American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine Recommended Reading List

American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine Recommended Reading List Overview of Snoring, Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (...
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American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine Recommended Reading List Overview of Snoring, Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Pathophysiology of OSA Consequences of OSA Objective Testing of Obstructive Sleep Apnea by Polysomnogram and Portable Monitoring Other Methods of Evaluation Use of Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (nCPAP) to Treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea Surgical Treatments for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Oral Appliance Therapy for Treatment of Sleep Disordered Breathing Positional Therapy Sleep-Related Obstructive Respiratory Disturbances in Childhood

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Pathophysiology of OSA 1.

Remmers, J, et al.: Oathogenesis of upper airway occlusion during sleep. J Appl Physiol 44:931-938, 1978. Journal of Applied Physiology: http://jap.physiology.org

2.

Horner, R, et al.: Pharyngeal size and shape during wakefulness and sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. QJM 72:719-735, 1989. Qatar Medical Journal:

3.

http://qjmed.oupjournals.org

Hudgel, D, Surratt, P: The human airway during sleep. In Saunders, NA, Sullivan, CE(eds): Sleep and Breathing, ed 2. New York, Marcel, Dekker, Inc., 1994. pag 191-208. Journal of Sleep and Breathing: http://www.springerlink.com/home/main.mpx

4.

Isono, S, Remmers, J: Anatomy and physiology of upper airway obstruction. In Kryger, MH, Roth, T, Dement, WC (eds): Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, ed 2. London, WB, Saunders, 1994, pgs 632656.

5.

Isono, S, et al.: Anatomy of pharynx in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and in normal subjects. J Appl Physiol 82:1319-1326, 1997. Journal of Applied Physiology: http://jap.physiology.org

Consequences of OSA 1.

Block, A, et al.: Sleep apnea, hypopnea, and oxygen desaturation in normal subjects. N Engle J Med 300:513-517, 1979. The New England Journal of Medicine: http://content.nejm.org

2.

He, J, et al.: Mortality and apnea index in obstructive Sleep apnea. Experience in 385 male patients. Chest 94:9-14, 1988. Chest: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org

3.

Findley, L, et al.: Automobile accidents involving patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:337-340, 1988.

American Review of Respiratory Disease: http://www.ajrccm.org

4.

D’Alessandro R, et al.: Snoring every night as a risk factor for myocardial infarction: a case-control study. BMJ 300: 1557-1558, 1990. British Medical Journal: http://bmj.bmjjournals.com

5.

Findley, L, et al.: Drivers with untreated sleep apnea. A cause of death and serious injury. Arch Intern Med 151:1451-1452, 1991. Archives of Internal Medicine: http://archinte.ama-assn.org

6.

Shepard, J: Hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and stroke in relation to obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Chest Med 13:435-458, 1992. Clinics in Chest Medicine: http://authors.elsevier.com/JournalDetail.html?PubID=623356&Precis=DE SC

7.

Young, T, et al.: The occurrence of sleep disordered breathing in middleaged adults. N Engl J. Med 328:1230-1235, 1993. The New England Journal of Medicine: http://content.nejm.org

8.

Hla, K, et al.: Sleep apnea and hypertension. A population-based study. Ann Intern Med 120:382—388, 1994. Annals of Internal Medicine: http://www.annals.org

9.

Ashland, R: Sleep and cardiac diseases amongst elderly people. J Intern Med 236:65-68, 1994. Journal of Internal Medicine: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com

10.

Carlson, J, et al.: High prevalence of hypertension in sleep apnea patients independent of obesity. Am J. Respir Crit Care Med 150:72—77, 1994. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org

11.

Briones, B, et al.: Relationship between general health status, sleepiness and sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Crit Care Med 151:A104, 1995. American Review of Respiratory Disease: http://www.ajrccm.org

12.

Lavie, P, et al.: Mortality in sleep apnea patients: a multivariate analysis of risk factors. Sleep 18:149-157, 1995. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

13.

Young, T, et al.: Population-based study of sleep disordered breathing as a risk factor for hypertension. Arch Intern Med 157:1746-1752, 1997. Archives of Internal Medicine: http://archinte.ama-assn.org

14.

Bliwise, D, et al.: Sleep apnea and mortality in an aged cohort. Am J Public Health 78:544-547, 1998. American Journal of Public Health: http://www.ajph.org

Objective Testing of Obstructive Sleep Apnea by Polysomnogram and Portable Monitoring 1.

American Thoracic Society indications and standards for cardiopulmonary sleep studies. Am Rev Respir Dis 139:559-568, 1989. American Review of Respiratory Disease: http://www.ajrccm.org

2.

Gyulay, S, et al.: A comparison of clinical assessment and home oximetry in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:50-53, 1993. American Review of Respiratory Disease: http://www.ajrccm.org

3.

Series, F, de al.: Utility of nocturnal home oximetry for case finding in patients with suspected sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Ann Intern Med 119:449-453, 1993. Annals of Internal Medicine: http://www.annals.org

4.

ASDA Standards of Practice, Portable Recording in the Assessment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sleep 17:378-392, 1994. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

5.

Strohl, K, et al.: Recognition of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:279-289, 1996.

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org 6.

Fry, J, et al.: Full polysomnography in the home. Sleep 21:635-642, 1998. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

7.

Mykytyn, I, et al.: Portable computerized polysomnography in attended and unattended settings. Chest 115:114-122. 1999. Chest: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org

8.

Golpe, R, et al.: Utility of home oximetry as a screening test for parients with moderate to severe symptoms of OSA. Sleep 22:932-937, 1999. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

Other Methods of Evaluation 1.

Katsantonis, G, et al.: Further evaluation of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Otol Head Neck Surg 93:244, 1985. Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: http://archotol.amaassn.org

2.

Katsantonis, G, et al.: Determining the site of upper airway collapse in obstructive sleep apnea with airway pressure monitoring. Laryngoscope 103:1126-1131, 1993. The Laryngoscope: http://www.laryngoscope.com

Use of Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (nCPAP) to Treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea 1.

Sullivan, C, et al.: Reversal of obstructive sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares. Lancet 1:862-865, 1981. The Lancet: http://www.thelancet.com

2.

Rapoport, D, et al.: Nasal CPAP in obstructive sleep apnea: mechanisms of action. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 19:616-620, 1983.

3.

McEvoy, R, et al.: Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep 7:313-325, 1984. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

4.

Strohl, K, et al.: Nasal CPAP therapy, upper airway activation and obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:555-585, 1986. American Review of Respiratory Disease: http://www.ajrccm.org

5.

Alex, C, et al.: Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on upper airway and respiratory muscle activity. J Appl Physiol 62:2026-2030, 1987. Journal of Applied Physiology: http://jap.physiology.org

6.

Hoffstein, V, et al.: Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with nasal continuous positive airway pressure, patient compliance, perception of benefits and side effects. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:841-845, 1992. American Review of Respiratory Disease: http://www.ajrccm.org

7.

Kribbs, N, et al.: Objective measurement of patterns of nasal CPAP use by patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir 147:887-895, 1993. American Review of Respiratory Disease: http://www.ajrccm.org

8.

Engleman, H, et al.: Compliance with CPAP therapy in patients with sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Thorax 49:263-266, 1994. Thorax: An International Journal of Respiratory Medicine: http://thorax.bmjjournals.com

9.

Reeves-Hoche, M, et al.: Continuous versus bi-level positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:443-449, 1995. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org

10.

Berthon-Jones, M, et al.: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment: current realities and future. Sleep 19(9 suppl):S131-135, 1996. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

11.

Chervin, R, et al.: Compliance with nasal CPAP can be improved by simple interventions. Sleep 20:284-289, 1997.

Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org 12.

Weaver, T, et al.: Night-to-night variability in CPAP use over the first three months of treatment. Sleep 20:278-283, 1997 Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

13.

Hoy, C et al.: Can intensive support improve continuous positive airway pressure use in patients with sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome? Am J Resp Crit Care Med 159:1096-1100, 1999. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine: http://agrccm.atsjournals.org

Surgical Treatments for Obstructive Sleep Apnea 1.

Fujita, S, et al.: Surgical correction of anatomical abnormalities in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Otolaryng Head Neck Surg 89:923-924, 1981. Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: http://archotol.amaassn.org

2.

Riley, R, et al.: Inferior mandibular osteotomy and hyoid myotomy suspension for obstructive sleep apnea: a review of 555 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47:159-164, 1984. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: http://www2.joms.org

3.

Fujita, S, et al.: Evaluation of effectiveness of uvulopalatopharynogoplasty. Laryngoscope 95:70-74, 1985. The Laryngoscope: http://www.laryngoscope.com

4.

Riley, R, et al.: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a review of 306 consecutively treated surgical patients. Otolaryng Head Neck Surg 108:117-125, 1993. Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: http://archotol.amaassn.org

5.

Powell, N et al.: The hypopharynx: upper airway reconstruction in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In Fairbanks, DNF, Fujita, S (eds): Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea, ed 2. New York, Raven Press, 1994, pgs 193-209.

6.

Larsson, L, et al.: Four-year follow-up after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in fifty unselected patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope 104:1362-1368, 1994. The Laryngoscope: http://www.laryngoscope.com

7.

Powell, N: A surgical protocol for sleep disordered breathing. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin of No Am 7:345-356, 1995.

8.

Powell, N, et al.: A reversible uvuloplatal flap for snoring and sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 19:593-599, 1996. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

9.

Powell, N, et al.: Radio frequency volumetric reduction of the tongue: a porcine pilot study for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 111:1348-1355, 1997. Chest: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org

10.

Cohen, SR; Simms,C; Burstein, FD: Mandibular distraction osteogenisis in the treatment of upper airway obstruction in children with craniofacial deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg 101 (2):312-8, Feb. 1998. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: http://plasticreconsurg.com

11.

Yao, M; Utley, DS; Terris, DJ: Cephalometric parameters after multilevel pharyngeal surgery for patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope 108(6):789-95, June 1998. The Laryngoscope: http://www.laryngoscope.com

12.

Johns, FR; Strollo, PJ Jr; Buckley, M; Constantino, J: The influence of crainofacial structure on obstructive sleep apnea in young adults. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 56(5):596-602; discussion 602-3, May 1998. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: http://www2.joms.org

13.

Prinsell, JR: Maxillomandibular advancement surgery in a site-specific treatment approach for obstructive sleep apnea in 50 consecutive patients. Chest 116 (6):1519-29, Dec. 1999. Chest: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org

14.

Li, KK; Riley, WR; Powell, NB; Troell, R; Guilleminault, C: Overview of phase II surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Ear Nose Throat J 78(11):851, 854-7, Nov. 1999. ENT Journal: Ear, Nose and Throat: http://www.entjournal.com

15.

McAndrew,BP; Strauss, RA: Delayed muscle detachment after genial tubercle advancement in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 58(9):1040-3, Sept. 2000. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: http://www2.joms.org

16.

Wagner,I; Coiffier,T; Sequert, C; Lachiver, X; Fleury, B; Chabolle, F: Surgical treatment of severe sleep apnea syndrome by maxillomandibular advancing or mental tranposition. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac 117(3):137-46, June 2000. Annals d’oto-Laryngologie et de Chirugie Cervico” Bulletin de la Societe d’oto- Laryngolgie des Hopitaux de Paris: http://www.e2med.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=Revue&idxRevue=75

17.

Li, KK; Riley,RW; Powell, NB; Zonato, A; Troell, R; Guilleminault, C: Postoperative airway findings after maxillomandibular advancement for obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope 110(2 Pt 1):325-7, Feb. 2000. The Laryngoscope: http://www.laryngoscope.com

18.

Riley, RW; Powell, NB; Li, K; Troell, RJ; Guilleminault, C: Surgery and obstructive sleep apnea: long-term clinical outcomes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122(3):415-21, Mar. 2000. Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: http://archotol.amaassn.org

19.

Moore, K,: Site-specific versus diffuse treatment/presenting severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep and Breathing 4(4):145-46, 2000. Journal of Sleep and Breathing: http://www.springerlink.com/home/main.mpx

20.

Prinsell, J,: Maxillomandibular advancement(MMA) in a site-specific treatment approach for obstructive sleep apnea: a surgical algorithm. Sleep and Breathing 4(4): 147-54, 2000.

Journal of Sleep and Breathing: http://www.springerlink.com/home/main.mpx Oral Appliance Therapy for Treatment of Sleep Disordered Breathing 1.

Cartwright, R, Samelson, C: The effects of a non-surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea: the tongue retaining device. JAMA 248:705-709, 1982. Journal of the American Medical Association: http://jama.ama-assn.org

2.

Cartwright, R: Predicting response to the tongue retaining device for sleep apnea syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol 111:385-388, 1985. Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: http://archotol.amaassn.org

3.

George, P: A modified functional appliance for treatment ob obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Orthod 21:171-175, 1987. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics: http://www.jco-online.com

4.

Cartwright, R, et al.: Toward a treatment logic for sleep apnea: the place of the tongue retaining device. Behav Res Ther 26:121-126, 1988. Behaviour Research and Therapy: http://authors.elsevier.com/JournalDetail.html?PubID=265&Precis=DESC

5.

Bonham, P, et al.: The effect of a modified functional appliance on obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 94:384-392, 1988. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthodpedics: http://www2.us.elsevierhealth.com/scripts/om.dll/serve?action=searchDB& searchDBfor=home&id=od

6.

Clark, G, et al.: Dental appliances for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. JADA 118:611-619, 1989. Journal of the American Dental Association: http://www.ada.org

7.

Schmidt-Nowara, W, et al.: Treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with dental orthosis. Chest 99:1378-1385, 1991. Chest: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org

8.

Cartwright, R, et al.: A comparative study of treatments for positional apnea. Sleep 14:546-552, 1991. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

9.

Nakazawa, Y, et al.: Treatment of sleep apnea with prosthetic mandibular advancement (PMA). Sleep 15:499-504, 1992. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

10.

Lyon, H, et al.: Treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Compend Contin Educ Dent 13:417:420, 1992.

11.

Clark, G, et al.: Effect of anterior mandibular position on obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:624-629, 1993. American Review of Respiratory Disease: http://www.ajrccm.org

12.

Yosida, K, et al.: Prosthetic therapy for sleep apnea syndrome. J Prosthet Dent 72:296-302, 1994. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry: http://www2.us.elsevierhealth.com/scripts/om.dll/serve?action=searchDB& searchDBfor=home&id=pr

13.

Eveloff, S, et al.: The efficacy of a Herbst mandibular advancement device in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:905-909, 1994. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine: http://agrccm.atsjournals.org

14.

Parker,J: Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: treatment with oral appliances. Northwest Dentistry 74:17-25, 1995 Northwest Dentistry: http://www.mndental.org

15.

Schmidt-Nowara, W, Lowe A, Wiegand, L, Cartwright, R, Perez-Guerra, F, Menn, S: Oral appliances for the treatment of snoring and sleep apnea: a review. Sleep 18(6): 501-510, 1995. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

16.

American Sleep Disorders Association Standards of Practice Committee: Practice Parameters for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with oral appliances. Sleep 18 (6) 511-513, 1995. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

17.

Barsh, L: The responsibility of the dental profession in recognizing and treating sleep breathing disorders. Compend Contin Educ Dent 17:490500, 1996.

18.

Menn, S, et al.: The mandibular repositioning device: role in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 19: 794-800, 1996. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

19.

Ferguson, K, et al.: A randomized crossover study of an oral appliance versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 109:1296-75, 1996. Chest: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org

20.

Clark, G, et al.: A crossover study comparing the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure with anterior mandibular positioning devices on patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 109:144-83, 1996. Chest: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org

21.

Rogers, R: Sleep disordered breathing-part 2: oral appliances. Clarks Clinical Dentistry, Volume 1, Mosby-Yearbook, Inc. 1996.

22.

Ono, T et al,.: The tongue retaining device and sleep state genioglossus muscle activity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Angl Orthod 66:273-279, 1996.

23.

Hans, M, et al.: Comparison of two dental devices for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 111:562-570, 1997. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics: http://www2.us.elsevierhealth.com/scripts/om.dll/serve?action=searchDB& searchDBfor=home&id=od

24.

Ferguson, K, et al.: A short-term controlled trial of an adjustable oral appliance for the treatment of mild to moderate sleep apnea. Thorax 52:362-68, 1997. Thorax: An International Journal of Respiratory Medicine: http://thorax.bmjjournals.com

25.

Cohen, R: Obstructive sleep apnea: oral appliance therapy and the severity of condition. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 85:388-93, 1998. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology: http://www2.us.elsevierhealth.com/scripts/om.dll/serve?action=searchDB& searchDBfor=home&id=oe

26.

Yoshida, K: Effects of a prosthetic appliance for the treatment of sleep apnea syndrome on masticatory and tongue muscle activity. J Prosthet Dent 79:537-44, 1998. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry: http://www2.us.elsevierhealth.com/scripts/om.dll/serve?action=searchDB& searchDBfor=home&id=pr

27.

Millman, R. et al.: Oral appliances in the treatment of snoring and sleep apnea. Clin Chest Med 19:69-75, 1998. Clinics in Chest Medicine: http://authors.elsevier.com/JournalDetail.html?PubID=623356&Precis=DE SC

28.

Eckhart, J, Veis, R, Simmons, J Kneisley, L Marshall, M, Barsh, L, Thornton, W: Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. J Cal Dent Assoc 26:556-623, 1998.

29.

Millman, R, et al.: The efficacy of oral appliances in the treatment of persistent sleep apnea after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Chest 113:992996, 1998. Chest: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org

30.

Clark, G: Mandibular advancement devices and sleep disordered breathing. Sleep Med Rev 2: 163-174, 1998.

31.

Marklund, M, et al.: The effect of anterior mandibular positioning on apneas and sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 113: 707-713, 1998.

Chest: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org 32.

Parker, J, et al.: A prospective study evaluating the effectiveness of a mandibular repositioning appliance (PM Positioner) for the treatment of moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 22 (Suppl 1): S230-31, 1999. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

33.

Pellanda, A. et al.: The anterior mandibular positioning device for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: experience with the Serenox. Clin Ololaryngol 24:134-41, 1999.

34.

Ivanhoe, J, et al.: Dental considerations in upper airway sleep disorders: a review of the literature. J Prosthet Dent 82:685-98, 1999. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry: http://www2.us.elsevierhealth.com/scripts/om.dll/serve?action=searchDB& searchDBfor=home&id=pr

35.

Wilhelmsson, B, et al.: A prospective randomized study of a dental appliance compared with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Acta Otolaryngol 119:503-09, 1999.

36.

Pancer, J, et al.: Evaluation of variable mandibular advancement appliance for treatment of snoring and sleep apnea. Chest 116:15111518, 1999. Chest: The Pulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org

37.

Bondemark, L: Does two years nocturnal treatment with a mandibular advancement splint in adult patients with snoring and OSAS cause a change in the posture of the mandible? Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 116:621-28, 1999. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics: http://www2.us.elsevierhealth.com/scripts/om.dll/serve?action=searchDB& searchDBfor=home&id=od

38.

Schmidt-Nowara, W: Recent developments in oral appliance therapy of sleep disordered breathing. Sleep and Breathing 3(3): 103-06, 1999. Journal of Sleep and Breathing: http://www.springerlink.com/home/main.mpx

39.

Pantin, C, et al.: Dental side effects of an oral device to treat snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 22:237-40, 1999. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

40.

Yoshida, K: Effects of a mandibular advancement device for the treatment of sleep apnea syndrome and snoring on respiratory function and sleep quality. J Craino Pract 18:98-105, 2000.

41.

Kathe, G, et al.: An oral elastic mandibular advancement device for obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:420-425, 2000. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org

42.

Lowe, A, et al.: Treatment, airway and compliance effects of a titratable oral appliance for obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 23 (Suppl 3): S1-7, 2000. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

43.

Lowe, A: Oral appliances for sleep breathing disorders, In Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, Third Ed., Kryger, M, Roth, T., Dement, W, (Eds.) W.B. Saunders Co., pp929-939, 2000.

44.

Rogers, R: Oral appliance therapy for the management of sleep disordered breathing: an overview. Sleep and Breathing 4 (2):79-83, 2000. Journal of Sleep and Breathing: http://www.springerlink.com/home/main.mpx

45.

Friedlande,r AH, Walker,LA, Friedlander IK, Felsenfeld, AL: Diagnosing and comanaging patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc 131(8):1178-84, Aug. 2000. Journal of the American Dental Association: http://www.ada.org

46.

Walker-Engstrom, M.,Tegelberg,A.,Wilhelmsson, B.,Ringqvist,I.: 4-Year Follow-up of Treatment with Dental Appliance or Uvulopalastopharyngoplasty in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Randomized Study. Chest 2002 121: 739-746.

Chest: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org Positional Therapy 1.

Cartwright, RD: Effect of sleep position on sleep apnea severity. Sleep 7:110-114, 1848. Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

2.

Oksenberg,A, Silverberg, DS, Arons,E, et.al: Positional vs. nonpositional obstructive sleep apnea patients. anthropomorphic, nocturnal polysomnographic and multiple sleep latency test data. Chest 112: 62939, 1997. Chest: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org

3.

Freebeck, P,. Stewart,D: Compliance and effective therapy for positional apnea. Sleep Research 24: 235-36, 1995

4.

Jokic,R, Klimaszewaki, A, Crossley,M, Guruswanny, S, Fitzpartick, MF: Positional treatment vs. continuous positive airway pressure in patients with positional obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 115: 771-781, 1999 Chest: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal: http://www.chestjournal.org

5.

Cartwright, RD, Ristanovic,R, Diaz, F et.al.: A comparative study of treatments for positional sleep apnea. Sleep 14: 546-552, 1991 Journal Sleep: http://www.journalsleep.org

6.

Katsantonis, GP, Miyashaki S., Walsh, JK,: Effects of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty on sleep architecture and patterns of obstructive breathing. Laryngoscope, 100: 1068-1072, 1990. The Laryngoscope: http://www.laryngoscope.com

Sleep-Related Obstructive Respiratory Disturbances in Childhood 1.

Scholle,S.: Characteristics of sleep-related obstructive respiratory disturbances in childhood. Sleep and Breathing, Vo..4 (1): 17-21, 2000 Journal of Sleep and Breathing: http://www.springerlink.com/home/main.mpx

2.

Rosen, C: Diagnostic approaches to childhood obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. Sleep and Breathing, Vol. 4 (4): 177-81, 2000 Journal of Sleep and Breathing: http://www.springerlink.com/home/main.mpx