Alcohol Problems and Alcohol Control in Europe PHIL DAVIES AND DERMOT WALSH
CROOM HELM London & Canberra
GARDNER PRESS New York
CONTENTS
List of Tables List of Figures Preface Acknowledgements
1.
2.
3.
A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE ON ALCOHOL PROBLEMS
xv xxil xxiv
XXVI
1
The Epidemiological Background The Nature and Range of Alcohol Problems Goals of a Public Health Perspective .... Policies from a Public Health Perspective Legislative Social and Environmental Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol and the State Fiscal interests of the State Industrial and commercial interests of the State Summary
2 6 8 11 11 13 14 17 18 18 19
METHODOLOGY AND DATA BASE
21
The Countries Studied The Data Base Consumption Data Alcohol Problems Data A l c o h o l Policy Data Summary
21 22 23 24 27 28
ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND ALCOHOL CONTROL IN AUSTRIA
29
Alcohol Control Policies
29
Contents
4.
5.
vi
Control of Production Control of Distribution Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures ... Alcohol Education Drinking and Driving Legislation .... Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Drinking Habits Alcohol Related Problems Liver Cirrhosis Mortality Other Alcohol Related Mortality Alcohol Related Morbidity Estimated Number of Problem Drinkers Drunkenness Offences Cost of Alcohol Problems Summary
Alcohol Control Measures Control of Production Control of Distribution Licensing Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures ... Prevention and Alcohol Education .... Drinking and Driving Legislation .... Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption in Belgium Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution_by Drinking Habits Alcohol Problems in Belgium Liver Cirrhosis Mortality Other Alcohol Related Mortality Alcohol Related Morbidity Estimated Number of Alcoholics Summary .
Alcohol Control Policies Control of Production Control of Distribution
52 52 52
Con tents Sale and Serving Restrictions Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures ... Alcohol Education Drinking and Driving Legislation .... Price and Fiscal Control Alcohol Consumption in Denmark Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution b y Beverage Type Distribution by Drinking Patterns and Habits Alcohol Related Problems in Denmark ... Liver Cirrhosis Mortality Alcohol Related Morbidity Drunkenness Offences Drinking and Driving Offences Summary 6.
ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND ALCOHOL CONTROL IN FRANCE Alcohol Control Policies Control of Production Control of Distribution Licensing Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures ... Health Education and Prevention Initiatives Drinking and Driving Legislation .... Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption in France Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Drinking Habits Alcohol Problems in France Liver Cirrhosis Deaths Deaths from Alcoholism and Alcoholic Psychosis Other Alcohol Related Mortality Alcohol Related Morbidity Estimated Number of Excessive Drinkers Drunkenness Offences and Social Disorder Drinking and Driving Offences Cost of Alcohol Problems Summary
ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND ALCOHOL CONTROL IN WEST GERMANY Alcohol Control Policies Control of Production Control of Distribution Licensing Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures .... Alcohol Education Drinking and Driving Legislation Price and Fiscal Control Alcohol Consumption in West Germany .... Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Drinking Habits Alcohol Problems in West Germany Liver Cirrhosis Deaths Other Alcohol Related Mortality Alcohol Related Morbidity Estimated Number of Alcoholics Drinking and Driving Offences Summary
Alcohol Control P o l i c i e s Control of Production Control of Distribution Licensing Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures . . . . Health Education Drinking and Driving Legislation Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption i n I r e l a n d P e r c a p i t a A l c o h o l Consumption D i s t r i b u t i o n by Beverage Type D i s t r i b u t i o n by Drinking Habits Alcohol Problems in I r e l a n d Liver C i r r h o s i s Deaths Other Alcohol Related M o r t a l i t y . . . . . . Alcohol Related Morbidity Estimated Number of Problem Drinkers Drunkenness and Drinking and Driving Offences Cost of Alcohol Problems Summary viii
Alcohol Control Policies Control of Production Control of Distribution Licens ing Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures .. Alcohol Education Drinking and Driving Legislation ... Price and Fiscal Control Alcohol Consumption in Italy Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Drinking Habits .... Alcohol Problems in Italy Liver Cirrhosis Deaths Alcohol Related Morbidity Public Disorder Data Summary
Alcohol Control Policies Control of Production Control of Distribution Licensing Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures . . . Community Prevention Alcohol and Jewish Rites Drinking and Driving Legislation .... Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption in Israel Per capita alcohol consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Drinking Habits Alcohol Problems in Israel Liver Cirrhosis Deaths Other Alcohol Related Mortality Alcohol Related Morbidity Alcohol Related Offences Summary
ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND ALCOHOL CONTROL IN LUXEMBOURG
134
Contents
12.
Alcohol Control Policies Control of Production . ... Control of Distribution Licensing Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures ... Alcohol Education i Drinking and Driving Legislation .... Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption in Luxembourg ..... Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Drinking Habits Alcohol Problems in Luxembourg Liver Cirrhosis Deaths Alcohol Related Morbidity Estimated Number of Excessive Drinkers . . . Alcohol Related Offences Summary
141 141 141
ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND ALCOHOL CONTROL IN THE NETHERLANDS
14 3
Alcohol Control Policies Control of Production Control of Distribution Licensing Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures ... Drinking and Driving Legislation .... Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption in the Netherlands Per Capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Drinking Habits Alcohol Related Problems in the Netherlands Liver Cirrhosis Mortality Alcohol Related Morbidity Estimated Number of Alcoholics Public Drunkenness and Social Disorder Summary 13.
Contents Control of Distribution The State Monopoly Licensing Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures ... Alcohol Education Drinking and Driving Legislation .... Alcohol Free Environments Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption in Norway Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Different Groups of Drinkers Alcohol Problems in Norway Liver Cirrhosis Deaths Morbidity Data Alcohol Related Offences Drinking and Driving Offences Summary 14.
ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND ALCOHOL CONTROL IN POLAND Alcohol Control Policies Control of Production Control of Distribution Licensing Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures ... Alcohol Education Drinking and Driving Legislation .... Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption in Poland Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Drinking Habits Alcohol Problems in Poland Liver Cirrhosis Deaths Other Alcohol Related Mortality Alcohol Related Morbidity Estimated Number of Problem Drinkers Drunkenness Offences and Social Disorder Summary
Alcohol Control Policies Control of Production Control of Distribution Licensing Age Restrictions^ Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures .. Alcbhol Prevention and Education ... Drinking and Driving Legislation ... Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption in Spain Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Drinking Habits .... Alcohol Problems in Spain Liver Cirrhosis Mortality Other Alcohol Related Mortality .... Alcohol Related Morbidity Estimates of the Number of Alcoholics Public Drunkenness and Social Disorder Summary 16.
ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND ALCOHOL CONTROL IN SWEDEN Alcohol Control Policies Control of Production Control of Distribution State Monopoly and Rationing Licensing Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures ... Health Education Drinking and Driving Legislation .... Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption in Sweden Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Different Groups of Drinkers Alcohol Problems in Sweden Liver Cirrhosis Deaths Alcohol Related Traffic Deaths Alcohol Related Morbidity Estimated Number of Problem Drinkers Alcohol Related Offences Public Drunkenness Drinking and Driving Offences Summary
ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND ALCOHOL CONTROL IN SWITZERLAND
215
Alcohol Control Policies Control of Production Control of Distribution Licensing Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures . . . Alcohol Education Drinking and Driving Legislation .... Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption in Switzerland .... Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Drinking Habits Alcohol Problems in Switzerland Liver Cirrhosis Deaths Other Alcohol Related Mortality Alcohol Related Morbidity Estimated Number of Problem Drinkers Alcohol Related Accidents Alcohol Related Offences Cost of Alcohol Problems Summary
ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND ALCOHOL CONTROL IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
2 32
Alcohol Control Policies Control of Production Control of Distribution Licensing Age Restrictions Advertising Controls Social and Environmental Measures ... Health Education Drinking and Driving Legislation .... Price and Fiscal Measures Alcohol Consumption in the United Kingdom Per capita Alcohol Consumption Distribution by Beverage Type Distribution by Different Groups of Drinkers Alcohol Problems in the United Kingdom Liver Cirrhosis Deaths Motor Vehicle and Traffic Fatalities Alcohol Related Morbidity Estimated people 'At Risk'
Drunkenness Offences The Cost of Alcohol Problems Summary
254 258 259
AN ASSESSMENT OF ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND ALCOHOL CONTROL IN EUROPE
261
A Rudimentary Scale of Alcohol Control Policy Alcohol Control, Consumption and Cirrhosis Mortality in Europe; A Cross-Sectional View Alcohol Control, Consumption and Cirrhosis Mortality in Europe; A Time Series View Control and Consumption , Consumption and Price Cirrhosis Mortality and Consumption Cirrhosis Mortality and Alcohol Control Consumption, Cirrhosis and Other Alcohol Problems Beyond Control of Availability Concluding Comment Subject Index Author Index References
