in Elections, Parties in Government, and Partisan Bias,” Political Analysis 13 (2005): 113-38 Jack L. Walker, “Interests, Political Parties, and Policy Formation in American Democracy,” in Donald T. Critchlow and Ellis W. Hawley, eds., Federal Social Policy: The Historical Dimension (1988) Scott James, Presidents, Parties, and the State, ch. 3 Gretchen Ritter, Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America, 1865-1896, ch. 2 Geoffrey Garrett, Partisan Politics in the Global Economy (1998), ch. 6 James P. Allan and Lyle Scruggs, “Political Partisanship and Welfare State Reform in Advanced Industrial Societies,” American Journal of Political Science 48, 3 (2004): 496512 Jeffrey Ladewig, “Conditional Party Government and the Homogeneity of Constituent Interests,” Journal of Politics 67, 4 (2005): 1006-29 Elisabeth R. Gerber and John E. Jackson, “Endogenous Preferences and the Study of Institutions,” American Political Science Review 87(1993): 639-56 Alan I. Abramowitz, “Issue Evolution Reconsidered: Racial Attitudes and Partisanship in the U.S. Electorate.” American Journal of Political Science 38 (1994): 1-24 Douglas A. Hibbs, Jr., The American Political Economy: Macroeconomics and Electoral Politics (1987), ch. 7 Margaret Weir, “Political Parties and Social Policymaking,” in Margaret Weir, ed., The Social Divide: Political Parties and the Future of Activist Government (1998)

Charles Stewart and Barry Weingast, “Stacking the Senate, Changing the Nation: Republican Rotten Boroughs, Statehood Politics, and American Political Development,” Studies in American Political Development 7 (1993) Robert S. Erikson, Gerald C. Wright, John P. McIver, Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States Alan Stone, “Capitalism, Case Studies, and Public Policy: Trade Expansion Re-examined,” in Thomas Ferguson and Joel Rogers, eds., The Political Economy: Readings in the Politics and Economics of American Public Policy (1984) Richard J. Ellis and Stephen Kirk, “Presidential Mandates in the Nineteenth Century: Conceptual Change and Institutional Development,” Studies in American Political Development 9 (1995): 117-86 Sharyn O’Halloran, Politics, Process, and American Trade Policy (1994) Daniel Verdier, Democracy and International Trade: Britain, France, and the United States, 1860-1990 (1994) Thomas Ferguson, Golden Rule (1995) Mark A. Smith, “The Nature of Party Governance: Connecting Conceptualization and Measurement,” American Journal of Political Science 41 (1997): 1042-56 Robert A. Dahl, “Myth of the Presidential Mandate,” in John G. Geer, Politicians and Party Politics (1998) Patterson, Political Parties and the Maintenance of Liberal Democracy, chs. 3-4 Jean-Phillippe Therien and Alain Noel, “Political Parties and Foreign Aid,” American Political Science Review 94, 1 (2000): 151-62